New research in the Journal of Dairy Science® examines effects of wildfire smoke on dairy cattle, including reduced milk production
Philadelphia, June 16, 2022 – Increasing frequency and size of wildfires in the United States over the past several decades affect everything from human life and health to air quality, biodiversity, and land use. The US dairy industry is not exempt from these effects. The Western states, where wildfires are especially prevalent, are home to more than two million dairy cows that produce more than 25% of the nation’s milk. A new report in the Journal of Dairy Science® examines how dairy cattle in the Western United States may be affected by unique air pollutants from wildfire smoke.
Lead investigator Amy L. Skibiel, PhD, of the University of Idaho Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences (Moscow, ID, USA), points out that “Evidence suggests that wildfire smoke events can result in substantially greater exposure to harmful compounds than typically found in non-fire urban air pollution conditions.”
Smoke from wildfires contains fine particulate matter, a known air toxin and a leading source of air pollution-related disease in humans. “Fine particulate matter can be respired deep into the alveolar recesses of the lungs, where it can induce inflammation, impede lung function, and be absorbed into circulation,” Skibiel explains. However, the physiological responses of dairy cows to fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke have so far been largely unknown.
The research team observed a group of Holstein cows in Idaho throughout the 2020 Pacific Northwest fire season (July to September). The cows were exposed to ambient air quality, temperature, and humidity, and the researchers monitored milk yield and tested blood for health status indicators. Based on the team’s defined thresholds for smoke exposure, cows were exposed to wildfire-derived particulate matter for seven consecutive days in mid-September, at levels 10 to 23 times the US Environmental Protection Agency’s 24-hour average air quality limits.
Caption: A dairy cow during a smoke event in Idaho, USA, during the 2020 Pacific Northwest wildfire season (Credit: Amy L. Skibiel).
During the seven-day period of smoke exposure, cows produced less milk, which also persisted for seven days post-exposure. Higher air temperature and humidity, combined with greater levels of fine particulate matter, altered protein and fat metabolism and reduced immune cell populations in the cows’ blood. The balance of essential minerals in the blood was also altered with the combination of increased temperature and humidity along with high levels of fine particulate matter—possibly due to perspiration or to the body’s stress responses. The team note that further research is required to understand the causes and consequences of electrolyte imbalance with exposure to fine particulate matter.
Respiratory problems are among the leading causes of mortality for non-predator cow and calf deaths in the US, and reductions in immune cell populations in cows’ blood may indicate a dampened immune response and, thus, increased vulnerability to infection. Along with the reduced milk production observed in cattle exposed to wildfire smoke, the team’s findings highlight implications for dairy cattle welfare, costs to farmers, and the smooth functioning of the US dairy industry as wildfires continue to pose an increasing threat in the current era of climate change.
Notes for editors
The article is “Effects of wildfire smoke exposure on innate immunity, metabolism, and milk production in lactating dairy cows,” by Ashly Anderson, Pedram Rezamand, and Amy L. Skibiel (https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22135). It appears online ahead of the Journal of Dairy Science, volume 105, issue 8 (August 2022), published by Fass Inc. and Elsevier.
The article is openly available at https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(22)00345-9/fulltext
Full text of the article is also available to credentialed journalists upon request. Contact Eileen Leahy at +1 732 238 3628 or jdsmedia@elsevier.com to obtain copies. Journalists wishing to interview the authors should contact the corresponding author, Amy L. Skibiel, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, at askibiel@uidaho.edu.
About the Journal of Dairy Science
The Journal of Dairy Science® (JDS), an official journal of the American Dairy Science Association®, is co-published by Elsevier and Fass Inc. for the American Dairy Science Association. It is the leading general dairy research journal in the world, and as of January 2022, it is an open access journal. JDS readers represent education, industry, and government agencies in more than 70 countries, with interests in biochemistry, breeding, economics, engineering, environment, food science, genetics, microbiology, nutrition, pathology, physiology, processing, public health, quality assurance, and sanitation. JDS has a 2020 Journal Impact Factor of 4.034 and five-year Journal Impact Factor of 4.354 according to Journal Citation Reports (Source: Clarivate 2021). www.journalofdairyscience.org
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The ADSA is an international organization of educators, scientists, and industry representatives who are committed to advancing the dairy industry and keenly aware of the vital role the dairy sciences play in fulfilling the economic, nutritive, and health requirements of the world's population. It provides leadership in scientific and technical support to sustain and grow the global dairy industry through generation, dissemination, and exchange of information and services. Together, ADSA members have discovered new methods and technologies that have revolutionized the dairy industry. www.adsa.org
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Since 1998, Fass has provided shared management services to not-for-profit scientific organizations. With combined membership rosters of more than 10,000 professionals in animal agriculture and other sciences, Fass offers clients services in accounting, membership management, convention and meeting planning, information technology, and scientific publication support. The Fass publications department provides journal management, peer-review support, copyediting, and composition for this journal; the staff includes five BELS-certified (www.bels.org) technical editors and experienced composition staff. www.fass.org
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