A randomized control study from the Journal of Dairy Science explores the impact of breakfast choices on satiety, concentration, and daily calorie intake for women
Philadelphia, October 22, 2024 - Yogurt has had a banner few years as research continues to support its many health benefits, including the US Food and Drug Administration's recent support of the qualified health claim that yogurt in the diet may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. A recent randomized control crossover study in the Journal of Dairy Science is adding to the list of dairy's health accomplishments, demonstrating that a dairy-based, protein-rich breakfast not only keeps you fuller--compared with a carb-rich meal or skipping breakfast entirely--it also helps to boost concentration in the critical first hours of the day.
"Breakfast is the most frequently skipped meal in the western part of the world," explained the study's lead investigator, Mette Hansen, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Public Health at Aarhus University in Aarhus, Denmark. "Epidemiological studies clearly show that skipping breakfast is associated with a higher risk of [being] overweight, and other intervention studies [note that] several components in the diet--low contents of protein, fiber, and calcium--may have a detrimental effect on weight regulation. This suggested that the content of the breakfast may influence the health impact of the breakfast meal." In light of this, the researchers were curious to understand whether a high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast would lower calorie intake later in the day and help people feel fuller for longer compared with skipping breakfast or eating a high-carbohydrate meal.
Hansen and her team, therefore, set out to test their theory through a randomized trial following 30 young women for three test days separated by at least two days. The day before each test, the women's physical activity levels and diets were standardized. Participants aged 18 to 30 had body mass index (BMI) scores higher than 25, classifying them as overweight to obese.
During the study, the participants either consumed a protein-rich breakfast of skyr yogurt and oats or a low-protein, high-carbohydrate meal of whole grain bread with raspberry jam and apple juice. Both meals had matching energy content and density and the same amount of dietary fiber and fat. The control group skipped breakfast entirely (save for a glass of water). "All three of these options reflect common and commercially available breakfast choices here in Denmark," explained Hansen.
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Caption: A Danish study indicates that eating protein-rich yogurt at breakfast can keep you fuller and boost your concentration in the hours before lunch (Credit: iStock.com/andresr)
After breakfast, the team calculated the energy intake of participants at lunch and throughout the rest of the day and rated their appetite between meals. Blood samples were taken between breakfast and lunch to test for appetite-regulating gut hormones, insulin, and glucose. Finally, the team measured the participants' performance in a concentration test two-and-a-half hours after breakfast.
The study results revealed that the young women participating felt more satiated and less hungry after a dairy-based, high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast compared with a low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast or no breakfast. "However, this was not translated significantly to their gut hormones or overall calorie intake for the day," explained Hansen, "suggesting that a high-protein breakfast might not be a weight-loss solution on its own."
Interestingly, the breakfast choices affected cognition. After eating the high-protein yogurt, participants showed a boost in their concentration test scores compared with those who skipped breakfast. This cognitive improvement was not seen in those who ate toast with jam and juice. "To the best of our knowledge, the cognitive effects of acute protein intake have not been previously investigated in this population of young women," said Hansen.
The study team was quick to point out that these results could benefit from additional research to understand how breakfast choices impact health over time and in more diverse populations.
Regardless of weight goals, however, this study shows that a dairy-based breakfast, which is rich in protein and micronutrients, can set you up to feel and perform better as you start your day.
Notes for editors
The article is "A dairy-based, protein-rich breakfast enhances satiety and cognitive concentration before lunch in overweight to obese young females: A randomized controlled crossover study," by Line B. Dalgaard, Daniel Z. Kruse, Katrine Norup, Barbara V. Andersen, and Mette Hansen (https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24152). It appears in the Journal of Dairy Science, volume 107, issue 5 (May 2024), published by the American Dairy Science Association and Elsevier.
The article is openly available at https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(23)02014-3/fulltext#seccestitle40 and the PDF version is available at https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0022-0302%2823%2902014-3.
Full text of this article is also available to credentialed journalists upon request; contact Eileen Leahy at +1 732 406 1313 or jdsmedia@elsevier.com. Journalists wishing to interview the authors should contact the corresponding author, Mette Hansen, PhD, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, at mhan@ph.au.dk.
About the Journal of Dairy Science
The Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), an official journal of the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA), is co-published by Elsevier and ADSA. It is the leading general dairy research journal in the world. JDS readers represent education, industry, and government agencies in more than 70 countries, with interests in biochemistry, breeding, economics, engineering, environment, food science, genetics, microbiology, nutrition, pathology, physiology, processing, public health, quality assurance, and sanitation. JDS has a 2022 Journal Impact Factor of 3.5 and five-year Journal Impact Factor of 4.2 according to Journal Citation Reports (Source: Clarivate 2022). www.journalofdairyscience.org
About the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA)
The American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) is an international organization of educators, scientists, and industry representatives who are committed to advancing the dairy industry and keenly aware of the vital role the dairy sciences play in fulfilling the economic, nutritive, and health requirements of the world's population. It provides leadership in scientific and technical support to sustain and grow the global dairy industry through generation, dissemination, and exchange of information and services. Together, ADSA members have discovered new methods and technologies that have revolutionized the dairy industry.www.adsa.org
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