| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
s9988 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86642 |
Watch |
1446V |
Episodic heat stress during the dry period of Northern New York Holstein cows in confined housing. |
1 |
E. M. Fread |
heat stress lying time reticular temperature |
E. M. Fread1,2, C. S. Ballard1, A. E. Pape1, R. J. Grant1 |
1W. H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY, 2University of Vermont, Burlington, VT |
Heat stress negatively impacts dry dairy cows in subtropical climates, but impacts in moderate climates are unknown. Objectives of this study were to determine if dry cows in Northern NY are impacted by episodic heat stress and varying levels of heat exposure. During summer 2020 and 2021, 170 dry Holstein cows were enrolled 42 d pre-calving. Cows were housed in either free stalls or a bedded pack and had fans over feed alleys and lying areas. Temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI) every 10 min. Lying behavior, reticular temperature (RT), and rumination were measured every 1, 2, and 10 min, respectively. Change in body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and locomotion score (LS) from dry-off to calving was calculated. Colostrum weight and quality (BRIX) were assessed. Total milk yield was calculated for 21 DIM. To assess the impact of heat events on cows, average median RT, rumination, and lying time were compared between days when average THI was >72 (HOT) and ≤68 (COOL). To assess cumulative heat exposure, 3 categories were created retrospectively: low exposure (LOW; THI ≥72 for 0–14.9% of dry period; n = 59), moderate exposure (MOD; THI ≥72 for 15–29.9% of dry period; n = 85), and high exposure (HI; THI ≥72 for 30–45% of dry period; n = 26). Data were summarized 42 d pre-calving and analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS v 9.4) with fixed effects of treatment and year and the random effect of cow. On HOT days, cows had 0.19°C greater RT (n = 85; P < 0.01), ruminated for 35 more min (n = 101; P < 0.01), and stood for 36 more minutes (n = 92; P < 0.01) compared with COOL days. Compared with LOW cows, HI cows tended to have 2 d shorter gestation (n = 170; P = 0.06). No difference was seen in BW change (2.2 ± 2.5 kg), BCS change (−0.2 ± 0.02) LS change (0.5 ± 0.05), colostrum weight (6.1 ± 0.3 kg), BRIX (24.4 ± 0.3) or 21 d milk yield (913.6 ± 11.6 kg) between groups. Northern NY dry cows may be impacted by episodic heat stress as demonstrated by reduced lying time and gestation length; however, immediate carry-over effects into the next lactation were not apparent. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86729 |
Watch |
1447V |
Effect of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection on heifer mammary gland growth and development. |
2 |
P. H. Baker |
mastitis heifer mammogenesis |
P. H. Baker1, F. K. Arnold2, D. D. Clevenger1, S. K. Jacobi2, R. M. Akers3, B. D. Enger1 |
1The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA |
Intramammary infections (IMI) are common in nonlactating dairy heifers. Such IMI are expected to impair mammary growth and development and negatively impact future milk production. Even with this assumption, how these IMI affect mammary gland growth and development in rapidly growing and developing mammary glands has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to delineate how IMI alters tissue structure in heifer mammary glands hormonally induced to grow and develop. Nonpregnant heifers (n = 16) between 11 – 14 mo of age received daily supraphysiological injections of estradiol and progesterone for 14 d to stimulate rapid mammary growth and development. One mammary gland of each heifer was randomly selected on d 8 and infused with Staph. aureus (CHALL) while another mammary gland was designated as an uninfected control (UNINF). Heifers were randomly euthanized on either the last day of hormonal injections, denoted as GROWTH tissues, or 13 d post-injections, denoted as DEVELOPMENT tissues. Mammary tissues were collected from the center and edge parenchymal regions of each mammary gland for morphometric tissue area evaluation. Measured tissue areas of GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT tissues were analyzed separately using PROC MIXED with quarter treatment and parenchyma region as fixed effects, and heifer as a random effect. For GROWTH tissues, CHALL quarters had less epithelial tissue area (P = 0.04) and marginally more intralobular stroma tissue area (P = 0.06) than UNINF quarters. Tissue areas occupied by luminal space, extralobular stroma, adipose, and lobular tissue were similar (P ≥ 0.32). For DEVELOPMENT tissues, area occupied by epithelium, luminal space, intralobular stroma and extralobular stroma did not differ between quarter treatments (P ≥ 0.30), but UNINF quarters had more adipose tissue area (P = 0.01) and marginally less lobular area (P = 0.08) than CHALL quarters. Results indicate that IMI in growing and developing mammary glands impairs mammary epithelial growth and alters mammary gland development. Taken together, these tissue changes before calving may have adverse impacts on milk production. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86352 |
Watch |
1448V |
Effects of wildfire smoke PM2.5 on preweaned Holstein dairy calves. |
3 |
A. Pace |
air quality immune response health |
A. Pace1, P. Rezamand1, A. L. Skibiel1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Wildfires are increasing in prevalence and intensity and release hazardous pollutants into the air. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in wildfire smoke can be inhaled into the lungs and enter circulation to cause local and systemic immune responses and disease in humans. However, there are limited data on the effects of wildfire smoke exposure in cattle. Recently, our group found that dairy calf mortality was associated with high wildfire-derived PM2.5. The aim of the present study was to assess the physiological and immune responses of dairy calves to PM2.5 exposure from wildfire smoke. Holstein heifer calves (n = 15) at the University of Idaho Dairy Center were monitored from birth through weaning (July–September 2021), coinciding with the Pacific Northwest wildfire season. Weekly blood samples were collected for hematology analysis. Health scores, respiratory rates (RR), heart rates (HR), and rectal temperatures (RT) were recorded weekly. Hourly PM2.5 and meteorology data were obtained from a monitoring station near the farm. Wildfire, wind, and PM2.5 mapping using HYSPLIT modeling and AirNow-Tech Navigator were used to determine if increases in PM2.5 derived from active wildfires. Data were analyzed using mixed models with daily average PM2.5 and temperature-humidity index (THI), and their interaction as fixed effects and calf as a random effect. Separate models were run with lags of up to 7 d. PM2.5 ranged from 2.0 to 118.8 µg/m3, with spikes coinciding with wildfires. THI ranged from 48 to 73. There was a positive interactive effect of PM2.5 and THI on RR (P = 0.04), HR (P < 0.01), and RT (P = 0.04) at lag d 0. Together, elevated PM2.5 and THI increased eosinophil count (P = 0.02) on lag d 0, decreased total white blood cell (P = 0.01) and neutrophil counts (P < 0.01) after a 3-d lag, and decreased lymphocyte count after a 2-d lag. Cough score (P < 0.01) and eye score (P = 0.02) increased on lag d-3 with greater PM2.5 and THI. Several of these effects persisted for up to 4–5 d. Our results indicate that calf exposure to wildfire PM2.5 along with elevated THI alters calf physiology and hematology and may contribute to dairy calf morbidity and mortality. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86302 |
Watch |
1449V |
Effects of supplementing native rumen microbes on milk production of mid-lactation dairy cows. |
4 |
K. Goldsmith |
microbiome feed additive rumen |
K. Goldsmith1, J. Liesman1, J. Lefler2, M. VandeHaar1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Native Microbials, Inc, San Diego, CA |
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplement containing 4 native rumen microorganisms on milk production and efficiency of dairy cows. Mid-lactation Holstein cows (n = 90; 43% primiparous; 92 ± 23 DIM) averaging 45 kg milk/d were studied in 2 time cohorts. Cows were fed a basal diet containing 43% forage, 29% NDF, 29% starch, and 18% CP. After 14 d, they were blocked by parity, DIM, and energy-corrected milk (ECM) per metabolic BW. Within block, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments which were top-dressed daily for the next 112 d onto the basal diet. Treatments were 150 g of ground corn mixed with 1) no live DFM (CON), 2) 5 g of a live DFM (Galaxis Frontier; G2), and 3) 5 g of DFM (Galaxis Frontier; G2P). G2 contained Clostridium beijerinckii at 1 × 107 cfu/d and Pichia kudriavzevii, Ruminococcus bovis, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens at 1 × 108 cfu/d. G2P was similar but with higher levels of C. beijerinckii at 4 × 107 cfu/d and P. kudriavzevii at 1 × 109 cfu/d. G2 and G2P are products of Native Microbials Inc. (San Diego, CA). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with pretreatment period as covariate for production. DFM did not alter yield of total milk, protein, or fat (P > 0.2), but slightly decreased gain of BW (P = 0.02) and body condition (P = 0.05) with no difference between G2 and G2P (P = 0.7). DFM tended to decrease dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.08) and tended to improve feed efficiency (P = 0.06) (ECM/DMI). DFM did not alter digestibility of fiber, starch, protein, or fat and did not alter concentrations of glucose or nonesterified fatty acids but tended to decrease concentration of insulin in plasma averaged over a day (P = 0.057). DFM decreased somatic cell counts in milk (P = 0.05) with no difference between G2 and G2P. In conclusion, supplementation with DFM had little impact on mid-lactation production, but some trending improvements in feed efficiency were observed. The digestibilities of NDF and starch in our diet were relatively high (45% and 95%, respectively), which might explain the lack of improved performance. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86291 |
Watch |
1450V |
Effects of bacterial inoculant containing Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis on corn silage fermentation and aerobic stability. |
5 |
C. A. N. de Guzmán Cerna |
Homolactic bacteria heterolactic bacteria yeast counts |
C. A. N. de Guzmán Cerna1, K. G. Arriola1, I. Fernandez-Marenchino1, K. V. Almeida2, F. X. Amaro1, H. Sultana1, D. Vyas1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microbial inoculant, Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis, on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage under laboratory conditions. Corn was harvested at 40.7% DM, chopped, and ensiled in 20L buckets after the application of 1) double distilled water (CON), and 2) manual application of inoculant (INC; SiloSolve FC) with a dose of 30 mL of diluted inoculant per kilogram of forage, and 150 000 cfu/g of forage. Corn forage was ensiled for 30 and 90 d with 5 replicates for each treatment by day combination. Silage extract was prepared using 0.1% peptone water and fermentation characteristics including lactate, acetate, ethanol, 1, 2 propanediol, and ammonia-N were measured. Yeast and mold counts were determined by plating. Aerobic stability was measured after 30 and 90 d of ensiling. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. After 90 d of ensiling, DM loss was lower for INC compared with CON (1.16 vs. 3.68% ± 0.61). Lactate concentration was greater for both CON and INC after 90 d compared with 30 d of ensiling (5.77 vs. 5.27% for CON and 5.69 vs. 5.21% for INC ± 0.16). Acetate concentration improved for INC compared with CON (1.17 vs 1.72% ± 0.05); however, the extent of increase was greater for INC after 90 d. Ammonia-N and 1, 2 propanediol concentrations were increased with INC compared with CON and a greater response was observed on both parameters with INC after 90 d of ensiling. Aerobic stability was improved with INC compared with CON after 90 d of ensiling (230.8, vs 95.1h ± 23.55). Yeast counts were lower with INC after 90 d of ensiling while no INC effects were observed on mold counts. In conclusion, inoculation of corn silage is an effective strategy to increase acetate and 1, 2 propanediol concentrations, lower yeast counts, and subsequently, increase aerobic stability of corn silage after 90 d of ensiling. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86273 |
Watch |
1451V |
The effect of dietary cation-anion difference and dietary buffer for lactating dairy cattle during mild heat stress. |
6 |
C. A. Bertens |
heat stress dietary cation-anion difference dietary buffer |
C. A. Bertens1, C. Shoffel2, M. Crombie3, G. B. Penner1 |
1University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 2Papillon Agricultural Company, Easton, MD, 3MIN-AD Inc, Winnemucca, NV |
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and dietary buffer supply on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, milk and milk component yield, gastrointestinal tract permeability, and urinary mineral excretion in lactating dairy cattle exposed to mild heat stress. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows including 8 cannulated primiparous (80 ± 19.2 DIM) and 8 noncannulated multiparous (136 ± 38.8 DIM), were housed in a tie-stall barn programmed to maintain a temperature-humidity index (THI) between 68 and 72 from 0600 h to 1600 h. The experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (21-d periods) with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Diets were formulated for low (LD; +10 mEq/100 g) or high DCAD (HD; +30 mEq/100 g) with low (LB) or high buffer (HB; 20.0 vs. 41.5 mEq H+/g added acid consuming capacity, respectively). The DCAD was adjusted using NH4Cl and Na-acetate and buffer was adjusted using CaMg(CO3)2. A ruminal dose of Cr-EDTA and an omasal dose of Co-EDTA was used to evaluate total and post-ruminal gastrointestinal tract permeability, respectively. The effects of DCAD, buffer and the interaction were tested with the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. Treatments had no effect on DMI (25.1 kg/d, P ≥ 0.65), milk yield (36.9 kg/d, P ≥ 0.55), fat yield (1.51 kg/d, P ≥ 0.44), protein yield (1.21 kg/d, P ≥ 0.62) or mean ruminal pH (6.38, P ≥ 0.40). Cows fed LB-LD (108.1 mg) excreted more Co in the first 24 h relative to the Co-EDTA dose than HB-LD (74.8 mg; DCAD × Buffer, P = 0.03) with no differences among other treatments. No differences were detected for 24-h urinary Cr recovery (P ≥ 0.35). Cows fed HD produced 4 kg/d more urine than LD (P = 0.02) and increased urinary Na+ (P < 0.01) but reduced urinary K+ (P = 0.03) excretion. Dietary buffer and DCAD interact to influence post-ruminal permeability and urinary mineral excretion but have minimal effect on performance of lactating dairy cattle exposed to mild heat stress. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86160 |
Watch |
1452V |
Effects of weaning strategies on health, hematology, and productivity in Holstein dairy calves. |
7 |
A Wolfe |
calf health weaning pace weaning age |
A Wolfe1, P Rezamand2, B Agustinho2, D Konetchy2, A Laarman1,2 |
1University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CA, 2University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Weaning strategies in dairy calves vary considerably, though the impact on animal health is unclear. This study examined the effects of calf weaning age (6 vs. 8 wk) and pace (abrupt vs. gradual) on health parameters in dairy calves. Holstein calves (n = 72), blocked by gender and birth weight, were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (n = 18 per): Early-Abrupt (EA), Early-Gradual (EG), Late-Abrupt (LA), and Late-Gradual (LG). Milk replacer (24% CP, 17% fat; up to 1200 g/d) was fed twice daily; water, calf starter (18% CP), and chopped alfalfa hay were fed ad libitum. Daily intakes of milk replacer, calf starter, and forage were recorded. Body weight, health measures, blood hematology, and fecal scores were obtained pre- and post-weaning. Calves were orally bolused with a rumen pH logger for the last 3 d of the weaning transition and rumen pH was measured continuously. Data were analyzed with age and pace as fixed effects. Age at weaning increased respiration (P = 0.02), while gradual weaning groups had lower respiration rate (P = 0.01). Heartrate was lower in gradual than in abrupt groups (P = 0.01). Fecal score tended to increase in late-weaned groups (P = 0.06) and gradually weaned groups (P = 0.04). No difference was detected in body core temperature by age or pace. During the weaning transition, average daily gain was lower in LA than EA (0.62 vs. 0.11 Kg/d, P < 0.01) and gradually weaned groups had increased ADG (0.65 kg/d, P = 0.02). Change in grain intake, but not forage intake, was greater in gradually weaned groups (P < 0.01). Mean rumen pH tended to increase from EG to LG (7.65 vs. 8.84, P = 0.1) and from LA to LG (7.89 vs. 8.84, P = 0.1). No difference was detected among treatments in red or white blood cell counts, and hemoglobin. Procalcitonin tended to be different depending on the age × pace interaction with the LA group having the highest percentage of procalcitonin (0.18%, P = 0.07). Blood hematocrit increased in abruptly weaned groups (41.3 %, P = 0.01). Overall, calf health is affected by both age and pace of weaning, though the health parameters impacted by age and pace differ. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86135 |
Watch |
1453V |
Oleic acid limits lipolysis and improves mitochondrial function in adipose tissue from periparturient dairy cows. |
8 |
U. Abou-Rjeileh |
oleic acid lipolysis PLIN5 |
U. Abou-Rjeileh1, D. Salcedo1, J. Parales1, C. Prom1, M. Chirivi1, N. J. O'Boyle2, J. Laguna1, A. L. Lock1, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom |
Our objective was to determine the effect of oleic acid (OA) on insulin sensitvity and mitochondrial function in adipose tissue (AT) of periparturient dairy cows. In the liver, OA promotes lipid droplet formation by activating perilipin 5 (PLIN5) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα); however, it is unknown if this mechanism occurs in AT. We hypothesize that OA limits lipolysis and improves mitochondrial function in bovine AT. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 12) were infused abomasally following parturition with ethanol (CON) or OA (60 g/d) for 15 d. Subcutaneous AT samples were obtained at 11 ± 3.6d before calving (PreP), and 6 ± 1d (PP1) and 13 ± 1.4d (PP2) after parturition. Adipocyte morphometry was performed on H&E-stained sections. Isoproterenol (ISO, 1μM) stimulated lipolysis and insulin (1μg/L) inhibition of ISO were determined using an in vitro explant culture by measuring glycerol release. PLIN5 and PPARα expression were determined by capillary electrophoresis. NGS RNA sequencing was used to evaluate the transcriptomic profile of bioenergetics gene pathways. Statistical analyses were performed using a mixed effect model which included the random effect of cow, and the fixed effect of treatment, time, and their interactions. At PP2, compared with CON, OA reduced AT response to ISO and increased AT sensitivity to insulin (P < 0.01). Compared with CON, OA decreased the percentage of smaller adipocytes (<3000μm2) at PP2 (P < 0.001) hence limiting adipocyte size reduction. Compared with CON, OA tended to have higher PPARα content at PP1 (P < 0.10), and increased PLIN5 protein expression at PP2 (P < 0.05). At PP2, OA increased PARP3 fragments per kilobase million mapped reads (FPKM) which mediates DNA strand break repair (P < 0.05) and tended to increase SOD2 FPKM which plays an antiapoptotic role against oxidative stress (P = 0.06). OA decreased SIRT3 FPKM at PP2 (P < 0.05) supporting a shift to lipogenesis. Our results provide initial evidence that OA may limit lipolysis by enhancing lipogenesis through the activation of PPARα through PLIN5. RNa-seq results show that OA improves mitochondrial integrity reflecting a state of lipogenesis. |
| ADSA Production MS Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production MS Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86130 |
Watch |
1454V |
Effects of post-day one colostrum supplementation on growth and health of preweaning dairy heifers. |
9 |
H. R. McCarthy |
calf colostrum supplementation growth performance |
H. R. McCarthy1, A. J. Lopez1, A. Pineda1, D. L. Renaud1, M. Nagorske2, M. A. Steele1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
The preweaning period of calves is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, leading to financial losses for producers. Research regarding ways to improve the health of calves to reduce antimicrobial use continues to be crucial to the success of the dairy industry. The study aimed to explore the effects of supplementing colostrum replacer (CR) post-day one to calves on health and growth. Holstein heifer calves (n = 200; 50/TRT) were enrolled at birth, fed CR (205g IgG/feeding) at 0 and 12h, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 100% milk replacer (MR) from d 2–49 (control; C); 50% CR + 50% MR d 2–3 and 100% MR d 4–49 (transition; T); 100% MR + 10% CR d2–14 and 100% MR d 15–49 (extended; E); or 50% CR + 50% MR d 2–3, 100% MR + 10%CR d 4–14, and 100% MR d 15–49 (extended + transition; ET). Body weight was recorded at birth and weekly until wk 7. Blood serum samples were taken daily (d 0–7) and weekly until wk 7. In addition, a health assessment was completed daily. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and are reported as least squared means with standard errors. Calves fed T had higher overall average daily gain (ADG) compared with C (0.47 vs 0.42 ± 0.02 kg; P = 0.03). The E and ET groups had higher (P ≤ 0.05) ADG at wk 2 (0.45 vs 0.42 ± 0.05kg, respectively) compared with C (0.29 ± 0.05kg). The incidence and length of diarrhea, respiratory illness and therapies did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). Calves fed T (8.2 ± 0.01%) and E (6.1 ± 0.00%) tended to have lower mortality (P = 0.08) compared with C (20.0 ± 0.01%). Serum IgG levels did not differ by treatment (P = 0.80). Considering the positive effects of treatments T and E on ADG and mortality, more research is needed to determine the impact of colostrum supplementation and its mechanism of action. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
s9986 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86882 |
Watch |
2382V |
Effect of forages with varying fiber digestibility on lactation performance and methane emissions of dairy cows. |
1 |
D. J. Nelson |
corn silage alfalfa silage methane |
D. J. Nelson1,2, K. F. Kalscheur2,1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Madison, WI, 2US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI |
High-quality forages are a fundamental component of formulating diets that meet the energy requirements of high-producing dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of forages with varying fiber digestibility on lactation performance and methane (CH4) emissions of dairy cows. Sixty-four lactating Holstein cows (109 ± 25 DIM) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets using a randomized complete-block design with a 2-wk covariate period followed by a 6-wk experimental period. Cow was the experimental unit. Following the production study, cows were allocated to 1 of 4 environmental chambers (2 cows/chamber) for wk 7. Performance and emissions data from wk 7 were used for analysis. Chamber was the experimental unit. Experimental diets were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial evaluating 2 types of corn silages [conventional corn silage (CS) and brown midrib corn silage (BMR)] and 2 types of alfalfa haylages [conventional (AH) alfalfa haylage and reduced-lignin (RL) alfalfa haylage]. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS. Dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 27.3 kg/d and was not affected by the type of corn silage nor by the type of alfalfa haylage included in the 6-wk production study; however, a trend was observed for corn silage × alfalfa haylage during wk 7 (P = 0.08). Milk production averaged 45.5 kg/d and was not affected by treatment. No treatment effect was observed for ECM (46.8 kg/d) nor feed efficiency (ECM/DMI = 1.72). Milk fat and protein % (3.89 and 2.97%, respectively) were also not affected by treatment. Milk urea nitrogen was greater for cows fed RL compared with cows fed AH (13.9 vs 12.9 mg/dL; P = 0.001). There were no interactions between the varieties of corn and alfalfa on lactation performance during the 6-wk production study. During the emissions study, an interaction of corn silage × alfalfa haylage was observed for CH4/ECM (P = 0.01), whereas there was tendency for CH4 emissions (g/d; P = 0.07). These results indicate that varieties of corn silage and alfalfa haylage with greater digestibility did not improve production measures but did affect methane emissions in the present study. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86854 |
Watch |
2383V |
Effectiveness of GnRH as a resynchronization tool in lactating dairy cows. |
2 |
A. Santos |
ovulation fertility corpora lutea |
A. Santos1, T. Minela1, L. R. Martins1, J. R. Pursley1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is utilized in Ovsynch type programs to initiate resynchronization before pregnancy diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of GnRH on induction of ovulation before pregnancy diagnosis. These treatments were part of a resynchronization program to time-AI non-pregnant cows on d 42 following previous AI. We hypothesized that GnRH treatments before the first GnRH of Ovsynch would increase the percent of cows with synchronized follicular development compared with Ovsynch alone. Lactating primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows (n = 362) were randomly assigned by parity and AI number to one of 3 resynchronization treatments following ≥1st AI: 1st GnRH (100 µg of gonadorelin acetate) of Ovsynch on d 32 postprevious AI (control; n = 108), GnRH 7 d before 1st GnRH of Ovsynch (1PreG; n = 116), and GnRH 14 and 7 d before 1st GnRH of Ovsynch (2PreG; n = 138). Ovaries of all cows were examined via ultrasound on d 18, 21, 25, 28, 32 and 35 post-AI. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 34 after AI. Non-pregnant cows received final PGF2a of Ovsynch on d 39 and AI on d 42 postprevious AI. Data were analyzed using the mixed (continuous) and logistic (binomial) models in SAS 9.4. Overall, there was greater percentage of ovulations in non-pregnant vs. pregnant cows to previous AI. Only data from non-pregnant cows to previous AI are reported. There was no difference (P = 0.57) across treatments in the percent of cows that had ovulation to 1st GnRH of Ovsynch (67, 57 and 61% in control, 1PreG and 2PreG). There was an effect of resynchronization treatment on P/AI on d 34 post-AI after 1st AI but not after previous resynchronization with Ovsynch. Treatment 1PreG increased (P = 0.04) P/AI compared with 2PreG (60 vs. 41%) but not controls (49%; P = 0.40). Pre-synchronization GnRH treatments did not increase the percent of cows with synchronized follicular development at 1st GnRH of Ovsynch compared with the Ovsynch control. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86810 |
Watch |
2384V |
Abomasal infusion of branched-chain amino acids or branched-chain keto-acids alter lactation performance in early lactation dairy cows. |
3 |
K. Gallagher |
branched-chain amino acid branched-chain ketoacid lactation performance |
K. Gallagher1, I. Bernstein1, C. Collings1, D. Main1, S. Naughton1, V. Mavangira2, M. VandeHaar1, Z. Zhou1 |
1Michigan State University, Department of Animal Science, East Lansing, MI, 2Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, East Lansing, MI |
High-yielding dairy cows enter a state of negative protein balance postpartum when lactation greatly increases the mammary demand for AA. Our objective was to determine the impact of abomasal infusion of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and their corresponding keto-acids (branched-chain keto-acids, BCKA) on production performance in early lactation. Twenty 2 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design experiment. Cows were infused for the first 21 d postpartum with solutions of 1) saline (CON, n = 7); 2) BCAA (n = 7) including 67 g valine, 50 g leucine, and 17 g isoleucine; and 3) BCKA (n = 8) including 77 g ketovaline, 57 g ketoleucine, and 39 g ketoisoleucine. All cows received the same diet. Treatment effects were determined using PROC MIXED in SAS. No differences (P > 0.60) were detected for body weight and body condition score. Dry matter intake (P = 0.43), milk yield (P = 0.16), and milk components (P > 0.34) were also not changed in response to BCAA or BCKA treatments. However, compared with BCAA (1.64 kg/d, P = 0.04) or CON (1.67 kg/d, P = 0.13), protein yield was higher in response to BCKA treatment (1.77 kg/d, SEM = 0.04). Additionally, feed efficiency (milk yield divided by intake) was greater in cows receiving BCAA (2.17, SEM = 0.14) when compared with BCKA (1.72, P = 0.03) or CON (1.87, P = 0.15) cows. Postruminal infusion of BCAA improved feed efficiency whereas infusion of BCKA increased protein yield in multiparous cows during early lactation. Further research is warranted to determine if dietary supplementation of BCAA or BCKA might be warranted. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86786 |
Watch |
2385V |
Differences in body temperature regulation during heat stress and seasonal depression in milk yield between Holstein, Brown Swiss, and crossbred cows. |
4 |
C. J. Cuellar |
heat stress vaginal temperature milk yield |
C. J. Cuellar1, T. F. Amaral1, M. Saleem1,2, L. M. Jensen1, Q. A. Hoorn1, M. L. J. Haimon1, S. Jeensuk1, T. S. Maia1, P. J. Hansen1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan |
Brown Swiss (BS) cows have been reported to have lower rectal temperatures during heat stress than Holsteins (H) under arid conditions. Objectives were to evaluate 1) differences in body temperature regulation during heat stress between H, BS, and crossbred (X) cows under semi-tropical conditions and 2) test whether the seasonal depression in milk yield was greater for breeds less able to regulate body temperature. Data were from a dairy in Florida (27°24′N 81°03′W). For the first objective, conducted from Aug 9 to Sept 10, 2021, vaginal temperature was measured at 15 min intervals for 5 d in mid-gestation lactating H (n = 68), BS (n = 51) and X cows (n = 14). Vaginal temperature was affected by time (P < 0.0001) and time x breed (P < 0.0001). Temperatures were higher for H except during the afternoon. The maximum daily vaginal temperature was affected by breed (P = 0.034), with values higher for H (39.8 ± 0.1°C) than BS (39.3 ± 0.2°C) or X (39.2 ± 0.1°C). For the second objective, 6,179 lactation records (2,144 H, 2,685 BS and 1,350 X) from 2000 – 2011 were analyzed to determine effect of breed and season of calving (cool = Oct to March; warm = April to Sept) on 305-d milk yield. Cow (n = 2,972) was included as a random term in the model. Milk yield was affected by breed (P < 0.0001) and season (P < 0.0001) but not by breed x season (P = 0.1641). Overall, 305-d milk yield was 7,435 ± 48 kg for H, 6740 ± 47 kg for BS and 6,978 ± 66 kg for X. The difference in average 305-d milk yield between cows calving in cool vs hot weather was 310 kg (4% decrease) for H, 480 kg (7% decrease) for BS, and 420 kg (6% decrease) for X. In conclusion, BS and X regulated body temperature during heat stress better than H but these breeds were not more resistant to heat stress with respect to milk yield. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86776 |
Watch |
2386V |
Assessment of the effects of prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies on cow health and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. |
5 |
E. Jimenez |
acetylsalicylic acid meloxicam prepartum period |
E. Jimenez1, J. Spring1, M. Martinez1, E. Hovingh1, J. Lawhead2, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Millerstown Veterinary Associates, Millerstown, PA |
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of pre-partum administration of anti-inflammatory therapies on β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB] concentration, incidence of postpartum diseases and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. At 14 d before the expected calving date, cows (n = 64) and heifers (n = 24) were blocked by BCS category (optimal = 3.25–3.5; high ≥3.75) and parity (nulliparous; parous), and randomly allocated to one of 3 treatment groups: 1) ASA (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with administration of acetylsalicylic acid (4 boluses; 480 grain/bolus); 2) MEL (n = 31) = receive one oral administration of meloxicam (1mg/kg of BW), or 3) PLC (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with gelatin capsules filled with water. At 7 ± 3, 14 ± 3 and 21 ± 3 DIM blood samples were collected, to assess BHB concentration, and clinical metritis was assessed using a Metricheck device. Clinical disease events in the first 60 DIM and reproductive performance parameters for the first 120 DIM were collected from on-farm computer records. The data were analyzed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS as a randomized complete-block design. On average enrolled cows received treatment administration 10 d before actual calving date (standard deviation = 5.10 d). There was no difference on BHB concentration (95% CI) between study groups (ASA = 0.71 mmol/L, 0.57–0.88; MEL = 0.67 mmol/L, 0.55–0.82; PLC = 0.65 mmol/L, 0.53–0.80). However, cows treated with MEL tended to have higher incidence of subclinical ketosis at 21 ± 3 DIM (LSM ± SEM) compared with PLC cows (ASA = 24.4 ± 12.1%; MEL = 50.9 ± 15.7%; PLC = 6.05 ± 6.32%). Cows treated with ASA had lower incidence of retained fetal membranes compared with MEL and PLC cows (ASA = 0%; MEL = 19.3%; PLC = 17.2%). There was no difference in the reproductive performance parameters assessed. These findings suggest that treatment with pre-partum acetylsalicylic acid might have positive effects on postpartum cow health. Further studies with larger data sets are needed to confirm association observed in this trial. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86620 |
Watch |
2387V |
Condition of surplus dairy calves at livestock dealers in Ohio. |
6 |
H. Maggard |
surplus dairy calf calf health livestock market |
H. Maggard1, M. Moran2, G. Habing2, D. Renaud3, K. Proudfoot4, D. Wilson3, J. Pempek1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 3Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 4Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada |
Surplus dairy calves are sold soon after birth, often through live auctions or livestock dealers. Our previous work demonstrated veal calves arrive to growing facilities with a high prevalence of failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and signs of disease, but little is known regarding calf condition at livestock dealers. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of FTPI and poor health outcomes in surplus calves at livestock dealers. Two livestock dealers in Ohio were visited 2 to 3 times per week, with approximately 28 calves enrolled in the study per visit for a total of 1,063 calves. One blood sample per calf was obtained to evaluate FTPI by measuring serum total protein (using a cutoff < 5.1 g/dL). Calves were clinically evaluated for signs of navel inflammation, depression, dehydration, fever, diarrhea, respiratory disease, and arthritis; health outcomes were dichotomized using clinically relevant cut-points. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence of calves with poor condition. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine if sex or source were risk factors for poor health outcomes. Twenty-one percent (227/1063) of calves had FTPI, and those purchased directly from the dairy farm were more likely to have FTPI compared with those purchased from auctions or livestock dealers (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.2; P = 0.02). Upon clinical examination, 70.5% (748/1060) of calves were dehydrated, 26.7% (283/1059) had navel inflammation, and 7.1% (76/1062) were depressed. Seventeen percent (98/573) of calves from dairy farms that had FTPI were dehydrated, while 14% (42/303) of calves from auctions or livestock dealers had both health concerns. Male calves were more likely than female calves to have navel inflammation (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4–3.0; P = 0.0003) and depression (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 0.94–4.4; P = 0.07). FTPI is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality and can also contribute to antimicrobial use and resistance. This research highlights the opportunity for improvements throughout the surplus calf production chain to improve calf condition before transport. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86582 |
Watch |
2388V |
Use of rumen-protected lysine labeled with 15N-lysine to estimate bioavailability. |
7 |
K. L. Clark |
intestinal digestibilty rumen bypass stable isotope |
K. L. Clark1, L. R. Rebelo1, J. E. Copelin1, T. Clifford2, I. Brown-Crowder2, M. J. Poss2, C. Lee1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 2Kemin Industries, Inc, Des Moines, IA |
Accurate estimation of bioavailability (BA) of rumen-protected (RP)-AA is critical in determining its inclusion in a ration. One popular technique uses rumen incubation of RP-AA followed by abomasal infusion of the residuals where plasma appearance of AA is used to estimate bioavailability. The current study evaluated this technique by using 2 prototypes of RP-Lys labeled with 15N-Lys. Two cows were used only for rumen incubation and 4 cows were used for abomasal infusion in a 4 × 4 Latin square design: control (L-Lys with 15N-Lys), RP-Lys1 (L1), RP-Lys2 (L2), and RP-Lys3. Because only L1 and L2 were labeled with 15N-Lys, results for L3 are not shown here. The 4 cows received a common diet (16% CP and 32% NDF on a DM basis) for 14 d with 10 d of washout and received abomasal infusion for 5 min (d 11) of control or one of 3 prototype residuals from 8-h ruminal incubation. Blood samples were collected at −2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 h after infusion. Total feces were collected for 4 d after infusion and analyzed for 15N excretion. The rumen bypass rate (RB) was calculated from DM, N or 15N of residuals after rumen incubation of the prototypes. The intestinal digestibility (ID) was determined using fecal 15N excretion and also using plasma total Lys appearance (PLA). The mixed procedure of SAS was used for data analysis. The RB was greater for L1 versus L2 (DM, 102 vs. 16%; N, 99 vs. 6%; 15N, 85 vs. 5%). However, RB of L1 was lower (P < 0.01) when calculated with 15N versus N while that of L2 was similar. The ID of L1 and L2 was 9 and 112%, respectively, from PLA. When calculated using 15N excretion in feces, ID of 40 and 86% (P < 0.01) were obtained for L1 and L2, respectively. Therefore, BA for L1 and L2 was 9 and 6%, respectively, from PLA and was 34 and 5% for L1 and L2 (P < 0.01), respectively, from fecal 15N excretion. We found evidence of microbial contamination after rumen incubation of RP-Lys and the degree of contamination was affected by the rumen degradation rate. The large difference in ID between PLA and 15N approach supports caution when BA is obtained from plasma Lys concentration. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86473 |
Watch |
2389V |
Effects of colostrum management and meloxicam administration on hematological parameters in transported preweaned calves. |
8 |
K. Elmore |
calf colostrum meloxicam |
K. Elmore1, D. Konetchy1, M. Chahine2, A. Laarman3,1, B. Agustinho1, P. Rezamand1, G. Chibisa1 |
1Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Science, Moscow, ID, 2Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center University of Idaho, Twin Falls, ID, 3Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutrition Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
Poor colostrum management and subsequent transportation can cause negative health outcomes in pre-weaned calves, which may be mitigated by the pre-transport administration of meloxicam (MEL). Our objective was to determine the effects and potential interaction of colostrum management and MEL administration on hematological parameters in transported pre-weaned calves. Male dairy calves (n = 48) were collected at birth and used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments; colostrum feeding according to recommendations or milk replacer (MR) in place of colostrum, and administration of MEL or a placebo before transportation. Blood samples were collected from calves (<2 d old) before transportation (300 km), on arrival, and 12 h and 36 h post arrival (harvest) and were analyzed for hematological parameters. Data analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. There was no colostrum × MEL interaction (P ≥ 0.15) on any hematological parameters. However, there was a colostrum ´ time interaction (P = 0.04) on white blood cell (WBC) count; MR calves had a much lower WBC count 36 h after arrival than colostrum calves. Additionally, there was a MEL × time interaction (P < 0.01) on red blood cell (RBC) count; MEL calves had a lower RBC count at arrival and 36 h after arrival than placebo. There was a colostrum × time interaction (P = 0.04) for lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and basophil proportions; colostrum-fed calves had greater lymphocyte, monocyte, and basophil proportions, but a lower neutrophil proportion than MR calves. There was a MEL × time interaction (P < 0.01) for hematocrit proportion and absolute hemoglobin count; MEL calves had a lower hematocrit and absolute hemoglobin proportion at arrival than before and after transportation compared with placebo calves. Overall, feeding colostrum resulted in a higher WBC count and MEL administration decreased hematocrit and absolute hemoglobin proportion over time. This suggests these 2 factors have an impact on immune function in transported pre-weaned calves and could be useful in developing management strategies to reduce transport-related stress. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86367 |
Watch |
2390V |
Direct effects of heat stress on hepatic mitochondrial function in lactating dairy cattle. |
9 |
A. S. Marquez-Acevedo |
oxidative phosphorylation oxidative stress metabolism |
A. S. Marquez-Acevedo1, P. Villamediana1, C. C. Josefson1, R. J. Collier1, A. L. Skibiel1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Heat stress reduces hepatic mitochondrial protein expression, however the functional impact of heat stress on mitochondria is unclear. We hypothesized that heat stress has a direct effect on hepatic metabolism through impaired mitochondrial function and oxidant imbalance, with consequences for lactation performance. Mid-lactation (94 ± 6 d in milk) multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatment based on mature equivalent milk yield (MY) and parity. Treatments (n = 8/group) were heat-stressed (HT) or pair-fed thermoneutral (TN). Cows were housed in individual tie-stalls and acclimated for 3 d before experimental periods (P1 and P2). During P1 (7 d), all cows were under thermoneutral conditions and fed ad libitum. During P2 (10 d), HT cows were fed ad libitum and fitted with electric heat blankets. TN cows were pair-fed to match the reduction in feed intake of HT cows. Rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), and MY were recorded daily during P1 and P2. Milk samples were collected on D1,5,6 of P1 and P2 for composition. On d 10 of P2, liver biopsies were taken from all cows. Hepatic mitochondrial function was measured as the respiratory control ratio (RCR, maximal/basal respiration) using complex I (NADH-linked) and complex II (FADH2-linked) substrates. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission and liver antioxidant activity and oxidative damage were quantified. Expression of genes involved in mitochondrial activity were quantified by qRT-PCR. Temperature-humidity index of the barn was 58 ± 5 across the study. RT and RR were similar between treatment groups during P1 but were higher for HT compared with TN during P2 (P < 0.01). Liver complex I and II RCR, ROS emission, antioxidant activity, oxidative damage, MY, BW, and BCS did not differ between treatment groups. Milk protein was lower in HT cows (P < 0.01). Liver CAT expression tended to be upregulated (P = 0.06), but all other genes showed similar expression patterns between treatment groups. Our results suggest heat stress does not have a substantial direct impact on hepatic mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86275 |
Watch |
2391V |
Relationship between management, reticulorumial pH, and risks of subacute ruminal acidosis. |
10 |
F. Huot |
subacute ruminal acidosis reticuloruminal pH |
F. Huot1, S. Claveau2, A. Bunel2, R. M. Petri3, D. E. Santschi4, E. Paquet1, R. Gervais1 |
1Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 2Agrinova, Alma, QC, Canada, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, 4Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada |
Low reticuloruminal pH (rpH) such as in subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) may negatively affect rumen health and animal performance. To investigate the prevalence of rpH and SARA under commercial conditions, and assess their relationship with management and animal traits, rpH was continuously monitored for 150 d using wireless boluses on 110 early lactation Holsteins of different parities, selected from 12 farms covering a broad range of management strategies. The variation between animals rpH was substantial and interestingly, that variability was also present within animals from the same farm. To assess this variability, we performed a multivariable mixed model with management traits as fixed effects and with animal and farm as random effects. Automatic milking system (AMS) and dietary corn silage were associated with a decrease in rpH of 0.37 (P < 0.01) and 0.20 (P = 0.06; tendency) units, respectively, whereas monensin supplementation was associated with an increase of 0.27 unit (P = 0.03). Also, rpH increased of 0.15 unit over the first 60 d in milk. August, September, and October were the months of the year associated with the lowest rpH (P < 0.01). An occurrence of SARA was identified when rpH was maintained below the limits of 6.0 (SARA6.0) and 5.8 (SARA5.8) for at least 300 min over a period of 24 h. A total of 65 and 38 cows experienced at least one episode of SARA6.0 and SARA5.8, respectively. The proportion of SARA-positive cows varied among farms from 0 to 100%. AMS was associated with an increased incidence of SARA5.8 (odds ratio: 10; P < 0.01) and SARA6.0 (odds ratio: 11, P = 0.02). The use of corn silage was associated with an increased incidence of SARA5.8 (odds ratio: 21; P < 0.01) while the use of monensin was associated with a decreased incidence of SARA5.8 (odds ratio: 0.02; P = 0.03). These results denote the variability of factors associated with rpH and the difficulty to assess SARA under commercial conditions. This study lays the foundation for further work into mitigating the risks of SARA by highlighting management strategies such as AMS that may affect rpH and increase risk of SARA. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86162 |
Watch |
2392V |
Effects of trace mineral and forage sources on mineral solubility, ruminal fermentation, digestibility and N utilization. |
11 |
M. L. Johnson |
copper hydroxy manganese |
M. L. Johnson1, J. A. Arce-Cordero1, E. Sarmikasoglou1, J. R. Vinyard1, R. R. Lobo1, V. Brandao2, A. P. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Micronutrients LLC, Indianapolis, IN |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 forms of Cu, Zn, and Mn on ruminal fermentation in diets varying in forages grown in different geographical locations in the USA, in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Eight fermenters were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, combining 2 factors: (1) diet type [West (W) or East (E) coast] and (2) mineral source [sulfate (S) or hydroxy (H)]. Treatments were (1) WH [West coast diet with Intellibond Cu, Zn, and Mn]; (2) WS [West coast diet with Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates]; (3) EH [East coast diet with Intellibond Cu, Zn, and Mn]; (4) ES [East coast diet with Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates]. All diets were formulated to contain similar chemical composition. Treatments were supplemented with 12, 56, and 36 ppm of Cu, Zn, and Mn from the corresponding mineral source. Four 10-d periods were conducted, and the last 3 d of each period were used for collection of samples for analyses of lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), as well as nutrient digestibility and Cu, Zn, and Mn solubility. Effects of diet type, mineral source, and their interaction were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Digestibility of DM (P < 0.01), CP (P = 0.02), NDF (P < 0.01), and ADF (P < 0.01), were affected by diet type but not by mineral source. Compared with H mineral sources, S mineral sources had greater daily average concentrations of soluble Mn (P = 0.04) and Zn (P = 0.06), and greater concentrations of Cu (P = 0.05), Mn (P = 0.05) and Zn (P = 0.02) during the first 8 h after feeding. There was a diet x mineral source interaction on fermenter pH (P = 0.02). When S sources were fed, there was a reduction on pH only with the W diet. Sulfate mineral sources reduced daily average NH3-N concentration when supplemented with the W diet but had the opposite effect with the E diet. Our results indicate that H sources have a lower ruminal solubility than S sources, and there was an effect of mineral source on ruminal fermentation when the W diet was fed, particularly when it comes to NH3-N and pH. |
| ADSA Production MS Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production MS Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85844 |
Watch |
2394V |
Effect of dietary palmitic acid supplementation and milking frequency on milk production and composition in early lactation dairy cows. |
12 |
M. Landry |
dairy cow palmitic acid milking frequency |
M. Landry1,2, F. Huot1,2, R. Lessard3, Y. Lebeuf1,2, J. Chamberland1,2, G. Brisson1,2, D. E. Santschi4, É. Paquet1, D. E. Rico5, P. Y. Chouinard1,2, R. Gervais1,2 |
1Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 2Centre de recherche en sciences et technologie du lait, Quebec, Canada, 3Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 4Lactanet, Quebec, Canada, 5Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Quebec, Canada |
This study was conducted to evaluate if combined effect of feeding palmitic acid (PA) and increasing milking frequency (MF) may benefit milk responses of early lactation dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 45 ± 14 DIM were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the effects of dietary PA (0 or 2% on a DM basis), MF (twice- or thrice-daily, at regular intervals), and their interaction on milk production and composition. Treatment periods were 21 d in length, with the last 5 d used for data and sample collection. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment (28.2 ± 0.8 kg/d; P ≥ 0.32), and no interaction between PA and MF was observed on any measured parameters (P ≥ 0.16). Regardless of MF, supplementing cows with PA increased milk (48.0 vs. 46.2 kg/d; P < 0.01), energy-corrected milk (ECM; 47.0 vs. 43.9 kg/d; P < 0.01), and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM; 47.9 vs. 44.5 kg/d; P < 0.01) yields along with ECM:feed efficiency (1.67 vs. 1.56; P < 0.01). Compared with no supplementation, feeding dietary PA increased milk fat concentration (4.03 vs. 3.77%; P < 0.01) and yield (1.92 vs. 1.73 kg/d; P < 0.01), as well as protein yield (1.54 vs. 1.47 kg/d; P < 0.01), whereas milk protein concentration was not affected (3.21 ± 0.07%; P = 0.34). Thrice-daily MF increased milk (48.6 vs. 45.6 kg/d; P < 0.01), ECM (46.6 vs. 44.3 kg/d; P < 0.01), and FCM (47.4 vs. 45.0 kg/d; P < 0.01) yields along with ECM:feed efficiency (1.65 vs. 1.58; P = 0.01). Increasing MF decreased milk fat concentration (3.84 vs. 3.96%; P = 0.05) but increased milk fat yield (1.86 vs. 1.79 kg/d; P = 0.01). Whereas milk protein concentration was not affected (3.21 ± 0.07%; P = 0.24), protein yield was increased (1.55 vs. 1.46 kg/d; P < 0.01) with MF. Milk free fatty acid concentration was similar among treatments (0.70 ± 0.07 mEq/100g of milk fat; P ≥ 0.70). This study demonstrated that both PA supplementation and thrice-daily MF increased milk and fat yields, but the absence of interaction reveals that their effects were additive. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
s9989 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86909 |
Watch |
1455V |
Integrating animal-level data for early detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows using machine learning algorithms. |
1 |
R. E. P. Ferreira |
machine learning ketosis prediction |
R. E. P. Ferreira1, T. Bresolin1, H. T. Holdorf1, H. M. White1, J. R. R. Dorea1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
During the transition period, dairy cows often experience negative energy balance (NEB) to support the high energy demands of lactation. The severity of NEB can increase the risk of peripartum disorders such as hypocalcemia, ketosis, and others, which cause large economic losses on dairy farms. Thus, the objective of this study was to integrate animal-level data and train machine learning (ML) models to early detect subclinical ketosis events and high NEB in dairy cows. The following data were collected from 106 cows in the prepartum period: parity, diet, BCS, previous days in milk and dry period length, number of previous ketosis and other health events, and average feed intake, meal duration, eating, lying and rumination times from −7 to −1 d relative to calving (DRTC). Blood samples were obtained approximately every other day from −7 to +21 DRTC, and maximum blood BHB values above 1.0 mmol/L postpartum were considered subclinical ketosis events. Cows that had at least one plasma NEFA measurement above 0.6 mmol/L from 3 to 14 d after calving were characterized as having high NEB. Random Forest (RF) was used as a predictive approach, and the trained models were evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation to allow for more cows to be used for training compared with k-fold cross-validation or hold-out, and to use the whole data set as independent test examples. The trained RF models predicted subclinical ketosis events on the independent test examples with an accuracy of 84.9%, sensitivity of 79.5%, and specificity of 88.7%, and predicted high NEB with an accuracy of 75.5%, sensitivity of 72.9%, and specificity of 78.7%. The results of this study suggest that RF can potentially be used to early detect cases of subclinical ketosis and high NEB in dairy cows from 4 to 15 d in advance, and predictive performance on external data should be further investigated. Detecting high-risk cows before they calve can provide new opportunities for implementing preventive practices to improve animal health and welfare in dairy production systems. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86418 |
Watch |
1456V |
Dietary effects on branched-chain volatile fatty acid use for bacterial lipid synthesis in dual-flow cultures varying in forage and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. |
2 |
K. E. Mitchell |
cellulolytic fatty acids aldehyde |
K. E. Mitchell1, S. L. Kienzle1, B. A. Wenner1, C. Lee2, D. H. Kleinschmit3, M. T. Socha3, J. L. Firkins1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 3Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN |
Rumen bacteria utilize branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) or aldehydes (BCALD) to maintain membrane homeostasis, and cellulolytics require branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA). Our objective was to assess BCVFA usage in continuous cultures (CC) administered high (HF) and low (LF) forage diets. We hypothesized that BCVFA would be used more in the HF diet because of the greater proportion of cellulolytic bacteria. However, supplemental PUFA would inhibit cellulolytic bacteria, so less BCVFA was expected to be recovered in BCFA and BCALD. The study was an incomplete block design with 8 CC used in 4 periods with treatments (n = 4) arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. The factors were: HF or LF (67 or 33% forage, 33:67 alfalfa:orchard grass), without or with supplemental corn oil (3% CO, 1.5% PUFA), and without or with 2.15 mmol/d (5 mg/d 13C) each of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate. Bacteria pellets were collected. After methylation, FA and fatty aldehydes were separated before analysis by GC/IRMS. A mixed model had random effects of period and fermenter and fixed effects of diet, CO, BCVFA, and their interactions. Label was only recovered in branched-chain lipids, contrary to previously reported results performed on a shorter column, which probably caused coelution. Dose recovery in bacterial lipids decreased (P = 0.02, Diet × CO) from 2.07% with HF to 1.47% with LF, but CO in the HF diet decreased the recovery by 19.8%. Fatty aldehydes were less than 6% of total bacterial lipids, but 26.5% of 13C recovered in lipids were recovered in BCALD. HF increased the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, which increased the dose recovery in lipids, but CO only affected recovery with a HF diet because the bacterial profile shifted toward a population that was more sensitive to PUFA supplementation. Because BCFA and BCALD play an important role in the function and growth of bacteria, especially cellulolytics, BCVFA supplementation can support the rumen microbial consortium, increasing fiber degradation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85962 |
Watch |
1457V |
DNA methylation in first exon potentially regulate gene expression during bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. |
3 |
M. Wang |
milk somatic cells DNA methylation first exon |
M. Wang1,2, M. Laterrière3, P.-L. Dudemaine1, N. Bissonnette1, D. Gagné3, J.-P. Roy4, M.-A. Sirard2, E. M. Ibeagha-Awemu1 |
1Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 2Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada, 3Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada, 4University of Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada |
DNA methylation, a well-studied epigenetic mechanism, has been found to be involved in bovine subclinical mastitis caused by various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Milk somatic cells (MSCs) indirectly reflect the inflammatory response of the mammary gland to disease pathogens among other insults. To investigate the effect of DNA methylation of first exons (MeFE) on gene expression (GE) during mastitis, the DNA methylation and transcriptome profiles of MSCs from 15 cows with SA-induced subclinical mastitis (SACs) and 13 healthy cows (HCs) were determined by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-sequencing, respectively. The MeFE of 20764 genes were calculated by averaging CpG sites in the first exon of each gene. Spearman's correlation analysis using MethGet showed an inverse correlation between MeFE and GE at the genome-wide scale. Using the Gaussian Mixed module (GMM) of scikit-learn package (machine learning in Python) to correlate the changes of MeFE and GE between SACs and HCs identified 843 genes with ≥ 10% difference in MeFE and |log2FC| > 1 in GE (p of GMM < 0.005) in SACs compared with HCs, that were considered differentially methylated and expressed genes (DME-genes). DME-genes were significantly enriched in 22 GO terms and 17 KEGG pathways with immune-related functions. In addition, the MeFE and GE of 580 DME-genes were significantly inversely correlated, including 153 DME-genes with strong inverse correlations (p.adj < 0.05, rho < −0.5). These genes (153) and 39 DME-genes with strong positive correlations with GE were significantly enriched in 33 GO terms and 4 KEGG pathways, including Staphylococcus aureus infection and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways, further suggesting that MeFE may be involved in regulating the host response to SA infection by modulating the expression of related genes. In conclusion, the DNA methylation status of the first exon tends to inversely correlate with gene expression, and may possibly participate in regulating responses of mammary gland to subclinical mastitis caused by SA. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86799 |
Watch |
1458V |
Lactating cows inseminated following estrus have greater early pregnancy losses compared to the fertility program Double-Ovsynch. |
4 |
T. Minela |
Double-Ovsynch estrus conceptus attachment |
T. Minela1, A. Santos1, J. R. Pursley1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Programs such as Double Ovsynch (DO) improve pregnancy rates per AI compared with AI after estrus detection (ES). The objective of this study was to determine time to the increase in pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) as a marker of conceptus attachment (CA) in lactating dairy cows receiving AI following ES or DO. We hypothesized that DO would reduce time to CA compared with ES and that delayed conceptus attachment would have greater pregnancy losses. Lactating dairy cows were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to treatment. Cows synchronized with DO (n = 54) received AI 16 h after the final GnRH, between 74 and 80 DIM. Cows detected in ES between 69 and 89 DIM received AI from 8 to 23 h after onset of estrus (n = 55). Daily blood samples were collected from d 16 to d 28 post-AI to determine PSPB concentrations. Time of CA was determined as the first d of ≥ 12.5% increase in PSPB from baseline (average d 16 to 18), followed of 2 d of 12.5% daily increases. Pregnancy was diagnosed based on PSPB at d 28 post-AI and again ~35 d post-AI via ultrasound. Mixed models were utilized to analyze repeated measurements, continuous variables, and binary outcomes. Predicted probabilities were estimated with logistic regression. Time to CA did not differ between treatments (DO 21.0 ± 0.3 vs. ES 21.2 ± 0.3 d). ES cows had greater pregnancy losses occurring between CA and 35 d post-AI (8/55 vs. 1/54; P = 0.04). Greater d to CA decreased pregnancy likelihood at d 28 post-AI (P = 0.02). There was no effect of treatment on PSPB concentration between d 16 and 28 post-AI. Overall, cows that maintained pregnancy had higher concentration of PSPB between d 22 and 28 post-AI in comparison to cows that lost pregnancy (P < 0.01). Increase in PSPB concentration was delayed in 1 d in cows that experienced pregnancy loss (d 22 post-AI) in comparison with cows that maintained pregnancy (d 21 post-AI), utilizing cows with no CA for comparisons (P < 0.01). Within DO 7/30 cows had CA later than 21 d and 13/32 out of ES cows (P = 0.15). Cows receiving AI following ES had greater pregnancy losses (between CA and 35 d post-AI) than DO cows. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86676 |
Watch |
1459V |
Effect of altered photoperiod precalving on colostrum production by dairy breed. |
5 |
K. Alward |
photoperiod colostrum dry cow |
K. Alward1, J. Duncan1, R. Cockrum1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Exposing dry cows to short-day photoperiod (SDPP) of 8 h per day can improve milk production post-calving by 3.2 kg per day, over cows exposed to long-day photoperiod (LDPP) during the dry period. However, only one study has evaluated the effect of dry period day length on colostrum production and was limited to Holstein cows. Recent studies show seasonal variations on colostrum production differ by breed, so this study was designed to examine the effect of long and short-day photoperiod on colostrum production in Holstein and Jersey cows. Holstein and Jersey cows (n = 33) dried off 60 d before their due date were enrolled in 2 replicates. Cows were exposed to either SDPP of 8 h of light (n = 9 Holstein, n = 8 Jersey) or LDPP of 16 h of light (n = 8 Holstein, n = 8 Jersey) at 18.3°C until calving. At calving, calves were not allowed to suckle and cows were milked within 2 h. Total colostrum volume was weighed and colostrum quality via Brix refractometer were recorded. Other data recorded included lactation number, PTA for fat, PTA for milk, percent inbred, far-off and close-up feed intake, days of treatment and sex of the calf. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. PROC MIXED was used to determine the effect of photoperiod on colostrum volume and Brix score by breed. For colostrum volume and Brix score, lactation number was a covariate and colostrum volume, replicate, far-off and close-up feed intake, sex of the calf and days of treatment were random effects. Photoperiod treatment did not affect colostrum volume (P = 0.73) however breed was significant (P = 0.03) with Holsteins producing more colostrum (11.68 kg ± 5.88) than Jerseys (7.02 kgs ± 4.24). Photoperiod also did not affect Brix score (P = 0.31) however Breed was significant (P = 0.01) with Jerseys having a greater average Brix score (27.84% ± 2.64%) than Holsteins (23.41% ± 3.07%). This study indicates that photoperiod alone may not account for seasonal variations in colostrum production and other environmental factors such as THI may play a large role. In addition, shortened day length to enhance milk production post-calving does not compromise colostrum production. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86643 |
Watch |
1460V |
Effects of source of supplementary trace minerals on reproductive biology and performance in dairy cows. |
6 |
B. Mion |
fertility embryo mineral |
B. Mion1, G. Madureira1, B. Van Winters1, J. F. W. Spricigo1, M. Steele1, J. LaMarre2, S. J. LeBlanc3, E. S. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objectives were to compare the effects of inorganic (ITM) or organic (OTM) sources of supplementary trace minerals fed in pre- and postpartum diets on ovarian and uterine biology, conceptus development, and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Cows and heifers were randomly assigned to receive ITM (n = 136) or OTM (n = 137) from 45 d prepartum to 156 DIM. Diets of both groups were identical except that ITM group received Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn sulfates and Na selenite, and OTM group received Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn proteinates and selenized yeast (Bioplex and Sel-Plex, Alltech). After PGF2α injections at 42 and 56 DIM, estrous behavior was monitored by activity sensors. Cows in estrus were inseminated, and those not detected in estrus were enrolled in a timed AI program. A subgroup of cows (28 ITM, 29 OTM) received uterine flushing 15 d after AI to recover conceptuses and uterine fluid (UF) for transcriptomics (RNA-Seq) and metabolomics (MS), respectively. Plasma progesterone was measured on d 0, 7, and 15 after AI. After flushing, PGF2α was given and the dominant follicle (DF) was aspirated 2 d later to measure the concentration of TM by ICP-MS. Gene expression of interferon-stimulated genes in blood leukocytes (PBL) was done in a separate subgroup of cows (67 ITM, 73 OTM) on d 19 after AI. Data were analyzed using SAS (GLIMMIX and PHREG) except for transcriptomics (DESeq2 in R) and metabolomics (MetaboAnalyst). Estrous behavior, progesterone concentration, time to pregnancy, and pregnancy by 156 DIM did not differ between treatments. OTM had greater concentration of Cu in DF (0.77 vs 0.89 µg/mL; P = 0.02). In pregnant multiparous, expression of RTP4 in PBL was 42% greater (P = 0.03) in OTM. Conceptuses had 608 differently expressed genes (>1.5 fold; P < 0.05), with many indicating advanced conceptus elongation and greater expression of selenoproteins in OTM. In pregnant cows, 24 metabolites were more abundant (>2 fold; P < 0.05) in UF of OTM cows, including spermidine, sucrose and cholesterol. Replacing ITM by OTM seemed to affect uterine biology and conceptus development but did not alter measurements of ovarian biology and reproductive efficiency. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86605 |
Watch |
1461V |
Gestation length and dystocia of Holsteins mated to Holstein and beef breed service sires. |
7 |
B. L. Basiel |
beef × dairy dystocia days carried calf |
B. L. Basiel1, T. L. Felix1, C. D. Dechow1 |
1Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Objectives were to determine if dystocia and gestation length (GL) in Holstein heifers and cows are influenced by beef service sires in comparison to Holstein service sires. Calving records (n = 6,671) of Holsteins from the years 2019 to 2022 were obtained from Pennsylvania dairies (n = 7). Cows were mated to Holstein (n = 5,545 calvings; n = 394 sires), Angus (n = 617 calvings; n = 53 sires), Charolais (n = 114 calvings; n = 3 sires), Wagyu (n = 36 calvings; n = 4 sires), Simmental or SimAngus (n = 292 calvings; n = 14 sires), and crossbred beef (n = 67 calvings; n = 5 sires) bulls. Calving ease (CE) score from 1, indicating no problem, to 5, indicating extremely difficult birth or Cesarean section, was used to quantify dystocia. Records of GL were available for all calvings and CE score was available from a subset (n = 4,424) of records from 5 herds. Linear models were used to analyze GL and CE where sire breed type (beef or dairy) or sire breed was the main effect. Lactation number, twinning incidence, stillbirth incidence (SB), and calf sex were included as fixed effects. The interactions of SB and twinning incidence and of SB and calf sex were included in the CE models. When grouped as breed type, beef-sired calves were carried for 0.9 d longer than dairy-sired calves (P < 0.05). However, gestation length of Charolais-sired calves was shorter (271 d) than Holstein-sired calves (272 d, P < 0.05) while Angus (273 d), Simmental (274 d), and Wagyu-sired (279 d) calves was longer (P < 0.05). Calving ease of Holsteins mated to beef bulls did not differ from those mated to Holstein bulls. The least squares means of CE score of animals mated to Holstein and Angus sires were greater than those mated to Simmental sires. Holsteins mated to Angus sires had greater CE scores than those mated to crossbred beef sires. Beef-sired calves were carried for the same or a greater number of days than Holstein-sired calves except for those sired by Charolais bulls. Using beef sires did not cause greater incidence of dystocia than Holstein sires. Simmental-sired calves reduced incidence of dystocia when compared with Holstein-sired calves. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86373 |
Watch |
1462V |
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on energy metabolism in dairy cows. |
8 |
V. Pszczolkowski |
serotonin energy metabolism lactation |
V. Pszczolkowski1, M. Connelly1, A. Beard1, J. Laporta1, L. Hernandez1, S. Arriola Apelo1 |
1UW-Madison, Madison, WI |
Administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) has been shown to alter some aspects of energy metabolism in dairy cows, but neither 5-HTP’s effects on insulin sensitivity nor long-term effects on milk production have been studied in ruminants. Our objectives were to determine the effects of 5-HTP infusion on the response of dairy cows to an i.v. glucose tolerance test (GTT) and on lactation performance. Holstein cows (n = 24) were assigned to i.v. infusion of either 5-HTP (1 mg/kg/d) or saline in a crossover design. Treatments were given as a bolus infusion (1 h/d) via jugular catheters, with 3 d of infusion followed by 4 d of rest, repeated thrice over the 21-d period. The GTT was performed on d 3, right after the end of treatment infusions. Serial coccygeal and mammary vein blood samples were taken from d 17 to d 21. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, with repeated measures and Bonferroni adjustment when multiple time points were included. For the GTT, differential effects were observed between glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Glucose was not affected by 5-HTP (P > 0.1). Basal insulin (P = 0.004) and area under the curve (AUC, P = 0.04) were both decreased by 5-HTP. Both minimal (P = 0.02) and AUC (P = 0.03) NEFA were increased by 5-HTP treatment. Milk fat yield tended to be decreased (P = 0.06) by 5-HTP on infusion days, recovering on rest days. Over the 21-d period, 5-HTP cows lost body weight while control cows gained body weight (P < 0.01). Circulating insulin was lower and NEFA was higher on d 17 only immediately after the 5-HTP infusion (P < 0.001), returning to control within 3 h. However, mammary NEFA extraction remained elevated out to 3 h (P < 0.001). Neither circulating level nor mammary extraction of glucose was affected by treatment (P > 0.1). Given the glucose and insulin responses during the GTT, less insulin was required to clear the same glucose load for cows receiving 5-HTP. As well, 5-HTP blunted the effect of the GTT on NEFA, and 5-HTP temporarily improved mammary NEFA extraction on d 17. Overall, there are clear but transient effects of 5-HTP on energy metabolism, and more work is needed to elucidate their mechanisms. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86219 |
Watch |
1463V |
Association between residual feed intake and reproduction in Holstein cows. |
9 |
M. N. Marinho |
efficiency reproduction RFI |
M. N. Marinho1, J. E. P. Santos1 |
1University of Florida, |
Objectives were to evaluate associations between residual feed intake (RFI) in the first 105 d in milk (DIM) and reproduction by 300 DIM. Cows, 342 primiparous and 509 multiparous, in 9 experiments were fed complete diets and dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and body weight (BW) were measured daily, whereas milk sampled from consecutive milkings twice weekly was analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose. The net energy for lactation (NEL) in milk was calculated to determine daily NEL secretion in milk. The body condition (BCS) was scored twice weekly. Body energy change (BEC) was calculated as: [2.88 + (1.036 x BCS)] x BW change. The NEL content of the diet was estimated: (NEL required for: maintenance + milk synthesis + BEC)/DMI. Blood sampled in the first 21 DIM was analyzed for plasma concentrations of fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects models. DMI was regressed as a function of the fixed effects of NEL secreted in milk, BW0.75, BEC, and parity group, and the random effect of treatment within experiment. The residuals from the model defined RFI, and cows were categorized as Q1, most efficient, to Q4, least efficient. The association between RFI and reproduction was analyzed with the fixed effects of RFI quartile and morbidity, and the random effect of month-year of calving, and orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used. Improving efficiency was not associated with NEL secreted in milk or BEC, but less efficient cows extracted less energy from diets and had worse reproduction. Mechanisms that underly improved feed efficiency might favor reproduction in dairy cows. Table 1. Quartile of RFI and reproduction in Holstein cows
| Item |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
SE |
| RFI,* kg/d |
−1.86 |
−0.45 |
0.40 |
1.90 |
0.05 |
| DMI,* kg/d |
18.4 |
20.1 |
21.0 |
22.0 |
0.3 |
| Diet NEL,* Mcal/kg |
1.89 |
1.77 |
1.72 |
1.59 |
0.02 |
| Milk NEL, Mcal/d |
26.0 |
26.4 |
26.9 |
26.7 |
0.5 |
| BEC, Mcal/d |
−1.9 |
−1.3 |
−1.5 |
−2.0 |
0.6 |
| NEFA,* mM |
0.65 |
0.62 |
0.59 |
0.59 |
0.05 |
| β-hydroxybutyrate,§ mM |
0.72 |
0.62 |
0.63 |
0.64 |
0.05 |
| Glucose, mM |
3.95 |
4.00 |
4.04 |
3.94 |
0.07 |
| Inseminated, % |
98.3 |
99.1 |
97.7 |
99.1 |
1.0 |
| Pregnancy per insemination,* % |
32.9 |
31.0 |
31.7 |
25.4 |
2.3 |
| Pregnant by 300 DIM,§ % |
80.9 |
81.6 |
83.1 |
73.6 |
3.1 |
| Median days open* |
132 |
125 |
135 |
147 |
— |
| Hazard of pregnancy* |
1.32 |
1.24 |
1.30 |
1.00 |
— |
*Linear (P<0.05); §Quadratic (P<0.05). |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86199 |
Watch |
1464V |
Effects of ruminal lipopolysaccharides on growth and fermentation end products of pure cultured bacteria. |
10 |
E. Sarmikasoglou |
Megasphaera elsdenii Selenomonas ruminantium Streptococcus bovis |
E. Sarmikasoglou1, J. Ferrell2, J. Vinyard1, M. Flythe2, A. Tuanyok1, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY |
Elevated levels of ruminal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been linked to ruminal acidosis; however, their structure may exhibit lower endotoxicity compared with LPS derived from species like Escherichia coli. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of E. coli-LPS (E. COLI), ruminal-LPS (RUM), and a 1:1 mixture of E. coli and ruminal-LPS (MIX) on the growth and fermentation end products of lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus bovis JB1, Selenomonas ruminantium HD4) and lactate-utilizing bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii T81). Rumen bacteria were obtained from the ruminal content (7 L) of a TMR (60:40; forage: concentrate) fed cow, extracted with phenol-water, purified with ultracentrifugation, and lyophilized. Concentrations of E. COLI (Escherichia coli O111:B4), RUM and MIX were 200,000 EU. Optical densities were recorded hourly except in the case of S. bovis JB1, for which measurements were collected every 30 min, until bacterial growth reached a plateau. Samples for ammonia-nitrogen and organic acids were collected at mid-exponential phase to represent continuous fermentation conditions. At least 3 biological replicates were done for each strain. Data were statistically analyzed using Proc MIXED of SAS; in which treatments were analyzed as fixed effect and experimental runs analyzed as random effect. Results show that, compared with the control group (LPS-free anaerobic water; CTRL), the maximum specific growth rate of S. bovis JB1 decreased by approximately 19% and 23% when RUM and MIX were dosed, respectively. In addition, acetate and lactate concentrations in Se. ruminantium HD4 were reduced by approximately 30% and 18%; respectively, in response to MIX dosing. Compared with CTRL, lactate concentration from S. bovis JB1 was reduced approximately by 31% and 22% in response to RUM and MIX dosing; respectively. In summary, ruminal-LPS decreased the growth and lactate production of lactate-producing bacteria, potentially mitigating the development of acidosis, whereas it did not affect the growth of Megasphaera elsdenii T81. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86014 |
Watch |
1465V |
Identifying on-farm factors associated with the level of free fatty acids in bulk tank milk. |
11 |
H. M. Woodhouse |
milk fat free fatty acids non-foaming |
H. M. Woodhouse1, D. F. Kelton1, S. J. LeBlanc1, T. J. DeVries2 |
1University of Guelph Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Guelph Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Elevated concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) in bulk tank milk are a recent concern in the dairy industry. FFA result from triglyceride hydrolysis and milk with > 1.2 mmol FFA/100g of milk fat is associated with undesirable characteristics, such as off-flavor, rancidity, reduced frothing ability, and inhibited cheese coagulation. Previous research indicates that elevated FFA are multifactorial, and this study aimed to identify the major contributing factors at the farm level. We hypothesized that automated milking systems (AMS), fat additives in the lactating ration, and a narrow pipeline diameter are associated with higher concentrations of FFA. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted to identify on-farm factors associated with elevated FFA in bulk tank milk. A total of 300 Canadian dairy farms in Ontario (240) and British Columbia (60) were visited once to complete a survey, assess milking systems, and gather ration data. Bulk tank FFA values for each farm were obtained from the provinces’ milk marketing boards and a monthly FFA average around the farm visit date was used as the outcome variable. All 300 farms were analyzed, and descriptive statistics were generated. 70 were tie-stall, 110 were freestall with parlors, and 120 were freestall with AMS. The mean bulk tank FFA was 0.83 mmol FFA/100g of fat (SD = 0.39, range = 0.26 to 3.67) and 9.0% (27) of herds had an FFA > 1.2 mmol/ 100g fat. A univariable linear regression analysis was conducted to identify explanatory variables significantly associated (P < 0.05) with bulk tank FFA. A multivariable linear regression model, including those significant factors, was subsequently constructed using backward elimination until all remaining variables were P < 0.05. Residual analyses were completed to ensure model assumptions were satisfied. Contrary to our hypothesis, milking pipeline diameter was not associated with FFA concentration. In the final multivariable linear regression model, tie-stall milking systems (β = 0.32, P < 0.001), increased milking frequency (β = 0.30 per milking, P < 0.001), and the use of fat supplements in the lactating ration (β = 0.09, P = 0.04) were associated with higher FFA concentration. Pre-cooling milk was associated with lower FFA (β = −0.16, P = 0.016). The final model adjusted R2 = 22.8% suggests that there are more factors affecting FFA that still need to be identified. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85919 |
Watch |
1466V |
Lipolysis inhibition improves clinical outcomes in the treatment of ketosis in dairy cows: An individually randomized multigroup parallel controlled trial. |
12 |
M. Chirivi |
|
M. Chirivi1, D. Cortes1, A. O’Connor1, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Lipolysis dysregulation in adipose tissues (AT) of dairy cows is a major risk factor for clinical ketosis (CK). The current treatment for CK is oral propylene glycol (PG) which stimulates gluconeogenesis. However, PG does not reduce lipolysis. Niacin (NIA) and cyclooxygenase inhibitors can inhibit lipolytic activity. Our goal was to evaluate CK recovery when using NIA and flunixin meglumine (FM) as lipolysis inhibitors and their effect on AT insulin sensitivity. Multiparous Jersey cows [n = 72; 7.1 (SD = 3.8) DIM; parity mode 3] were selected from a commercial dairy. Inclusion criteria were CK symptoms (hypophagia, lethargy, reduced rumination and milk yield) and hyperketonemia (BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L). Cows were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments T1) PG: 310g oral once per d for 5 d, T2) PG+NIA: 24g oral once per d for 3 d, T3) PG+NIA+FM: 1.1 mg/kg IV once per day for 3 d. Healthy control cows (CON n = 24) matched by lactation and DIM (±2 d) were sampled. Plasma BHB (mmol/L), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA mmol/L), and glucose (GLU mg/dL) concentrations were determined pre (PRE) and post-treatment (PT) at D3, D7, and D14. A subset of 6 cows were randomly selected from each group to collect subcutaneous AT samples (right flank) at PRE and D7. The AT explants were treated ex vivo with insulin (IN = 1µL/L) during lipolysis stimulation with isoproterenol (β-adrenergic). Lipolysis was assessed by glycerol release in the media. A mixed-effect linear model was used to calculate group means ± SD. A logistic regression model was used to calculate ketosis recovery (BHB < 1.2mmol/L) and relative risk (RR) for recovery. At PRE, CK cows showed high BHB (1.93 ± 0.9) and NEFA (0.66 ± 0.3), but low GLU (56.86 ± 12.4) compared with CON (P < 0.001). The PT results are presented in the following order T1, T2, T3, and CON ± SD. Compared with T1 and T2, T3 reduced PT plasma BHB (1.35, 1.23, 0.89, 0.63 ± 0.97, P < 0.05), NEFA (0.56, 0.56, 0.48, 0.38 ± 0.18, P < 0.05) and increased PT GLU concentrations (66.5, 60.57, 66.17, 71.12 ± 10.4, P < 0.01). The RR for ketosis recovery in T3 cows were 1.5 (95% CI, 1.03–2.17) and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.99–1.97) relative to T1 and T2 respectively. At PRE, IN reduced lipolysis by 41 ± 8% in AT from CON, while no response was observed in CK cows (- 2.9 ± 4%). At D7, AT from T3 cows had a stronger response to IN reducing lipolysis by 36.5 ± 8% compared with T1 (26.9 ± 7%) and T2 (7.4 ± 8%) P < 0.05. These data suggest that including NIA and FM in CK treatment reduced lipolysis biomarkers and improved CK recovery and AT insulin sensitivity. Future studies will evaluate the mechanisms by which NIA and FM regulate AT's lipolytic responses during CK. |
| ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86356 |
Watch |
1467V |
Effects of feeding rumen-protected methionine and calcium salts enriched in omega-3 fatty acids on lactation in periparturient dairy cows. |
13 |
T. L. France |
methionine omega-3 transition |
T. L. France1, K. S. Juarez-Leon1, A. Javaid1, M. G. Vogellus1, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding rumen-protected (RP)-methionine (Met) and calcium salts (CS) of fatty acids (FA) enriched without or with C20:5 and C22:6 (i.e., n3FA) on milk production in periparturient cows. In a study with a randomized complete block design, 79 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 19–20/diet): 1) Met unsupplemented (-Met) with CS palm oil not enriched in n3FA (-n3FA; 0% n3FA; EnerGII; Virtus Nutrition, USA), 2) Met supplemented (+Met; Smartamine M; Adisseo Inc., France) with -n3FA, 3) -Met with CS enriched in n3FA (+n3FA; 4% n3FA; EnerG-3; Virtus Nutrition], or 4) +Met with +n3FA from wk −4 before expected calving through wk 4 of lactation. Cows were fed corn silage-based total mixed rations, pre- and postpartum, which were formulated to provide Met at ≤ 0.96 or ≥ 1.13 g /Mcal metabolizable energy for -Met and +Met, respectively. CS were fed at 1.5% FA (% ration dry matter). Pre and post-calving data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SASv9.4. Pre-planned contrasts included: 1) effect of Met (-Met vs. +Met), 2) effect of n3FA (-n3FA vs. +n3FA), and 3) effect of co-supplementation (+Met/+n3FA vs. +Met/-n3FA and -Met/+n3FA). Although prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) was not modified by diet, +Met and +n3FA cows had greater postpartum DMI, relative to -Met and -n3FA, respectively (P < 0.05). Yields of energy-corrected milk (58.5 vs. 55.3 kg/d; ECM) and fat-corrected milk (FCM), milk protein % and yields were greater in +Met, relative to -Met (P < 0.05); milk fat yield and milk lactose % tended to be greater in +Met (P ≤ 0.08). Yields of ECM (58.1 vs. 55.7 kg/d), and milk fat, protein, and lactose yields, and lactose % were greater in +n3FA, relative to -n3FA (P < 0.05); FCM yields tended to be greater in +n3FA. Milk protein % and fold-change increase in ECM (wk 1 to 4) were greater (P ≤ 0.02), and milk fat % tended to be greater (P = 0.10), in +Met/+n3FA, relative to +Met/-n3FA and -Met/+n3FA. In conclusion, feeding transition cows RP-Met and CS enriched in n3FA enhanced ECM yields and milk composition. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
s9987 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85854 |
Watch |
2395V |
Defining clinical diagnosis and treatment of puerperal metritis in dairy cows: A scoping review. |
1 |
A. Garzon |
vaginal discharge cattle clinical definition |
A. Garzon1, G. Habing2, F. Lima1, N. Silva-del-Rio1,3, F. Samah1, R. Pereira1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA |
Puerperal metritis (PM) is a common infectious disease in dairy cattle. Currently there are discrepancies between clinical case definitions. The inconsistent criteria can result in disparities related to recommendations for treating cows, affecting judicious use of antimicrobials. Our objective was to systematically review literature for clinical signs used as diagnostic criteria, including local (e.g., vaginal discharge) and systemic signs of infection (fever). The PRISMA-ScR protocol was used to screen commonly used databases. One reviewer screened title/abstract for eligibility (n = 2,096) followed by full-text screening of articles (n = 396) by 2 reviewers to identify eligible articles (n = 174). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the association among variables. The most frequently cited reference (37.5%) for the definition was published in 2006. In 40.2% of articles, no reference was provided. For the definition of PM, the vaginal discharge (VD) was described in terms of color, odor, and viscosity. Among colors, the terms used were red brown (61.4%), red (5.1%), brown (8.6%), or others (12.4%); VD color was not reported in 24.1% articles. The VD odor was described as fetid (75.8%), putrid (5.1%), foul (10.3%), or other (5.7%); and not mentioned in 7.4% of articles. The viscosity was described as watery (74.1%), purulent (27%), mucopurulent (8.6%), thin (4%), serous (2.8%) or abnormal (2.3%), and was not mentioned in 11.5%. Fever was included in 59.7% articles as a criterion for PM diagnosis. Fever was not used as diagnostic criteria in 39.6% of articles. Approaches used for VD evaluation included rectal palpation (37.3%), gloved hand (18.4%), Metricheck (9.8%) or speculum (5.7%); for 28.7% of articles were not mentioned. The lack of reporting on the data items charted for the review was a prevalent finding. This scoping review describes a disparity in robust and clear criteria used to diagnose PM in literature. Although select consensus articles are available, it is common for no references to be used, and further high-quality research is needed to identify a standard criterion for case definition. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86930 |
Watch |
2399V |
Effects of dietary betaine supplementation and partial rumen content transplantation on metabolism in heat-stressed Holstein cows. |
2 |
A. Javaid |
betaine metabolism methyl donor |
A. Javaid1, A. R. Gonzalez2, D. E. Rico3, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 3CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada |
Heat stress alters the rumen environment while modifying metabolism in cows, which may be influenced by dietary betaine supplementation. Twelve rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (39 ± 6.4 kg milk/d; 82 ± 27 DIM) were used in a split-plot design testing the effects of betaine and partial rumen content transplantation (PRCT) on measures of metabolic health and methyl donor metabolism during heat stress. The main plot was the level of dietary betaine (CON: unsupplemented; or BET: 100 g/d intraruminal betaine hydrochloride 95%; AB Vista, Canada). Within each plot, cows were randomly assigned to the following treatments 1) heat stress (HS), 2) thermoneutral pair-feeding (TNPF), or 3) HS with PRCT (HS+PRCT; 25% replacement of rumen contents from 4 donor cows in thermoneutrality; d 8–14) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Blood samples were collected at 0 and 4 h relative to feeding time on d 0, 7, and 13. Data were analyzed in a mixed model including the fixed effects of plot, treatment, day, and their interactions. Pre- and postprandial plasma insulin concentrations were increased in HS by 65% and 44%, respectively, relative to TNPF on d 7 (P < 0.05) and tended to be increased by 55% and 51%, respectively on d 13 (both P = 0.06). In contrast, no differences between HS and HS+PRCT were detected on d 7 or 13. Pre-prandial total fatty acids (FA) were decreased in HS (P < 0.05), relative to TNPF. Pre- and postprandial plasma cholesterol decreased by 30% in HS, relative to TNPF on d 13 (P < 0.01), but did not differ between HS and HS+PRCT. Pre-prandial cholesterol tended to increase (P = 0.09), while pre-prandial triglycerides (P = 0.05) were decreased in BET, relative to CON. Plasma betaine was increased in BET, relative to CON (P < 0.01); whereas methionine was decreased (P = 0.03). Heat stress decreased the plasma concentrations of betaine (P < 0.01), and tended to decrease trimethylamine N-oxide (P = 0.10) in HS, relative to TNPF. Dietary betaine and PRCT modulate methyl donor metabolism in heat-stressed cows. Supported by FFAR. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86905 |
Watch |
2400V |
Varying colostrum insulin ingestion does not affect blood metabolites or immunoglobulin G absorption in neonatal Holstein bulls but affects intestinal development. |
3 |
K. S. Hare |
colostrum insulin neonate |
K. S. Hare1, K. Swanson2, M. Nagorske3, K. M. Wood1, M. A. Steele1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 3Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
Bovine colostrum contains supraphysiological insulin concentrations (35 µg insulin/L) that are highly variable (5 to 263 µg insulin/L) between cows. Colostrum insulin may act as a mitogen within the neonatal gastrointestinal tract (GIT), whereas consuming pharmacological insulin doses can induce hypoglycemia in neonatal calves and elevate insulin concentrations to potentially inhibit immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption. Thus, our objective was to investigate if varying colostral insulin concentrations influence GIT development, peripheral metabolism, and IgG absorption in neonatal Holstein bulls. Calves (46.3 ± 0.8 kg; n = 16/treatment) were removed from their dams and a catheter was placed in a jugular vein by 75 min postnatal to enable frequent blood collection. Calves were fed 3 colostrum meals (7%BW or 3.10 ± 0.02 L; 55 g IgG/L; 2, 14, and 26 h) that contained insulin at basal concentrations (BI; 16.8 µg/L) or supplemented with insulin to achieve either a 5 × (5BI; 83.4 µg/L) or 10 × (10BI; 167.5 µg/L) increase in colostrum insulin respective to basal concentrations. A subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) were killed at 30 h postnatal to evaluate GIT development. Postprandial plasma glucose and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentration curves differed (time: P < 0.01) over time, indicating that gluconeogenesis began 6 h after the first feeding but not the second feeding. Blood glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, and IgG concentrations were not influenced (P ≤ 0.95) by dietary insulin treatment. Relative rumen mass (g/kg BW) was lesser (P = 0.01) for 5BI and 10BI calves relative to BI, whereas relative kidney mass (g/kg BW) linearly increased (P = 0.02) with insulin supplementation. Ileal villi length linearly increased (P = 0.003) and distal jejunal villi width, crypt depth, and crypt width tended to linearly increase (P ≤ 0.10) with greater colostral insulin content. These data indicate that varying colostral insulin concentrations do not influence postprandial blood metabolites or IgG absorption in Holstein bulls but may alter neonatal intestinal development. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86649 |
Watch |
2401V |
Calcium dynamics and associated patterns of milk constituents in early lactation multiparous Holsteins. |
4 |
J. A. Seminara |
subclinical hypocalcemia calcium Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
J. A. Seminara1, K. R. Callero1, I. R. Frost1, R. M. Martinez1, H. A. McCray1, A. M. Reid1, D. M. Barbano1, J. A. A. McArt1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
At the onset of lactation, increased physiological demand for calcium creates a homeostatic challenge for transitioning dairy cows. Dynamic responses to this challenge classify cows into 4 groups based on serum total calcium concentrations (tCa) at 1 and 4 DIM. Cows with subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) at 1 and 4 DIM or 4 DIM only, classified as persistent (pSCH) or delayed SCH (dSCH), respectively, are at a greater risk of adverse health events and suboptimal production than cows experiencing SCH at 1 DIM only or not at all, classified as transient SCH (tSCH) and normocalcemic (NC), respectively. Our prospective cohort study objectives were to 1) characterize milk constituent profiles for cows in each calcium group using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of milk samples and 2) investigate the potential of these methods for classifying cows into groups at a clinically useful time point. We collected blood from 345 multiparous Holsteins on a dairy farm in Cayuga County, NY at 1 and 4 DIM, with proportional milk samples collected from 3 through 10 DIM. Diagnostic tCa cut-points were derived using receiver operating characteristic curves based on health and production outcomes and were 2.03 mmol/L at 1 DIM and 2.25 mmol/L at 4 DIM. Individual milk constituents at 3 DIM were compared between calcium groups using linear regression with the fixed effect of parity and a parity-group interaction. Calcium group differences were found for daily milk yield (P < 0.001), lactose % (P < 0.001), protein % (P < 0.001), milk urea nitrogen (P = 0.03), de novo fatty acid (FA) g/100 g milk (P < 0.001), mixed FA relative % (rel%, P = 0.04), preformed FA g/100 g milk (P = 0.03), and preformed FA rel% (P < 0.001). Calcium groups differed by parity for de novo FA rel% (P = 0.03) and milk predicted blood nonesterified FA (P = 0.02). Though further work is needed to overcome the limitation of measurement on a single farm, our conclusions provide evidence that calcium dynamic groups may be differentiated using milk FTIR methods. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86617 |
Watch |
2402V |
Changes in uterine metabolome associated with metritis development and cure in lactating Holstein cows. |
5 |
E. B. de Oliveira |
metabolomics uterine health disease |
E. B. de Oliveira1,2, J. V. M. Pereira2,3, D. R. Williams1,2, H. F. Monteiro1, P. Menta4, V. S. Machado4, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Veterinary Medicine Teaching Research Center, Tulare, CA, 3Federal University of Viçosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil, 4Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
The objective was to characterize the changes in the uterine metabolome associated with metritis development, cure, and antimicrobial treatment. This prospective cohort study was conducted in 2 dairies located in CA and TX. Vaginal discharge was evaluated and collected using the Metricheck device. Cows were examined for metritis at 4, 7, and 9 DIM. Cows with fetid, watery, and reddish-brown uterine discharge were classified as having metritis and randomized to receive ceftiofur (n = 10) or remain untreated (n = 7). The cure was defined as an absence of fetid, watery, reddish-brown uterine discharge at 14 d after enrollment. Vaginal discharge samples were collected from 86 cows within 6 h after parturition, at 4 and 7 DIM, at metritis diagnosis, and at 4 and 7 d after metritis diagnosis. Cows with metritis (MET; n = 17) were paired with counterparts without metritis (NoMET) of similar DIM and parity (n = 49). Uterine metabolome was evaluated using untargeted gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). Metabolomic data were analyzed using the MetaboAnalyst software. Data were log-transformed and auto-scaled for normalization. Univariate analysis, including fold change, principal component analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were performed. At calving, 12 metabolites were upregulated, and 1 was downregulated in NoMET compared with MET. The number of significant different metabolites (P < 0.05) at 4 and 7 DIM were 51 and 74, respectively. After metritis development, 3 and 5 metabolites were upregulated in cows that cured and in cows that received treatment and cured, respectively. In all scenarios, the metabolites lignoceric, malic, and maleic acids, ornithine, and hypotaurine, which are associated with arginine/aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and taurine/purine metabolism, were upregulated in NoMET cows. This study demonstrates that metritis was associated with changes in the uterine metabolome. Also, cows not recovering from metritis had significant changes in the uterine metabolome independent of receiving ceftiofur or remained untreated. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86446 |
Watch |
2403V |
Transcriptome analysis reveals the essential roles of alternative splicing regulation in heat-stressed Holstein cows. |
6 |
L. Hu |
heat stress dairy cow alternative splicing |
L. Hu1,2, Q. Xu3, G. Guo4, L. F. Brito2, Y. Wang1 |
1China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 2Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 3Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, 4Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Company Limited, Beijing China |
Abstract: Heat stress negatively impacts the production and health of dairy cows, which is more concerning as the severity and frequency of high-temperature events increase. Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism influencing transcriptome diversity and consequently, the molecular regulation of heat stress response. The current study was conducted to identify changes in AS and its potential functions in dairy cows following heat stress. A total of 36 healthy lactating Holstein cows were selected as experimental animals, and their blood samples were collected in the heat-stress period (HS, n = 19) and thermoneutral period (Non-HS, n = 17), respectively, followed by paired-end RNA-sequencing. All clean reads were mapped to the latest bovine reference genome using the STAR v2.7.5c. The AS events were identified based on the changes in intron usage using the Leafcutter v0.2.9 package. Differential alternative splicing (DAS) between Non-HS and HS was determined with the threshold of adjusted P-value <0.05 after Bonferroni correction. We then performed the gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses. In total, 3,470 DAS events corresponding to 3,143 unique genes were identified, among which the top 10 DAS contained 11 genes, including TYROBP, AGTRAP, MAP3K8, RasGAP3L, BCAP31, JPT1, NT5C, CCDC107, ILK, HNRNPF, and VAMP5. Functional annotation for all DAS genes showed that they were mainly involved in the immune system, metabolism, gene expression, and cellular transportation. Of these, 94 genes and 55 genes were significantly enriched in the mRNA splicing and spliceosomal complex, respectively, suggesting that DAS events could regulate the functions of splicing factors themselves. In addition, only 87 DAS genes were determined to be differentially expressed genes (DEGs), indicating the complementary functions of DEGs and DAS genes in response to heat stress. In summary, AS plays a crucial role in changing the transcriptome diversity of heat-related genes in multiple pathways, and provides a different regulation mechanism from DEGs. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86419 |
Watch |
2404V |
Effect of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) strategy and level of dietary calcium on peripartum mineral status of multiparous Holstein cows. |
7 |
G. Graef |
calcium dietary cation-anion difference transition cow |
G. Graef1, A. Kerwin1, L. Ferro1, S. Ordaz-Puga1, C. Ryan1, T. Westhoff1, K. Glosson2, K. Zanzalari2, J. Chapman2, T. Overton1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ |
Periparturient hypocalcemia can be mitigated by reducing prepartum dietary DCAD; however, neither the extent of DCAD adjustment nor the level of dietary Ca fed with negative DCAD have been evaluated fully. The objective was to determine the effect of 2 levels of DCAD and 2 levels of dietary Ca on cow peripartum mineral status. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 98) were enrolled in a covariate period 32 d before expected calving. Cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments at 26 d before expected calving in a randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Main effects were DCAD (PART: −2.6 mEq/100 g DM vs. FULL: −10.3 mEq/100 g DM) and dietary Ca (HIGH: 1.50% vs. LOW: 0.70% DM). All cows were fed the same postpartum diet. Urinary ammonium (UNH4) and Ca (UCa) excretion were analyzed peripartum at −14, −7, 1, 2, 3 DIM. Blood ionized Ca (iCa), serum total Ca (tCa), Mg, and P were measured once weekly prepartum and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 DIM. Statistical analysis was conducted using mixed models and repeated-measures analysis when applicable. Interactions of main effects were not significant. Back-transformed means showed cows fed FULL had greater prepartum UNH4 than cows fed PART (0.7 vs. 0.3 mg/L; P < 0.01); cows fed LOW tended to have higher prepartum UNH4 (0.4 vs. 0.5 mg/L; P = 0.10). Cows fed FULL excreted more UCa g/d (7.94 vs. 4.38 g/d; P < 0.01); cows fed LOW excreted more UCa g/d (6.88 vs. 5.45 ± 0.49 g/d; P = 0.04). Urinary Ca:creatinine (Ca:Creat) ratio was greater for cows fed FULL (0.34 vs. 0.19 ± 0.02; P < 0.01). The iCa and P during d 0–3 tended to be increased for cows fed FULL (0.98 vs. 0.94 ± 0.02 mM and 1.51 vs. 1.42 ± 0.04 mM; P = 0.07 and P = 0.09 respectively). Cows fed HIGH had lower iCa and tCa during d 0–3 than cows fed LOW (0.97 vs. 1.01 ± 0.02 mM and 2.10 vs. 2.20 ± 0.04 mM; P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). Overall, prepartum UCa, Ca:Creat and UNH4 were greater in cows fed FULL compared with PART but were not affected by dietary Ca. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86429 |
Watch |
2405V |
Effects of α-amylase enhanced corn silage on silage fermentation and total-tract nutrient digestibility early post-harvest when fed with different starch concentrations to lactating dairy cows. |
8 |
K. C. Krogstad |
forage carbohydrates digestibility |
K. C. Krogstad1, B. J. Bradford1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Forages constitute ~50% of dairy lactation rations, making forage genetics critical for sustainable milk production. Corn silage with enhanced endogenous α-amylase activity (Enogen [ENO], Syngenta Seeds LLC, Downers Grove, IL) may improve silage fermentation profile and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. We conducted an 8-week randomized complete-block experiment with 44 cows to evaluate effects of corn silage hybrid and dietary starch concentration on total-tract nutrient digestibility. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design; factors were ENO corn silage or control (CON; same background hybrid) included at 40% of diet DM, and 25% (LO) or 30% (HI) dietary starch. Silage was fed 41 d after ensiling and samples were collected weekly during the experiment to assess fermentation profiles. Digestibility was analyzed with a linear mixed model including corn silage, starch, week, and their interactions as fixed effects and block and cow as random effects. Fermentation profiles were analyzed using t-tests. Silage dry matter was similar (P = 0.32) but starch was 40.4 ± 1.38% for ENO and 37.5 ± 3.35% for CON (P = 0.06). Total VFA and acetic acid concentrations were greater in ENO silage (P < 0.04). Silage pH was 3.9 ± 0.06 and 4.0 ± 0.12 for ENO and CON, respectively (P = 0.26). Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was affected by the interaction of silage × week (P < 0.01); ENO had greater DMD during wk 1 (P < 0.01) but not wk 6 (P = 0.22). An interaction of silage, starch, and week (P < 0.01) affected NDF digestibility (NDFD). LO consistently had greater NDFD than HI (P < 0.01) and ENO improved NDFD by 8.0 ± 0.93% in wk 1 (P < 0.01) but its effect diminished to 2.4 ± 0.93% in wk 6 (P = 0.06). Starch and CP digestibility were affected by interactions of silage × week (P < 0.01); starch and CP digestibility were greater for ENO during wk 1 (P < 0.07) but not during wk 6 (P > 0.22). Use of an α-amylase enhanced corn silage improved DM, starch, NDF, and CP digestibility after 6 wk but not after 11 wk of ensiling. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86380 |
Watch |
2406V |
Effects of enriching maternal colostrum with bovine dried colostrum replacer on IgG absorption in newborn male calves. |
9 |
A. J. Lopez |
calf colostrum IgG enrichment |
A. J. Lopez1, H. McCarthy1, T. T. Yohe1, J. Echeverry-Munera1, M. Nagorske2, D. L. Renaud3, M. A. Steele1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 3Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelp, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Increased serum IgG levels in newborns require ingestion of a higher total IgG mass. This could be achieved by adding colostrum replacer (CR) to maternal colostrum (MC). The objective of this study was to investigate if low and medium-quality MC can be enriched with bovine dried CR to achieve adequate serum IgG levels. Male Holstein calves (n = 80;16/TRT) with a birth BW of 40–52 kg were randomly enrolled to be fed 3.8L of: 30 g/L IgG MC (C1), 60 g/L IgG MC (C2), 90 g/L IgG MC (C3), C1 enriched with 551 g of CR (60 g/L; 30–60CR), or C2 enriched with 620 g of CR (90 g/L: 60–90CR). All MC and CR were provided by the Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd. (Saskatoon, SK, Canada). A subset of 40 calves (8/TRT) had a catheter placed and were fed colostrum with acetaminophen to estimate abomasal emptying rate per h (AB). Baseline blood samples were taken followed by samples at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h relative to initial colostrum feeding. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS v9.4. Results for all measurements are presented in the following order: C1, C2, C3, 30–60CR, and 60–90CR, unless otherwise stated. Serum IgG levels at 24 h were different (P < 0.01): 11.8, 24.3, 35.7, 19.9, and 26.9 mg/mL ± 1.02, respectively. Serum IgG at 24 h increased when enriching C1 to 30–60CR (P < 0.01) but not from C2 to 60–90CR (P = 0.40). Apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) values were different (P < 0.01): 42.4, 45.1, 43.2, 36.3, and 33.4% ± 1.93, respectively. Enriching C1 to 30–60CR did not decrease AEA (P = 0.06), but it was reduced by enriching C2 to 60–90CR (P < 0.01). The AB values were also different (P < 0.01): 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.1 ± 0.00; respectively. Enriching C1 to 30–60CR or C2 to 60–90CR reduced AB (P < 0.01). However, 30–60CR and 60–90CR have a similar AB as the reference meal of C3 (P > 0.05). Even though AB was reduced for 30–60CR, results indicate that C1 has the potential to be enriched and achieve acceptable serum IgG levels at 24 h without affecting AEA. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86355 |
Watch |
2407V |
In vitro effects of sodium acetate and sodium propionate on the fermentation profile of dairy cows fed different forage-to-concentrate ratios. |
10 |
J. Scott |
methane diet fermentation |
J. Scott1, R. Kohn1 |
1University of Maryland College Park, College Park. MD |
The concentrate to forage is a key factor influencing ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, enteric methane (CH4) production, and overall efficiency of dairy cow diets. This study was designed to investigate the role of thermodynamics and diet on enteric CH4 production and fermentation profiles in vitro. Rumen fluid was collected from 4 lactating Holstein cows fed either a high-forage (HF) or high-concentrate (HC) diet for 21 d. Rumen fluid (30 mL) from each cow was incubated in anaerobic glass bottles (n = 32) with Timothy hay (0.14 ± 0.01 g) and media (10 mL) containing sodium acetate (NaAc) at 4 levels (0, 90, 120, 180 mM) or sodium propionate (NaProp = 0, 40, 60 or 100 mM). Airtight glass bottles were incubated at 39°C and sampled for VFA, H2, CH4 and CO2 after 10 min of shaking (T = 0) and again after 4 h. The mixed model (JMP 14.1, SAS Institute Inc.) applied separately to acetate and propionate addition was Y = Diet (Cow) + Level + Diet*Level + Error, where level is the amount of acetate or propionate added. Initial propionate concentrations were higher (P = 0.003) for HC diets (27.85 mM) than HF diet (18.05 mM) and propionate concentration decreased (P = 0.03) for rumen fluid from HC diets unless NaAc was added. The addition of NaAc increased propionate (P = 0.008) and butyrate(P = 0.02) rate of formation (ROF) only for HC diet. Addition of NaAc to rumen fluid from HC-fed cattle decreased CH4 ROF (P = 0.04) from 0.043 to 0.025, 0.023 and 0.013 mM 40mL−1 hour−1. Incubating HF rumen fluid with NaAc, had no effect on rates of formation of VFA or gases. Adding NaProp tended (P = 0.07) to increase CH4 and butyrate formation on HC, and there was a diet by NaProp level interaction (P < 0.03) with CO2 formation decreasing by level for HC but increasing by level for FC. Consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, adding acetate shifted fermentation away from acetogenesis and toward propionate and butyrate production in the cows fed a high-concentrate diet. There was only a tendency for added propionate to shift fermentation toward other H2 utilizers such as CH4 and butyrate. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85973 |
Watch |
2408V |
Effect of inclusion of different essential oils on wet corn gluten feed at ensiling. |
11 |
L. Pereira |
aerobic stability by-product corn |
L. Pereira1,2, P. Rezamand2, B. Agustinho2, G. Vigne1, D. Volpi1, Q. Tavares1, N. Mello1, P. Schmidt1, M. Zopollatto1 |
1Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 2University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) is a by-product from corn processing produced during the extraction of starch and oil. Therefore, it contains a high concentration of protein and fiber and can be used in dairy cow diets. For preserving the quality of WCGF, it is necessary to use additives when it is stored as a silage. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of different essential oils on the fermentative losses, aerobic stability, and pH during aerobic exposure The experiment was a completely randomized design with 6 treatments: Control (without additive), thymol, carvacrol, Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde, and Allyl with 99% purity (150, 400, 350, 100, 30 mg/kg of fresh matter of each respective compounds, respectively) with 5 replicates per treatment, totaling 30 experimental units. The additives were applied and homogenized to the material at ensiling. Each experimental unit consisted of one 8-L plastic bucket with a density of approximately 748 m3/ ton. Silos were opened 35 d after ensiling to evaluate the dry matter, fermentative losses, aerobic stability, and pH. Samples were collected after opening the silos (d 0) and every 2 d during 10 d of aerobic exposure. Data were analyzed using SAS with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Silage with carvacrol showed a greater dry matter (DM) content than silage with Allyl (41.9% DM vs. 40.8% DM, P < 0.03). Eugenol inclusion increased the production of effluents when compared with thymol (11.76% vs. 6.14%, P < 0.01), and had a greater DM loss when compared with carvacrol (7.96% vs. 5.63%, P < 0.04). Carvacrol inclusion increased the aerobic stability compared with that for Control (22 vs. 15 h, P < 0.01). The Allyl inclusion caused a greater gas production compared with that for carvacrol (P < 0.01; 6.9% vs. 4.84). However, losses after aerobic stability was not affected by the additives inclusion (P = 0.70). There was an treatment × days of aerobic exposure interaction on the pH (P < 0.01). Overall, the inclusion of essential oils at ensiling of WCGF affected the fermentative losses, aerobic stability, and pH during the aerobic exposure. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85997 |
Watch |
2409V |
Heat stress and total-tract gastrointestinal permeability in lactating dairy cows. |
12 |
M. Ellett |
leaky gut sucralose |
M. Ellett1, M. Hanigan1, C. Parsons1, R. Rhoads1, K. Daniels1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
To distinguish between direct and indirect effects of heat stress (HS) on total-tract gastrointestinal permeability (GIP), 16 multiparous Holstein cows (100 + 14 DIM; 632 + 12 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete-block design experiment with 2 cohorts. Cows were fed a TMR to meet nutrient requirements twice daily (0900h and 1800h). Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. After 5 d acclimation to tie-stall housing, cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: pair-fed thermoneutral (PFTN, n = 8) or HS (n = 7). In period 1 (4 d), both treatments had ad libitum access to TMR and were exposed to a daily temperature-humidity index (THI) of 64. In period 2 (4 d), HS cows were exposed to cyclical heat stress with daily THI from 74 to 80. In period 2 for PFTN, DMI was matched to HS and THI remained 64. Cows were milked twice daily at 0700 and 1900 h. Milk yield and composition were recorded for each milking. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were recorded before each milking. Body weight was recorded on d 4 of each period. Urine recovery of orally dosed sucralose (0.4 g sucralose/kg BW; diluted in water, 2 L/cow) was used to measure GIP on d 3 of each period. All urine produced within 24 h of dosing was collected by catheter. Sucralose concentrations in pooled 24 h urine samples were determined by HPLC-MS; limit of detection was 25 µg/L. A repeated-measures analysis was used to determine fixed effects of day, treatment, cohort and 2-way interactions; period 1 data were used as covariates for period 2. The sucralose model did not include day effects. The random effect in both models was cow within treatment and cohort. HS lowered DMI (30%) and ECM (24%), and elevated rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Neither urine volume nor sucralose concentration were impacted by HS. Thus, 24h urine sucralose recovery did not depend on treatment and averaged 31 mg but large individual variation was noted. Urine sucralose recovery is reported to increase with increased GIP in nonruminants. Under conditions of this experiment, 4 d of cyclical HS did not directly cause leaky gut in dairy cattle; perhaps with more cows per treatment a difference could be noted. |
| ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Production PhD Poster Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t85991 |
Watch |
2410V |
Effects of magnesium sources and buffer inclusion on ruminal microbiome and fermentation in dairy cows. |
13 |
R. R. Lobo |
alpha-diversity butyrate mineral source |
R. R. Lobo1, J. A. Arce-Cordero1, M. N. Marinho1, S. So2, A. D. Ravelo3, B. C. Agustinho4, J. Vinyard1, M. L. Johnson1, M. Soltis5, E. Sarmikasoglou1, H. F. Monteiro6, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2National University of Battambang, Battambang, Cambodia, 3University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 4University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 5University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TX, 6University of California, Davis, CA |
The objective of this study was to evaluate Mg sources and buffer inclusion on the ruminal microbiome and fermentation in high-producing dairy cows. Twenty lactating Holstein cows were blocked by parity and DIM into 5 blocks with 4 cows each in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Within blocks, cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) MgO; 2) MgO + Na sesquicarbonate (MgO+); 3) Mg proprietary mineral formulation (PMF); 4) PMF + Na sesquicarbonate (PMF+). For 60, days cows were fed a corn silage-base diet (16.3% CP, 26.8% NDF, 31.8% starch, 0.67% Ca, and 0.27% Mg, on a DM basis) in individual Calan gates and treatments were top dressed. On d 27, 37, 47, and 57, ruminal content was collected via orogastric tube, for analyses of microbiome, VFA, lactate, and NH3-N. The microbiome was analyzed using a metabarcoding technique. Data were analyzed using SAS and the model included fixed effects of Mg source, buffer use, and interaction, and random effects of block and cow. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of Mg source, buffer, and their interaction (S × B). The least squares means of the evaluated parameters are summarized in Table 1. Using the Shannon index, an increased diversity of the ruminal microbiome was observed in cows fed PMF. There was an interaction S × B for total VFA concentration. An increase in lactate, NH3-N, and butyrate was observed for animals fed PMF. An increase on butyrate was observed for animals fed buffer. In summary, the replacement of MgO with PMF had a positive effect on ruminal butyrate concentration and increased the ruminal microbiome diversity regardless of buffer supplementation. Table 1.
| Item |
Treatment |
SEM |
P-value1 |
| MgO |
MgO+ |
PMF |
PMF+ |
Source |
Buffer |
S × B |
| mM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total VFA |
93.2 |
103.3 |
102.1 |
99.6 |
3.07 |
0.42 |
0.25 |
0.04 |
| Lactate |
0.24 |
0.27 |
0.28 |
0.27 |
0.01 |
0.07 |
0.32 |
0.14 |
| NH3-N |
0.12 |
0.12 |
0.13 |
0.13 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.77 |
0.85 |
| Molar proportion, % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Acetate |
61.1 |
60.9 |
61.1 |
62.5 |
1.08 |
0.40 |
0.58 |
0.42 |
| Propionate |
26.5 |
26.4 |
26.0 |
23.1 |
1.36 |
0.16 |
0.28 |
0.29 |
| Butyrate |
8.86 |
9.33 |
9.41 |
10.7 |
0.42 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.32 |
| Alpha-diversity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chao1 |
358 |
370 |
382 |
412 |
29 |
0.54 |
0.45 |
0.76 |
| Shannon |
4.17 |
4.24 |
4.34 |
4.68 |
0.14 |
0.05 |
0.18 |
0.35 |
1P-values of the contrasts for main effects of Mg source (S), buffer (B), and interaction (S × B). |
| ADSA Southern Branch Graduate Student Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Southern Section Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
s9985 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Southern Branch Graduate Student Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Southern Section Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86180 |
Watch |
1468V |
Effects of heat stress on inflammation and intestinal integrity in dairy calves. |
1 |
Z. Yu |
heat stress tight junction inflammation |
Z. Yu1, J. M. Cantet1, A. G. Rius1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN |
Heat exposure can increase intestinal permeability and induce local and systemic inflammatory pathways in mammals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate how prolonged heat stress affects the integrity of intestinal epithelium and the expression of inflammatory response-related components in Holstein bull calves. Twelve week-old calves were individually housed in temperature-controlled rooms and assigned to 1) heat stress conditions and fed ad libitum (HS, ~36.0°C of ambient temperature for ~10 h/d, 26 to 45% relative humidity, n = 8) and 2) thermoneutral conditions and restricted starter intake (TN, constant ambient temperature of 19.5°C, 28 to 46% relative humidity, n = 8) for 7 d. Blood samples were collected to measure concentrations of plasma cytokines to assess the tone of systemic inflammation. Calves were euthanized and samples of jejunum, ileum and colon were harvested and flash-frozen to subsequently evaluate gene and protein expressions (RT-qPCR and automated Western Blots), activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and cytokine concentrations (Multiplex immunoassays). Plasma cytokine analysis were conducted using conventional ELISA. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS with treatment as the fixed effect. Relative to TN, HS increased the concentration of interleukin 36 receptor antagonist by 3.5-fold (P < 0.05). Conversely, HS decreased concentrations of IL-1α in jejunum and IL-6 in plasma (36% and 33%, respectively; P < 0.05) The expression of TJP1 decreased 70% in jejunum of HS calves (P < 0.05); however, the expression of HP2 tended (P = 0.098) to increase in HS calves. The expression of HSF-1 which plays a key role in the regulation of heat shock response was decreased in jejunum of heat-stressed calves (48.1%; P < 0.05). The activity of MPO was not affected by treatments. Our results suggest that 7 d of heat stress elicited an anti-inflammatory response which may alleviate some of the negative effects of heat stress in dairy calves. |
| ADSA Southern Branch Graduate Student Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Southern Section Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86274 |
Watch |
1469V |
Effects of dry matter concentration, microbial inoculant and ensiling duration on fermentative profile and aerobic stability of annual ryegrass silages. |
2 |
F. X. Amaro |
cool-season grass Lactobacillus buchneri Lactococcus lactis |
F. X. Amaro1, K. G. Arriola1, L. Mu1, S. Farooq1, C. A. N. de Guzman1, H. Sultana1, A. O. Oyebade1, A. T. Adesogan1, M. Wallau2, D. Vyas1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dry matter concentration (DM), microbial inoculant (MI), ensiling duration (ED) and their interactions (DM × MI, DM × ED, MI × ED, DM × MI × ED) on fermentative parameters and aerobic stability of ryegrass silages. Study design was a completely randomized with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were 2 levels each for DM (Low vs. High; 30 and 40% DM, respectively), MI (Control vs. Inoculant), and ED (30 vs. 90d). Harvested forage was allowed to wilt until reaching Low and High DM levels. Wilted forage was chopped and treated with either MI (1.5 × 105 cfu of Lactobacilus buchneri LB1819 and Lactococcus lactis O224/g of wet forage, SiloSolve FC) or the same amount of distilled water. Forage was ensiled in vacuum bags for 30 and 90 d. Silage samples were collected and dried for DM and DM recovery estimation. Fresh samples were diluted to 1:10 (silage:0.1% peptone water, wt/vol) and mixed for 1 min in a stomacher blender. Yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were counted using selective media; malt extract agar and MRS agar, respectively. Aerobic stability was estimated with dataloggers that measured temperature every 30 min. Silages were considered spoiled when internal temperature increased 2°C relative to ambient temperature. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS for main effects of DM, MI, ED, and their interaction. Significance was declared when P < 0.05 while tendency was declared when 0.10 > P > 0.05. Longer ED increased silage pH (3.69 vs. 4.11; P < 0.01) while tendencies were observed for DM × MI and DM × ED interactions. Dry matter and MI increased LAB counts, while ED decrease them (P < 0.01), however, interactions DM × ED and MI × ED were significant (P < 0.05). Microbial inoculant and High DM increased silage aerobic stability (145.3 vs. 213.9 h and 147 vs. 212.2 h, respectively; P < 0.05). Ammonia-N decreased with High DM (1.01 vs. 0.77 % of DM; P < 0.05). In conclusion, microbial inoculation and High DM improved aerobic stability of silages with no changes on DM recovery, pH, and yeast counts. |
| ADSA Southern Branch Graduate Student Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Southern Section Oral Competition (Graduate) |
1/1/2000 0:00 |
t86684 |
Watch |
1470V |
Dry period environmental impact on colostrum volume and quality. |
3 |
K. Alward |
THI photoperiod colostrum |
K. Alward1, A. Nin-Velez1, J. Duncan1, R. Cockrum1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Proper dry period management is critical to produce high quality and volume of colostrum post-calving. Failure of passive transfer from inadequate quality or quantity colostrum occurs in 19% of calves and accounts for 1.79 million pre-weaned calf deaths per year. We hypothesized that seasonal and environmental variations impact colostrum volume and quantity in dry cows housed on pasture. To test this hypothesis, colostrum data were collected from Jersey cows (n = 177) and Holstein cows (n = 150) from 3 farms in Virginia in 2018 and 2019 and compared with the photoperiod length and THI that the dams were exposed to during the dry period. All farms had similar diets and management procedures. Dry period length ranged from 30 to 90 d with an average of 58.1. Daily light exposure and average daily THI was determined via local weather station sunrise and sunset data and temperature and humidity data respectively. At calving, colostrum volume was measured, and quality tested with a Brix refractometer. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 and PROC MIXED was used to determine the effect of photoperiod and THI on colostrum volume and Brix score. Random effects included were farm, breed, calving year, parity, season and dry period length. Day length averaged 763.5 ± 98.2 min with a range of 581.7 to 890.0. THI averaged 56.2 ± 18.8 with a range of 24.7 to 79.0. THI did not affect colostrum volume or Brix score (P < 0.10). Photoperiod was significant (P = 0.01) for colostrum volume and trending for Brix (P = 0.07), with the top 50% of animals by average photoperiod exposure producing more colostrum but having a reduced Brix score. The top 50% averaged 17.0 lbs. ± 0.7 for colostrum volume and 21.9% ± 0.4 for Brix, while low THI animals averaged 15.6 lbs. ± 0.8 and 24.6% ± 0.3 for colostrum volume and Brix. This data indicates that environmental variations may not play a role in colostrum quality, but rather other cow factors are more important. In addition, photoperiod may impact colostrum volume, but not THI. However, the lack of extreme THI to induce heat stress (>80) due to location of the study may mask the role of THI in colostrum production. |
| Dairy Records Management Workshop |
In-Person Workshop |
NULL |
6/19/2022 8:00 |
s10019 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9991 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85877 |
Watch |
2000M |
Efficacy of bacteriophage biocontrol of Escherichia coli in soft and hard raw milk cheese during production and storage. |
1 |
S. Kandil |
food safety food-borne Egyptian cheese |
S. Kandil1,2, J. Powles1, K. Farag1, L. McIntyre1 |
1Harper Adams University, Newport, United Kingdom, 2Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt |
Raw milk cheeses such as Karish and Ras are among the most consumed soft and hard cheeses in Egypt and have been linked to numerous E. coli outbreaks. However, improving their safety without compromising their sensorial quality requires an alternative to chemical antimicrobials. Bacteriophages are a promising natural tool that can specifically kill dairy pathogens without affecting the beneficial microbiota. This work aimed to quantify inactivation of E. coli during Karish and Ras manufacture and storage using previously characterized broad-host-range E. coli phage NCIMB 10360. To mimic Egyptian production conditions, Karish and Ras were manufactured in triplicate from temperature-abused raw skimmed and raw whole cows’ milk, respectively, with initial microbial populations of 5 to 6 log cfu/mL. Milks were inoculated with 104 cfu/mL E. coli NCIMB 10243 and 108 pfu/mL phage; control cheeses without phage addition were also manufactured. In Karish, phage treatment reduced (P < 0.05) inoculated and naturally present E. coli to 2.2 log cfu/g in curd (after 24 h), compared with control (6.6 log cfu/g). A continuous reduction (P < 0.05) to 1.3 log cfu/g was achieved at the end of 15 d of storage at 4°C, whereas 5.3 log cfu/g E. coli was still detected in control. In Ras, a reduction (P < 0.05) to 2.6 log cfu/g of inoculated and naturally present E. coli occurred in curd (after 3 h) compared with control (6.3 log cfu/g). At the end of 90 d of ripening at 9 - 12°C and 85% relative humidity, E. coli had continued to reduce (P < 0.05) to 2 log cfu/g, while 4.3 log cfu/g was present in control. Despite pH reductions to 4.2 and 5.9 in Karish and Ras cheese, respectively, it is noteworthy that a phage titer loss of only 2 log pfu/g occurred in the presence and absence of E. coli. This research shows that bacteriophages can be applied as effective biocontrol agents against E. coli without affecting the cheese fermentation process. To our knowledge, this is the first study focused on the use of E. coli phages as a biocontrol agent in raw milk cheese manufacture. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86040 |
Watch |
2001M |
Monitoring heat-induced conformational changes and binding between milk fat globule membrane and β-lactoglobulin using quartz crystal microbalance. |
2 |
S. Fishel |
|
S. Fishel1, J Ortega-Anaya1, H. Huellemeier1, R. Jiménez-Flores1 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) has proteins and lipids linked to neurodevelopment and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) has essential amino acids and enhances immune function. Individually, these compounds have health benefits. It is unclear how thermal processing influences intermolecular association, important to understand when developing products and elucidating mechanism of action on health. The objective of this work was to explore effect of temperature on MFGM and β-LG interactions via quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measuring changes in molecular interactions by shifts in frequency and dissipation. The quartz crystal’s frequency changes with thickness measuring mass ad- and desorption. The sensor oscillates and energy lost from dampening corresponds to film rigidity. Native MFGM and β-LG were evaluated at 25–80°C (n = 3), 50 min. Analysis of variance compares effect of temperature on difference in frequency (ΔF = ΔFβ-LG-ΔFMFGM) and dissipation shifts (ΔD = ΔDβ-LG-ΔDMFGM) before (t = 15min) and after (t = 45 min) addition of β-LG to MFGM. As expected, temperature significantly affected ΔF and ΔD (Table 1). Choice of temperature is significant. At 60°C, β-LG is in R-state, a lone thiol group exposed and available for reaction. Above 60°C, β-LG is in a molten-globule state, native equilibrium. At 80°C aggregates form that shift equilibrium further from native β-LG explaining significant difference at 70 and 80°C. Note ΔF and ΔD shifts for entire run are not portrayed (Table 1). Our experiments are a model system to understand β-LG and MFGM interactions and effect on bioavailability. Results indicate effect of processing conditions on nascent interactions of MFGM, β-LG induced by heat treatment. Table 1. Least square mean values of QCM-D ΔF and ΔD from β-LG to MFGM 25-80°C
| Temperature1 (°C) |
ΔF (Hz) |
ΔD (1E-6) |
| 25ab |
1.04 |
−0.133 |
| 40ab |
0.528 |
−0.112 |
| 60ab |
0.887 |
−0.599 |
| 70a |
17.6 |
−10.0 |
| 80b |
−15.3 |
2.85 |
1Levels not connected by same letter are significantly different (p<0.05; Tukey HSD) +ΔF denotes mass lost and -ΔF mass added; +ΔD signals increased elasticity and -ΔD increased rigidness. ΔF exhibits ad- and desorption and ΔD translates conformational change. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86081 |
Watch |
2002M |
Impact of gas ultrafine bubbles on the efficacy of antimicrobials for eliminating 72-h Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on a dairy processing surface. |
3 |
P. Unger |
ultrafine bubbles biofilms Listeria monocytogenes |
P. Unger1, A. Sekhon1, S. Sharma1, A. Lampien1, M. Michael1 |
1Washington State University, Pullman, WA |
Ultrafine bubble (UFB; also known as nanobubble technology) is a novel concept in food safety that can improve the efficacy of antimicrobials against biofilms. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of gas [air, carbon dioxide (CO2), or nitrogen (N2)] UFBs incorporation in chlorine (Cl2; 50, 100 and 200 ppm) and peracetic acid (PAA; 20, 40, and 80 ppm) solutions to eliminate 72 h Listeria monocytogenes (LM) biofilms on stainless steel. This study was conducted as a randomized 2 factorial design (antimicrobial and gas types as factors) with 3 replications. The LM biofilms were grown on stainless steel coupons (2.54 × 7.62 cm) through static incubation at 25 °C for 72 h by immersing in LM inoculated brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. All coupons (treated and untreated) were first rinsed in deionized water, and allowed to air dry for 5 min. Treated coupons were then treated by dipping in antimicrobial solutions with or without UFBs for 1 min. All coupons (treated and untreated) were then swabbed into Dey-Engley neutralizing broth, serially diluted using 0.1% peptone water, and subsequently spread plated on BHI agar in duplicates. The log reductions for the respective antimicrobial treatments were calculated by subtracting posttreatment biofilm bacterial populations from untreated biofilm bacterial populations. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test was used to determine significant differences amount the mean values at P ≤0.05 using Minitab 19. Overall, antimicrobial solutions with air, CO2, and N2 UFBs resulted in greater log reductions (3.6, 3.5, and 3.5 Log cfu/cm2, respectively) in LM biofilms compared to antimicrobials solutions without UFBs (2.8 Log cfu/cm2). The 200 ppm Cl2 UFB solution (4.24 Log cfu/cm2) resulted in significantly larger log reductions than 50 ppm Cl2, 40 ppm PAA, and 20 ppm PAA solutions (3.53, 2.81, and 1.83 Log cfu/cm2). These results showed that the incorporation UFBs has the potential of enhancing the potency of antimicrobial solutions against 72 h LM biofilms. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86142 |
Watch |
2003M |
Metagenomic comparison of kefir grains and milk kefir and identification of antimicrobial peptides. |
4 |
B. D. Gonzalez-Orozco |
kefir microbiota metagenomics antibacterial peptides |
B. D. Gonzalez-Orozco1, I. García-Cano1, A. Escobar-Zepeda2, R. Jimenez-Flores1, V. Alvarez1 |
1Department of Food Science and Technology, Parker Food Science and Technology Building, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2EMBL-EBI’s Microbiome Informatics team, Hinxton, United Kingdom |
Kefir is the fermentation product of milk or water by a consortium of bacteria and yeast from kefir grains. Kefir microbiota is a well-known source of bioactive compounds. Among them, peptides have triggered interest since they have shown antibacterial effect. The objective of the present work was to assess the microbial community of kefir grains and milk kefir by Next-Generation Sequencing and identify potential antibacterial peptides among significant members of the microbiota. The analysis of the microbial community of an artisanal kefir grain and the fermented product was assessed by shotgun metagenomic analysis. A multivariate ANOVA was performed with the Vegan R package for the community analysis. Individual microorganisms were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA and 5.8S rRNA for bacterial and yeast gene sequencing, respectively. The analysis of the production of antibacterial peptides was assessed by SDS-PAGE and zymography in 2 biological replicates. Protein identification was performed by capillary LC-MS/MS and MASCOT database was used to obtain the amino acid sequence. Metagenome sequenced assembly revealed a higher bacterial and fungal diversity in kefir (12.9Mbp) compared to the kefir grain (9.6Mbp) and higher abundance in both samples of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Lactobacillus helveticus. Kluyveromixes marxianus was the most abundant yeast in grain. Zymograms showed proteins with lytic activity from the Lactobacillus kefiri-bdgo-ANA6, L. kefiranofaciens bdgo-6 and L. helveticus bdgo-AK. Protein sequences showed a cell wall-associated hydrolase from L. kefiranofaciens bdgo-6, and S-layer proteins from L. kefiri bdgo-ANA6, that have been reported to have antibacterial activity. The results from this work open the opportunity to understand the microbial diversity in kefir and grain microbial consortia and their potential as a source of bioactive peptides. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86207 |
Watch |
2004M |
Predicting the phase stability of reconstituted UHT milk using vibrational spectroscopic techniques–Phase 1: Proof of capacity of spectroscopic techniques. |
5 |
Y. Shao |
UHT milk FTIR Raman spectroscopy |
Y. Shao1, L. He2, H. Zheng1 |
1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA |
The market for ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed reconstituted skim milk (RSM) has been expanding. However, in UHT-RSM, age gelation is a major quality defect, which is caused by 2 mechanisms, enzymatic degradation and physicochemical changes. The latter one is difficult to eliminate since no effective method has been developed to characterize UHT-RSM after processing regarding its age gelation probability. The objective of phase 1 of this study is to investigate the capability of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to discriminate UHT-RSM products based on chemical fingerprints and physicochemical changes induced by UHT. Seven RSM samples were prepared in duplicate using different lots of nonfat dry milk provided by 2 suppliers. After UHT treatment (140°C for 4s), each replicate was scanned 5 times by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Spectra were pre-processed using secondary derivative transformation and normalization, and then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Physicochemical properties (pH, particle size, z-potential, and ionic calcium content) of samples were measured, and results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Both PCA plots of Raman and ATR-FTIR spectra showed clear separation between data from each supplier. The significant band variations were found at 2,930 cm−1 (C-H stretching) in the Raman spectra, and between 1,500 – 1,700 cm−1 (amide I and II region) in the ATR-FTIR spectra. Separation between samples within a supplier was also observed in the PCA plot of the ATR-FTIR spectra. Moreover, samples from each supplier were different in pH, particle size, and ionic calcium content (P < 0.05) that also confirms the variations among samples. Therefore, vibrational spectroscopic techniques are capable of characterizing and distinguishing UHT-RSM products with different physicochemical properties that may attribute to age gelation. In the next phase of the study, the relationship between age gelation and specific spectra regions will be investigated and a model for predicting phase stability of UHT-RSM will be constructed. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86255 |
Watch |
2005M |
The role of protein and fat on the physical properties and flavor of ultrafiltrated milk beverages. |
6 |
A. J. Hernandez |
protein beverages milk ultrafiltration |
A. J. Hernandez1, T. Truong1, D. M. Barbano2, M. A. Drake1 |
1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The protein beverage category continues to grow and consumers are seeking variety. As such, understanding the role of milk components on milk beverage physical and sensory properties are crucial. Our objective was to progressively remove lactose and other low molecular weight soluble compounds from milk (ca. 0, 30, 70 and 98% removal) using ultrafiltration (UF) in combination with diafiltration to determine the impact of 4 fat levels (skim, 1%, 2% and 3.5% fat) and 3 protein levels (3.4, 6.5 and 10.5% true protein) on chemical, physical, and sensory properties of milk-based beverages. These experiments were replicated twice followed by instrumental analysis (proximate analysis, color, viscosity) and trained panel profiling. Data were evaluated by ANOVA with means separation. Instrumental color (L-values, whiteness) increased with lactose removal (P < 0.05), but the effect of increasing fat and protein concentration on L-value was larger than lactose removal. Yellowness scores and b*-values decreased with increasing lactose removal (P < 0.05). Apparent viscosity decreased with increasing lactose removal (P < 0.05) but the magnitude of decrease was small. Titratable acidity (TA) decreased (P < 0.05) from about 0.17 to 0.04% with increased lactose removal at all fat levels. TA increased with increasing protein concentration (P < 0.05). TA at all protein levels decreased with increased lactose removal (P < 0.05). At the different fat and protein levels, the pH of the UF retentate at 20°C increased from about 6.6 to 7.3. Lactose removal increased sensory whiteness and decreased yellowness (P < 0.05), concurrent with instrumental analysis. Lactose removal decreased sweet aromatic flavor and sweet and salty tastes while opacity and viscosity increased with increasing protein and fat concentration (P < 0.05). Increased protein also increased astringency (P < 0.05). With removal of lactose and other low molecular weight compounds, the liquid UF beverages were whiter in appearance and blander in flavor, making UF milk an ideal base to adjust sweetness and add novel flavors while providing lactose free beverages over a range of fat and protein concentrations. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86210 |
Watch |
2006M |
Evaluating consumer perception and liking of sweeteners in yogurt. |
7 |
E. Crown |
yogurt sugar reduction sweetener |
E. Crown1, C. M. Racette1, D. M. Barbano2, M. A. Drake1 |
1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
During the pandemic, yogurt sales in the US have continued to increase. Consumers are interested in reduced sugar products, a trend that has been attributed to consumers connecting high-sugar foods with diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure. It is important to understand how consumers perceive label claims regarding sugar and other sweeteners and how sweetener type impacts liking of yogurt. The objective of this study was to evaluate consumer perception of sugar reduction in yogurt both conceptually and for liking of actual products. An online survey (n = 1,290) was conducted to evaluate consumer perception of sweeteners used in commercial yogurts. Consumers who purchased yogurt at least once in the past 3 mo were shown Maximum Difference questions regarding sugar claims and sweeteners in yogurt. Subsequently, vanilla yogurts with 1% milkfat were formulated to isosweet taste intensity with either sucrose, stevia, allulose, a blend of sucrose/honey or a blend of sucrose/stevia/allulose using magnitude estimation scaling followed by paired comparison tests with consumers (n = 30). A consumer acceptance test (n = 229) was then conducted using 5 vanilla yogurts. Half of participants (n = 115) were primed with specific information about the sweeteners and the other half were not. Conceptually, consumers preferred the claim “naturally sweetened” over a reduced sugar claim in yogurt. Honey was preferred over other sweeteners, followed by agave nectar and cane sugar. Allulose was the least preferred sweetener conceptually. During tasting, yogurt sweetened with sucrose was the most liked and yogurt sweetened with stevia was the least liked, regardless of priming (P < 0.05). Priming with sweetener type positively impacted yogurt sweetened with a sucrose/honey blend (P < 0.05), but had no impact on the other sweeteners or sweetener blends (P > 0.05). Consumers are interested in healthy yogurts that are naturally sweetened, and flavor remains the driving force for liking and purchase. The use of a natural nonnutritive sweetener that delivers the sensory experience of sucrose is ultimately more important than familiarity with the actual sweetener. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86258 |
Watch |
2007M |
Effect of dietary palmitic acid supplementation and milking frequency on cheese-making properties of milk. |
8 |
M. Blouin |
|
M. Blouin1,2, M. Landry1,2, C. Vaubaillon3, É. Paquet1, P. Y. Chouinard1,2, R. Gervais1,2, G. Brisson1,2, J. Chamberland1,2 |
1Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 2STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Quebec, Canada, 3Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France |
Palmitic acid supplementation and greater milking frequency can increase fat yield and milk production in dairy cows, but the impacts of those practices on milk processing are still unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary palmitic acid, thrice-daily milking frequency, and their interaction on cheese yield and composition. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows (45 ± 14 DIM) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design including 4 periods of 21 d, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows received a diet with or without palmitic acid (0 or 2% on a DM basis) and were milked twice- or thrice-daily, at regular intervals. At each period, milk from consecutive milkings of d 18 and 19 was collected from each cow and pooled by treatment in 250-L refrigerated bulk tanks and transferred to the Université Laval for cheese manufacture at pilot scale (10-L vats). No difference between treatments was observed for raw milk free fatty acid concentration (0.61 ± 0.18 mEq/100 g of milk fat), casein micelle size (156.2 ± 7.7 nm), and fat globules diameter (d3,2 1.52 ± 0.88 µm; d4,3 3.80 ± 0.33 µm). Before Cheddar cheese manufacture, milk was standardized to a constant casein:fat ratio (0.779 ± 0.009), and casein (3.27 ± 0.03%) and fat (4.20 ± 0.02%) contents. Cheese moisture in nonfat substances (52.2 ± 1.1%) and fat in dry matter content (48.5 ± 0.4%) were similar among treatments. Similarly, treatments had no effect on moisture-adjusted yield (12.5 ± 0.1%) and fat recovery (93.5 ± 1.0%). A tendency was observed for a greater protein recovery in cheese from thrice-daily milking (83.6% vs. 82.2%; P = 0.10). Results suggest that with a standardized cheese-making procedure, palmitic acid supplementation and milking frequency do not affect cheesemilk performance. Further results should include the effects of palmitic acid supplementation and milking frequency on cheese composition and properties during ripening. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86301 |
Watch |
2008M |
The impact of heat process and dipotassium phosphate on chemical, physical, and sensory properties of milk protein beverages. |
9 |
H. Hoyt |
protein beverage dipotassium phosphate physical properties |
H. Hoyt1, J. Pranata2, D. M. Barbano2, M. A. Drake1 |
1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Our objectives were to determine the impact of dipotassium phosphate (DKP) and heat process (no heat, HTST:72°C for 15 s, and UHT:140°C for 2.3 s) on the chemical, physical and sensory properties of 7.5% milk protein-based beverages made with liquid skim milk protein concentrate (MPC) and micellar casein concentrate (MCC) produced by filtration at 50°C. MPC was produced using a polymeric membrane and MCC was produced using a 0.1µ ceramic membrane. Two DKP concentrations were used (0 and 0.15% wt/wt) within each heat exposure. No other additives were used. Chemical, physical, and sensory properties were measured after 1, 5, 8, 12 and 15 d storage at 4°C. A general linear model was applied to evaluate significant main effects and interactions. The MCC beverages were higher (P < 0.05) in casein as percent of protein (ca. 93 vs 83%) and lower in serum protein concentration than MPC. All MCC and MPC beverages with and without added DKP ran through all thermal processes without coagulation. Heat and DKP had different effects on beverage properties for MCC versus MPC. Apparent viscosity (AV) was higher (P < 0.05) with lower heat exposure and higher (P < 0.05) with added DKP. Both AV and sensory viscosity increased with storage and addition of DKP (P < 0.05), but this effect was larger in MCC than MPC. Viscosity was lower (P < 0.05) and did not change with time without added DKP for both MCC and MPC. Sensory opacity and L-value (whiteness) were decreased (P < 0.05) by DKP and time for both MCC and MPC. Cooked/milky flavor and astringency both increased (P < 0.05) with increasing heat treatment but not by DKP addition. MCC beverages at all heat exposures had no detectable sulfur/eggy flavor, while this flavor was found in DSI-MPC beverages. More protein aggregation was produced with DSI compared with HTST. Added DKP reduced protein particulate formation in MCC more than in MPC for the DSI treatment. Without added DKP, about 10% of the particle volume was in aggregates for both MPC and MCC by DSI heat treatment. Addition of DKP does not affect flavor but does impact the appearance and viscosity of protein beverages, and these effects are distinct for MPC versus MCC. Understanding the role of added beverage ingredients, such as DKP, is crucial to facilitate removal of these ingredients and manufacture of clean-label dairy protein beverages. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86325 |
Watch |
2009M |
In vitro antimicrobial effect of lactose oxidase against dairy spore formers. |
10 |
M. Valdiviezo |
antimicrobial spore formers lactose oxidase |
M. Valdiviezo1, D. DeRiancho1, S. Alcaine1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The lactoperoxidase system (LPS) is a natural antimicrobial system present in milk. LPS is activated in the presence of H2O2, which is produced during the oxidation of lactose to lactobionic acid by lactose oxidase (LO). The application of LO to improve the efficacy of the LPS and inhibit microbial growth is an approach that can be used to enhance the shelf life of dairy products. Previous research has shown that lactose oxidase can effectively control organisms such as Pseudomonas spp., Listeria monocytogenes, molds, and yeast. However, it is still unknown if this antimicrobial system is also effective against spore formers. The aim of this work is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of LO in the LPS against 28 strains of frequent dairy spore formers isolated from dairy products and facilities, and to determine the effective concentration for growth inhibition. For this aim, an overlay inhibition assay was performed. LO was applied in different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 g/L) to Brain Heart Infusion and Reinforced Clostridial Media agar containing 2.5% wt/wt lactose, added to the media before sterilization. Plates were then overlaid with inoculated agar and incubated at optimal growth temperatures. The average radius of the inhibition zone for each concentration and strain was calculated and differences between the control and the different LO concentrations were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). All experiments were performed in biological triplicates. Results indicated that 15 out of 28 strains were inhibited by the lowest LO concentration (0.1 g/L), 10 additional strains showed inhibition at 1 g/L, and the 3 remaining strains were inhibited at the highest LO concentration of 10 g/L. This latter group was composed of bacteria from the genus Bacillus species subtilis, paralicheniformis, and gibsonii, which were the most resistant strains, inhibited only by the highest LO concentration. In conclusion, LO proved effective as a growth inhibitor of dairy spore formers and can contribute to enhance the shelf life of milk and other organic dairy products, when added in early production stages. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86405 |
Watch |
2010M |
Use of educational messages to influence dairy consumption behavior in inadequate dairy consumers. |
11 |
J. S. Myers |
dairy consumption consumers educational messages |
J. S. Myers1, S. Clark2, K. A. Schmidt1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
Nearly 90% of the US population consumes less than the 3-cup, equivalent of dairy foods/day. The objective of this study was to determine if providing educational messages (EM) to a target population of inadequate dairy consumers (IDC) could alter dairy foods consumption behavior. IDCs were invited to attend a nominal modified focus group (MFG), in which researchers presented either (1) a primary EM on reading nutrition facts panels or (2) the primary EM plus a secondary EM on one of these 3 topics – milk’s 9 essential nutrients, lactose maldigestion, or prebiotics and probiotics. To collect data on dairy consumption, IDCs completed surveys at the start of the MFG and 1 mo later on questions concerning demographics, health perceptions, and dairy foods consumption. Answers to dairy foods consumption were adjusted to estimate the number of dairy foods servings/week/person using FDA published data on serving sizes. Eighty IDCs completed the study, of which 15 received the primary EM, and 65 received the primary and secondary EM (n = 20 for the 9 essential nutrients of milk, n = 17 for lactose maldigestion, and n = 28 for the prebiotics and probiotics message). To determine if the MFG affected dairy foods consumption, the pre-survey servings/person were subtracted from the one-month follow-up survey data. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (P < 0.05) were used to determine if consumption behavior changed as a function of attending the MFG. Panelists reported an increase of 1.57 dairy foods servings/week/person as a result of attending an MFG, which was significant. When considering EMs, panelists who received the primary EM reported an increase of 1.27 dairy foods servings/week/person of dairy foods, and panelists who received the primary and secondary EM reported an increase of 1.69 dairy foods servings/week/person. Panelists who received the primary plus prebiotics and probiotic or lactose maldigestion EM increased dairy foods consumed by 2.09 and 2.15 servings/week/person, respectively. Overall, these results help to understand how EMs can increase dairy food consumption of IDCs to the recommended servings/day. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86478 |
Watch |
2011V |
Optimization of skim milk fermentation parameters for maximum galactose yields. |
12 |
L. Wise |
skim milk galactose pH |
L. Wise1, S. Alcaine1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Decline in the demand for skim milk due to high prevalence of lactose intolerance has caused major challenges for the dairy industry, leading to skim milk waste and reduction of its use in foods, despite its nutritional quality. Value-added products can be generated from the fermentation of lactose in skim milk. In fact, several yeast species can ferment lactose into ethanol. Alternatively, when lactose is hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose, Brettanomyces claussenii can selectively ferment glucose into ethanol, leaving behind galactose. The galactose residue is beneficial as a functional ingredient in low glycemic index snacks, rare sweeteners, and health-promoting galactooligosaccharrides. Previous screening studies assessing galactose and ethanol production from skim milk fermentations by Brettanomyces claussenii, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Kluyveromyces marxianus andSaccharomyces cerevisiae showed that, without the addition of lactase, B. claussenii and K. marxianus performed very similarly and produced as much as 2.6% ethanol. However, with lactase, residual galactose levels in B. claussenii were low and inconsistent across replicates. Additional skim milk fermentation trials were then conducted with the aim of increasing and stabilizing residual galactose yields from B. claussenii. To achieve this, skim milk was first diluted to 2.5% solids nonfat (~15g/L lactose) and acidified below pH 3.45, thus replicating acidified substrates where prior research identified higher galactose yields. The fermentation performance of the same 4 yeast species was evaluated, each pitched at a 5 × 106 cfu/ml rate into 2 bottles, one with lactase, the other without, making for 8 total bottles. These fermentations were performed in triplicate and showed higher and more consistent residual galactose outputs. In fact, an average of 4.9 ± 2.3 g/L, representing a near 65% galactose recovery, was obtained. ANOVA accompanied by a Tukey's test will be run once triplicate data is obtained to determine whether residual galactose yields in an acidified medium are significantly different from those in regular skim milk. Further research will attempt to assess other parameters that affect galactose yields in skim milk fermentations, and its variation across replicates. Some of these parameters include solid content in the skim milk substrate as well as the starting yeast inoculum concentration. Understanding the fermentation parameters that maximize galactose yields from skim milk fermentation with B. claussenii is critical in the quest to better harness the power of this yeast to derive value from dairy waste streams. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87002 |
Watch |
2012M |
Effect of different molecular weight hyaluronic acid on functional properties of skim milk. |
13 |
R. Joshi |
hyaluronic acid milk functional properties |
R. Joshi1, A. Aditya1, S. G. Sutariya1, P. Salunke1 |
1South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide and it is approved to use as food ingredients or food additives and/or as a health supplement in many countries. HA forms a highly viscous gel in an aqueous solution and affects functional properties. Commercially, HA is available in various molecular weight (MW). It has been reported that this difference in MW has a significant effect on the physicochemical and functional properties of the product in which they are used. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of different MW hyaluronic acid on the functional properties of skim milk (SM). Pasteurized skim milk was divided into 3 equal parts and microbiologically derived food-grade HA with different MW (8kDa, 320 kDa, 980 kDa) was added separately at 0.25% in each sample. The solutions were homogenized at 25,000 rpm for 3 min and stored overnight at refrigerated temperature. The pH of the milk was adjusted to 6.7 before analyzing various functional properties such as water holding capacity (WHC), emulsion activity (EA), emulsion stability (ES), foaming activity (FA), and foaming stability (FS). The experiment was replicated twice, and the statistical differences (P < 0.05) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test in Minitab. The WHC of the SM increased significantly (P < 0.05) for the 980 kDa (18.75%) and 320 kDa (15.67%) samples as compared with the 8 kDa samples (0.13%). A significant (P < 0.05) increase in EA was observed as the HA molecular weight in the SM increased (39.37% for 8 kDa, 53.75% for 320 kDa, and 88.75% for 980 kDa). Similarly, ES significantly (P < 0.05) increased for 980 kDa (77.75%) as compared with 320 kDa (42.5%) and 8 kDa sample (38.75%). The FA was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the SM samples treated with 980 kDa (60%) as compared with 320 kDa (100%) and 8 kDa (130%). However, the SM sample with higher molecular weight HA (980 kDa and 320 kDa) showed very stable foam during the total storage period of 24 h (at 30°C) as compared with the lower molecular weight sample (8kDa). In conclusion, the study shows that the MW of HA significantly affects the functional properties of SM. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
Poster Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Poster Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87065 |
Watch |
2013M |
Effect of varying pH on the cold gelling behavior of highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC). |
14 |
N. Pougher |
casein gelation rheology |
N. Pougher1, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Using highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC) as a food ingredient could yield positive effects in the dairy industry. As more consumers become ingredient conscious, a dairy based stabilizer for dairy foods could be a promising alternative to gum-based ingredients currently used in the dairy industry. With a protein content ranging from 19 to 23%, it can form a cold gel without any modifications to the casein, however added ingredients can significantly improve the gel strength. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of varying pH levels on the cold gelling behavior of HC-MCC. Rheological tests were conducted to observe the sol-gel transition point of HC-MCC via time and temperature sweeps on a model MCR302 rheometer. These tests utilized a multiple waveform technique with the application of Winter-Chambon criteria. This criterion is considered more accurate than the traditional crossover point of G” and G’, as it relies on the convergence of the loss factor at multiple frequencies to determine the true gelation point. Additionally, HC-MCC samples were modified via dilution to a minimum protein content where gelation still occurred. This formed the basis for observing changes in cold gel temperature at varying pH (5.2-6.6) by adding glucono-delta-lactone stepwise from 0.5-2% wt/wt. All measurements were conducted in triplicate. The minimum protein concentration which could form a cold gel was determined to be 16.8%. Addition of the acid significantly increased the temperature of sol-gel transition (P <0.01), and increased storage modulus values for low pH samples. Increases in storage modulus values indicates an increase in gel strength. In addition, even highly acidified samples returned to a liquid state upon heating, indicating thermoreversibility. Overall, this study explored the possibility of modifying HC-MCC to utilize it in the future as a dairy based thickener or stabilizer. Adding a dairy based stabilizer to another dairy product could improve consumer preference rather than using polysaccharide-based gums for similar purposes |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9983 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86894 |
|
2015M |
Environmental effects on milk yield and daily activity of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows. |
1 |
A. Bazzell |
heat stress environment |
A. Bazzell1, J. Carter1 |
1Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN |
Heat stress is an animal’s response to an increase in thermal environment that causes the animal to inadequately dissipate heat out of the body. This stress occurs at temperatures over 25°C when cows are unable to cool themselves down. This increase in heat stress causes a decrease in milk production because more energy is needed to cool down, so there is less energy focused on producing milk. The objective of this project was to determine the optimum temperature that allows each breed of cow to produce the maximum amount of milk. A wireless thermometer was placed in the compost bedded pack barn to measure ambient temperature and relative humidity each minute to compile a daily average. Milk yield, daily activity and conductivity were measured from the MTSU lactating herd (n = 48) using an electronic tracking system by a pedometer on each cows’ front leg. Temperature, relative humidity, milk yield, activity, and conductivity were measured for 3 6-wk periods from February to September 2021. These time frames were chosen to represent average temperatures found in the winter, spring, and summer seasons. All cow data and environmental temperature data were analyzed using a mixed model with SAS (v9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) to determine the main effects of temperature on breed and season. Cows produced more milk during the spring period (P < 0.0001) and all milk samples were higher in conductivity during the summer (P < 0.0001). Jersey cows were more active than Holsteins through each season (P < 0.0001). Using the ambient temperature and relative humidity data, a temperature-humidity index (THI) score was calculated. It was determined that mild heat stress occurred in the summer with an average THI of 76.3. The optimum temperature range that allowed the Jerseys to produce the most milk occurred during the spring period (18°C average temperature), while the optimum temperature that allowed Holsteins to produce the most milk occurred during the winter period (8.5°C average temperature). Currently, more data are needed over multiple seasons to determine optimum environmental conditions. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86609 |
Watch |
2016M |
Effect of prophylactic calcium supplementation on regulators of calcium homeostasis in multiparous Holstein cows. |
2 |
I. R. Frost |
hypocalcemia calcium supplementation parathyroid hormone |
I. R. Frost1, C. R. Seely1, K. R. Callero1, J. A. Seminara1, H. A. McCray1, R. M. Martinez1, A. M. Reid1, C. N. Wilbur1, K. J. Koebel1, J. A. A. McArt1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Postparturient subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) in dairy cows, a common metabolic disease which arises from the increased calcium demands of early lactation, has been associated with decreased milk production and negative health outcomes. Our objective was to determine how postpartum calcium supplementation methods, and the timing of their administration, affect blood calcium concentrations and regulators of calcium homeostasis, specifically parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. We conducted a randomized controlled trial on 62 multiparous dairy cows on a commercial dairy in Cayuga County, New York. Each cow was assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups immediately after calving: 1) control (CONT; no calcium supplementation, n = 15); 2) conventional bolus (BOL-C; 43 g oral calcium bolus administered immediately after calving and 24 h later, n = 17); 3) delayed bolus (BOL-D; 43 g oral calcium bolus administered 48 h and 72 h after calving, n = 15); or 4) subcutaneous infusion (SQ; 500 mL 23% calcium borogluconate infused subcutaneously once immediately after calving, n = 15). Blood was collected at calving and every 8 h through 96 h, then at 120 and 168 h postpartum. Linear mixed models were created to analyze changes in serum total Ca (tCa) over the first 168 h after parturition and assess differences between treatment groups. Serum tCa was not different at the time of enrollment between treatment groups (P = 0.92), but mean tCa over 168 h postpartum differed between groups (P < 0.001). Cows in the BOL-C group had higher mean tCa (2.11 [95% CI = 2.05, 2.17] mmol/L) than SQ cows (1.99 [1.95, 2.05] mmol/L; P = 0.008); however, we did not observe differences in mean tCa between CONT cows (2.08 [95% CI = 2.02, 2.14] mmol/L) and cows in the BOL-D (2.07 [95% CI = 2.01, 2.14] mmol/L; P = 0.99), BOL-C (P = 0.75), or SQ (P = 0.16) groups. Our findings suggest that subcutaneous infusion of calcium at calving might interfere with calcium homeostasis postpartum, and analysis of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin might provide further insight into this disruption. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86719 |
Watch |
2017M |
Does providing a nipple reduce pain behaviors in dairy calves after caustic paste disbudding? |
3 |
R. Burno |
calf caustic paste pain behavior |
R. Burno1, K. Juckem1, K. Wichman1, K. C. Creutzinger1, A. C. Clark1, S. I. Kehoe1 |
1University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI |
Disbudding is a routine management practice applied to nearly all female dairy calves to prevent horn growth. The application of heat or caustic paste for disbudding results in acute and continuous pain, both of which are considered welfare concerns. Pain from caustic paste disbudding has traditionally been managed with the use of pharmaceuticals, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or a lidocaine block. However, one-time administration of these pharmaceuticals at disbudding only provides temporary pain relief. In other neonates, pain behaviors following painful procedures have been reduced by providing an object to suck on. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether providing dairy calves the opportunity to suck on a nipple after disbudding, along with NSAIDs and a lidocaine block, would reduce pain behaviors after the pharmaceutical pain relief wears off. Fifty-four female Friesian Holstein calves were individually housed and fed 2 times daily with 3L for the first 4 d and then 3 times daily with 3L until 56 d when milk feeding was reduced to one time daily for a week and then weaned. At 1 to 3 d of age, calves were randomized into blocks with the following treatments: caustic paste with available nipple (PN), caustic paste with no nipple (PNN), sham paste with available nipple (SN), and sham paste with no nipple (SNN). Before application of caustic paste or petroleum jelly, calves received a lidocaine block 10 min before treatment and NSAIDs immediately following treatment. Nipple use was evaluated for 2 weeks after treatment by using motion sensor trail cameras to record all activity at the nipple; activities were categorized as suck, lick, and touch. There were no differences between treatments for nipple use (P > 0.05). Three PN calves sucked on the nipple inconsistently on d0–3 and 2 SN calves sucked on the nipple, one on d3 and one on d9. The amount of time calves used the nipple varied in time of day and day after treatment without any consistency or significance (P > 0.05). In the current trial, calves may have been too young to use the nipple consistently. When considering this management practice, age of the calf should be taken into account. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86760 |
Watch |
2018M |
Postmortem evaluation of placement of a lidocaine block for disbudding in dairy calves. |
4 |
O. Horsman |
calf lidocaine block cornual nerve |
O. Horsman1, J. Haines1, V. Rakoczy1, A. A. Reyes1, S. I. Kehoe1 |
1University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI |
Pain management in a farm setting is becoming increasingly important. The use of a lidocaine block before disbudding is recommended by many organizations and individuals concerned with calf welfare. The proper placement of a lidocaine injection for maximum pain reduction during disbudding in dairy calves has not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this preliminary research was to first identify the cornual nerve then track the dispersion of a lidocaine injection relative to the cornual nerve. Using 4 dead Holstein calves under 2 wk of age acquired from a local dairy farm, 2 injection sites were identified that are commonly used for lidocaine block injections on the farm. The first was chosen based on literature recommendation where an 18-gauge, 35-mm needle was inserted caudal to the eye and ventral to the temporal ridge. The second was chosen based on farm employee observation where the needle was inserted proximal to the corner of the eye where there is a depression then pointed up toward the horn bud. Preliminary results show both needle placements resulted in dispersal of lidocaine into the frontal and sphenoid sinuses while also covering part of the cornual nerve. These preliminary results may indicate that local anesthetic positioning needs to be further evaluated and is crucial to providing successful pain management for dairy calves during the disbudding process. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86785 |
Watch |
2019M |
Assessment of the effects of prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies on body condition score, daily milk yield, and daily rumination time in Holstein dairy cows. |
5 |
S. Spring |
acetylsalicylic acid meloxicam prepartum period |
S. Spring1, E. Jimenez1, M. Martinez1, E. Hovingh1, J. Lawhead2, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Millerstown Veterinary Associates, Millerstown, PN |
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of pre-partum administration of anti-inflammatory therapies on body condition score (BCS), daily milk yield and daily rumination time for the first 100 DIM in Holstein dairy cows. At 14 d before the expected calving date, cows (n = 64) and heifers (n = 24) were blocked by BCS category (optimal = 3.25–3.5; high ≥3.75) and parity (nulliparous; parous), and randomly allocated to one of 3 treatment groups: 1) ASA (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with administration of acetylsalicylic acid (4 boluses; 480 grain/bolus); 2) MEL (n = 31) = receive one oral administration with meloxicam (1mg/kg of BW), or 3) PLC (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with 4 gelatin capsules filled with water. Body condition score was assessed weekly starting 1 week before treatment until 3 weeks after calving. Daily milk yield and rumination time were collected from on-farm computer records. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS as a randomized complete-block design. On average enrolled cows received treatment administration 10 d before actual calving date (standard deviation = 5.10 d). There was no difference on BCS between study groups (ASA = 3.78 ± 0.04 pts.; MEL = 3.74 ± 0.04 pts.; PLC = 3.69 ± 0.04 pts.; P = 0.38). There was an interaction between treatment and day in daily milk yield (P = 0.09), where MEL cows produced more daily milk (average = 5.38 kg/d) for 13 d, starting at 64 DIM, compared with ASA and PLC cows. There was no difference in daily rumination time between study groups (P = 0.81). These findings suggest that treatment with pre-partum anti-inflammatory drugs might have positive effects on daily milk yield. Further studies with larger data sets are needed to confirm association observed in this trial. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86830 |
Watch |
2021M |
The effects of reducing time from follicle emergence to luteolysis in lactating dairy cows. Part 2: Characteristics of estrus. |
6 |
P. Gibb |
ovulatory follicle luteolysis estrus |
P. Gibb1, S. McBeth1, S. Wilkinson1, T. Minela1, J. R. Pursley1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Automated activity monitors (AAM) are becoming popular to manage reproduction of dairy herds. Certain characteristics of estrus expression collected with AAM were associated with greater fertility in lactating dairy cows. Our objective was to determine if reducing time from onset of the ovulatory follicular wave to luteolysis would enhance estrus expression. We hypothesized that reducing time from wave emergence to luteolysis would result in greater percentage of cows in estrus and increased peak activity. Lactating dairy cows receiving 1st service were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 2 treatments. During the final Ovsynch of Double Ovsynch, cows were treated with 1.0 mg cloprostenol sodium 5 (n = 41; D5) or 7 d (n = 42; D7) after initial GnRH. An additional dose of cloprostenol sodium (0.5 mg) was administered 24 h later to ensure luteolysis. Blood for E2 (d 0, 1 and 2) and follicle diameter (d 2) were collected in relation to treatment. Estrus characteristics (activity peak, estrus index, estrus duration and interval between estrus and activity peak) were recorded using SCR technology. There was no difference between D5 and D7 in percent of cows detected in estrus (80.5 vs. 64.3%; P = 0.09). However, activity peak was greater in cows D5 compared with D7 (94.9 vs. 88.1; P = 0.03). Additionally, interval between initiation of wave to onset of estrus was reduced in cows treated with D5 compared with D7 (9.2 ± 0.17 vs. 10.6 ± 0.19; P < 0.01). Average estrus duration (P = 0.54), interval between estrus to peak activity (P = 0.97), nor estrus index (P = 0.75) were different between treatments. Greater concentrations of E2 at d 1 (P = 0.03) and 2 (P = 0.04) posttreatment increased the predicted probability of estrus expression but not at d 0 (P = 0.51). Overall, treatment with D5 decreased time to 1st service compared with D7 (80.5 vs. 85.1 DIM; P = 0.03). In summary, decreasing antral age of follicles at time of induced luteolysis resulted in decreased time from initiation of the ovulatory follicular wave to estrus, greater estrus activity peak and decreased DIM to 1st service. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Poster Competition |
SAD Poster Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research POSTER Competition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86832 |
Watch |
2020M |
The effects of reducing time from follicle emergence to luteolysis in lactating dairy cows. Part 1: Ovulatory follicle size, E2, and P4. |
7 |
S. McBeth |
ovulatory follicle estradiol follicle diameter |
S. McBeth1, P. Gibb1, S. Wilkinson1, T. Minela1, J. R. Pursley1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Automated activity monitors (AAM) are gaining in popularity in the US Gaining a greater understanding of how to enhance the outcomes from these systems is needed to improve PR/AI outcomes. Ovulatory follicle size and circulating concentrations of E2 around AI clearly impact fertility of cattle. Manipulating follicular development may help to improve outcomes with AAM systems. Our objective was to determine if reducing time from onset of the ovulatory follicular wave to luteolysis would enhance subsequent levels of E2. We hypothesized that reducing time from wave emergence to luteolysis would result in increased circulating concentrations of E2 near time of estrus from a smaller ovulatory follicle. Lactating dairy cows receiving 1st service were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 2 treatments. During the final Ovsynch of Double Ovsynch, cows were treated with 1.0 mg cloprostenol sodium 5 (n = 41; D5) or 7 d (n = 42; D7) after initial GnRH. An additional dose of cloprostenol sodium (0.5 mg) was administered 24 h later to ensure luteolysis. Blood for E2 (d 0, 1 and 2) and follicle diameter (d 2) were collected in relation to treatment. D5 reduced ovulatory follicle diameter measured 2 d following induction of luteolysis compared with D7 (13.5 ± 0.4 vs. 15.0 ± 0.4 mm). There were no differences between treatments in P4 on d 0, 1 and 2 from treatment. Ovulation rate did not differ between D5 and D7 (84.7 vs. 75.5%; P = 0.30). Double-ovulation rate was not different between treatments, but 2nd and 3rd parity cows had greater rates of double-ovulations compared with 1st parity cows (44.4 and 45.0 vs. 7.4%; P ≤ 0.01). Reducing antral age of the ovulatory follicle at time of induced luteolysis resulted in greater E2 at treatment (P = 0.03), but not 1 and 2 d posttreatment. There was no effect of treatment on P4 at 11, 12 and 13 d postestrus (P = 0.96). This study indicates that shorter reducing time from the onset of the ovulatory wave until induced luteolysis did not affect E2. Thus, reducing this period may not enhance estrus expression. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9919 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86155 |
Watch |
2022M |
The associations between feeding behaviors collected from automatic milk feeders and disease in group-housed preweaned dairy calves. |
1 |
R. Perttu |
behavior health welfare |
R. Perttu1, M. Peiter1, T. Bresolin2, J. Dórea2, M. Endres1 |
1University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 2University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
In the United States, most dairy herds house preweaned dairy calves individually to minimize the risk of disease. However, housing calves in pairs or small groups has proven to be beneficial for the calf’s affective or mental state. Automated milk feeders (AMF) allow producers to fulfill calves’ nutritional requirements on an individual basis while housing calves in groups. Research has shown that calf feeding behavior changes recorded by AMF software can be used as an indicator of disease. However, most previous studies had small sample sizes or were conducted at multiple sites. Therefore, the objective of this observational study was to investigate the association between feeding behaviors and disease in preweaned group-housed dairy calves fed with AMF at a single large dairy. The study farm was visited on a weekly basis from May 2018 to May 2019. During the farm visit, study personnel visually scored calves for health eventsand collected AMF software feeding behavior data. Calf health scores included calf attitude, ear position, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, hide dirtiness, and cough score. Associations between feeding behavior and disease were identified using a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) approach. The final GAMM (n = 599 calves) included the fixed effects of rewarded visits (with milk being offered), unrewarded visits (without milk), total milk intake (mL per day), average milk intake per visit (mL/day), drinking speed (mL per min), interval between visits (min), visit duration (min), and calf age (day). Total intake per day, drinking speed, interval between visits, age, and rewarded visits were associated with dairy calf health status (P < 0.05). In the field, a calf grower could use the behavioral traits collected by AMF as a potential indicator of calf disease. Finally, GAMM showed to be an appropriate approach to model calf health status, as this approach was able to identify interactions that we suggest will aid in the development of a robust predictive model that can be used to flag a sick calf days before a clinical disease event. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87074 |
Watch |
2023M |
Condition of surplus dairy calves at livestock dealers in Ohio: A cross-sectional study. |
2 |
H. Maggard |
calf health livestock market surplus dairy calf |
H. Maggard1, M. Moran2, G. Habing2, D. Renaud3, K. Proudfoot4, D. Wilson3, J. Pempek1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 3Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 4Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada |
Surplus dairy calves are sold soon after birth, often through livestock markets, dealers, or both. Our previous work demonstrated veal calves arrived to growing facilities with a high prevalence of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and signs of disease, but little is known regarding calf condition at livestock dealers. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of FTPI and poor health outcomes in surplus calves at livestock dealers. Two livestock dealers in Ohio were visited 2 to 3 times per week, with approximately 28 calves enrolled in the study per visit for a total of 1,063 calves. One blood sample per calf was obtained to evaluate FTPI by measuring serum total protein (using a cutoff < 5.1 g/dL). Health examinations included an evaluation of signs of navel inflammation, depression, dehydration, fever, diarrhea, respiratory disease, and arthritis; health outcomes were dichotomized using clinically relevant cut-points. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence of calves with poor condition at arrival. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine if calf sex or source were risk factors for poor health outcomes. Seventy-eight percent (826/1063) of calves were male and 22.3% (237/1063) were female. Twenty-one percent (227/1063) of calves had FTPI, and those sold directly from the dairy farm were more likely to have FPTI compared with those purchased from livestock markets or dealers (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.2; P = 0.02). Upon clinical examination, 70.5% (748/1060) of calves were dehydrated, 26.7% (283/1059) had navel inflammation, and 7.1% (76/1062) were depressed. Seventeen percent (98/573) of calves from dairy farms that had FPTI were also dehydrated, while 14% (42/303) of calves from livestock markets or dealers had both health concerns. Male calves were more likely than female calves to have navel inflammation (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4–3.0; P = 0.0003) and depression (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 0.94–4.4; P = 0.07). This research highlights the opportunity for improvements throughout the surplus calf production chain to improve calf condition before transport. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86811 |
Watch |
2024M |
Can lactating dairy cows housed in tie-stalls be monitored by a behavior-monitoring collar? |
3 |
A. E. Varney |
precision tie-stall wearable technology |
A. E. Varney1, M. W. Setser1, P. H. Luimes2, J. H. C. Costa1, T. A. Burnett2 |
1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 2University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada |
Tie-stall farms are still highly prevalent in North America, but the use of technology with this system is less common than with loose-housed dairies. Thus, the aim was to validate a behavior-monitoring collar (BMC) for rumination, activity, and inactivity time using visual observation of lactating dairy cows housed in tie-stalls. Twelve lactating Holstein cows (Lact = 2.3 ± 0.4; DIM = 159.4 ± 9.2) housed in a tie-stall barn with pasture access for 2 h daily were randomly selected at the University of Guelph’s Ridgetown Campus dairy. Cows were fitted with a BMC (CowMed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil). A total of 24 h per cow of video data and behaviors were scored for ruminating (i.e., continuous movement of the jaw), activity (i.e., feeding and moving in the stall), or inactive/resting (i.e., idle standing or lying down). Observational data were converted into mins/h and classified into 2 parts of the day, morning (00:00 to 14:00h) and afternoon (14:00 to 24:00h), excluding time on pasture. Rumination, activity, and inactivity time observations recorded by the BMC were compared with visual observation using Pearson correlation, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots (BAP). Data from the BMC were considered precise if the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination were high (>0.70), and mean bias from the BAP included zero within the 95% interval of agreement. We found very high Pearson correlation coefficients for rumination (r = 0.72, P < 0.01) and inactivity (0.70, P < 0.01), but low coefficients for activity (0.23, P < 0.28). The BAP were deemed acceptable and without bias. The BAP mean differences ± SD (BMC – observation) were −1.74 ± 4.31, −2.22 ± 5.54, and 3.61 ± 4.67 min per hour for rumination, inactivity, and activity, respectively. The BAP 's 95% interval of agreement encompassed 100% of the observations of inactivity and activity time and all but one cow's observations for rumination time. The slope of the linear regression, however, was different than 1 for all behaviors. In summary, this study validates the high precision of rumination and inactivity, but not activity for dairy cattle housed in tie-stalls. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86721 |
Watch |
2025M |
Effects of early social housing on longer-term performance and age of onset to estrus in dairy heifers. |
4 |
E. E. Lindner |
dairy heifer estrus social housing |
E. E. Lindner1, T. Martins1, S. B. Doyle1, E. K. Miller-Cushon1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Despite evidence of performance benefits of social housing for dairy calves, there are gaps in knowledge of longer-term effects on growth and development. In other species, early life social contact affects aspects of reproductive development, suggesting that social rearing of dairy calves may affect age at puberty. The objective of this study was to assess effects of social housing on dairy heifers performance, expression of estrus behavior, and age at puberty. In a preliminary data set, heifers were housed either individually (IH; n = 19 heifers) or in pairs (PH; n = 18; 1 focal heifer/pair) from birth until 9 weeks of age. Beginning at 6 mo of age (202.2 ± 15.7 d of age, mean ± SD), body weight, hip height, and anogenital distance (AGD) were recorded weekly until breeding at 12.5 ± 0.57 mo of age. Heifers were placed with an Estrotect breeding indicator (Estrotect, Spring Valley, WI), which was examined 3 times/week for evidence of mounting and standing estrus (score 1–4 based on color change indicating rubbing; 1 = no change, 4 = solid color change). Ultrasounds were performed the week following a positive Estrotect reading (score 3 or 4) to confirm the presence of a CL. Previously pair-housed heifers tended to be taller (129.3 vs. 128.0 cm; PH vs. IH; SE = 0.52; P = 0.07) with no treatment by week interaction (P = 0.46), and body weight did not differ (287.6 vs. 294.3 kg; IH vs. PH; SE = 5.2; P = 0.37). We found no effect of previous housing treatment on AGD (12.6 vs. 12.6 cm; IH vs. PH; SE = 0.13; P = 0.9) or age of onset of estrus in these heifers (344 vs. 340 d of age; IH vs. PH; SE = 8.7; P = 0.71). Estrotect scores during the month coinciding with the first confirmed cycle suggested similar expression of estrus behavior between treatments (2.2 vs. 2.2; IH vs. PH; SE = 0.18; P = 0.86), with scores decreasing following the first confirmed estrus (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our observed tendency for greater heights suggests potential long-term growth advantages associated with social housing with no significant effect on reproductive performance outcomes in calves reared individually or in pairs. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86766 |
Watch |
2026M |
Personality is associated with performance in individually housed crossbred Holstein × Angus calves. |
5 |
E. Michalski |
beef-on-dairy behavior temperament |
E. Michalski1, M. Woodrum1, G. Mazon1, H. Neave2, J. Costa1 |
1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 2Aarhus University, Aarhaus, Denmark |
The aim was to investigate association between performance and behavioral responses of individually housed calves to standardized personality tests. Crossbred Holstein x Angus individually housed calves (n = 29) had free access to water and calf starter. Weight was measured weekly and calf starter intake was recorded daily. Calves underwent 3 personality tests in 2 blocks at 80.7 ± 2.0 d of age. Calves engaged in a novel person test, and novel object/startle test. The novel person test introduced an unknown person in the calf pen for 10 min. The novel object and startle test were combined into one using a remote-controlled car that was stationary and moved across the pen when approached or at the lapse of 5 min with another 5 min observation after movement. Behaviors recorded were grooming, licking, touching, interacting with environment, inactivity, attentiveness toward object/person, object/person and locomotion play, and latency to approach or reapproach person/object. A principal component analysis (PCA) was done to reduce correlated measures of tests. Spearman’s correlations assessed relationship between individual performance and PCA scores. The PCA yielded 3 factors explaining 76.1% variance. Factors were labeled as factor 1 “fearful,” factor 2 “inactive,” and factor 3 “bold” based on behaviors extracted in each. Overall, calves ate 1.29 ± 1.43 kg of grain on a dry matter basis with an ADG of 0.97 ± 0.57 kg/d for the study. The overall mean total grain DMI was 99.51 ± 32.56 kg. Factor 1 had a negative association with ADG (“fearful”; F1,19 = 26.35; P ≤ 0.001) and mean DMI (F1,20 = 25.47; P ≤ 0.001). Time spent licking, or non-nutritive oral manipulation of buckets/walls, had a positive correlation with factor 2 (“inactive”; F1,22 = 7.43, P = 0.01). Factor 3 (“bold”) had no significant association with performance measures. These results indicate that fearful calves during personality testing had lower average daily gain and calf starter intake and inactive calves had more time doing non-nutritive oral behaviors. There is evidence to suggest that personality scoring is related to individual performance in this study. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9924 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86974 |
Watch |
2028M |
Inflammatory biomarkers are associated with altered eating behavior and lower feed intake of transition cows. |
1 |
P. D. French |
DMI inflammation transition |
P. D. French1, S. A. Hagerty1 |
1PHD R&D, Fort Atkinson, WI |
The objective of this study was to determine if inflammation status as defined by elevated haptoglobin (Hp) or low metabolic health index (MHI) is associated with feeding behavior and DMI during the transition period. Ninety-five, group housed and individually fed (BioControl CRFI, Rakkestad, NO) multiparous cows at the time of calving from a transition (−21 to +21 DIM) experiment were retrospectively assigned to one of 3 groups (L = low, M = medium, or H = high) based on plasma Hp at 7 DIM and also to one of 3 groups (L, M, or H) based on MHI calculated from plasma albumin, cholesterol, and bilirubin determined at 7 DIM. Four cows each between the L-M and M-H breaks were removed creating 3 distinct 29 cow groups for Hp (1.1 ± 0.5 (SD), 2.7 ± 0.4, 4.7 ± 1.2 mg/ml for L, M, and H, respectively) and 3 distinct 29 cow groups for MHI (−2.4 ± 1.2 (SD), 0.2 ± 0.4, 2.3 ± 0.9 for L, M, and H, respectively). Daily DMI and eating behavior were analyzed separately for Hp and MHI using the mixed model of JMP. Prepartum (PRE) and postpartum (POST) DMI differed (P < 0.05) for Hp group with lower levels having higher DMI (PRE DMI 14.2, 13.7, and 12.8 ± 0.3 kg/d; POST DMI 22.8, 22.2, and 20.6 ± 0.4 kg/d, for L, M, and H, respectively). PRE eating time (ET) followed a similar pattern as DMI, decreasing as Hp increased (193, 183, and 167 ± 4 min/d for Hp L, M, and H, respectively; P < 0.05). POST ET was similar for Hp L and M (189 ± 4 min/d), which were greater (P < 0.05) than H (169 ± 4 min/d). PRE eating rate (g DM/min) was less (P < 0.05) for Hp L vs M and H, whereas POST ET did not differ. Hp H had fewer (P < 0.05) feedbunk visits PRE but similar POST. Although POST DMI increased with increasing MHI (20.4, 22.1, and 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/d, for L, M, and H, respectively; P < 0.05), PRE DMI was only greater for H (13.3, 12.9, and 14.0 ± 0.3 kg/d for L, M, and H, respectively). PRE and POST ET was greater (P < 0.05) for MHI H vs L and M. MHI H made fewer (P < 0.05) visits to the feedbunk PRE and M and H had more (P < 0.05) visits POST. In conclusion, cows in better metabolic status as measured by Hp and MHI at 7 DIM spent more time at the feedbunk which led to greater DMI. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87069 |
Watch |
2029M |
Assessment of the effects of prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies on cow health and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. |
2 |
E. Jimenez |
acetylsalicylic acid meloxicam prepartum period |
E. Jimenez1, J. Spring1, M. Martinez1, E. Hovingh1, J. Lawhead2, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Millerstown Veterinary Associates, Millerstown, PN |
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of pre-partum administration of anti-inflammatory therapies on β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB] concentration, incidence of postpartum diseases and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. At 14 d before the expected calving date, cows (n = 64) and heifers (n = 24) were blocked by BCS category (optimal = 3.25–3.5; high ≥3.75) and parity (nulliparous; parous), and randomly allocated to one of 3 treatment groups: 1) Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA; n = 29) = one oral treatment with administration of acetylsalicylic acid (4 boluses; 480 grain/bolus); 2) Meloxicam (MEL; n = 31) = one oral administration with meloxicam (1mg/kg of BW), or 3) Placebo (PLC; n = 29) = one oral treatment with gelatin capsules filled with water. At 7 ± 3, 14 ± 3 and 21 ± 3 DIM blood samples were collected to assess BHB concentration, and clinical metritis was assessed using a Metricheck device. A BHB cut-off of ≥ 1.2 mmol/L was used to determine subclinical ketosis. Clinical disease events in the first 60 DIM and reproductive performance parameters for the first 120 DIM were collected from on-farm computer records. The data were analyzed using MIXED, GLIMMIX, and FREQ procedures of SAS as a randomized complete-block design. On average enrolled cows received treatment administration 10 ± 5.1 d before actual calving date. There was no difference on BHB concentration between study groups (ASA = 0.71 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.57–0.88; MEL = 0.67 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.55–0.82; PLC = 0.65 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.53–0.80; P = 0.78). However, cows treated with MEL tended to have higher incidence of subclinical ketosis at 21 ± 3 DIM compared with PLC cows (ASA = 24.4 ± 12%; MEL = 50.9 ± 15.7%; PLC = 6 ± 6.3%; P = 0.08). Cows treated with ASA had lower incidence of retained placenta compared with MEL and PLC cows (ASA = 0%, n = 0/29; MEL = 19.35%, n = 6/31; PLC = 17.24%, n = 5/29; P = 0.03). There was no difference in the reproductive performance parameters assessed. These findings suggest that treatment with pre-partum anti-inflammatory drugs might have positive effects on postpartum cow health. Further studies with larger data sets are needed to confirm association observed in this trial. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86399 |
Watch |
2030M |
Association of passive transfer of immunity, measured by serum total protein, with health measures and serum metabolites in female Jersey calves. |
3 |
P. Rezamand |
passive transfer total protein serum metabolites |
M. Mazinani1, B. J. Tverdy1, C. Y. Tsai1, W. J. Price2, P. Rezamand1 |
1Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 2Statistical Programs, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of failure of passive transfer, measured by serum total protein (TP), with morbidity and serum metabolites. A total of 1,290, one-day-old Jersey female calves from a commercial calf grower farm in the Western US were enrolled. Health data were collected by Feedlot Health Management Services (Okotoks, Alberta Canada), proprietary software iFHMS system, on an individual animal level, from arrival to shipping or death. Blood samples were collected from each calf at 48 ± 6 h postarrival and centrifuged, and serum was obtained for further analyses. Serum TP was measured using a digital refractometer. Calves were categorized based on proposed USDA guidelines into Poor (TP <5.1 g/dL; n = 51), Fair (TP ≥5.1 - 5.7 g/dL; n = 106), Good (TP 5.8 - 6.1 g/dL; n = 201), and Excellent (TP ≥6.2 g/dL; n = 932). Serum samples were analyzed for α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol using HPLC. Serum glucose and BHBA concentration were determined using enzymatic assays. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX and logistic regression models. Incidence of diseases in overall TP categories were 49.5%, 75.8% and 57.7% for respiratory, diarrhea and otitis, respectively. A difference was noted between Poor vs. Fair, and Good vs. Excellent category (P = 0.003) in serum β-carotene. Serum retinol showed differences comparing Excellent vs. Good and Excellent vs. Fair (P = 0.02). Serum glucose differed among serum TP classes (P = 0.05). Overall differences among serum TP classes were noted for respiratory diseases (P = 0.003). The odds of receiving treatment for respiratory disease, but not other diseases tested, were lower (P = 0.003) for the Poor vs. Excellent category (OR = 0.42, CL = 0.24, 0.75) indicating incidence of respiratory disease was lower in Poor compared with Excellent. Overall, our data suggest associations exist between failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies with morbidity, some lipid soluble vitamins, and serum metabolites. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86308 |
Watch |
2031M |
Dexamethasone improved productivity of heat-stressed dairy calves. |
4 |
J. M. Cantet |
heat stress calf |
J. M. Cantet1, Z. Yu1, M. R. R Nair1, A. G. Ríus1 |
1University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN |
Heat stress (HS) can compromise dairy cattle performance. Therapeutics such as dexamethasone (DX) decreased the deleterious effects of HS on rodents. However, physiological changes caused by DX in heat-stressed calves remain elusive. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of DX in dairy calves exposed to diurnal HS. Thirty-two Holstein bull calves (41 ± 4.8 d old, with 68.5 ± 3.62 kg of BW) were housed in individual pens in the Johnson Research and Teaching Unit (UTIA) in 2 cohorts (16 animals/cohort) and were allowed to adapt to facilities for 5 d. Calves were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments as follow: heat stress (HS, ~40°C ambient temperature, from 0800 to 1900 h/d) or thermoneutral conditions (TN, ~20°C ambient temperature, 24 h/d) for 5 d (i.e., 1 to 5) and the intramuscular administration of DX (0.05 mg/kg BW) or saline solution (Sal) on d 1 and 3. Commercial milk replacer was provided twice daily (0.68 kg DM, in 4 L/d) and starter once daily ad libitum. Water was provided daily ad libitum. Individual calf feed intake was recorded daily and BW was recorded on d 0, 2, 4, and 5. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured daily at 0630, 1400, and 1800 h (GLA M700 digital thermometer). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS as CRD using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (environment (env) and therapeutic (ther)), using cohort as a random effect, and time as a repeated measure. LSD method was used for multiple comparisons. Significant effects were declared at P < 0.05. HS-Dex calves increased RT 0.4°C at 1400 and 0.7°C at 1800 h, compared with HS-Sal counterparts, (env × ther × time interaction; P = 0.044). There was an env × time interaction showing that HS calves peaked water intake at d 3 whereas TN water intake remained unchanged (P < 0.03). Dex calves increased water intake compared with Sal (P = 0.044). Heat-stressed animals decreased DM intake at d 5 (env × time interaction P < 0.02). Dex increased ADG (P = 0.040) and improved feed efficiency (ADG/DMI, P = 0.025) compared with Sal. These results suggest that dexamethasone improved productive parameters of calves but this response did not improve heat stress-mediated changes in RT and DM intake. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86292 |
Watch |
2032M |
A pilot study evaluating use of a beneficial biofilm product in individual calf housing. |
5 |
C. A. Reynolds |
calf biofilm environment |
C. A. Reynolds1,2, R. A. Scuderi3, A. L. Skidmore3, S. Y. Morrison1 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY, 2University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 3Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI |
A novel, beneficial biofilm product was evaluated in calf housing for preventing surface recolonization by enteric pathogens. Calf hutches measuring 3.3 m2 were cleaned and then assigned to one of 3 treatments (n = 10/treatment) in a randomized, complete-block design with a 21-d treatment period. Treatments applied 24 h after cleaning were 1) no application (NC), 2) application of chlorine-free, distilled water (PC), or 3) application of a beneficial biofilm product at a rate of 0.04g/m2 of hutch floor space (BF). Calves (17.1 ± 12 d of age) were placed in the hutches 24 h after treatment application, and monitored daily. Environmental surface samples were collected with swabs from 5 unique locations within the hutch interiors at 5 time points over the 21-d period. Standard plate count (SPC) for each hutch was performed for overall bacterial presence, and quantitative PCR analysis for detection of 3 diarrhea-causing pathogens in calves: Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli spp., and Cryptosporidium parvum. Also, NC and BF were applied to hutch pieces (n = 6/trt/time) in vitro, and SPC was used to evaluate biofilm formation after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation at 28°C. Data were subjected to ANOVA using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. Hutch was experimental unit, and model included fixed effects of treatment by time, with block as a random effect. The in vitro model included hutch piece as experimental unit, with fixed effects of treatment by time. A treatment by time interaction (P < 0.001) was observed for total cell counts, with a tendency (P = 0.06) for a treatment effect among the NC, PC, and BF treatments (3.93, 4.13, and 4.30 ± 0.10 log cfu/cm2, respectively), with PC higher than NC. Presence of Salmonella, E. coli, and C. parvum (log copies DNA/µg) were all below limits of detection across treatments. A significant treatment by time interaction was observed in vitro, confirming biofilm formation 24–48 h postapplication. Further study is necessary to elucidate the natural calf hutch microbiota and effects of beneficial biofilms, potential health outcomes in calves, and broader applicability within calf-rearing operations. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86197 |
Watch |
2033M |
Parenteral antioxidant supplementation at birth improves the response to intranasal vaccination in newborn dairy calves. |
6 |
A. Abuelo |
oxidative stress mucosal immunity micronutrients |
A. Nayak1, A. Abuelo1 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Newborn calves experience oxidative stress throughout the first month of their life, which is known to decrease lymphocyte functions relevant to vaccine responsiveness. Thus, this study aimed to determine the extent to which parenteral antioxidant supplementation given at birth improves the response to an intranasal viral vaccine in the first month of life of newborn dairy calves. For this, 21 calves were randomly assigned at birth to one of 2 commercially available antioxidant micronutrient supplements or a placebo group receiving 0.9% sterile saline (n = 7/group). Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected before administration of treatments and an intranasal vaccine against respiratory viruses (bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine syncytial respiratory virus, and parainfluenza 3), and once weekly for the first 4 weeks of age. Systemic redox balance was determined in serum. Immunoglobulin A specific for bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine syncytial respiratory virus was quantified in nasal secretions as a proxy to intranasal vaccine responsiveness. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures, including treatment (supplement A, supplement B, or control), time (wk 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 of age), and their interaction as main effects and calf sex as a random effect. Our results showed that parenteral administration of antioxidants at birth improved calves' redox balance. Additionally, calves receiving antioxidant supplementation had higher concentrations of immunoglobulin A in their nasal secretions than calves in the control group. Thus, we conclude that supplementation of calves with antioxidants at birth could be a practical strategy to improve intranasal vaccine response. Future larger studies should evaluate the extent to which this increased mucosal response to intranasal vaccination could result in decreased calf morbidity and mortality. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86082 |
Watch |
2034M |
The effect of long-distance transportation on growth of surplus dairy calves. |
7 |
H. M. Goetz |
veal industry dairy-beef male dairy calf |
H. M. Goetz1, D. F. Kelton1, J. H. C. Costa2, K. C. Creutzinger3, C. B. Winder1, D. L. Renaud1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 3Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI |
It is not well understood how time in transit impacts subsequent growth of surplus dairy calves. The objective of this randomized controlled trial investigated the effect of variables such as duration of transport, age, sex, breed, and transfer of passive immunity status (TPI) on growth after arrival to a commercial veal facility. Calves enrolled at birth on 5 commercial dairy farms (n = 175) were examined daily before transportation, and randomly assigned to 6, 12, or 16 h of continuous road transportation. A blood sample was also collected within 24–48 h of birth to assess TPI. Calves were weighed at birth, before and immediately after transportation, as well as 24, 48, and 72 h after unloading. Calves were also weighed 14 and 50 d following transport. Repeated-measures mixed models were used to evaluate the effect of duration, age, breed, sex, and TPI on growth following transportation. Calves transported for 16 h had significantly lower weights immediately following transportation compared with those transported for 6 h (- 3.51 lbs, P = 0.04; 95% CI −6.83- −0.20), however, no significant differences were found at subsequent time points. Female (−2.69 lbs, P = 0.04, −5.27- −0.12) and Holstein (−3.44 lbs, P = 0.02, −6.28- −0.60) calves had lower growth for 50 d after transportation compared with male and dairy-beef calves, respectively. Additionally, calves transported at 7–11 d (5.64 lbs, P < 0.01, 2.96–8.32), 12–14 d (11.55 lbs, P < 0.01, 8.33–14.77), and 15–19 (13.44 lbs, P < 0.01, 10.58–16.30) d old experienced greater growth than calves transported at 2–6 d old over the 50 d after transportation. Receiving excellent (IgG ≥25.0 g/L) transfer of passive immunity was positively associated with growth for 50 d following transportation compared with calves who received poor transfer of passive immunity (5.20 lbs, P = 0.02, 0.67–9.72). Our findings highlight important factors associated with optimal performance following transportation, such as providing excellent colostrum management to calves and transporting calves at older ages. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85952 |
Watch |
2035M |
Association between bovine respiratory disease and hematological variables during the preweaning period in dairy calves transported to a calf-raising facility. |
8 |
L. P. Bielamowicz |
bovine respiratory disease (BRD) blood calf |
L. P. Bielamowicz1, M. L. Celestino1, L. Fernandes1, P. R. Menta1, M. A. Ballou1, R. C. Neves2, V. A. Machado1 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 2Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN |
Our objective was to investigate the association of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) with blood cell counts and circulating concentration of metabolites, minerals, and acute-phase proteins throughout the preweaning period in dairy calves raised in a calf-raising facility. Data from 305 calves enrolled in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of a metaphylaxis approach to reduce BRD were used. Calves were transported from dairies in MN to a calf-raising facility in NM and were housed in individual hutches. Blood samples were collected at 7, 17, 34, and 56 d of life for the analysis of cell counts, biochemistry, and the concentration of haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid-A (SAA). The BRD diagnosis was based on a scoring system that assesses 6 clinical signs (cough, eye discharge, abnormal respiration, nasal discharge, ear droop or head tilt, and rectal temperature ≥39.2°C). A series of mixed general linear models accounting for repeated measures were fitted to the data using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The independent variables BRD and time of blood collection were included in all models, and dairy of origin and metaphylaxis treatment were included as random variables. The BRD incidence was 11.1%. Blood cell counts variables and circulating concentration of SAA were not associated with BRD incidence (P ≥ 0.11). The average Mg concentration throughout the 4 sampling days was 0.04 mEq/L lower in calves diagnosed with BRD in comparison to healthy counterparts (P = 0.04). The association of BRD with blood P, urea nitrogen (BUN), Na, K, Cl, Zn, and Hp were conditional to day of blood sampling (P < 0.05). Calves diagnosed with BRD had greater blood P at 7 d of life, greater BUN and Cl at 17 d of age, and lower K and Zn at 17 d of age in comparison to healthy calves. Additionally, circulating Hp concentration was greater at 7 d of age and lower at 56 d of life for BRD calves in comparison to healthy counterparts. In conclusion, several hematological variables were associated with BRD diagnosis in dairy calves. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85932 |
Watch |
2036M |
The influence of immune response on colostral IgG in US and Canadian Holstein dairy cows. |
9 |
T. Altvater-Hughes |
IgG genetics colostrum |
T. Altvater-Hughes1, L. Wagter-Lesperance1, D. Hodgins1, C. Bauman2, S. Larmer3, B. Mallard1 |
1Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Semex, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) is crucial for the protection of calves as they are born essentially agammaglobulinemic. Maternal IgG protects against pathogens the dam has previously encountered. Estimated breeding values (EBV) and genomic parent averages (GPA) are used to select high immune response (IR) cows and help improve colostrum quality. The IR is measured by antibody- (AMIR, measured by antibody response) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR, measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity response) and ranked as high, average, and low. The objective of this study was to assess the association of AMIR and CMIR rank with colostral IgG concentrations. High IR cows were expected to have higher colostral IgG concentrations than average or low IR cows. Colostrum was collected from Holstein cows in 3 commercial dairy herds in California, United States (US, n = 590 cows, herd sizes: herd 1 n = 4,740, herd 2 = 3,270, herd 3 = 2,300 milking cows) and one Canadian research herd (n = 275 cows) at the Ontario Dairy Research Centre. Total colostral IgG concentrations (IgG1 and IgG2) were measured by radial immunodiffusion, analyzed using SAS general linear models, and least squares means were reported. In U.S. herds, CMIR GPA rank was significant (p = 0.04). High CMIR cows produced colostrum with significantly greater IgG concentrations (117.13 ± 11.48 SEM g/L) than low CMIR cows (101.05 ± 10.86 g/L, p = 0.03), with average CMIR cows having intermediate IgG concentrations (114.73 ± 10.20 g/L). There were no significant differences in colostral IgG among high, average, and low AMIR cows (108.96 ± 10.75 g/L, 111.94 ± 10.32 g/L, and 119.20 ± 11.68 g/L, respectively). In the Canadian herd, high CMIR cows based on EBV rank had greater mean colostral IgG (105.11 ± 6.06 g/L) than average CMIR (103.41 ± 2.74 g/L) and low CMIR cows (93.72 ± 5.65 g/L), but the differences were not significant. There were no significant differences in colostral IgG among high (99.30 ± 5.92 g/L), average (102.33 ± 2.86 g/L), and low AMIR (103.14 ± 4.98 g/L) cows. Selecting for high CMIR rank, along with AMIR, is expected to help improve colostral quality and support neonatal health. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85905 |
Watch |
2037M |
A cross-sectional study on antimicrobial use and calf management practices in Canadian preweaned dairy calves. |
10 |
T. Uyama |
transition milk heifer |
T. Uyama1, D. Renaud1, D. Léger2, D. Rizzo2, E. Morrison1, E. de Jong3, K. McCubbin3, H. Barkema3, S. Dufour4, J. Sanchez5, L. Heider5, J. McClure5, S. LeBlanc1, C. Winder1, D. Kelton1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 4Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, 5Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada |
The objective of this study was to estimate antimicrobial use and investigate the relationship with calf management practices in pre-weaned heifer calves on Canadian dairy farms. This study was part of a multi-year project (Canadian Dairy Network for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance). A convenience sample of 147 dairy farms across 5 provinces were visited to administer a questionnaire and collect calf health records. Questions focused on herd demographics, colostrum, and calf management practices. Calf records were retrieved from electronic and paper records. Antimicrobial treatments were obtained from heifer calves up to 60 d of age born in the last 12 mo. For animals that left the herd, age at removal was used to calculate the number of days-at-risk. The defined daily doses (DDD)/calf-year was calculated for each antimicrobial class. In addition, the total number of antimicrobial treatments/calf-year was calculated for each farm and log-transformed as a dependent variable. A multivariable linear regression model was built to assess the relationship of calf management practices with the number of antimicrobial treatments/calf-year. A complete set of calf records was retrieved from 74 farms with 7,817 newborn calves, including 2,310 calves treated with antimicrobials. A total of 7,307 antimicrobial treatments were obtained. Florfenicol (33%), penicillin (23%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (18%) were the most used antimicrobials followed by macrolides (10%), fluoroquinolones (4%), aminoglycosides (3%), sulfonamides (3%), tetracyclines (2%), ceftiofur (1%), and others (3%). Florfenicol and macrolides (175 DDD/100 calf-years each) were most used with ceftiofur (7.3 DDD/100 calf-years) being the least. Farmers who checked colostrum quality had higher antimicrobial treatments/calf-year than those who did not check the quality. Farmers who did not feed transition milk had higher antimicrobial treatments/calf-year than those who fed transition milk to calves. Most antimicrobial treatments of pre-weaned calves used drugs in categories 2 (high) and 3 (medium) but not very high importance to human medicine. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86663 |
Watch |
2038M |
Navel healing in male and female Holstein calves over the first 14 days of life: A longitudinal cohort study. |
11 |
T. E. von Konigslow |
Holstein calf navel healing navel diameter |
T. E. von Konigslow1,2, T. F. Duffield1, K. Beattie1, C. B. Winder1, D. L. Renaud1, D. F. Kelton1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objectives of this study were to 1) describe navel healing in male and female neonatal Holstein calves over a 14-d observation period, and 2) determine the associations of dam parity, calving factors, and calf factors with navel measurements and time to healing. Sixty-eight Holstein calves (43 female / 25 male) were enrolled at birth between July 3 and October 17, 2018. Navel healing outcomes (cessation of navel discharge, navel cord remnant drying, navel cord remnant drop-off) and navel stump measurement outcomes (proximal diameter, distal diameter, length) were recorded every 24 +/− 1 h for 14 d. Data were also collected for dam parity, calving factors (time of birth, calving ease), and calf factors (calf sex, calf vitality at birth, birth weight, average daily gain, serum total protein, medical treatment(s)). The mean time to navel cord remnant drying was 2.4 +/− 0.1 d. Fifty-six percent of calves retained their navel cord remnant beyond 14 d. No associations were identified between navel healing outcomes and dam parity, calving, and calf factors. Navel measurement outcomes were associated with calving and calf factors. Specifically, proximal navel stump diameter was associated with day of observation (decreased from d 5–14), calf sex (smaller in female calves), time of birth (larger in calves born overnight as compared with the morning), and birthweight (larger in birthweights >44.1 kg compared with <38.5 kg). Distal navel stump diameter was associated with an interaction between sex and day of observation (larger in male calves on d 3 – 7, d 9, d 12), and sex and medical treatment (larger in untreated male calves, no difference between treated male and female calves). Navel stump length was associated with time of birth (longer in calves born overnight as compared with any other time) and the interaction of birthweight and day of observation (longer in birthweights >44.1 kg compared with 38.6 – 41.5 on d 3, d 8 – 10, d 13 and 41.6 - 44.0 kg on d 3, d 5, d 7 – 8, d 13). The wide range in time to navel drying and drop off suggest that these measures may not be an adequate indicator of calf age. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87070 |
Watch |
2039M |
Evaluating the efficacy of colostrum as a therapy for diarrhea in young calves. |
12 |
H. S. Carter |
morbidity treatment preweaned |
H. S. Carter1, M. A. Steele1, J. H. C. Costa2, M. Nagorske3, D. L. Renaud1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 3Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
Diarrhea is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding colostrum to pre-weaned dairy calves at the onset of diarrhea on the duration and severity of the diarrhea bout. At a calf-raising facility, calves (n = 109) were enrolled based on a fecal score > 2 on a scale of 0 to 3. Calves were then randomly allocated to receive one of 3 treatments: Control (CON) 8 feedings over 4 d of 2.5 L of milk replacer at 130 g/L, 2) Short-term colostrum supplementation (STC) 4 feedings over the first 2 d of 2.5 L of a mixture of milk replacer at 65 g/L and colostrum replacer at 65 g/L followed by 4 feeding over 2 d of 2.5 L of milk replacer at a concentration of 130 g/L, or 3) Long-term colostrum supplementation (LTC) 8 feedings over 4 d of 2.5 L of a mixture of milk replacer at 65 g/L and colostrum replacer at 65 g/L. Serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was evaluated upon facility arrival, body weights (BW), days to enrollment since facility arrival (DTE), and severity of diarrhea (SD) were recorded at enrollment and daily health exams were performed for 28 d thereafter. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of CON, STC, and LTC, and explanatory variables (SD, IgG, and BW) on days to resolution of diarrhea. Resolution was improved by 1.23 d (P = 0.01) in the LTC group while IgG had no effect (0.20). There was a positive association with BW and the length of disease (P = 0.01), signifying that calves who are larger at the onset of diarrhea will resolve more rapidly. SD was negatively correlated with days to resolution of diarrhea (P = 0.01), suggesting that the duration of disease was increased for calves with more severe diarrhea. Additionally, average daily gain was assessed with a linear regression repeated-measures model. Calves receiving the LTC treatment had higher growth rates compared with calves in the control group by 98 g/d (P = 0.04). These results suggest that colostrum may be an effective therapy for diarrhea in pre-weaned calves. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86839 |
Watch |
2040M |
Survey of bacterial pathogens in calves from dairies across the United States. |
13 |
S. Paszkiewicz |
calf pathogens |
S. Paszkiewicz1, J. Thompson1, A. Smith1, T. Rehberger1 |
1Church and Dwight, Waukesha, WI |
Pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella are known to cause enteric disease in calves. C. perfringens is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobe that is often associated with acute enteric disease in ruminants, specifically necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in calves. E. coli and Salmonella are gram-negative bacteria that interfere with the normal function of the gut, causing diarrhea in newborn and colostrum deficient calves. The objective of this survey was to determine pathogenic bacterial levels and prevalence across different age groups in calf fecal samples. From November 2015 to June 2021, 3,221 fecal samples were collected by a fresh fecal grab per healthy calf from 97 farms across 18 states. The calf age groups compared were weeks: < 1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–8, 8–12, and 12–20. C. perfringens was enumerated from 3,045 calf fecal samples by count of the α-toxin gene out of the number of isolates collected per sample and 69.6% had C. perfringens counts greater than 1.0 × 101 cfu/g. Calves < 1 week and 1–2 weeks old had significantly higher levels of C. perfringens compared with every other age group (P < 0.01) using one-way ANOVA. Levels of C. perfringens were higher in wk 8–12 compared with wk 12–20 (P < 0.05). Escherichia coli was determined to be pathogenic by screening against a panel of virulent genes and adjusting the counts based on how many isolates collected from the sample contained one or more toxin genes. From a set of 2,689 samples, 73.0% had detectable levels of pathogenic E. coli above 1.0 × 101 cfu/g; and calves < 1 week to 2–3 weeks had significantly higher (P < 0.01) levels than all other groups. At 12–20 weeks, pathogenic E. coli levels increased compared with wk 8–12. Across 2,479 samples tested, 210 were positive for Salmonella (8.5%). Of the < 1 week samples, 19.0% were positive for Salmonella followed by 10.5% of the 1–2 week samples. Weeks 2–3, 3–4, 4–8, 8–12, and 12–20 had a Salmonella prevalence of 7.7%, 3.5%, 4.7%, 8.2%, and 8.9%, respectively. This data indicates the highest pathogenic challenge occurs when calves are < 1 week of age and can be used for future research to improve solutions for pathogen control in calves. |
| Animal Health Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86151 |
Watch |
1112M |
Effect of systemic ceftiofur therapy on metritis cure, reproductive performance, culling, and milk yield in metritic cows. |
14 |
P. R Menta |
ceftiofur metritis therapy performance |
P. R Menta1, E. B. Oliveira2, J. G. Prim3, K. N. Galvao3,4, F. S. Lima2, M. A. Ballou1, N. R. Noyes5, V. S. Machado1 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 3Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 5Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ceftiofur treatment on metritis cure, milk yield, reproductive performance, and culling during the first 180 DIM. A total of 427 Holstein cows diagnosed with metritis from 4 different farms located in TX, CA, and FL were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial. Cows were examined for metritis using the Metricheck device at 4, 7, and 10 DIM. Cows identified by farm employees as possible metritis cases were also evaluated for metritis. Cows diagnosed with metritis (fetid, watery, reddish/brownish uterine discharge) were blocked by parity and randomly allocated to receive 2 subcutaneous injections of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid 72 h apart (CEF) or to remain untreated (CON). Metritis cure was evaluated at 5 and 14 d after diagnosis and was defined as the absence of metritis signs. Data regarding milk yield, culling, and reproduction was extracted from the farms’ database software. Milk yield, culling and reproduction, and metritis cure data were analyzed using the procedures of SAS MIXED, PHREG, and GLIMMIX, respectively. The variables DIM, BCS and rectal temperature at diagnosis, parity, stillbirth, vulvovaginal laceration, and biologically plausible interaction terms were offered to all models. Treatment was forced into all models, and farm was included as a random variable. Cows treated with CEF were at 1.7 (P < 0.01) and 1.6 (P = 0.04) higher odds of being cured from metritis than CON cows at 5 and 14 d after diagnosis, respectively. The effect of CEF on milk yield during the first 6 mo of lactation was conditional to parity (P < 0.01). Among primiparous cows, the milk yield for CEF and CON was 33.4 and 31.9 kg/d (P = 0.06), respectively. However, for multiparous cows, the milk yield was 41.6 and 43.3 kg/d for CEF and CON cows, respectively (P = 0.04). Ceftiofur therapy did not influence hazard of pregnancy (P = 0.86) and culling (P = 77). In conclusion, CEF increased metritis cure, but overall benefits to productivity and longevity were not observed. |
| Breeding & Genetics Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9927 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding & Genetics Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86780 |
Watch |
2042M |
Investigating environmental robustness and fertility in dairy cattle using automated sensor data and meteorological observations. |
1 |
P. L. Rockett |
fertility heat stress robustness |
P. L. Rockett1, C. M. Rochus1, F. Malchiodi2, C. F. Baes1,3 |
1Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
Robustness is the ability of an individual to perform well under a wide range of environments. For example, a dairy cow that maintains its fertility and production under a large range of ambient temperatures could be considered more robust. Novel sensor technologies, such as automated activity monitors, have been implemented to detect estrous in dairy cattle. These activity-based measurements of estrus expression have been associated with reproductive performance. Our goal is to identify robust and fertile dairy cattle by using automated sensor activity data and environmental descriptors. To study robustness in dairy cattle in terms of fertility, our objectives are: 1) to compile high-quality temperature and humidity data sets from the nearest weather station for each research herd; 2) to estimate temperature-humidity index (THI) thresholds for sensor-derived estrous indicator traits, classic fertility traits, and production traits; and 3) to perform a genetic evaluation of sensor-derived traits while accounting for heat stress. We downloaded hourly weather observations from the National Centers for Environmental Information that were recorded from 2019 to 2021 at multiple weather stations. Observations that were flagged as erroneous or had a value of “9999” were removed from the data set. The maximum distance between the final weather stations and research herds was less then 35 km. Therefore, the weather data from these weather stations should be an adequate representation of the herd’s thermal environment. Finally, we calculated daily THI values using ambient temperature and dewpoint temperature. This weather data will be combined with breeding and activity data to determine the THI threshold that negatively affects sensor-derived traits such as maximum estrous strength, mean estrous strength, and estrous duration. We will perform a genetic analysis of these sensor-derived traits at high and low THI to evaluate the possibility of using genetic selection to improve robustness and fertility in dairy cattle. |
| Breeding & Genetics Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86701 |
Watch |
2043M |
Residual feed intake and its genetic parameters in preweaning calves. |
2 |
K. Hoeksema |
feed efficiency calf genetics |
K. Hoeksema1, K. Houlahan1, H. R. Oliveira1,2, F. Miglior1,2, F. S. Schenkel1, C. F. Baes1,3 |
1Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Lactanet, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
Feeding calves is one of the largest on-farm expenses for dairy producers and can impact the lifetime productivity of a cow. A potential solution to reduce the expense of feeding calves, without compromising their productivity as cows, is to genetically select calves that have better growth performance without increasing their feed consumption. Limited genetic research on preweaning Holstein calf feed efficiency has been conducted until now, therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the genetic parameters of feed efficiency in preweaning Holstein calves. The data consisted of 40,441 total feed consumption (calf starter + milk replacer) records and 1,987 body weight records on 675 Holstein calves measured from birth to 65 d of age, raised at the Ontario Dairy Research Centre (Elora, ON, Canada) born between December 2015 and December 2021. Calves were fed a milk replacer containing 15% dry matter and weaned to an 88% dry matter pelleted calf starter. Body weight records were taken at birth, one month of age, and 2 mo of age. Feed efficiency will be measured using residual feed intake, calculated as the fixed linear regression of dry matter intake on metabolic body weight (body weight0.75), average daily gain, and age. Genetic parameters for residual feed intake in preweaning calves will be estimated, and further research will be warranted to determine if there is a genetic relationship between preweaning feed efficiency and lactating feed efficiency. |
| Breeding & Genetics Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86879 |
Watch |
2044M |
Variation in fecal potentially degradable NDF and associations with genetic merit in Holstein heifers and cows. |
3 |
C. D. Dechow |
pdNDF genomic selection feed efficiency |
C. D. Dechow1, I. W. Haagen1, L. Han1, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Penn State University, University Park, PA |
The objectives of this study were to contrast fecal potentially degradable neutral detergent fiber (pdNDF) in Holstein cows and heifers, and to determine the association of fecal pdNDF with genomic PTA (gPTA) for milk yield and components. Fecal samples were collected in the morning and afternoon from 392 lactating cows and 148 bred heifers from Penn State University and 4 collaborator herds. Fecal samples were dried at 55°C in a forced-air oven for 72 h and morning and afternoon samples were combined on an equal dry-weight basis and ground. The combined samples were evaluated for NDF and undigestible neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) following a 240-h in vitro digestion at a commercial laboratory to derive pdNDF, which was defined as neutral detergent fiber – uNDF. gPTA for milk, fat yield and %, and protein yield and % were available for 373 lactating cows and 52 heifers. Cow and heifer fecal pdNDF were first analyzed jointly with a linear model that included effects of lactation (0, 1, 2, ≥ 3) and herd. Cow and heifer were analyzed separately in subsequent analyses with linear models that included herd, lactation (cows only) and gPTA for a single trait. Least squares means (LSM) of pdNDF from lactation 0 (23.6%) and 1 (24.7%) were lower (P < 0.001) than from lactations 2 (26.8) and ≥ 3 (26.7). The effect of herd was significant (P < 0.001) with LSM that ranged from 21.1% to 29.2%. For lactating cows, higher gPTA for milk was associated with higher fecal pdNDF, whereas gPTA for fat % and protein % were associated with lower fecal pdNDF (P < 0.05); fat and protein yield gPTA were not significantly associated with fecal pdNDF. No gPTA were associated with fecal pdNDF in the heifer analyses. Higher fecal pdNDF indicates less efficient fiber digestion and heifers and young cows had favorable fecal pdNDF levels compared with mature cows. Higher genetic merit for milk yield was associated with elevated fecal pdNDF, whereas higher genetic merit for milk fat % and milk protein % was favorably associated with fecal pdNDF. Nutrient analysis of feces can identify differences in digestive efficiency and could have utility for nutritional management and genetic selection for feed efficiency. |
| Breeding & Genetics Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86791 |
Watch |
2045M |
Association of telomere length with genetic merit for fitness in Holsteins of different ages. |
4 |
T. Muratori |
telomere length dairy cattle fitness |
T. Muratori1, I. W. Haagen1, A. Shabtay2, M. Cohen-Zinder2, C. D. Dechow1 |
1Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel |
Telomere length (TL) is a potential health and welfare biomarker that has not been fully developed in dairy cattle. The study’s aim was to examine genetic variation and association with health and fitness genetic evaluations. We collected 1,235 telomere length (TL) measures from 747 genotyped animals in 2 herds with records stratified into pre-calving (PC; n = 603), lactating cows (LC; n = 635), and all (ALL) ages. TL was ascertained using multi-plex quantitative PCR. Each trait was evaluated with a univariate single-step genomic model that included age, herd, and random effects of animal and permanent environment. TL declined as age increased (P < 0.05) with wide variation in TL among animals of the same age. Heritability estimates were 0.12 ± 0.09%, 0.21 ± 0.10%, and 0.20 ± 0.04% for PC, LC, and ALL, respectively. Estimated breeding values (EBV) for PC, LC, and ALL were extracted for both sires and cows and correlated with genomic PTA from national genomic evaluations. Increased sire EBV for ALL (n = 482) and PC (n = 85) was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with higher livability, productive life, and resistance to mastitis, metritis, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, and ketosis. Significant associations of cow genomic EBV for ALL (n = 393) and PC (n = 102) included favorable correlations with livability, resistance to displaced abomasum, and ketosis; PC was also favorably correlated with productive life, mastitis resistance, and somatic cell score. EBV for LC were generally not strongly correlated with longevity or fitness. In conclusion, telomere length is a promising candidate trait for multiple-trait selection programs. This novel trait is heritable, available early in life, and correlated with longevity and health. |
| Breeding & Genetics Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86952 |
Watch |
2046M |
Breed differences between Montbéliardes, Holsteins, and their crosses for production, body condition score, stature, and telomere length. |
5 |
I. Haagen |
telomeres crossbreeding |
I. Haagen1, T. Muratori1, C. Dechow1 |
1Penn State University, University Park |
The objective of this study was to compare breed differences for telomere length (TL), linear scores, and production among Holsteins (HO), Montbéliardes (MO), and F1 Holstein x Montbéliarde (MH) crosses. Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences on chromosome ends that shorten during life and may be a biomarker to assess welfare. Three herds in the United States with HO, MO, and MH were visited annually for 2 years. Animals consisted of MO sired females with at least 2 additional generations of MO sires, MH females with a MO sire and an additional 2 generations of HO sires, and age matched HO controls. Blood was collected for DNA extraction and lactating animals were scored for BCS and stature. First-lactation 305-d mature equivalent milk, fat, and protein were extracted from PCDart or DHIPlus. There were 33 MO, 27 MH, and 65 HO, ranging in age from 0 to 88 mo of age, with telomere length estimated using qPCR. There were 128 BCS and stature evaluations on 34, 31, and 63 MO, MH, and HO, respectively. Production records were from 34 HO, 31 MH, and 66 HO. The model for TL included the fixed effects of herd, age, breed group and random cow. Stature and BCS were analyzed using a model that included herd, DIM, lactation group (1, ≥ 2), breed group and random cow. Production data were analyzed using a model that included herd-year at calving and breed group. Telomere length decreased with age (P < 0.05), but breed group differences were not significant. For BCS and stature, there were no significant differences between MO (BCS = 3.97; stature = 145.3 cm) or MH (BCS = 4.14; stature = 145.8 cm); however, HO were taller (148.1 cm; P < 0.05) and had lower BCS (3.27; P < 0.05). Holsteins tended to produce more fat than MH (+29.0 kg; P = 0.07), and there were no significant differences in either milk or protein yields between HO and MH. Montbeliardes produced less milk than HO and MH (HO = −1,167.3 kg; MH = −1,228.2 kg; P < 0.05), less fat than HO (−31.7 kg; P < 0.05), and less protein than MH (−28.1 kg; P < 0.05). Crossing MO with HO increases BCS and had negligible impacts on production. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9934 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86977 |
Watch |
2047M |
Bacillus mosaicus contamination in milk processed with microfiltration. |
1 |
T. T. Lott |
contamination milk spore |
T. T. Lott1, N. H. Martin1, M. Wiedmann1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Bacillus mosaicus is a recently described genomospecies that includes emetic B. cereus. While Bacillus contamination of fluid milk is typically assumed to originate from raw materials, there is increasing evidence that Bacillus and other sporeformers may also be introduced into fluid milk from environmental sources in processing plants and processing equipment. The purpose of this case study was to test the hypothesis that Bacillus mosaicus identified in microfiltered fluid milk originated from the processing environment. Raw milk was subjected to microfiltration with a 1.2 μm membrane before HTST pasteurization at 75°C for 20 seconds. Isolates were obtained from samples stored at 3, 6.5, or 10°C at the end of tested shelf life (63 days) from 7 different batches of milk. Identification of isolates was performed by PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing of a 632-nucleotide fragment of the rpoB gene. Following the identification of B. mosaicus as the most frequently isolated species from the milk described above, to test the microfiltration unit for Bacillus persisting after sanitation, UHT milk was circulated in the microfiltration unit for 30-minutes before samples were collected from the permeate and retentate valves. Of the isolates gathered from the extended shelf life milk, 32 of 38 (84%) isolates were characterized into 4 different rpoB allelic types belonging to the B. mosaicus group. B. mosaicus also represented 6 of 11 isolates (55%) obtained from the UHT milk that was circulated through the microfiltration unit after sanitation. Allelic types 59 and 194 were isolated from both the extended shelf life milk and UHT milk. Our findings further support that processing plant environment and equipment must be considered as sources of sporeforming spoilage organisms and pathogens. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87049 |
Watch |
2048M |
Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy processing environments over 10 years in British Columbia, Canada. |
2 |
A. Domen |
antimicrobial resistance Listeria monocytogenes food safety |
A. Domen1,3, J. Porter1, J. Waite-Cusic1, L. McIntyre2, J. Kovacevic3,1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 3Food Innovation Center, Portland, OR |
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen of concern in dairy products, where the processing environment often serves as the route of contamination. Isolates recovered from these environments have been reported to possess antimicrobial resistance to one or more antibiotics relevant to human health. We have assessed 68 L. monocytogenes strains from 5 facilities for resistance to 20 different antimicrobials using the VITEK2 AST-75 card (Biomerieux). The strains were resuscitated in tryptic soy broth (37°C for 24 h), followed by streaking on Harlequin Listeria chromogenic agar (37°C for 48 h). A single colony was transferred onto tryptic soy agar (37°C for 24 h) and prepared according to VITEK2 instructions. All strains were similar in sensitivity (MIC below lowest concentration) to 11 of the antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, tigecycline, rifampicin, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole and did not demonstrate inducible clindamycin resistance. Fifty strains were resistant to oxacillin (MIC > 4 ppm). For tigecycline, linezolid, clindamycin, and nitrofurantoin, differences in susceptibility were limited to one 2-fold dilution factor, whereas more variation was observed for levofloxacin (MIC 0.5–2.0 ppm) and moxifloxacin (<0.25–1 ppm). Approximately, half of the tested strains had a MIC of 1 ppm to vancomycin (33/68), ciprofloxacin (30/68), and doxycycline (58/68). Notably, 75% of strains possessing resistance (MIC 256 ppm) to nitrofurantoin were recovered from the same facility over a period of 3 years. The diversity in antimicrobial resistance profiles for strains originating within similar environments over a decade is indicative of different potential contamination sources and/or selective pressures encountered in dairy processing facilities. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86891 |
Watch |
2049M |
FD&C Red No. 40 dye degradation in strawberry milk by Paenibacillus odorifer. |
3 |
A. Torres |
strawberry milk Paenibacillus odorifer spoilage |
A. Torres1, C. Rush1, J. Waite-Cusic1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |
Color degradation of high-temperature-short-time (HTST) strawberry milk before end of shelf life has been problematic for fluid milk processors. This event is characterized by the abrupt loss of FD&C Red No. 40 color in milk, changing from pink to white. By using 6 distinct P. odorifer strains (L2, L3, U1, 150, 363, #3), this study aims to evaluate the growth of each P. odorifer strain in strawberry milk and their FD&C Red Dye #40 color degradation capabilities. These isolates were cultured and reinoculated at 2 log cfu/ml into fresh strawberry milk and stored at 7°C for up to 8 d. Changes in cell density were determined every 2 d using standard serial dilution and plate counting on TSAYE with incubation at 25°C for 48 h. Qualitative changes in milk color were also noted at each sampling time. After 4 d of incubation, color loss was noted in strawberry milk inoculated with P. odorifer L2, L3 and #3 that had increased to 5.8, 4.1, and 4.2 log cfu/ml, respectively. After 6 d of incubation, all strains had caused full color degradation, leaving milk samples white. Cell densities ranged between 5.8 log cfu/ml and 7.6 log cfu/ml. P. odorifer L2 had the fastest growth rate, followed by P. odorifer U1 and P. odorifer L3. When observing samples, pink rings remained on the top (1 cm) after color degradation had occurred in the bulk milk, suggesting that color degradation is inhibited in the presence of oxygen. Color degradation of FD&C Red No. 40 is observed in strawberry milk when P. odorifer cell density is above 4.1 log cfu/ml. Key factors such as cell density and an anaerobic environment are essential for the spoilage event to occur. Future work will evaluate whether color degradation is a function of extracellular or intracellular enzymes that are responsible for azo dye degradation associated with P. odorifer. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86895 |
Watch |
2050M |
Mycological counts and aflatoxin M1 levels in whey powder-based supplements for seniors. |
4 |
V. F. Moebus |
whey protein fungi aflatoxin M1 |
B. C. S. F. Pereira1, V. F. Moebus1, M. Aronovich2,3, L. A. M. Keller1, R. M. Franco1 |
1Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2Phileo by Lesaffre, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 3Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - PESAGRO/RJ, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
Food supplements can be used to remedy or alleviate senior’s natural immunological deficiency. Whey protein powder is a good source of protein but microorganisms and toxins can be present, with regular evaluations being necessary to attest quality. The aim of this study was analyze mycological quality and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in supplements for seniors (whey powder). The analyzes were carried out according to Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (APHA); Pitt; Hocking in Fungi and food; mycotoxins handbooks of JECFA. AFM1 extraction was based on modified QuEChERS, following methodology by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (2007). Screening was done using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. A VICAM? Series-4EX fluorimeter evaluation was performed for quantification and analyses. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.013 μg kg −1 and 0.055 μg kg −1, respectively. Analyses were done in the State Center for Food Research laboratories (PESAGRO-RJ). A total of 64 samples, 4 brands with 16 lots each, were collected. Most fungal contamination was above recommendations of both Brazilian and the United State Pharmacopeia. Minimum and maximum counts were: DRBC (1.0 × 102 to 9.0 × 103 cfu/g); DG18 (1.0 × 102 to 2.0 × 104 cfu/g); YPD (1.0 × 102 to 8.0 × 103 cfu/g); DCPA (1.0 × 102 to 3.3 × 103 cfu/g). Analysis of variance test was establish and Tukey test was performed. The statistical differences between the brands and lots (P ≤ 0.005) and variation between groups of data obtained were also observed. Fungal identification resulted in mostly Aspergillus sp. (50.92%), Penicillium sp. (16.56%) and Fusarium sp. (13.49%), with mycotoxigenic capacity observed in Aspergillus sp. and P. citrinum isolated strains (50% each). All AFM1 levels were bellow Brazilian and US limits (0.5 µg/kg), however approximately 27% of the samples were above European standards (0.05 µg/kg). The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies AFM1 as carcinogenic to humans. Overall the high fungal counts and risk of AFM1 production can make frequent consumption of supplements detrimental to seniors’ health. Future studies are suggested to quantify the risk and assure food safety. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86677 |
Watch |
2051M |
Exploring environmental reservoirs for Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis. |
5 |
N. Mishra |
nonstarter lactic acid bacteria cheese |
N. Mishra1, M. Culumber1, K. Mann1, C. Oberg1, D. McMahon2 |
1Weber State University, Ogden, UT, 2Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis is a nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) preferentially utilizing ribose sugar, which can liberate carbon dioxide from 6 carbon sugars such as galactose. This organism is a primary cause of late gas defect in cheese resulting in postprocessing problems and consumer rejection. Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis is a contaminant in the cheese industry but its environmental source is unknown. Previous work showed P. wasatchensis does not survive pasteurization, and it was not detected in a microbial survey of the manufacturing facility, but closely related Paucilactobacillus species have been isolated from silage and compost. We hypothesize that P. wasatchensis resides in the environment around the dairy cows, contaminates the milk, and perhaps the processing facility during milk transfer. Samples of corn silage, hay silage, pre-compost manure, post compost manure, and sugar beetroot pulp were collected at the USU Caine Dairy Farm. Samples were homogenized, diluted, and plated on 2 agar media (MRS+1% ribose and MRS+1% ribose + 10 mg/ml vancomycin) and incubated anaerobically at 25°C. Visible colonies were marked on plates after 2 d then plates were incubated for 7 more days. Unmarked colonies were selected and incubated in gas detection broth (MRS+0.3% ribose + 0.7% galactose) containing a Durham tube for 72 h to identify gas-producing isolates. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified from these isolates with sequences analyzed using BLAST. While P. wasatchensis was not found in the samples, isolate PCRV2 from pre-compost samples was 94.98% similar. API 50CHL results for PCRV2 also indicate the organism was not P. wasatchensis but another species of Paucilactobacillus. Analysis of DNA extracted directly from the same environmental samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing also showed negative results for the P. wasatchensis. Our results did not find P. wasatchensis in any silage or compost samples, which have been suggested as the source of this organism based on the previous isolation of closely related species (P. hokkaidonensis and P. vaccinostercus), therefore indicating the need to examine additional habitats related to milk production and processing. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86883 |
Watch |
2052M |
Microbiota evaluation and aflatoxin M1 detection in newborns food supplements. |
6 |
V. F. Moebus |
food safety Infant formulas mycotoxins |
V. F. Moebus1, B. C. S. F. Pereira1, L. A. Pinto1, M. Aronovich2,3, R. M. Franco1, L. A. M. Keller1 |
1Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2Phileo by Lesaffre, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 3Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - PESAGRO/RJ, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
Premature newborns are more susceptible to several health problems, requiring the use of supplements in their diet, being introduced in the neonatal ICUs of hospitals. Considering their fragility, studies to monitor the microbiological and toxicological risks of the formulas offered by these units are very important. 36 samples of market-recognized brands, obtained from the Neonatal ICU of the University Hospital were analyzed, in 3 treatments: Treatment 1, powder formula; Treatment 2, reconstituted formula according manufacters instructions and Treatment 3, reconstituted formula according manufacters instructions, after 24 h of refrigeration storage (5°C). The analyses were carried out according to Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (APHA); Pitt; Hocking in Fungi and food; mycotoxins handbooks of JECFA at the Laboratory of Microbiological Control of Animal Products of Federal Fluminense University. The average and standard deviation of the samples are shown in Table 1, where it is observed statistically significant differences between the treatments, which amounted to total sample (P ≤ 0.005). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) evaluation demonstrated nondetectable values, being below the detection limit of the technique (0.013 μg kg−1). The reduction observed in the second treatment is the result of an effective resuspension as reported in the literature, the significant increase in the third treatment is associated with contamination during handling and reactivation of microorganisms already present in the sample. The absence of AFM1 in the samples suggests a gradual increase in mycotoxin prevention and control worldwide. Despite the samples being in compliance with legislation, long-term storage can lead to unwanted microbial growth as shown in this study. Table 1. Microbial count (log10 cfu g−1) for mesophilic aerobic (PCA), filamentous fungi (DRBC) and xerophilic fungi (DG18) in infant formulas
| Sample |
PCA |
DRBC |
DG18 |
| Treatment 1 |
2.70 ± 2.10a |
3.15 ± 3.10a |
3.60 ± 3.25a |
| Treatment 2 |
2.65 ± 2.65a |
2.70 ± 2.55b |
2.35 ± 2.10b |
| Treatment 3 |
4.00 ± 3.95b |
2.70 ± 2.70b |
3.55 ± 3.50c |
a–cAverages with same letter in columns are equivalent, according to Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). LOD: ≤1.0 log10 cfu g−1. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86699 |
Watch |
2053M |
Identification of antimicrobial fermentation products by Latilactobacillus curvatus. |
7 |
D. Leatham |
antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria |
D. Leatham1, T. S. Oberg2, K. Stevenson2, R. Ward2, C. J. Oberg1 |
1Weber State University, Ogden, UT, 2Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Dairy food preservation has evolved over time through the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures to ferment lactose into lactate. Recently, LAB cultures have been identified which produce antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of spoilage and pathogenic organisms. Latilactobacillus curvatus has been identified as a major organism in aged Cheddar cheese, and the potential to make antimicrobial products have been identified through whole-genome sequencing. These products include propionate, 3-hydroxypropionate, and the intermediate 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, which constitutes part of the antimicrobial reuterin. Reuterin has been well studied for its antimicrobial properties. This potential ability in Lat. curvatus to produce reuterin is unique. The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic capabilities of Lat. curvatus to synthesize these compounds when grown on different substrates. Latilactobacillus curvatus strains were incubated anaerobically using different carbon sources with and without vitamin B-12 for 7 d. Samples were taken on d 0, 1 and 7. Substrates included 1,2-propanediol, lactate, and glycerol. GC-MS was used to identify metabolomic compounds. Samples were derivatized with methoxamine hydrochloride in pyridine followed with N-Methyl-N-trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). Fatty acid methyl esters were also added as an internal standard and the samples were then analyzed on the GC-MS. Analytes were identified by comparing reference indices and mass spectral data to AMDIS and Shimadzu GC-MS libraries. Results showed that Lat. curvatus can produce propionate from 1,2-propanediol, but not from lactate. This indicates that the organism is missing the ability to convert lactate to 1,2 propanediol. Results also showed that Lat. curvatus can produce 3-hydroxypropionate from glycerol, and that the amount dramatically increases when B-12 is added to the media. These results illustrate the potential use of Lat. curvatus as a protective adjunct culture to decrease spoilage and potentially inhibit pathogenic organisms from growing in fermented dairy products. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86680 |
Watch |
2054M |
Selective survival of dairy protective cultures to high-pressure processing by leveraging freeze-drying and encapsulation. |
8 |
M. McGillin |
HPP protective cultures encapsulation |
M. McGillin1, S. Alcaine1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
High-Pressure Processing (HPP) is an increasingly adopted non-thermal treatment for food products. In food products where selected culture activity is desired (i.e., probiotic, starter, and protective culture activity), HPP’s non-thermal inactivation of vegetative cells becomes a limitation. This work demonstrated that commercially available protective cultures survive HPP (600 MPa, 5°C, 3 min) when freeze-dried (H-FD) but regained susceptibility if hydrated before HPP. Compared with non-HPP treated controls, there was a 1.23 log reduction in LAB counts following treatment, but H-FD survived HPP with high counts (10.13 log cfu/mL). An encapsulation system that protects the desiccated cells from rehydrating (by providing a lipid barrier against the migration of moisture) is essential for their application in high-moisture foods. At 24 H and 4 H before HPP, freeze-dried cells were encapsulated in cocoa butter (H-EN) and immersed in PBS buffer or skim milk to 1) gauge the range in which the encapsulation system is effective and 2) assess the application in a simple buffer compared with a more complex food milieu. Submersion in a liquid before HPP resulted in a reduction in LAB counts ranging from 1.7 to 2.8 logs compared with the non-HPP controls, with neither submersion time nor medium having a significant effect within the H-EN samples (H-EN-PBS24, H-EN-PBS4, H-EN-SKIM24, and H-EN-SKIM4). Overall, encapsulation prevents rehydration of the desiccated cells for up to 24 h before treatment and still yields high LAB counts post-HPP (>8 log cfu/mL). To ensure the H-EN cultures maintained their ability to acidify the food matrix, the pH and cell counts were monitored over a 48-h fermentation following immersion in MRS broth and HPP. For the first 24 h of the fermentation, the pH for H-EN significantly differed between pre-HPP immersion times (H-EN-MRS24 v. H-EN-MRS4). By 48 h, the HPP samples converged below a pH of 4, bearing no significant difference from the positive controls at 48 h. High LAB counts were observed throughout the fermentation across HPP-treated and non-HPP controls (>8 log cfu/mL). |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86257 |
Watch |
2055M |
Antifungal activity of exogenous proteins produced by Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus licheniformis isolated from an alpine Swiss-style cheese against recurrent mold strains in dairy facilities. |
9 |
R. D. Melendrez-Alvarez |
antifungal Bacillus metabolites |
R. D. Melendrez-Alvarez1, I. Garcia-Cano1, A. Escobar-Zepeda2,4, A. C. Mayta-Apaza1, L. F. Osorio3, R. Jimenez-Flores1 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom, 3Panamerican Agricultural School, Zamorano University, Valle de Yeguare, FM, Honduras, 4EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, United Kingdom |
Bacterial metabolites, especially proteins with antimicrobial activity can impact food safety and potentially replace the market share of artificial antimicrobial agents because of their easy production through fermentation, and a broad spectrum of inhibition. In this work, our aim was to isolate exogenous bacterial proteins that exhibited antifungal activity toward Mucor circinelloides and Aspergillus piperis, which are recurrent mold strains of concern in dairy facilities. First, we analyzed the microbial population of the surface of an alpine swiss-style cheese which previously exhibited empirical resistance to the growth of mold. After acquiring 1-2 mm of the surface, we extracted the total DNA and performed metagenomic analysis. Moreover, 21 bacterial strains were isolated using traditional microbiological techniques and tested for antifungal activity, which consisted of 2 methods: agar diffusion (AD) against A. piperis, where an inhibition zone was measured; and an in situ technique (IST) where plain yogurt was inoculated with M.circinelloides spores and the activity was determined in remaining cfu/well. Out of the 21 bacteria screened, 2 strains were chosen: Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus licheniformis due to their positive antifungal activity in both tests. To obtain an enriched fraction of exogenous proteins, the bacterial cells were removed from the medium by centrifugation followed by protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and resuspension in water to an approximate concentration of 400 μg protein/mL. The protein fractions from B. velezensis and B. licheniformis showed inhibition in AD of 11 and 10 mm, respectively. In addition, each protein suspension was tested with IST, reaching a reduction of 1 log by B.velezensis and 0.5 log by B. licheniformis after 8 incubation days (<0.05). Our results show that exogenous proteins from Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus licheniformis possess antifungal activity against molds found in dairy products and could have an industrial application. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86665 |
|
2056M |
Selective media for the isolation of Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis. |
10 |
C. Wahlstrom |
nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) media |
C. Wahlstrom1, M. Domek1, M. Culumber1 |
1Weber State University, Ogden, UT, 2Utah State University, Logan |
The ability to quickly and accurately enumerate P. wasatchensis, especially when present at low concentrations compared with other bacteria in cheese, would benefit the dairy industry since the current protocol is time intensive and lacks sensitivity. The goal was to develop a plating media to detect P. wasatchensis within 72 h when as few as 103 CFUs per gram are present while inhibiting competing SLAB and NSLAB. Carbohydrate restricted MRS (CR-MRS) media with varying concentrations of vancomycin and 2-deoxyglucose, a glucose analog that inhibits glycolysis, were tested in triplicate using 24 well plates in a Tecan Infinite 2000 plate reader utilizing 5 SLAB and NSLAB strains along with the P. wasatchensis WDC04. Application testing was then conducted using CR-MRS agar plates containing 1% ribose, 5 mg/mL vancomycin, and various concentrations of 2-deoxyglucose (0.01–0.1%) incubated anaerobically for 72 h. WDC04 was not inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose or vancomycin in broth culture, but the SLAB and other NSLAB cultures showed inhibition by either 2-deoxyglucose and/or vancomycin. Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei showed the greatest level of inhibition between the control MRS broth (OD6001.28 at 28 h) and CR-MRS+2-deoxyglucose broth (OD600 0.60 and 0.54, respectively) after 28 h. The SLAB Lactococcus lactis showed nearly complete inhibition with 5mg/mL vancomycin. Agar plate results showed WDC04 growth was not inhibited by the experimental medium, while L. casei and L. paracasei showed limited inhibition and L. lactis was inhibited. However, the media can be used to differentiate L. casei and L. paracasei from WDC04 since they appear as pinpoint colonies. Incorporation of 0.01% 2-deoxyglucose and 5 mg/mL vancomycin into CR-MRS+1% ribose agar is a selective plating media for P. wasatchensis based on its selective and differential properties. This media could be used to determine the presence of P. wasatchensis in cheese when it is found in low concentrations (103 cfu per gram) versus the high concentration of SLAB (108cfu per gram) that obscure its detection with current isolation techniques. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86631 |
Watch |
2057M |
Amino acid decarboxylation is a potential source of CO2 production by Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis WDC04 in cheese. |
11 |
K. Sorensen |
lactic acid bacteria decarboxylation gas production |
K. Sorensen1, G. Barrera1, M. Culumber1, M. Domek1, C. Oberg1, T. Oberg2, D. McMahon2 |
1Weber State University, Ogden, UT, 2Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis WDC04 is a nonstarter lactic acid bacteria that is linked to unwanted late gas production in Cheddar cheese. This organism has the capability of producing gas from 6-carbon sugars, such as galactose, however, WDC04 can produce splits and cracks in Cheddar cheese in the absence of these sugars. In cheese production trials, more CO2 was released than can be accounted for by added carbon substrates. One possible source of gas production could be the decarboxylation of free amino acids with the formation of biogenic amines. The ability of lactic acid bacteria to decarboxylate amino acids varies greatly but can be used to generate proton motive force. Putrescine and cadaverine, the decarboxylation products of ornithine and lysine respectively, have been detected in cheese inoculated with WDC04. The purpose of this study was to determine if lysine and ornithine could be utilized for growth by WDC04 and if decarboxylation would lead to gas production. The P. wasatchensis WDC04 genome was analyzed for decarboxylation enzymes with an ornithine decarboxylase found, but not a lysine decarboxylase. Carbohydrate restricted MRS (CR-MRS) with 100–700 mM of lysine or ornithine was inoculated with WDCO4 in 24-well plates and incubated at 30°C. Oxyrase (2%) was added to create anaerobic conditions. Growth curves were monitored by measuring turbidity over 72 h on a Tecan Infinite M200 plate reader. Without the addition of ribose (1%), neither amino acid supported growth above the media alone. However, amino acid decarboxylation may still be the source of excess CO2 production without the amino acids being used as a growth substrate. Addition of lysine or ornithine did increase growth in CR-MRS with ribose compared with CR-MRS with only ribose. Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis WDC04 produced gas in the tube gas test from lysine and ornithine in CR-MRS supplemented with ribose, confirming growth curve results. Results show the decarboxylation of specific amino acids could contribute to gas release by P. wasatchensis WDC04. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86981 |
Watch |
2058M |
Effect of high milk protein content on thermal inactivation of Salmonella during manufacturing of high milk protein chocolate chip cookies. |
12 |
A. Singh |
Salmonella baking milk protein |
A. Singh1, L. Channaiah1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Introduction: Salmonellacan survive in dry ingredients such as flour and milk protein powders for extended periods and could multiply when hydrated to make the cookie dough. Therefore, the inactivation of Salmonella during the baking step is critical to ensure the safety of baked food products such as cookies. PurposeTo validate a simulated commercial high milk protein chocolate chip cookie baking process as an effective kill step for controlling Salmonella. Methods and materialsThis study was designed as a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Flour, the primary ingredient, was initially inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and dried back to pre-inoculation water activity (aw). Inoculated flour was weighed and mixed with milk protein concentrate (MPC 80), brown sugar, butter, egg, skim milk powder, vanilla extract, salt, sodium bicarbonate and water in a kitchen mixer for 2 minutes to prepare the cookie dough. Cookie doughs each weighing 30 g were baked at 350°F for 18 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of ambient-air cooling. Samples were drawn at 3 min intervals during baking and after 15 min cooling periods for microbial enumeration and aw analyses. Salmonella Typhimurium populations were enumerated using injury-recovery media (brain heart infusion agar overlaid with xylose lysine deoxycholate). ResultsInitial Salmonella Typhimurium populations in cookies dough were 6.21±0.26 log cfu/g and reduced to 1.55±0.18 after baking for 18 minutes. The aw significantly decreased over the entire baking process. Significance: This study validates that baking high milk protein chocolate chip cookies at 350°F for at least 18 minutes reduces at least 4.5 logs (cfu/g) Salmonella Typhimurium populations. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85845 |
Watch |
2059M |
Effect of extended storage on the survivability and thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in milk powders. |
13 |
A.S. Sekhon |
Salmonella Listeria monocytogenes milk powder |
A.S. Sekhon1, Y. Yang1, P. Unger1, A. Singh2, M. Michael1 |
1Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 2University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and Salmonella (SA) has unique ability to survive in the low water activity (aw) foods, such as milk powders, for prolonged time periods and can multiply quickly when hydrated. This study compared the survivability and thermal resistance of a 3-strain LM and 5-serovar SA cocktail in nonfat dry milk (NFDM) and whole milk powder (WMP) stored for 180 d at ambient temperature (~22°C). The LM and SA studies were conducted as 2 independent experiments. Each study was designed as 2 factorial (storage and powder type) randomized complete-block design with 3 replications. Milk powders were inoculated with respective pathogen cocktail and dried back to original aw levels, and D- and z-values were determined every 30th day. Five grams of respective samples were transferred into thermal-death-time (TDT) disks, heat treated at set temperatures in hot water baths, and sampled at predetermined time intervals for determining the surviving microbial population. The samples were enumerated using injury-recovery media, and D- and z-values were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test at P≤ 0.05 were used for statistical analysis. The LM and SA population decreased by 1.8 and 2.2 log cfu/g in milk powders, respectively, after 180 days of storage. The D-values of SA in WMP on day 1 were 18.9, 9.9 and 4.4 min at 80, 85 and 90°C, respectively, which increased significantly to 29.4, 13.6 and 6.5 min at 80, 85 and 90°C, respectively, on day 180. Whereas D-values of SA in NFDM on day 1 were 17.9, 9.2 and 4.4 min at 80, 85, and 90°C, respectively, and stayed similar during the storage. The D-values of LM in NFDM on day one were 13.1, 6.0, and 4.0 min at 75, 80, and 85, respectively. Whereas D-values of LM in WMP on day 1 were 12.0, 6.3, and 3.3 min at 75, 80, and 85, respectively. Overall, the D75°C and D80°C values of LM increased significantly in milk powders. However, at 85°C, the D-value of LM were similar (statistically nonsignificant) for milk powders. The z-values of LM and SA in milk powders were found to be similar during the storage period. The D- and z-values from this research can be employed for the validation of thermal processes to ensure the microbiological safety of milk powders. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86232 |
Watch |
2060M |
Milk phospholipids modify adhesion of Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697 to human goblet-like cells through changes in surface proteins. |
14 |
E. Kosmerl |
adhesion surface protein |
E. Kosmerl1, I. García-Cano1, J. Ortega-Anaya1, D. Rocha-Mendoza1, R. Jiménez-Flores1 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
Milk phospholipids (MPL), a key component of the membrane surrounding milk fat globules, have profound benefits to human health including improved neurodevelopment and influence over the gut microbiota. MPL also increase the adhesion of lactic acid bacteria to intestinal cells through modulation of surface protein expression. Another group of gram-positive probiotics, called bifidobacteria, are associated with a healthy gut and respond to MPL in vivo by an increase in abundance in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the effects of MPL on bifidobacteria adherence remains unclear. Bifidobacterium infantis is abundant in GIT of breast-fed infants and B. infantis ATCC 15697 has been shown to adhere to intestinal mucin. With the emerging interest in MPL and bifidobacteria, our objective was to determine the influence of MPL on B. infantis adhesion to goblet-like intestinal cells and characterize changes in bifidobacteria surface proteins. B. infantis was grown anaerobically in MRS+0.05% L-cysteine media with or without 0.5% MPL for 15 h at 37°C. Bacterial adherence to HT29-MTX cells was measured using plate counts. MPL significantly decreased adhesion of B. infantis to HT29-MTX cells from 42.4% to 6.77% (P < 0.05, Mann Whitney Test). 5M LiCl protein extraction, dialysis and analysis of the protein profile using 4–20% SDS-PAGE were used to identify changes in the surface proteins. Bands with the greatest changes in intensity were excised and sent for sequencing by LC-MS/MS. We identified a 47-kDa periplasmic trypsin-like peptidase domain-containing protein, corresponding to a 3.36-fold change in intensity, that is involved in the bacterial stress response, survival, and adhesion. A 60-kDa peptide ABC transporter substrate binding protein was also identified from a band that decreased 2.02-fold. The findings from this work suggest that MPL may be affecting bifidobacteria through alternative mechanisms than by the adhesion phenomenon. The next phase in the study of diet-microbiota interactions is to investigate the other potential means by which MPL lead to increased bifidobacteria abundance in the GIT. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86606 |
Watch |
2477M |
Influence of background microflora on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy plants. |
15 |
B. Chowdhury |
Listeria monocytogenes background microflora persistence |
B. Chowdhury1,2, S. Minj1,2, S. Anand1,2, B. Kraus3 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3Wells Enterprises Inc, Le Mars, IA |
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a pathogen of great interest to the dairy industry. In the actual dairy plant environment, Lm would be accompanied by a range of background microflora, varying from site to site. We hypothesized that the background microflora could influence the presence of Lm by either competitively excluding it or supporting its growth. Hence, one site each from a dairy facility that was positive and negative for Lm presence was chosen. Swabs were collected from these sites and plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA) for 24–48h at 37° and 45°C. The isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF. A total of 8 isolates from the positive site (2 isolates of Pantoea agglomerans, and 1 isolate each of Aeromonas caviae, A. eucerophila, Rahnella aquatilis, Hafria alvei, Shewanella profunda, and Bacillus subtilis) and 7 from the negative site (4 isolates of P. agglomerans and 1 isolate each of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas koreensis, and Serratia liquefaciens) were identified. To examine the growth of Lm in the presence of these isolates, we grew them individually with Lm in a 1:1 ratio (3-log cfu/mL each) in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth for 48h at 37°C. Total counts were obtained on TSA, and Lm counts on modified oxford agar (MOX). For the second study, we attempted to evaluate the role of dairy effluents in supporting Lm biofilms. So, we procured effluents from the same 2 sites and chemically analyzed them. These effluents were spiked with Lm (7-log cfu/mL) and used to grow biofilms on clay brick tiles (1x1inch2 dimensions) for 72h at 37°C. 3M quick swabs were used to obtain biofilm counts (log cfu/inch2) followed by plating on BHI agar and incubating at 37°C for 24–48h. All studies were performed in triplicate, and means were compared using one-way ANOVA. In the co-growth study, Lm was shown to grow in the presence of almost all the isolates. Hence, it can easily blend in with the microbial community. Also, growth and biofilm formation by Lm was equally promoted by effluents from positive (4.51 ± 0.01a) and negative (4.36 ± 0.01a) sites (P-value > 0.05). Thus, this research demonstrates that Lm is a part of the background flora and that dairy effluents can easily sustain their growth. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 1: Microbiology |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86628 |
Watch |
2479M |
Comparing Nanopore and MiSeq sequencing for genetic determinants of persistent Listeria in the dairy processing environment. |
16 |
B. Chowdhury |
persistence genotype phenotypic |
B. Chowdhury1,2, S. Minj1,2, S. Anand1,2, J. L. Gonzalez Hernandez3, B. Kraus4 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3Young Brothers Seed Technology Lab, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 4Wells Enterprises Inc, Le Mars, IA |
Studies have shown that some strains of Listeria spp., i.e., the pathogenic L. monocytogenes (Lm) and the nonpathogenic L. innocua (Li) and L. welshimeri (Lw), can persist in the dairy processing environment. Though phenotypic traits can be used to differentiate between these species on a strain level, genomic tools can help to uncover the genetic determinants that contribute to their resistant and sporadic nature. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 6 industrial Listeria isolates (3 Li, 2 Lw, and 1 Lm isolates) sourced from a dairy plant was performed using 2 approaches, viz. MiSeq (MS) and Nanopore sequencing (NPS). The Wizard DNA extraction kit was used to extract DNA from individual isolates. Following that, libraries were created using PCR amplification (for MS) and gDNA sequencing kit (for NPS) and fed into the Illumina and MinION platforms. The MS assemblies were constructed using the CLC Genomic Workbench, while Flye was used for NPS. In addition, Nanopolish and Racon were used to polish the constructed assemblies for NPS. Finally, using the RAST server, annotations were developed for both methods. The MS results revealed alleles in the isolates liable for 13 phenotypical traits. These alleles differed in the strain and species level. The following were a few responses found to play a role in persistence: cell signaling and attachment (NAG-IIA, NAG-IIB), osmotic (CadA), and oxidative (YRKL) stress resistance. Lm was found positive for all these attributes, while Lw and Li lacked genes for motility (ActA), biofilm formation (AgD), and acid tolerance (AdiA), rendering them less resilient. However, the improved contiguity seen through NPS helped in the completeness of the Listeria genome. The NPS results revealed additional gene variants in the isolates not identified before by MS. Motility, cell attachment, antibiotic, osmotic shock, and toxic compound resistance are the phenotypic expressions for those genes. Because of the longer reads of DNA fragments obtained by NPS, it is believed that it is a better method for obtaining more conclusive results for differentiating between persistent Listeria strains. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9939 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86326 |
|
2061M |
Aerobic stability of corn silage inoculated with different strains of Lactobacillus buchneri. |
1 |
O. G. Pereira |
microbial inoculant pH yeasts |
G. D. O. Leite1, W. S. Alves1, A. J. S. Macedo1, V. P. Silva1, F. E. Pimentel1, C. L. Stanciola1, K. G. Ribeiro1, O. G. Pereira1 |
1Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil |
This study aimed to evaluate different strains of Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) on the aerobic stability (AE) of corn silages (CS) grown in different locations. We used a 4 × 5 factorial scheme (4 inoculants (I) and 5 locations (L)) in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The inoculants were: no inoculant (CONT), commercial inoculant (CI, LALSIL AS, Lallemand, Brazil), LB 45.22 strain, and LB 90.14 strain. CS was cultivated in 5 different cities. The strains LB 45.22 and LB 90.14 were previously isolated from sorghum silage. Inoculants were applied at a rate of 1 × 106 cfu g−1 of forage and manually compacted (density of 550 kg/m3) into 10-L plastic buckets, total of 80 buckets. After 60 d, silos were opened, silage was homogenized and 2 kg were returned to their respective buckets. These were stored in a room (±24°C) for 7 d, and a data logger was inserted in the center of the silage. Then, pH, maximum temperature (MT), WSC, organic acids and microbial populations were quantified. Data were analyzed using the SAS 9.4 GLM procedure. Means were compared using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). The effect of the L × I interaction on AE, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), pH, molds, yeasts, and WSC was observed. MT was affected by L and I. AE was higher for inoculated silages in relation to CONT in L1, L3, and L5. Meanwhile, the LB 90.14 silage presented the highest AE in L2 and L4. LA was higher for CONT compared with LB 45.22 and LB 90.14 silages in L1. However, the CI silage showed the highest LA content in L3, and also, it was higher than CONT in L5. LB 45.22 and LB 90.14 silages showed higher AA in L1. The pH was higher for LB 45.22 silage compared with CONT in L1. The CONT silage had the highest pH in L3. The LB 45.22 and LB 90.14 silages had lower yeast count in L2 and L3. Mold was lower for inoculated silages in L1 and L5, however, it was lower for LB 45.22 and LB 90.14 silages in L3. WSC was higher for LB 45.22 silage in L1. The LB 45.22 and LB 90.14 strains improved the AE of CS and have potential use as inoculants. Supported by CNPq, CAPES, and INCT-CA |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86969 |
Watch |
2062M |
A survey of berry processing score and nutrient content of sorghum silage on commercial livestock operations across the United States. |
2 |
K. Raver |
sorghum silage berry processing score |
K. Raver1, J. Goeser1,2, S. Marshall3 |
1Rock River Laboratory Inc, Watertown, WI, 2University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 3Rock River Laboratory Texas, Edmonson, TX |
Sorghum silage is increasingly fed on dairy farms due to decreased water availability and increase in water costs. Much remains unknown about the availability of starch in this feed. Research has shown berry processing can increase the in situ rumen starch digestibility in sorghum silage. Berry processing scores (BPS) using 1.7 and 2.36mm screens have been developed to quantify the degree of processing. The objective of this study was to better quantify the BPS on commercial operations. To accomplish this, ensiled sorghum samples were collected from commercial operations (n = 53) from January 2022 to February 2022 and submitted to Rock River Laboratory Texas (Edmonson, TX) for analysis. Samples were analyzed for BPS and nutrient content by near infrared (NIR) analysis. Briefly, dried, unground samples were sieved using a Ro-Tap machine through the following screens (mm) 9.5, 6.7, 4.75, 4, 3.35, 2.8, 2.36, 1.7, 1.18, 0.6, and pan. Samples were divided into coarse (>2.36mm), medium (1.7mm) and fine (<1.7mm) portions, starch was measured using NIR for each portion, and 1.7 and 2.36mm BPS were calculated. Data were evaluated for mean, 15 and 85th percentiles to describe population distributions in R Studio v4.0.4. The resulting population statistics for 1.7mm BPS were as follows, mean = 10.6, standard deviation (SD) = 8.5, coefficient of variation (CV) = 80%, minimum = 0.8, maximum = 44.8, and 15th and 85th percentiles = 3.5 and 16.9, respectively. Population statistics for BPS using 2.36mm screen were as follows, mean = 20.0, SD = 10.8, CV = 54%, minimum = 7.2, maximum = 54.8, and 15th and 85th percentiles = 8.9 and 28.3, respectively. Nutrient content in sorghum silages was as follows, dry matter (DM) mean = 38.7%, CV = 24%, starch (%DM) mean = 11.6%, CV = 62%. The greater than 50 and 80% CV in both 1.7 and 2.36mm BPS scores, respectively, suggests a wide spread in commercial sorghum berry processing. The low mean in BPS suggests berry processing by commercial forage harvesters is marginal. Assuming that greater berry processing corresponds to improved starch digestion the 85th percentile may represent a goal. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86812 |
Watch |
2063M |
Evaluation of pasture biomass from cool-season and Kernza pastures with satellite imagery compared to an electronic plate meter. |
3 |
L. D. Clemente |
rising plate meter pasture satellite images |
L. D. Clemente1, B. Heins1 |
1University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
Evaluation of pasture biomass measurements aids producers in knowing the availability of cool-season grass in in pasture for cattle grazing. The objective of this study was to compare pasture forage biomass from satellite imagery and an electronic plate meter. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN grazing dairy from May 2021 to October 2021. The pasture system was composed of cool-season perennials and included mixtures of meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (T. repens L.), and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium). Grazing height and forage availability were measured weekly in 9 pastures with a Jenquip pasture plate meter (Jenquip, Feilding, New Zealand). Pastures ranged in size from 2.55 ha to 9.7 ha. Satellite images were from Planet Labs PBC (San Francisco, CA) and average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were calculated weekly for the area inside each pasture. Pearson correlations were from PROC CORR of SAS 9.4 and determined associations of forage biomass from the plate meter and satellite imagery. Forage biomass was analyzed with PROC MIXED and included the fixed effects of pasture (9 pastures) and week with repeated effects. Across the summer grazing season, mean forage biomass was 3,267 kg DM/ha (range was 2,864 to 3,622 kg DM/ha; P < 0.05) from the plate meter and 2,325 kg DM/ha (range was 985 to 3,321 kg DM/ha; P < 0.05) from NDVI satellite images. The correlations for specific pastures of the rising plated meter and the satellite image NDVI ranged from 0.074 to 0.91 (P < 0.05) and the average correlation was 0.58. Correlations were greater with greater forage availability in the pastures. Alternative methods to calculate the biomass of pastures may provide more advantages for farmers to determine grazing management of pastures. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87027 |
Watch |
2064M |
Effect of inclusion of different essential oils at ensiling on fermentative profile of wet corn gluten feed. |
4 |
L. Pereira |
aerobic stability by-product corn |
L. Pereira1,2, P. Rezamand2, B. Agustinho2, G. Vigne1, D. Volpi1, Q. Tavares1, N. Mello1, P. Schmidt1, M. Zopollatto1 |
1Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 2University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) is a by-product from corn processing produced during the extraction of starch and oil. Therefore, it contains a high concentration of protein and fiber and can be used in dairy cow diets. For preserving the quality of WCGF, it is necessary to use additives when it is stored as a silage. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of different essential oils on the fermentative losses, aerobic stability, and pH during aerobic exposure period. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 6 treatments: Control (without additive), thymol, carvacrol, Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde, and Allyl with 99% purity (150, 400, 350, 100, 30 mg/kg of fresh matter of each compounds, respectively) with 5 replicates per treatment, totaling 30 experimental units. The additives were applied and homogenized with the material at ensiling. Each experimental unit consisted of one 8-L plastic bucket with a density of approximately 748 m3/ ton. Silos were opened 35 d after ensiling to evaluate the dry matter (DM), fermentative losses, aerobic stability (AS), and pH. Samples were collected after opening the silos (d 0) and every 2 d during 10 d of aerobic exposure. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Silage with carvacrol showed a greater dry matter (DM) concentration than silage with Allyl (41.9% DM vs. 40.8% DM, P < 0.03). Eugenol inclusion increased the production of effluents when compared with thymol (11.76% vs. 6.14%, P < 0.01), and had a greater DM loss when compared with carvacrol (7.96% vs. 5.63%, P < 0.04). Carvacrol inclusion increased the aerobic stability compared with that for Control (22 vs. 15 h, P < 0.01). The Allyl inclusion caused a greater gas production compared with that for carvacrol (P < 0.01; 6.9% vs. 4.84). However, DM losses after AS were not affected by the additives inclusion (P = 0.70). There was a treatment × day of aerobic exposure interaction on the pH (P < 0.01). The inclusion of carvacrol increased DM recovery and aerobic stability compared with other treatments. However, DM losses after aerobic stability were not evaluated by the addition of essential oils. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86335 |
|
2065M |
Fermentation profile of soybean silage harvested at 2 stages of maturity treated with microbial inoculants. |
5 |
O. G. Pereira |
ammonia crude protein lactic acid bacteria |
O. G. Pereira1, A. J. S. Macedo1, K. G. Ribeiro1, D. N. Coutinho1, H. R. O. Santos1, V. P. Silva1, J. P. S. Roseira1, J. O. Alves1 |
1Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentative profile and microbial population in whole-plant soybean silages harvested at 2 maturity stages (R5 and R6) and treated with microbial inoculants at different fermentation periods (3, 14, 30, and 60 d). The inoculants evaluated were: commercial inoculant (CI) Sil-All 4 × 4 (Lallemand, Brazil), the strain of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (LP) isolated from alfalfa silage (AV14.17), and Control (CTRL), without inoculant. The inoculants were applied at a dose of 1 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu)/g, diluted in 50 mL of distilled water. In the CTRL material, the same amount of water used in the dilution of the inoculants was applied. A 500-g sample was placed in nylon-polyethylene bags (25.4 cm × 35.56 cm) for ensiling. Data were analyzed in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial arrangement [maturity stage (ME) × inoculant (INOC) × fermentation period (FP)], with 4 replications, adopting the level of statistical significance P ≤ 0.05. There was an effect (P ≤ 0.05) of the INOC × ME × FP interaction on water-soluble carbohydrates and enterobacteria (ENT). The NH3-N concentrations was affected by the interactions INOC × ME, INOC × FP, and ME × FP. There was an effect (P ≤ 0.05) of the ME × FP interaction on lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast (YEA), and molds (MOL). The pH was affected (P < 0.01) only by the isolated effects of INOC, ME, and FP factors. The LP inoculant had the least pH value.The YEA population was affected (P < 0.01) by INOC, and the soybean inoculated with LP had the least YEA count. Effect of ME (P < 0.01) was observed on the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, and cellulose. No ENT was detected at 60 d of fermentation in plants ensiled at stage R5. However, for soybean harvested at R6, the silage treated with LP had a lower ENT count compared with the others at 60 d of fermentation. Therefore, microbial inoculant application to soybean harvested at the R6 stage improves silage quality. Supported by CNPq, CAPES, and INCT-CA |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85841 |
|
2066M |
Degradability and in situ ruminal kinetics of the residues of 3 varieties of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). |
6 |
I. Espinoza |
ruminal parameter ruminant agricultural residues |
I. Espinoza1, A. Sanchez1, E. Torres1, D. Romero1, M. Medina1, H. Miranda1, L. Montenegro1, A. Barrera1, G. Alvarez1 |
1Universidad Tecnica Estatal de Quevedo, Quevedo, Los Rios, Ecuador |
The in situ ruminal kinetics and degradability of dry matter DM in 3 residues of passion fruit varieties were studied; T1: yellow, T2: red and T3: yellow and red. The experimental design employed was randomized complete-block design with 3 treatments and 3 blocks (cattle with fistulated rumen), in 7 incubation times 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, for the differences between means of treatments used Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The in situ degradability of DM for all treatments was similar up to 24 h. After 48 and 72 h of incubation in the rumen, T2 exceeded treatment T1 and T3 (66.85 and 54.06%, respectively). In ruminal kinetics, T1 was significant in the soluble fraction (A) with 10.09%, T2 was higher in the potentially degradable fraction (B) with 57.27%, while the ruminal degradation rate (C) was similar in all treatments. However, the ruminal degradation potential analysis (A+B) was greater for T2 (62.01%) than T3 and T1 (56.73 and 53.55%, respectively). Regarding the passage rate (k0.02), T2 was higher with 46.06% at 2%/hour in relation to T1 and T3 (41.57 and 42.40%, respectively). The use of red passion fruit waste presents the best in situ ruminal degradation dynamics of DM. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86030 |
Watch |
2067M |
Ration content of undegradable and physically effective neutral detergent fiber and its relationship with dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield of Holstein cows. |
7 |
M. Farricker |
undegradable fiber physically effective fiber dry matter intake |
M. Farricker1, J. Darrah1, A. Pape1, M. Miller2, R. Grant1 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY, 2J.D. Heiskell & Co, Buffalo, NY |
Undegradable neutral detergent fiber following 240 h of in vitro fermentation (uNDF240) can be multiplied by the fraction of feed particles ≥1.18 mm with dry sieving (physical effectiveness factor; pef) to calculate physically effective uNDF240 (peuNDF240). Our first objective was to expand existing data on the relationships between uNDF240 and calculated peuNDF240 with DMI and ECM. Twenty-two treatment means from 7 experiments conducted at the William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute in Chazy, NY were analyzed using linear regression in R version 3.6.3. Dietary forages included corn silage, haycrop silage, timothy hay, and wheat straw. Cows in the studies averaged (mean ± SD) 100.2 ± 14.5 d in milk, 28.0 ± 1.2 kg/d DMI, and 49.6 ± 2.5 kg/d ECM yield. Our second objective was to measure the difference between calculated peuNDF240 and the directly measured uNDF240 content of the pef fraction. Three studies from the database with existing diet samples (10 treatments) were analyzed for in vitro uNDF240 content of the pef fraction to determine a directly measured peuNDF240. The dietary uNDF240 had a moderately negative (P < 0.001) relationship with DMI and ECM (r = −0.69 and −0.73 respectively). Calculated peuNDF240 had a stronger relationship with DMI (y = −1.044x + 33.3; r = −0.85; P < 0.001) but a slightly weaker relationship with ECM (y = −1.697x + 58.2; r = −0.66; P < 0.001). For the second objective, there was a strong linear relationship between the 2 measures (y = 1.67x + 0.7; r = 0.87; P = 0.001) suggesting that measured peuNDF240 may be reliably predicted from the calculated value. Theoretically, the measurement should be equal to calculated peuNDF240; however, we observed a ratio of 1.8. More data with a wider range of dietary NDF sources is required to confirm this relationship. However, the use of peuNDF240 to predict DMI and ECM, whether calculated or directly measured, shows promise as a means to combine the effects of dietary particle size and undegradability. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86054 |
Watch |
2068M |
Can additives overcome the deleterious effects of delayed sealing on the fermentation of alfalfa silage? |
8 |
X. Liu |
silage butyric acid delayed filling |
X. Liu1, C. Mellinger1, G. Weiner1, L. Kung Jr.1 |
1University of Delaware, Newark, DE |
Delayed sealing of ensiled forages can cause a loss of fermentable substrates and may lead to a clostridial fermentation. Our objective was to determine if additives could overcome the deleterious effects of delayed sealing. Alfalfa was wilted to 38% DM, chopped and untreated (CT) or treated with potassium sorbate (PS, 0.05% fresh weight basis), glucose (SU, 2% DM basis), or their combination (PS+SU). Ten polyethylene bags (25 × 36 cm, about 2 kg wet forage) were filled for each treatment. Half of the bags were vacuum sealed immediately (IM) and the other half were sealed 18 h later (DL). Bags were stored at 30°C for 3, 7, 45, and 90 d. On d 3 to 45, bags were opened, subsampled, and resealed within 1 min of opening and continued to ensile. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments (4 additive treatments x 2 sealing times x 4 ensiling d) using JMP with significance declared at P < 0.05. Average pH was 6.07 at harvest, but it was 0.54 and 0.28 higher in CT and PS after delayed sealing, with smaller increases for SU (0.11) and PS+SU (0.01). At the time of sealing, the reducing sugar concentration decreased (P < 0.01) in DL (0.98%) compared with IM (2.89%). Lactic acid concentration was numerically higher for IM than DL during ensiling and pH stabilized after 7 d (final pH <4.38) whereas the pH of DL did not stabilize until 45 d with a higher final range of pH (4.58 – 5.07). Butyric acid was not present in any treatment that was immediately filled but it was 1.86% in DL-CT and 1.42% in DL-PS at 45 d, which were higher (P < 0.01) than all other additive treatments (ranging from 0.06% to 0.47%). These findings were similar after 90 d. The NH3-N concentration was higher (P < 0.01) in DL than IM after 90 d and SU and PS+SU had lower (P < 0.01) NH3-N concentration after delayed sealing. Delayed sealing resulted in a clostridial fermentation regardless of additive treatment, but it was less extensive when SU was added. These findings reemphasize the need to seal silos immediately after chopping because the loss of fermentable substrates is difficult to overcome. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86091 |
|
2069M |
Ethanol and organic acid content in sugarcane silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri. |
9 |
G. B. Neto |
ethanol Lactobacillus buchneri organic acids |
G. B. Neto1, A. W. P. Freitas1, R. B. Botelho1, C. A. Rosa2, J. P. Sampaio3 |
1Animal Science Institute of Department of Agriculture and Food Supply, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal |
Although sugarcane produces large amounts of energy per hectare, ethanol produced by wild yeasts fermenting sugar and organic acid compromises silage quality. The ethanol and organic acid content of sugarcane silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri (2.5 × 10−10 cfu/g) was measured. The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivar IAC-SP93–3046 (28.3° Brix, 36% DM) was cut, sprayed or not with the inoculant, and ensiled in 20 l plastic buckets with Bunsen valves, with 4 replicates. These silos were sealed and weighed both after filling and after the ensiling period to assess gravimetric DM losses (DML). DML were calculated using this equation: DML = (FMs – FMo) × 100 / FMs, whereby DML = dry matter losses (% of DM); FMs = weight of forage mass at sealing; FMo = weight of forage mass at opening. After 114 d, the silos were opened. The silage was homogenized and approximately 200 g silage was extracted with a hydraulic press (2 kgf/cm3). The presence of organic acids and ethanol in the extract was determined using gas chromatography; 5 mL of the extract was transferred into test tubes containing 1 mL formic acid. Lactic acid content was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. The 3M Petrifilm yeast and mold count plates were incubated at 30°C for 48 h to determine yeast concentrations. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis (GLM) and means were compared with the Tukey test (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, the addition of L. buchneri increased acetic and lactic acids levels, whereas ethanol production was decreased. The additive was capable of reducing ethanol production and dry matter losses. Table 1. Ethanol, organic acids, yeast, and dry matter losses of sugarcane silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri
| Item |
Control |
L. buchneri |
SEM |
P-value |
| Acetic, mM |
58.65 |
152.44 |
10.312 |
<0.001 |
| Propionic, mM |
0.00 |
1.34 |
0.376 |
0.018 |
| Butyric, mM |
0.79 |
0.36 |
0.142 |
0.020 |
| Isobutyric, mM |
0.72 |
0.68 |
0.062 |
0.556 |
| Lactic (%DM) |
1.60 |
2.13 |
0.383 |
0.165 |
| Ethanol (%DM) |
8.27 |
3.89 |
0.489 |
<0.001 |
| Yeast (0 h), log cfu g−1 |
4.79 |
2.95 |
0.986 |
<0.001 |
| Yeast (24 h), log cfu g−1 |
6.00 |
4.47 |
0.212 |
0.391 |
| DM losses, (%DM) |
32.26 |
19.68 |
5.260 |
0.042 |
|
| Forages & Pastures Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86121 |
Watch |
2070M |
Effect of neutral detergent fiber source in low forage diets on lactation performance and nutrient digestibility of Holstein dairy cows. |
10 |
S. Y. Morrison |
low forage alternative fiber |
S. Y. Morrison1, H. Uchihori2, K. Hirano2, J. W. Darrah1, C.S Ballard1, H. M. Dann1, R. J. Grant1 |
1The William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY, 2ZEN-NOH National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations, Tokyo, Japan |
Multiparous cows (16 enrolled and 15 used in data set), averaging 126 ± 13(SD) days in milk, were used in a crossover design study with 28-d periods to evaluate the effect of feeding a lower physical effectiveness factor (% dry particles ≥1.18-mm sieve; pef), higher undegradable neutral detergent fiber at 240 h of in vitro fermentation (uNDF240) forage [0.99; 23.3% dry matter (DM); pelleted oat straw] or a higher pef, lower uNDF240 forage (0.66; 15.8% DM; chopped timothy hay) on lactation performance, behavior, and total-tract digestibility (TTD). Two low forage diets (42.4% of diet DM) were formulated to contain:1) 10% chopped timothy hay, 0.43 pef, 35.0 aNDFom, 24.3 starch, and 9.7 uNDF (% diet DM; TIM); or 2) 10% pelleted oat straw, 0.49 pef, 35.1 aNDFom, 24.9 starch, and 8.9 uNDF (% of diet DM; POS). Cows were housed in tie-stalls, fed 1x/d, and milked 3x/d. On d 19–28 of each period, DM intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured. Milk composition was determined from d 19–20. Behavior was recorded every 5 min on d 19–21 and samples for TTD taken on d 22–25. Data were summarized by period and analyzed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v.9.4) with model fixed effects of diet and period. Cow within sequence was a random effect. Pelleting inflated actual pef of pelleted oat straw forage. Cows fed the POS diet had higher DMI and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), but lower FCM/DMI compared with cows fed the TIM diet. The lower uNDF in the POS diet elicited ~1.4 h/d less total chewing than the higher uNDF TIM diet. The TTD of aNDFom was unaffected by diet. Pelleted high-uNDF240 oat straw can replace lower uNDF chopped hay in rations formulated to be lower in uNDF although some loss in dairy efficiency occurs. Table 1.
| Item |
TIM |
POS |
SE |
P-value |
| DMI, kg/d |
28.4 |
30.1 |
0.5 |
<0.01 |
| Milk, kg/d |
46.1 |
47.8 |
1.0 |
0.01 |
| Fat, % |
3.89 |
3.80 |
0.13 |
0.10 |
| Fat, kg/d |
1.78 |
1.81 |
0.06 |
0.27 |
| True protein, % |
3.09 |
3.11 |
0.05 |
0.32 |
| True protein, kg/d |
1.42 |
1.48 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
| FCM, kg/d |
48.9 |
50.0 |
1.1 |
0.05 |
| FCM/DMI, kg/kg |
1.72 |
1.66 |
0.03 |
<0.01 |
| Chewing time, min/d |
836 |
761 |
15 |
<0.01 |
| Chewing time, min/kg of DMI |
29.6 |
25.4 |
0.8 |
<0.01 |
| Chewing time, min/kg aNDFom |
86.8 |
74.5 |
2.2 |
<0.01 |
| TTD NDFom, % DM |
49.7 |
49.9 |
1.5 |
0.40 |
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9948 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85846 |
Watch |
2071M |
The role of lactation stage on nutrient partitioning in response to acetate supply. |
1 |
N. Urrutia |
nutrient partitioning lactation stage acetate supply |
D. Urrutia1,2, C. Muñoz2, E. M. Ungerfeld3, K. J. Harvatine4, N. Urrutia2 |
1Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, RM, Chile, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias - Remehue, Osorno, Los Lagos, Chile, 3Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias - Carillanca, Temuco, Araucanía, Chile, 4The Pennsylvania State University, University Park |
Acetate is the main source of energy and carbon for milk fat synthesis in the dairy cow, and recent studies have suggested that exogenous acetate supply may stimulate energy partitioning toward milk synthesis, however, it is not known if this occurs at any time of lactation or at a specific stage. Whole-body insulin resistance is a nutrient partitioning mechanism described in lactating cows, and it is evaluated through intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lactation stage on plasma indicators of nutrient partitioning in response to acetate supply. Eight ruminally cannulated multiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 Latin square design, repeated at 3 lactation stages (n = 8): early: 25 ± 6 DIM; peak: 60 ± 7 DIM; mid: 163 ± 19 DIM. Treatments were 5 d rumen infusion of 10 moles/d of sodium chloride (control) or 10 moles/d of sodium acetate with a 7 d washout period between treatments. On d 3 of treatments at each lactation stage, plasma samples were obtained before feeding (AM) and 6 h after feeding (PM). Glucose tolerance tests were performed on d 4 of infusion (0.25 g glucose/kg BW, IV), 60 min before feeding. Data were analyzed with the random effects of cow and period, and fixed effects of treatment, lactation stage, time and their interactions. No treatment effect or treatment interactions were observed for any response variable. A stage by time interaction was observed for plasma NEFA and BHB, with NEFA being greater in AM than PM and BHB greater in PM than in AM in early and peak, but not at mid lactation (all P < 0.05). A tendency for greater NEFA was observed in the acetate treatment as compared with control (P = 0.08). Plasma glucose was greater in mid as compared with early lactation (P < 0.05). Incremental area over the curve (AUC) at 60 and 150 min after GTT was greater in early as compared with peak and mid lactation. Overall, acetate had no major effects on plasma metabolites that represent nutrient partitioning. However, as expected for cows that are mobilizing body reserves to support lactation, greater plasma NEFA and BHB, lower glucose, and greater AUC following GTT, was observed in early lactation. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86686 |
Watch |
2072M |
Chromium and palmitic acid supplementations modulate oxidized linoleic acid metabolite biosynthesis in periparturient dairy cows. |
2 |
G. A. Contreras |
chromium palmitic acid OXLAM |
G. A. Contreras1, M. Chirivi1, U. Abou-Rjeileh1, J. Gandy1, J. Parales2, A. L. Lock2 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Periparturient lipolysis increases linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) availability which is the substrate for oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAM). Among OXLAM, 9 and 12- hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids (HODE) are proinflammatory, whereas 9- and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acids (oxoODE) and 13-HODE facilitate inflammation resolution and promote lipogenesis. Chromium supplementation improves systemic insulin sensitivity, possibly reducing lipolysis. Palmitic acid (PA) feeding increases nutrient availability for milk production. This study evaluated the effect of feeding Cr and PA on OXLAM production. Multiparous Holstein cows were selected at −21d before parturition. After calving, cows were randomly assigned to one of 4 diets containing: 1) no supplementation (CON, n = 4); Chromium propionate (Cr, at 0.45 ppm Cr/kg DM, n = 4); PA (1.5% DM, n = 4); or Cr+PA (n = 4) that were fed from 1 to 21 DIM. Plasma and subcutaneous AT (SCAT) biopsies were collected at −13 ± 5.1 d prepartum (PreP) and 14.4 ± 1.9 d (PP1), 21 ± 1.9 d (PP2) postpartum. Targeted lipidomic analysis was performed using HPLC-MS/MS. The statistical model included the fixed effect of diet, time, and treatment, the random effect of the block, cow, and cow nested in diet and block. Results are presented in the following sequence: CON, Cr, PA, Cr+PA. In plasma, 9-, 12-, 13-HODE and 9- and 13-oxoODE increased at PP1 and PP2 compared with PreP (P < 0.001). Postpartum, Cr and PA reduced 9-HODE compared with CON and Cr+PA (95.2; 75.39; 66.6; 98.2 ± 9 nM; P < 0.05). Similar results were observed for 13-HODE (85.8 ± 7.3; 71.3 ± 7; 62.37 ± 7; 85.0 ± 7 nM; P < 0.05). PA and Cr+PA increased 13-oxoODE compared with Cr but not to CON (2.7; 1.9; 2.9; 3.2 ± 0.3 nM; P < 0.05). 9-oxoODE was lower in PA compared with other treatments (17.7; 17.9; 13.3; 21.6 ± 2.3; P < 0.05). In AT, 9-, 13-HODE increased postpartum (P < 0.05). Postcalving, there were no effects of diet or diet*time on OXLAM content in AT. Cr and PA appear to reduce HODE and potentiate the production of oxoODE. The impact of these changes in OXLAM biosynthesis on metabolic functions warrants further investigation. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86829 |
Watch |
2073M |
Effect of feeding an acidogenic diet with calcidiol during the dry period on calcium mobilization and serum vitamin D metabolites. |
3 |
M. Garcia |
animate 25(OH)D3 Ca metabolism |
M. Garcia1, K. P. Zanzalari1, J. D. Chapman1, B. D. Humphrey1 |
1Phibro Animal Health Coorporation, Teaneck, NJ |
An acidogenic diet is an effective prepartum strategy for mitigating the detrimental effects of hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Calcidiol (CAL) or 25(OH)D3 (Hy•D, DSM Nutritional Products) is now available for use in dairy cattle. Published studies have reported positive effects when CAL was fed with acidogenic prepartum diets and serum 25(OH)D3 levels reached 200 ng/mL. This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding CAL, acidogenic diet, and Ca level on Ca mobilization and serum 25(OH)D3. Pregnant multiparous Holstein dry cows were used in a randomized block 2 × 2 factorial design. Before study initiation, cows were fed a nonacidogenic far-off diet with NRC (2001) recommended levels of vitamin D3 (25,000 IU/cow/d) for 12d. Cows were blocked by baseline 25(OH)D3 to 1 of 2 acidogenic diets using an anion source [Animate (AN; Phibro Animal Health)]: Fully (FULL: urine pH 5.5–6, dietary Ca 1.5% DM, n = 14) or Partially (PART: urine pH 6.2–6.7, dietary Ca 0.69% DM, n = 12) and 1 of 2 levels of CAL (CAL3: 3 mg/cow/d, n = 13; CAL5: 5 mg/cow/d, n = 13). Diets were fed for 29d. For the remainder dry period (17 d) and lactation, cows were fed similar diets without CAL. Blood was collected on D 0, 15, 22, and 29 after the onset of diets and at 12 and 57 DIM. Urine was collected at D 25 and 29 after the onset of diets. Data were analyzed by the PROC MIXED of SAS. AN × CAL interactions were not observed, except PART-CAL3 gained more BW than FULL-CAL3 (P = 0.04). FULL had lower DMI (P = 0.03) and higher (P < 0.05) urine Ca:creatinine and Ca excretion (+67%) than PART. During the 29d study period, serum 25(OH)D3 levels were greater (P < 0.05) for CAL5 (194 ng/mL) vs CAL3 (154 ng/mL), with both exceeding 200 ng/mL by 29d. Feeding CAL increased serum 25(OH)D3 during the CAL feeding period (55, 197, 227, and 249 ng/mL at D 0, 15, 22, and 29, respectively) and remained higher (P < 0.01) than D0 at 12DIM (124 ng/mL). However, by 57DIM 25(OH)D3 levels returned to D0. The combination of CAL, either 3 or 5 mg, in a fully acidogenic high Ca diet is an effective strategy for increasing Ca mobilization and serum 25(OH)D3 status in prepartum dairy cows. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86585 |
Watch |
2074M |
Effects of induced subclinical hypocalcemia on serotonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations in lactating Holstein cows. |
4 |
W. Frizzarini |
calcium metabolism transition period dairy cow |
W. Frizzarini1, J. Diniz2, M. Connelly1, L. Hernandez1 |
1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 2Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil |
The objective was to evaluate serotonin (5HT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in response to treatment with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for 24h to induce subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH; ionized calcium concentration (iCa) between 0.7 and 1.0 mM) in early lactation cows. Multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (n = 12; mean DIM = 7.9 ± 0.75) were blocked by lactation number, randomly assigned in pairs to receive continuous 24h IV infusion of 5% EGTA (EGTA; n = 6) or continuous 24h IV infusion of 0.9% sterile saline solution (CON; n = 6), and were not milked during the 24h challenge. Blood samples were collected 24h before infusion, immediately before infusion, hourly during infusion, and 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72h after the end of the infusion. The infusion rate (IR) was controlled using an infusion pump (Heska Vet IV) based on iCa concentration (iStat portable analyzer, CG8+ cartridges, Abbott Point of Care). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with hour as a repeated measurement. Samples collected 24h before the infusion were the baseline and they were used as a covariate. The overall mean for IR was 432.93 ± 24.51 mL/h. After 2h of infusion, SCH was induced, and the average iCa concentration during the infusion was 0.92 ± 0.01 mM and 1.28 ± 0.01 mM for EGTA and CON group respectively (P < 0.01). The overall mean of 5HT for the EGTA and CON group was 2,374.47 ± 93.90 ng/mL and 2,437.02 ± 94.05 ng/mL, respectively, and there was no difference between the treatments (P = 0.64). The overall mean for PTH for the EGTA and CON group was 229.09 ± 6.66 pg/mL and 237.53 ± 6.69 pg/mL, respectively, and there was no difference between the treatments (P = 0.39). There was an hour effect (P < 0.01) at 12 h after the end of infusion, with PTH concentrations being the highest (340.82 ± 20.04), and immediately before infusion being the lowest concentration (173.45 ± 20.04). The calcium challenge in these cows did not alter the 5HT and PTH concentrations in the circulation, suggesting additional endocrine regulators may be involved in the response to SCH. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86697 |
|
2075M |
Influence of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference and the magnitude of calcium decline at the onset of lactation on blood calcium and serotonin dynamics. |
5 |
M. Connelly |
serotonin calcium DCAD |
M. Connelly1, R. Rodney2, J. Kuehnl1, J. P. N. Andrade1, F. S. Andrade1, S. Henschel1, E. Block3, I. Lean4, L. Hernandez1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 3Arm & Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ, 4Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia |
The onset of lactation is characterized by a large shift in calcium metabolism, with recent emphasis placed on understanding the profile and dynamics of blood calcium and serotonin in the peripartal cow. Thus, the aim of this study was to delineate how prepartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) diets and the magnitude of calcium decline at the onset of lactation altered circulating serotonin and blood calcium dynamics. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by parity, previous 305d milk yield and expected parturition date and allocated to either positive (+120 mEq/kg DM; +DCAD) or negative (−120 mEq/kg; -DCAD) DCAD diets from 251 d of gestation until parturition (n = 16/diet). Immediately after parturition cows were continuously infused for 24 h with i.) an intravenous solution of 10% dextrose or ii.) calcium gluconate (CaGlc) to maintain blood ionized calcium concentrations at 1.2 mM (normocalcemia) to form 4 treatment groups (n = 8/treatment). Blood was sampled every 6 h from 102 h before parturition until 96 h postparturition and every 30 min during 24 h continuous infusion. Cows fed a -DCAD diet prepartum had reduced urine and blood pH (P < 0.05). Additionally, cows fed a -DCAD diet prepartum were more resistant to decline in blood calcium approaching parturition and exhibited a smaller magnitude of decline relative to +DCAD fed cows. All cows regardless of prepartum dietary treatment exhibited a decline in blood calcium 18–24 h before parturition. Cows fed a -DCAD diet prepartum required lower rates of CaGlc infusion to maintain normocalcemia in the 24 h postpartum relative to +DCAD fed cows (70.36 vs. 54.68 ± 4.59 mL/h; P = 0.03). Moreover, circulating serotonin concentrations were increased pre (P = 0.04) and postpartum (P = 0.02) in cows fed a -DCAD diet, but were not different due to CaGlc infusion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that prepartum -DCAD diets facilitate a more transient hypocalcemia and improve blood calcium profiles at the onset of lactation while also increasing circulating serotonin concentrations. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86602 |
Watch |
2079M |
Postruminal choline ion supplementation during a feed restriction-induced negative nutrient balance and the liver lipidome. |
6 |
D. N. Coleman |
lactation metabolism |
D. N. Coleman1, Y. Liang1, R. Bucktrout1, J. J. Loor1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
Enhanced postruminal choline supply may alter hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) production and help reduce liver triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations during the periparturient period. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effects of enhanced postruminal CHO supply during a feed restriction-induced negative nutrient balance (NNB) on the liver lipidome. Ten primiparous rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (158 ± 24 DIM) were used in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 4 d treatment periods (d 1–4), and 10 d recovery periods (d 5–14). Treatments were unrestricted intake with abomasal infusion of water, restricted intake (R; 60% of net energy for lactation requirements) with abomasal infusion of water, or R plus abomasal infusion of 6.25, 12.5, or 25 g/d choline ion. Liver biopsies were performed in the morning on d 5 after the infusion ended, and tissue used for lipidomic analysis via liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Analysis of the lipidomic data were performed with the web-based metabolomic processing tool MetaboAnalyst 4.0. The raw data were transformed using the generalized log-transformation and then Pareto scaled to correct for heteroskedasticity. In total, 819 different lipid species were detected. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model distinguished treatments, however, only 13.4% of lipids were modified by CHO. According to the VIP scores, there were 15 metabolites with a VIP >2.5: 8 PC species, 2 acylcarnitines, 1 cholesterol ester, 1 lysophosphatidylglycerol, 2 TG and 1 diacyglycerol. One-way ANOVA identified 109 different lipids with a false discovery rate ≤0.05. The largest group detected was PC species, however, all 34 were decreased with R treatments vs. A0 and there were few differences between CHO treatments. Examples of other changes are that concentrations of TG(16:0/18:1/18:3)+NH4 were greater in R12.5 than all other treatments, while TG(16:1/16:1/18:1)+NH4 was greatest in R0. Overall, preliminary observations suggest that enhanced supply of postruminal CHO during has limited effects on the species of lipid produced during a period of NNB. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86109 |
Watch |
2080M |
Supplementing heat-stressed cows with a plant extract and electrolytes supplement increases milk production and intake and enriches the adipose tissue proteome with Nrf2-oxidative stress response proteins. |
7 |
M. Zachut |
heat stress polyphenols adipose |
J. R. Daddam1, D. Daniel2, I. Pelech3, G. Kra1,2, H. Kamer1, Y. Lavon4, U. Moallem1, M. Zachut1 |
1Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel, 2Faculty of Agriculture, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel, 3Department of Cattle, Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Rishon Lezion, Israel, 4Israeli Cattle Board Association, Caesarea, Israel |
The objectives were to examine the effects of a supplement comprised of plant extracts and electrolytes (AXT; Axion ThermoPlus, CCPA, France) during heat load on production, indices of heat stress, and on oxidative stress proteins in adipose tissue (AT) in dairy cows. Forty-two multiparous mid-lactation cows were divided into 3 groups during peak summer, and were fed for 2 wks either a standard milking cows' diet (CTL, n = 14), or supplemented with 100 g/d of AXT (100AXT, n = 14), or 150 g/d of AXT (150AXT, n = 14), while being cooled 5 times a day; then, half of the cows from each dietary treatment were cooled (CL) or not cooled (NCL) for 2 wks, after which the CL/NCL were switched for additional 2 wks. Cows were milked 3 times a day and milk composition was analyzed at the end of each period. Vaginal temperature (VT) was measured by sensors every 10 min for 3 consecutive days in each period. Biopsies of AT were taken from 10 NCL cows (5 CTL and 5 150AXT) at the end of the 2 wks period, and examined by GC-MS-MS proteomics analysis. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS, and the model included the effects of dietary treatment, cooling, and their interaction. Milk yields (42.2 vs. 39.0 kg/d, SEM = 0.89, P = 0.05) and 4% FCM (41.6 vs. 37.0 kg/d, SEM = 0.93, P = 0.005) were higher in 100ATX than in CTL; milk components were similar among groups. DMI was higher in 100ATX than in CTL (30.0 vs. 27.7 kg/d, SEM = 0.52, P = 0.02). The percentage of hours that VT was > 39°C was lower in AXT100 and in AXT150 than in CTL (P < 0.0001). Proteomics revealed increased abundances of peroxidase [fold change (FC) = 1.6, P = 0.05], microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 (FC = 2.5, P = 0.05) and heme oxygenase 1 (FC = 3.6, P = 0.03) in AT of AXT150 compared with CTL. Dietary supplementation of AXT at 100 g/d during heat load increases DMI, milk and 4% FCM production, and lowers VT. The AXT supplementation enriched the AT proteome with Nrf2-oxidaitve stress response proteins, thus improving AT oxidative stress response. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9953 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85970 |
Watch |
2081M |
Associations of pen-level management factors with biomarkers, health, and milk yield. |
1 |
T. R. Overton |
transition cow pen management performance |
A. L. Kerwin1, W. S. Burhans2, D. V. Nydam3, T. R. Overton1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Dairy-Tech Group, South Albany, VT, 3Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective was to evaluate associations between putative periparturient management factors at the pen-level with the prevalence of elevated postpartum biomarkers [nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; ≥ 0.59 mmol/L), BHB (≥1.2 mmol/L), and haptoglobin (Hp; ≥ 0.45g/L)], disorder incidence (DI), and milk yield. Multiparous (MP) and primiparous (PP) cows (n = 11–24) from 72 farms in the northeastern US were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Farms were visited during the far-off dry (FO), close-up dry (CU), and fresh (FR) periods. A simple linear regression was conducted on 13 pen-level explanatory variables for each period and PP and MP cows were analyzed separately. Multicollinearity was assessed for variables with P < 0.20 and were then included in a multivariable general linear model. A manual backward stepwise elimination process ensued until all variables had P < 0.10. A 1-% unit increase in the proportion of particles on the 19-mm sieve of the Penn State Particle Separator in the FO resulted in a 0.3 ± 0.2 and 0.4 ± 0.2%-unit decrease in DI (P = 0.08) and Hp (P = 0.10) for MP cows, respectively, and in the CU resulted in a 0.1 ± 0.0 kg/d increase in wk 4 milk yield (WK4MY; P = 0.07) for PP cows. A 1-% unit increase in bunk stocking density in the CU for PP and FR for MP resulted in a 0.13 ± 0.06 and 0.15 ± 0.08%-unit increase in DI (P = 0.03) and NEFA (P = 0.06), respectively. A 1-% unit increase in undigested NDF at 240 h (uNDF240) in the FR resulted in a 0.9 ± 0.4 kg/d decrease in WK4MY for MP cows (P = 0.01) and in physically effective uNDF240 in the FR resulted in a 468 ± 146 kg for PP (P = 0.002) and 278 ± 121 kg for MP (P = 0.02) decrease in 305-d mature equivalent milk yield at 4th test-day (~120 d in milk). Fresh pens with cows fed > 1 × /d had an 8.1 ± 3.7%-unit decrease in BHB (P = 0.08) for PP cows, an 18.4 ± 5.9 and 7.3 ± 2.9%-unit decrease in BHB (P = 0.003) and DI (P = 0.04) for MP cows, respectively. Commingling PP and MP cows in the FR resulted in a 9.9 ± 3.6%-unit increase in BHB (P = 0.03) and 1.8 ± 0.8 kg/d decrease in WK4MY (P = 0.03) for PP cows. Our results indicate that pen-level management factors are associated with biomarkers, DI, and milk yield. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85971 |
Watch |
2082M |
Associations of herd-level management factors with biomarkers, health, milk yield, and reproduction. |
2 |
T. R. Overton |
transition cow herd management performance |
A. L. Kerwin1, W. S. Burhans2, D. V. Nydam3, T. R. Overton1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Dairy-Tech Group, South Albany, VT, 3Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective was to evaluate associations between putative periparturient management factors at the herd-level with the prevalence of elevated postpartum biomarkers [nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; ≥ 0.59 mmol/L), BHB (≥1.2 mmol/L), and haptoglobin (Hp; ≥ 0.45g/L)], disorder incidence (DI), milk yield, and reproductive performance. Multiparous (MP) and primiparous (PP) cows (n = 11–24) from 72 farms in the northeastern US were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. A survey was used to acquire data on management variables. Outcomes were calculated by parity within a herd. A multivariable linear regression was conducted on 8 explanatory variables and included parity, the interaction with parity, and farm as a random effect. Multicollinearity was assessed for variables with P < 0.20 and were then included in the full multivariable general linear model and a manual backward stepwise elimination process ensued until all variables had a P < 0.10. Farms that vaccinated cows in the calving pen had a 12.5 ± 5.3-% unit increase in DI (P = 0.02) for all cows and MP cows had a 4.1 ± 1.8 kg/d decrease in wk 4 milk yield compared with herds that did not vaccinate in the calving pen. Farms that moved cows ≥ 3 × from 60 d before expected calving to calving and from calving to 90 DIM had an 11.9 ± 5.6-% unit increase in Hp (P = 0.04) and 719 ± 214 kg decrease in 305-d mature equivalent milk yield at 4th test-day (~120 DIM; P = 0.01), respectively, for PP cows, compared with herds that moved cows < 3 × . Farms that kept cows in the calving pen for > 8 h after calving had a 22.6 ± 6.0-% unit increase in NEFA (P < 0.001) and a 3.6 ± 2.0, 4.5 ± 2.4, and 13.7 ± 4.2-% unit decrease in 21-d pregnancy rate (P = 0.08), probability of pregnancy (P = 0.09), and pregnancy risk to first service (P = 0.003), respectively, for all cows, a 13.0 ± 7.0-% unit decrease in BHB (P = 0.08) for MP cows, and a 19.4 ± 5.4 and 32.7 ± 8.3-% unit increase in BHB (P = 0.001) and Hp (P < 0.001), respectively, for PP cows, compared with farms that kept cows in the calving pen for ≤ 8 h. Our results indicate that herd-level management factors are associated with biomarkers, DI, milk yield, and reproductive performance. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86157 |
Watch |
2083M |
Hyperinflamed cows at dry-off also have an exaggerated inflammatory response and decreased milk production in the next lactation. |
3 |
B. M. Goetz |
periparturient involution |
B. M. Goetz1, M. A. Abeya1, S. Rodriquez-Jimenez1, E. A. Horst1, E. J. Mayorga1, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
Objectives were to evaluate the relationship between inflammation after dry-off (DO) and postcalving inflammation and productivity. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows were observed from d −14 to 9 relative to DO and d −21 ± 3 to 28 relative to the succeeding calving. Blood samples were collected on d −1, 2, 5, and 9 relative to DO and on d −21, −14, −7, −3 ± 3, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 relative to expected calving. Circulating inflammatory biomarkers lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), serum amyloid A and haptoglobin increased from d −1 to d 2 post-DO (1.4-, 2.7-, and 6.6- fold, respectively; P < 0.01), but the inflammatory response was not related to pre-DO milk yield (MY). The relationship between inflammation and future productivity was evaluated using PROC CORR of SAS. Circulating LBP on d 9 post-DO was negatively associated with MY and energy-corrected milk (ECM) during the first 4 weeks postpartum (r = −0.59 and −0.57, respectively; P = 0.01). Cows were also retrospectively classified into 2 groups based on their post-DO d 9 LBP concentration: high LBP (High; top 50%; n = 9) or low LBP (Low; bottom 50%; n = 9), and the ensuing transition period was evaluated using PROC MIXED of SAS. No differences were detected on pre- or postpartum DMI, body weight, body condition score, or fecal pH (P > 0.26). However, cows in the DO High group had decreased postpartum MY (4.6 kg; P = 0.07) and ECM (6.6 kg; P = 0.03) relative to cows in the DO Low group. Additionally, cows in the DO High group had increased postpartum circulating glucose, insulin, and LBP (5, 64, and 93%, respectively; P ≤ 0.03). Postpartum free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were decreased in DO High cows relative to DO Low cows (19 and 16%, respectively; P ≤ 0.06). In conclusion, post-DO inflammation is correlated with periparturient inflammation, metabolism, and decreased milk production. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86498 |
Watch |
2084M |
Body condition score change affects hepatic health and disease prevalence. |
4 |
R. Almeida |
dairy cattle ketosis liver functionally index |
G. F. M. Leão1, N. B. R. Marani1, A. B. R. Lima1, J. J. Boiarski1, P. S. Donato1, D. C. Consentini2, L. F. M. Moroz3, R. Almeida4 |
1Dairy Innovation, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil, 2University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 3Cowtraining, Carambeí, PR, Brazil, 4Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil |
Body condition score change (ΔBCS) during the transition period is strongly associated with health and productive performance. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of the ΔBCS in a Brazilian commercial herd on milk production, milk composition, blood parameters and disease prevalence. One hundred and 61 Holstein nulliparous (n = 57) and multiparous cows (n = 104) were allocated in 3 classes of ΔBCS between 7 d prior calving and 7 d in milk (DIM): low BCS loss (LL: ΔBCS ≤ 0.25 [n = 61]), moderate loss (ML: ΔBCS = 0.5 [n = 62]) and excessive loss (EL: ΔBCS ≥ 0.75 [n = 38]). Daily milk yield was recorded during the first 90 DIM, and milk composition was evaluated in the first 2 weeks of lactation. Blood samples were collected at 7 DIM for blood metabolites analysis. Blood ketones were analyzed on d 4, 7 and 12 DIM. Morbidity, considered as the occurrence of one or more of the following health problems: retained placenta, ketosis, mastitis, hypocalcemia, metritis, and pneumonia, were recorded during the first 60 DIM. Production, composition and blood parameters were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS, while disease prevalence were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure considering the effects of parity and ΔBCS class. Milk composition was not influenced by ΔBCS, as well as milk yield (P = 0.92). Cows with EL showed greater blood BHB on 4 DIM than ML and LL (1.02 vs. 0.78 vs. 0.76 mmol/L; P = 0.03). Cows from EL group had greater proportion of cows with health problems (65.8 vs. 51.6 vs. 39.3%; P = 0.04). Regarding specific health problems evaluated, EL cows presented higher prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia (Ca < 8.0 mg/dL on 1 DIM; 55.3 vs. 35.5 vs. 29.5%; P = 0.03) and tended to have higher subclinical ketosis (BHB ≥ 1.2; 18.4 vs. 9.7 vs. 3.3%; P = 0.06). Blood metabolites were similar between treatments. However, EL cows showed higher AST concentrations (131.9 vs. 94.5 and 84.4 U/L; P = 0.01) and lower values of liver functionally index (3.04 vs. 5.36 and 5.35; P = 0.05) than the other 2 ΔBCS classes, which suggest a lower hepatic health. In summary, cows with less intense BCS loss presented less health problems and better hepatic status, along with no detrimental impact on performance. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86898 |
Watch |
2085M |
Maternal prepartum body condition score affects calf performance from birth to weaning. |
5 |
R. Almeida |
dairy cattle maternal influence calf growing |
M. Poczynek1,3, L. S. Nogueira1, J. H. Carneiro1, H. P. Janssen2, F. C. Cardoso3, R. Almeida1 |
1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 2Negócios Leite Castrolanda Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Castro, PR, Brazil, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
Prepartum body condition score (BCS) has known effects on cow performance and health. However, the effects of dairy cow’s body fat reserves on their offspring remain not well elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of maternal BCS on their offspring’s body weight (BW) at birth and weaning, withers height (WH), hip width (HW), ADG from birth to weaning and transfer of passive immunity. Seventy-one female Holstein calves were enrolled from dams that were categorized in 3 BCS groups: Group 1: ≤ 3.0 (n = 16); Group 2: 3.25 - 3.50 (n = 21); and Group 3: ≥ 3.75 (n = 34), 21 d before the expected calving date. At birth, calves received 10.3% of birth BW of a high-quality colostrum (Brix 27.5 ± 2.8% measured MISCO PA202x-400 Digital Refractometer, Solon, OH) and were housed in individual calf hutches, fed 6 L/d of pasteurized whole milk with ad libitum starter concentrate and water. Calves were weaned at 96 d of age. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Calf was the experimental unit. Maternal BCS did not affected calf’s BW at birth (37.8 ± 1.11 kg; P = 0.42) and HW at birth (22.6 ± 0.69 cm; P = 0.30). However, calves from Group 1 dams were born 2 cm shorter than calves from Groups 2 and 3 (74.28 ± 0.77 cm for calves from Group1, 76.45 ± 0.77 cm for calves from Group 2 and 76.73 ± 0.77 cm for calves from Group 3; P = 0.03). As expected, since all calves received the same proportional amount of colostrum, no effects on transfer of passive immunity were observed (P = 0.90). The ADG from birth to weaning was the same for calves from Groups 1, 2, and 3(878.3 ± 28.3 g/d; P = 0.72), as well as BW at weaning (122.04 ± 4.06 kg; P = 0.72). The HW at weaning was not affected by the maternal group (P = 0.85). Nonetheless, calves from Group 1 dams remained 2 cm shorter until weaning (96.78 ± 0.88 cm for Group 1, 98.90 ± 0.88 for Group 2 and 98.67 ± 0.88 for Group 3; P = 0.04). In conclusion, prepartum maternal BCS directly affected their offspring’s size at birth and this effect lasted until weaning. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86912 |
Watch |
2086M |
Impact of prepartum body condition score on milk production, backfat thickness mobilization and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. |
6 |
R. Almeida |
body fat reserves transition period |
L. S. Nogueira1, M. Poczynek1, J. H. Carneiro1, H. P. Janssen2, R. Almeida1 |
1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 2Negócios Leite Castrolanda Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Castro, PR, Brazil |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of prepartum body condition score (BCS) on milk production, blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), backfat thickness (BFT) mobilization, and body weight changes during the transition period. One hundred 56 Holstein animals, 48 nulliparous and 108 multiparous, were categorized into 3 BCS classes: class 1: ≤ 3.0 (n = 45); class 2: 3.25 - 3.5 (n = 50); and class 3: ≥ 3.75 (n = 61), 21 d before the expected calving date. Body weight (BW), BCS, and BFT by using ultrasound were assessed 21 d before the expected calving, on the calving day and 28 d after calving. Colostrum was obtained from each cow at the first milking following calving and Brix % was recorded immediately following collection. Milk production was measured in the first 100 d of lactation. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The BCS averages were 2.91 for class 1, 3.44 for class 2, and 4.11 for class 3. As expected, cows in the class 3 were heavier (P = 0.05) than cows in classes 2 and 1 (751.0, 714.7, and 717.4 kg, respectively) in the prepartum period. Cows in class 3 had more (P < 0.01) prepartum BFT (19.8 ± 0.5 mm), followed by class 2 (13.3 ± 0.5 mm) and class 1 (10.1 ± 0.5 mm). The colostrum yield and Brix % were not altered (P > 0.05) by the prepartum BCS. Cows in class 3 lost more (P < 0.01) BFT (6.2 ± 0.5 mm) followed by class 2 (2.1 ± 0.5 mm) and the lowest BFT change was for class 1 with 0.5 ± 0.5 mm. The BW change was higher (P < 0.01) for class 3 cows (47.6 ± 6.5 kg), but it was similar for classes 2 and 1 (31.7 and 31.2 ± 6.5 kg). Similarly, the BCS change was greater (P < 0.01) in class 3 followed by classes 2 and 1; 0.94, 0.59 and 0.35 ± 0.05 units, respectively. The BHB concentrations were not affected (P > 0.05) by the BCS classes in both d 7 and 14 after calving. Milk yield was not affected (P > 0.05) by the BCS classes; 47.4, 49.4, and 48.0 ± 1.35 kg/d, respectively for BCS classes 1, 2 and 3. In conclusion, cows with high prepartum BCS lost more body fat reserves but this did not affect milk production, colostrum yield and quality, and BHB concentrations. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86706 |
Watch |
2087M |
Serum amino acids and other metabolites of weaned heifers in response to diurnal heat stress. |
7 |
H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe |
dry matter intake lysine nonesterified fatty acids |
H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe1, L. Showman2, M. A. Perera2, D. C. Beitz1, J. A. D. R. N. Appuhamy1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2W. M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
Heat stress (HS) influences nutrient partitioning among animal tissues, which is reflected in blood metabolite profiles. The impact of daytime heat waves on cattle is poorly understood, and blood metabolite profiles of heat-stressed heifers and calves are limited. The objective was to investigate the effects of a diurnal HS bout (dHS) on serum AA and other metabolite profiles of weaned heifers. Nine weaned Holstein calves at 5 mo of age (202 ± 7.5 kg of BW) were subjected to a 3 d dHS by increasing daytime (0900 to 2100 h) barn temperature from 28 to 33°C. The nighttime temperature was 24°C. The DMI and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded the wk before and during dHS. Blood was drawn, and rectal temperature (Tr) and respiration rate (RR) were recorded at 1500 h on d 0 (baseline) and d 3 of dHS. Serum AA and other metabolite concentrations were measured by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Treatment effects were analyzed by using the MIXED procedure in SAS. The Tr (39.5 to 40.7°C) and RR (77 to 127 breaths per min) increased for dHS (P < 0.01). The dHS did not change DMI (5.6 kg/d, P = 0.36) but decreased ADG (1.21 to 0.21 kg/d) relative to baseline. The dHS increased Lys and Trp (P < 0.01), and total essential AA (220.1 to 251.9 μmol /L; P = 0.12) relative to baseline. Compared with baseline, dHS also increased nonessential AA such as Gln, Ala, Pro, and Tyr (P < 0.03). The increments in serum AA for dHS contradicted with declines of serum AA in cows subjected to HS throughout the whole day and having decreased DMI. The dHS did not affect serum glucose, urea, ornithine, serotonin, and total nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (P > 0.32). The dHS tended to increase BHB (P = 0.06) and decreased glycerol (P = 0.09). In conclusion, the metabolite profiles indicate a minimal fatty acid mobilization in response to dHS. Elevated AA concentrations suggested decreased utilization of AA for muscle protein synthesis as supported by the lower ADG while DMI remained unchanged during dHS. The metabolic profiles of cattle for dHS seemed to be different from those for cows subjected to HS throughout the whole day. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86441 |
Watch |
2088M |
Predicting ribeye area and shape of live calves through 3-dimensional image analyses of body surface. |
8 |
J. Caffarini |
beef-on-dairy body composition computer vision |
J. Caffarini1, J. Dorea2,3, T. Bresolin2 |
1Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI,, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI,, 3Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, |
The use of sexed semen at dairy farms has improved heifer replacement over the last decade by allowing greater control over the number of retained females and enabling the selection of dams with superior genetics. Alternatively, beef semen can be used in genetically inferior dairy cows to produce crossbred (beef x dairy) animals that can be sold at a higher price. Although crossbreeding became profitable for dairy farmers, meat cuts from beef x dairy crosses often lack quality and shape uniformity. Technologies for quickly predicting carcass traits for animal grouping before harvest may improve consistency in crossbred cattle. Our objective was to develop a deep learning approach for predicting ribeye area and circularity of live animals through 3D body surface images using 2 neural networks: (1) a nested Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (nPSPNet) for extracting features, and (2) a convolutional Size Estimating Neural Network (SENN) for generating ribeye size and shape estimates from these features. A group of 56 calves were imaged using an Intel RealSense D435 camera. A total of 327 depth images were captured from 30 calves and labeled with masks outlining the calf to train the nPSPNet. An additional 42,523 depth images were taken from the remaining 26 calves, and 3 13th rib ultrasound images were selected from each. Ribeye ultrasound images were manually segmented, and average ribeye area and circularity for each was calculated and paired with its corresponding depth images for SENN training. We implemented a nested cross-validation (CV) approach, in which all images for one calf were removed (Leave-one-out, LOO), and the remaining calves were further divided into training (70%) and validation (30%) sets within each LOO iteration. The proposed model predicted ribeye size with an average R2 of 0.73 and 6.8% mean absolute error of prediction (MAEP) and the ribeye circularity with R2 of 0.89 and 2.1% MAEP. Our results indicate that computer vision systems could be used to predict meat cut traits in live animals, allowing optimal management decisions toward smart animal grouping in beef x dairy crosses and purebred. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86957 |
|
2089M |
Early prediction of muscle score of beef-on-dairy cattle using depth images and deep learning approaches. |
9 |
L. G. R. Pereira |
artificial intelligence computer vision deep learning |
L. G. R. Pereira1,2, J. C. F. Silva2, T. Bresolin2, R. E. P. Ferreira2, J. R. R. Doera2 |
1Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation–Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Foa, MG, Brazil, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI |
High-throughput phenotyping is a key component for developing proven and reliable beef genetics for dairy farmers to maximize calf crop value. Recent advances in machine learning have allowed the development of algorithms that use depth images to predict animal performance, development, and morphology. The objective of this study was to develop a computer vision system to predict future muscle score using depth images obtained from newborn beef-on-dairy calves, and compare with using morphological measurements. Seventy-nine calves with 8 ± 5 d of age and 100 ± 16 kg were manually measured (data set1: cannon bone, forearm, hip length, face length, face width) and weighed, and a depth image was captured from each animal using an Intel RealSense Depth Camera D435. The images were manually segmented using MATLAB software. The surface area of the calf body was estimated by using the camera’s focal length and sensor size to calculate each pixel’s area in cm2, and then the volume was calculated by multiplying the estimated area values by the distances from each pixel to the floor. From the segmentation mask, the following values were calculated (data set2): total number of pixels; length in pixels of the major axis of the ellipsis containing the mask; perimeter in pixels; ratio of pixels in the mask to pixels in the rectangle containing it; eccentricity; and circularity. K-nearest neighbors (KNN) was used to predict the muscle score in a scale from 1 to 3, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the models’ performance. The model performance using data set1 achieved an overall accuracy of 71% (precision = 74%, recall = 69%), while the accuracy using data set2 was 58%. Although models trained using imaging data performed worse than using morphological measurements, the former can be useful as a high-throughput phenotyping tool to predict muscle score of beef-on-dairy animals. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86414 |
Watch |
2090M |
Determining an automatic teat sprayer system’s effectiveness on eliminating bacteria on the teat skin of Holstein dairy cows. |
10 |
G. Canny |
teat skin bacteria automatic sprayer |
G. Canny1, B. Jones1,2, J. Waddell1, J. Spencer2, J. Speshock1 |
1Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 2Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 3Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 4Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 5Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, College Station, TX |
The bovine udder is constantly exposed to mastitis-causing organisms in the environment and from cow-to-cow exposure through unsanitary milking equipment. The use of teat disinfectant before and after the milking unit is applied decreases the colonization of teat skin bacteria that can cause mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preventing colonization of teat skin bacteria on a commercial dairy farm in Central Texas by using an automatic sprayer for pre-teat disinfectant. Cows (n = 175) were scored based on the overall teat coverage from 0 (no teats receiving pre-spray) to 4 (all teats receiving pre-spray). Teat skin bacteria samples were collected before the spray was applied, then again once the pre-spray was removed by a single use towel by using a single sterile 12-ply 4 X 4 cotton gauze pad and moistened with a phosphate buffer solution. Swabs were swiped down the side of the left rear teat from base to apex and then 3 times across the apex before being deposited in a sterile 50 mL tube containing 15 mL of the peptone phosphate buffer solution. From the samples collected (n = 350), a 1:10 serial dilution was performed with 1 mL enumerated from the swab and 9 mL of phosphate buffer solution. Then 100 µL were applied to blood agar plates and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. All analyses were carried out in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). The MEANS procedure was used to evaluate scores. Mean ± SD coverage score of disinfectant automatically applied to teats was 2.5 ± 1.05. Samples collected before the teat disinfectant was applied resulted in 8.79 × 105 cfu/mL. Samples collected after the teat disinfectant was applied resulted in 5.1 × 105 cfu/mL. Results from this study suggest that the automatic sprayer technique may not effectively remove teat skin bacteria that can cause mastitis. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9956 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86847 |
Watch |
2091M |
Evaluating the relationship between previous estrous characteristics and production parameters on days to and estrous intensity at first service in a dairy with a robotic milking system. |
1 |
S. Johnson |
automatic milking system (AMS) robotic milking system estrous intensity |
S. Johnson1, J. Bohlen1 |
1University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
Days to first service often indicates the reproductive health of a dairy herd with estrous detection commonly used to submit animals to this AI. Activity monitoring systems (AMS) allow for effective and accurate identification of estrous events. However, there are still numerous variables that influence estrous events identified by AMS in conventional milking systems, with the list becoming more robust in dairies with robotic milking systems (RMS). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate how previous estrous characteristics and production parameters influence the days to and intensity of estrus at first service in a RMS with AMS. Lactating, Holstein cows (n = 45) were fitted with a DeLaval activity meter and monitored from day of calving until first service in a RMS using Delpro Farm Manager. The algorithm included in this program generates attentions at 3 different levels (+, ++, +++) and reports an intensity of estrus (EI), which correlates with the attention level and reflects the percent change relative to cow’s baseline activity. Only ++ and +++ attentions were recorded and peak EI used in analysis while any attention that peaked at + considered a false alarm. No exogenous hormones were used to manipulate cows enrolled and observations concluded at 100 DIM. Data recorded for previous estrous characteristics included days in milk (DIM) at and EI of the first estrous event postpartum and frequency of estrous events during the voluntary wait period (VWP) of 60 DIM. Data recorded for production parameters included frequency of visits to RMS and milk production at 30, 60 and 90 DIM. Using R, regression plots and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to identify relationships and best fit a linear model. DIM at first service was not impacted by robot visits, milk production or EI at preceding estrous event(s) during the first 100 DIM (P > 0.05). Only weak associations exist between measured variables and EI at first service. One moderate relationship was uncovered between EI at first estrus and EI at first service (r = 0.61). RMS visits related to milk production on the same DIM became more highly correlated from 30 DIM (r = 0.52) to 60 DIM (r = 0.77). Interestingly, 94.1% of animals that did not cycle during the VWP (n = 16) also failed to cycle in the first 100 DIM. Although no significant relationships were identified due to the preliminary nature of this data, the influence of estrous characteristics during the VWP on future estrous events warrants further investigation. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86289 |
Watch |
2092M |
Effect of a targeted reproductive management program based on automated detection of estrus during the voluntary waiting period on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. |
2 |
A. L. Laplacette |
automated detection of estrus timed AI cow |
A. L. Laplacette1, C. Rial1, G. S. Magaña Baños2, J. A. Garcia Escalera2, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Merck Animal Health, Mexico |
Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect on reproductive performance of a targeted reproductive management program for first AI that prioritized AI at detected estrus (AIE) based on automated estrus alerts (AEA) and used timed AI (TAI) for cows not AIE and (2) evaluate the association between AEA during the voluntary waiting period (AEA-VWP) and reproductive outcomes. Holstein cows (n = 849) from one commercial farm were fitted with a neck sensor (Heatime Pro+, Allflex) for detection of estrus, blocked by parity and semen (Holstein vs. beef) used, and then randomly assigned to an all-TAI (A-TAI; n = 441) or predominant AIE+TAI (P-AIE; n = 408) treatment. Cows in A-TAI received TAI at 76 ± 3 DIM after Double-Ovsynch. After a 50 d VWP, cows in P-AIE were eligible for AIE for up to 28 to 35 d if had at least one AEA-VWP (n = 248) or up to 14 to 21 d if no AEA-VWP (n = 160) was recorded from 15 to 49 DIM. Cows not AIE were TAI after Ovsynch with progesterone supplementation at 90 ± 3 or 76 ± 3 DIM if had at least one or no AEA-VWP. Cows from both treatments received the same reproductive program after first AI (i.e., AIE if detected estrus and TAI after resynchronization of ovulation starting at 31–37 d after AI). Binary data were analyzed by Logistic regression and time to pregnancy with Cox’s regression. Proportion of cows with AEA-VWP did not differ (P = 0.56) for A-TAI (59.3%) and P-AIE (61.2%). Within P-AIE, 88.2 and 43.7% of the cows were AIE out of those with or without AEA-VWP. First-service DIM were reduced (P < 0.01) for P-AIE (66.8 ± 0.4) than A-TAI (76.1 ± 0.4). Overall first AI pregnancies per AI (P/AI) were greater (P < 0.01) for A-TAI (41.0%) than P-AIE (29.8%). The hazard of pregnancy (HR = 1.0; 0.8–1.3) did not differ (P = 0.80) and median days to pregnancy were 100 for A-TAI and 108 for P-AIE. Cows pregnant at 150 DIM did not differ (P = 0.47) for A-TAI (70.4%) and P-AIE (67.3%). Across treatments, cows with (43.6%) than without (27.6%) VWP-AEA had greater (P < 0.01) P/AI and hazard of pregnancy [HR = 1.7; 1.3–2.1]. More (P < 0.01) cows with (76.7%) than without VWP-AEA (59.8%) were pregnant at 150 DIM. We conclude that a targeted reproductive management program that prioritized AIE based on AEA led to similar reproductive performance than a program that used all TAI and an extended VWP. Also, estrus expression during the VWP was associated with improved reproductive performance. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86298 |
Watch |
2093M |
Automated estrus alert features during the voluntary waiting period and AI period were affected by cow features and early lactation events and associated with first-service outcomes in lactating dairy cows. |
3 |
C. Rial |
dairy cow reproduction automated estrus |
C. Rial1, A. L. Laplacette1, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Our objective was to evaluate the association between biological and management features of dairy cows with automated estrus alerts (AEA) features for AEA generated during the voluntary waiting period (AEA-VWP) and AI period (AEA-AI). A secondary objective was to evaluate the association between AEA features with first-service outcomes. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 559) were fitted with an ear-attached sensor (Smartbow, Zoetis). Cows were AI at detected estrus based on AEA for 3 to 5 wk after the end of the VWP, and if not AIE were timed AI after Ovsynch plus progesterone. Features of AEA evaluated were intensity (range 40–100%) and duration (hours from onset to end of AEA). Health disorders (HD) events, calving-related events, days in close-up pen (DCU; ideal = 14–28, not ideal < 14 or > 28 d), milk yield (H = high, M = medium, L = low), gDPR (H, M, L), parity (1 vs ≥ 2), and calving season (W = warm, C = cool) were explanatory variables. Intensity, duration, and pregnancies per AI (P/AI) were analyzed with Poisson regression, ANOVA, and logistic regression, respectively. Intensity of AEA-VWP was affected (P < 0.05) by milk yield (H = 84.0b, M = 86.8a, L = 83.9b), gDPR (H = 86.4a, M = 83.7b, L = 84.6b), HD events (yes = 78.9, no = 91.4) and DCU (ideal = 86.0, no ideal = 83.8). Duration of AEA-VWP was affected (P < 0.05) by calving season (W = 11.9 h, C = 14.3 h) and HD events (yes = 11.3 h, no = 14.8 h). Intensity of AEA-AI was affected (P < 0.05) by milk yield (H = 88.6ab, M = 90.2a, L = 87.2b), parity (1 = 90.3, ≥ 2 = 87.1), AI season (W = 87.7, C = 89.6) and intensity of AEA-VWP (AEA-AI intensity increased 1.1% per 1-unit increase in AEA-VWP intensity). Duration of AEA-AI was affected by AI season (W = 14.4 h, C = 19.4 h; P < 0.01). First-service P/AI was affected (P < 0.05) by AEA-VWP duration (odds of pregnancy increased by 4.2% per 1 h increase in AEA-VWP duration), AEA-AI intensity (odds of pregnancy increased by 4.1% per 1-unit increase in intensity) and AEA-AI duration (odds of pregnancy increased by 5.4% with 1 h increase in the duration of AEA-AI). We conclude that intensity and duration of AEA from an ear-attached sensor during the VWP and AI period were affected by biological and management features of dairy cows and were associated with first-service outcomes. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86884 |
Watch |
2094M |
Rumination time, calving features, health events, and dairy cow performance are associated with estrus expression during the voluntary waiting period. |
4 |
C. Rial |
cow rumination estrus |
C. Rial1, A. L. Laplacette1, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Our primary objective was to evaluate the association between rumination, calving features, early lactation health, and milk yield with estrus expression during the voluntary waiting period (E-VWP). A secondary goal was to compare estrous expression for groups of cows created based on combined data. Holstein cows (n = 1,184) had rumination time (RT) data from an ear-attached sensor (Smartbow) summed from −21 to −2 (Pre) and 2 to 21 (Post) d from calving. Cows were classified in high (H) or low (L) RT groups for the Pre and Post period based on the median RT within parity to create HPre-LPost (n = 164), HPre-HPost (n = 432), LPre-LPost (n = 420), and LPre-LPost (n = 168) groups. A record of ≥ 1 health disorder, high milk yield (grouped in H, M, and L), and ≥ 1 occurrence of twins, abortion, stillbirth, calving ease ≥ 3 were risk factors (RF) for reduced expression of estrus. Data were analyzed with logistic, multiple linear, and Cox’s regression with parity and calving season as confounders. Proportion (%) of cows with E-VWP was affected (P < 0.05) by parity (1 = 48.3, ≥ 2 = 59.3), calving season (warm = 47.6, cool = 60.1), and RF (RF = 44.8, NoRF = 62.7), and tended to differ (P = 0.09) for RT groups (HPre-LPost = 60.8, HPre-HPost = 48.9, LPre-LPost = 53.3, LPre-HPost = 52.3). Thus, being in the HPre-HPost group was also a RF for reduced likelihood of expressing estrus. Cows were then grouped in a no RF (0RF;n = 296), one RF (1RF;n = 476), and 2 or more RF (2+RF;n = 412). The proportion (%) of cows with E-VWP was greatest (P < 0.05) for 0RF (67.0), intermediate for 1RF (53.7), and smallest for 2+RF (44.1). Days to E-VWP did not differ (P = 0.93; 0RF = 38.2, 1RF = 38.3, 2+RF = 38.4). The 0RF group had reduced (P < 0.01) time (HR; 95%CI) to E-VWP than the 1RF [1.4 (1.2–1.7)], and 2+RF [1.8 (1.5–2.2)] groups. We conclude that data for pre- and postpartum rumination time, calving features, health events, and cow performance are associated with expression of estrus during the VWP and could be combined to identify subgroups of cows with different likelihood of expressing estrus during the VWP. Supported by USDA-NIFA NYC127851 and 127945 and by Zoetis. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86640 |
Watch |
2095M |
Use of a rapid immunity test as an early pregnancy diagnosis tool. |
5 |
L. S. Caixeta |
type 1/type 2 immunity early pregnancy diagnosis |
C. C. Florentino1, J. V. S. Leite1, Q. Huo2, L. S. Caixeta1 |
1University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 2University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL |
This pilot study was conducted to determine whether measuring the type 1 (cell-mediated) to type 2 (antibody-mediated) immunity ratio 18 d after breeding differed between pregnant and nonpregnant cows. The D2Dx immunity test is a rapid blood test that uses nanoparticles to measure the type 1 to type 2 ratio in farm animals. Type 1-biased immunity leads to higher D2Dx scores whereas a type 2-biased immunity leads to lower D2Dx scores. A response biased toward type 1 immunity is expected during the peri-implantation period; thus, the D2Dx test has the potential to be used for early pregnancy diagnosis. We hypothesize that higher D2Dx scores are associated with pregnancy. To investigate this hypothesis, we collected blood samples from 21 Holstein cows 7 d prior and 18 d after cows received their first breeding after their voluntary waiting period (70d) following a Double Ovsynch program. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 32 ± 3 d and confirmed at 60 ± 3 d after breeding. Nine cows (43%) were confirmed pregnant during this experiment. Blood samples clotted at room temperature for 30 min and the serum was harvested after centrifugation. The D2Dx test was performed using 10 µL of undiluted serum mixed with 50 µL of nanoparticle reagent in a mini-cuvette. After mixing for 5 s, the cuvette was placed in a CT-100 reader device (Nano Discovery Inc.), and the score was read directly from the device after 30 s of reaction time. D2Dx scores at d18 postbreeding were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model with the fixed effects of group (ie, pregnant vs. not pregnant) and −7d D2Dx score, and the random effect of cow. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated using a D2Dx score of 0.29 (arbitary cut-off determined using the potential scores within pregnant and not pregnant cows average scores). At d18 postbreeding, the D2Dx score for pregnant cows (0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28, 0.33) was greater than the score for not-pregnant cows (0.26; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.28). When using the aforementioned D2Dx score threshold, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 89%, 92%, 89% and 92%, respectively. This result supports our hypothesis that higher D2Dx scores (type 1-biased immunity) is associated with pregnancy. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86893 |
Watch |
2096M |
Prediction of pregnancy in lactating dairy cows with machine learning algorithms using behavioral, physiological, and performance sensor data and other cow, herd, and environmental data. |
6 |
G. E. Granados |
machine learning pregnancy sensor |
G. E. Granados1, M. M. Perez1, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective was to evaluate the performance of supervised Machine Learning algorithms (MLA) for predicting the outcome of first AI service (FS) in dairy cows. Decision trees (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms were built for primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows using behavioral, physiological, and performance data collected by automated sensors and other cow, herd, and environmental data. Predictor data and FS outcome (pregnant vs. not pregnant) were collected from 609 PP and 1,010 MP Holstein cows that received timed AI (TAI) after Double-Ovsynch at 84 ± 3 DIM for PP and 67 ± 3 for MP. Sensor parameters were milk yield, fat, protein, and lactose in milk, milk conductivity, body weight, activity, reticulo-rumen temperature, and resting, eating, and rumination behavior. Cow, herd, and environmental data (22 variables) included for example calving features, previous lactation yield, herd conception risk, and temperature-humidity index before TAI. In total, 139 variables were used in 3 different data sets. The multi period (MultiP) data set used daily data averaged for −14 to −8, −7 to −3, −2 to 2, 3 to 7, 8 to 14, 15 to 28, and 29 to 56 DIM. The single period (SingP) data set used values averaged from 3 to 56 DIM. The synchronization period (SynchP) data set used values averaged from −27 to −11, −10 to −3, −2 to −1 d before TAI. The best 4 performing MLA for PP cows were SVM with the SingP [Accuracy (Acc) = 96.8%], SVM with SynchP (Acc = 94.6%), LR with SingP (Acc = 90.9%), and XGBoost with SynchP (Acc = 76.9%). For MP, the best 4 performing MLA were SVM with MultiP (Acc = 58.0%), XGBoost with SingP (Acc = 58.0%), XGBoost with SingP (Acc = 56.8%), and DT with SynchP (Acc = 55.3%). We conclude that MLA built using a combination of automated sensor data and cow, herd, and environmental data from a single commercial farm had acceptable accuracy to predict FS outcome in primiparous but not in multiparous dairy cows that received TAI. Supported by projects USDA AFRI-NIFA #2017–67015–26772, NYC127851, and 127945. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87064 |
Watch |
2097M |
Effectiveness of GnRH as a resynchronization tool in lactating dairy cows. |
7 |
A. Santos |
ovulation fertility corpora lutea |
A. Santos1, T. Minela1, L. R. Martins1, J. R. Pursley1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is utilized in Ovsynch type programs to initiate resynchronization before pregnancy diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of GnRH on induction of ovulation before pregnancy diagnosis. These treatments were part of a resynchronization program to time-AI nonpregnant cows on d 42 following previous AI. We hypothesized that GnRH treatments before the first GnRH of Ovsynch would increase the percent of cows with synchronized follicular development compared with Ovsynch alone. Lactating primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows (n = 362) were randomly assigned by parity and AI number to one of 3 resynchronization treatments: 1st GnRH (100 µg of gonadorelin acetate) of Ovsynch on d 32 postprevious AI (control; n = 108), GnRH 7 d before 1st GnRH of Ovsynch (1PreG; n = 116), and GnRH 14 and 7 d before 1st GnRH of Ovsynch (2PreG; n = 138). Ovaries of all cows were examined via ultrasound on d 18, 21, 25, 28, 32 and 35 post-AI. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 34 after AI. Nonpregnant cows received final PGF2a of Ovsynch on d 39 and AI on d 42 postprevious AI. Data were analyzed using the MIXED (continuous) and GLIMMIX (binomial) procedures in SAS 9.4. Overall, there was greater ovulation rates in nonpregnant vs. pregnant cows to previous AI. Only data from nonpregnant cows to previous AI are reported. 2PreG induced greater combined corpora lutea (CL) volume on d 35 post-AI in comparison 1PreG and Control groups. 1PreG had greater combined CL volume compared with control. There was no difference (P = 0.57) across treatments in the percent of cows that had ovulation to 1st GnRH of Ovsynch (67, 57 and 61% in control, 1PreG and 2PreG). There was an effect of resynchronization treatment on P/AI on d 34 post-AI after 1st AI but not after previous resynchronization with Ovsynch. Treatment 1PreG increased (P = 0.04) P/AI compared with 2PreG (60 vs. 41%) but not controls (49%; P = 0.40). Pre-synchronization GnRH treatments did not increase the percent of cows with synchronized follicular development at 1st GnRH of Ovsynch compared with the Ovsynch control. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86189 |
Watch |
2098M |
Reproductive outcomes of lactating Holstein cows submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol and receiving timed AI with conventional semen or timed embryo transfer of flushed, frozen/thawed embryos. |
8 |
N. Hincapie |
timed AI embryo transfer double-ovsynch |
N. Hincapie1, M. R. Lauber1, A. Sanchez2, P. Guarneri2, A. Valenza3, P. M. Fricke1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Embryovet, Verolanuova, Italy, 3CEVA Salute Animale, Agrate Brianza, Italy |
Our objective was to compare pregnancy outcomes and pregnancy losses in lactating Holstein cows receiving timed AI (TAI) versus timed embryo transfer (TET) after completing a Double-Ovsynch protocol for first service. Lactating Holsteins cows (n = 579; 236 primiparous, 343 multiparous) were submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol [d 0, GnRH; d 7, PGF2α; d 10, GnRH; d 17, GnRH; d 24 and d 25, PGF2α; 32 h, GnRH (G2)] for first service, and cows were blocked by parity and randomized to receive TAI (n = 289) with conventional semen 16 h after G2, or TET (n = 290) 8 d after G2. Embryos were produced from 100 nulliparous heifers submitted to a superovulation protocol and inseminated with sexed semen, and only grade 1 embryos were frozen. Thawed embryos were transferred into recipient cows with a corpus luteum ≥15 mm at TET, and pregnancy outcomes and pregnancy losses were compared with cows receiving TAI with a corpus luteum ≥15 mm 8 d after G2. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed using transrectal ultrasonography at 32 and 65 d after G2. The effect of treatment and parity on reproductive outcomes was analyzed by logistic regression using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Pregnancy outcomes did not differ between treatments at 32 (38.5% vs. 36.9%) or 65 (34.1% vs. 28.8%) d after G2 for TAI vs. TET cows, respectively, and primiparous cows had more (P < 0.01) pregnancies than multiparous cows at 32 (44.8% vs. 32.6%) and 65 (40.1% vs. 25.3%) d after G2. By contrast, pregnancy loss from 32 to 65 d after G2 was greater (P = 0.03) for TET than for TAI cows (21% vs. 9.9%), and multiparous cows had more (P < 0.01) pregnancy loss than primiparous cows (22.4% vs 8.1%). We conclude that although pregnancy outcomes did not differ between treatments, TET cows had more pregnancy losses than TAI cows, and multiparous cows had more pregnancy losses than primiparous cows. Future investigations to increase embryo survival after TET are critical to optimize the efficiency of ET in lactating Holstein cows. Supported by WI Experiment Station Hatch project WIS02096. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86472 |
Watch |
2099M |
Effects of not using a CIDR and one PGF after the first GnRH in a modified 5-d Synch protocol for dairy heifers. |
9 |
I. M. R. Leão |
heifers synchronization CIDR |
I. M. R. Leão1, M. S. El Azzi1,2, E. Anta-Galvan1, T. Valdes-Arciniega1, J. P. N. Martins1 |
1Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil |
This study aimed to determine the effect of (1) excluding a CIDR from a modified 5-d Synch protocol that included a PGF 2 d before the 1st GnRH, and (2) using only one PGF 6d after the 1st GnRH on luteolysis and ovulatory response after treatment in Holstein heifers. Heifers (n = 102) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: G5P+P4, G5P and G6P. The G5P+P4 consisted of d-7: PGF, d-5: GnRH + CIDR insertion, d0: PGF + CIDR removal, and d1: PGF. G5P was the same as G5P+P4, but no CIDR was used. G6P was similar to G5P, but only one PGF was used at the end of the protocol (d-8: PGF, d-6: GnRH, and d0: PGF). Ovarian ultrasonography and blood sampling were performed during treatment and every 12h for 5d after d0 or until ovulation. Binary and continuous variables were analyzed by logistic and linear regressions, respectively. Ovulatory response to the GnRH (P = 0.34; 89.2%) and proportion of heifers with serum P4 > 1.00 ng/mL at d0 did not differ (P = 0.82; 97.1%) among treatments. Heifers in G5P+P4 (5.28 ± 0.33 ng/mL) and G6P (4.58 ± 0.54 ng/mL) had greater (P < 0.02) serum P4 on d0 than G5P (3.07 ± 0.36 ng/mL). Only one PGF at the end of the protocol decreased (P = 0.04) the proportion of heifers with complete luteolysis (P4 < 0.50 ng/mL) 48 h after the d0 compared with 2 PGF given on d 0 and 1 (G6P: 79.4%; G5P+P4: 97.1% and G5P: 97.1%). Ovulation after the d0 did not differ (P = 0.48) among treatments (G5P+P4: 81.8%, G5P: 91.2% and G6P: 81.8%). Heifers in G6P had a reduced (P < 0.01) interval from d0 to ovulation (74 ± 2 h) than heifers in G5P+P4 (81 ± 2 h) and G5P (80 ± 1 h). Ovulatory follicle size was greater (P < 0.01) for heifers in G6P (16.2 ± 0.3 mm) than in G5P (15.5 ± 0.2 mm) and G5P+P4 (14.3 ± 0.2 mm). G5P+P4 group had smaller (P < 0.01) ovulatory follicle size than G5P. In conclusion, the exclusion of a CIDR in the modified 5-d Synch protocol (G5P vs. G5P+P4) did not affect the proportion of heifers with serum P4 > 1.00 ng/mL at d0, complete luteolysis and ovulatory response after d0, but increased ovulatory follicle size. However, only one PGF 6d after GnRH reduced luteolysis rate and increased ovulatory follicle size in Holstein heifers. |
| Reproduction Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86025 |
|
2100M |
Key performance indicators used by dairy consultants during a first visit to evaluate reproductive performance. |
10 |
A. Bach |
analytics production medicine reproduction |
R. Armengol1, L. Fraile1,2, A. Bach3,4 |
1Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain, 2Agrotecnio, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain, 3Marlex Research and Education, Barcelona, Spain, 4Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain |
Reproduction plays a fundamental role in the profitability of dairy farms. Consultants use key performance indicators (KPI) to monitor the reproductive performance of farms and propose changes when needed. There is a myriad of parameters that can be used to assess reproductive performance, and consultants must decipher between the most suitable ones and consider them as KPI. An online survey was sent worldwide and answered by consultants from Belgium (2), Brazil (1), Canada (3), Chile (1), Colombia (1), Denmark (3), Estonia (1), France (3), Germany (2), Greece (2), Israel (2), Italy (2), Netherlands (2), Peru (1), Poland (1), Portugal (3), Spain (7), Sweden (4), United Kingdom (1), Uruguay (1), and USA (6) specialized in dairy reproduction (n = 49; age range between 31 and 70 yr) to assess the commonly used KPIs in a first visit. Responders were asked to rate from 0 (irrelevant) to 10 (maximum importance) 178 parameters that could potentially be KPI. The questions were divided into 5 sections: 1) consultant background and farm type, 2) farming efficiency, 3) cow reproduction, 4) postpartum and metabolic disease, and 5) heifer reproduction. The median, range, and 95% CI were determined for each question and a multivariate analysis using between-group linkage via Ward's hierarchical clustering was conducted to generate clusters of consultants according to their response pattern. Also, a Chi-squared test was used to assess the association between years of experience of the consultant and farm size. Consultants considered 27 parameters to be highly important to analyze in a first visit, but farm size and the years of experience of the consultant influenced the type and number of parameters chosen as KPI. The parameters rated with the highest importance (rate = 10) were within the section of cow reproduction: conception rate at first service, pregnancy rate, and 21-d pregnancy rate, and age at first calving. The second most important parameters (rate = 8) referred to farming efficiency: culling rate, proportion of cows pregnant, average days dry, average DIM, and the third most important (rate = 7) referred to postpartum and metabolic disease: incidence of metritis, retained placenta, and ketosis. Whether these parameters should actually be considered as KPIs needs further evaluation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9964 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86076 |
Watch |
2120M |
Colostrum microbiome and plasma metabolome in calves are altered in response to ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine during late-pregnancy. |
1 |
N. Wichasit |
amino acids nutrition programming |
N. Wichasit1,2, A. Elolimy3, A. Alharthi4, Q. Jiang2, C. Parys5, J. Guyader5, W. Tartrakoon5, J. J. Loor2 |
1Naresuan Uiversity, Phitsanulok, Thailand, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3National Research Center, Giza, Egypt, 4King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia, 5Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Essen, Germany |
We evaluated the impact of maternal Met supply during late-pregnancy on colostrum microbiome and plasma metabolome in neonatal calves. Sixty Holstein cows were used in a block design and assigned to a control or RPM (Mepron) diet from −28 to 60 DIM. RPM was fed at 0.09% of DM prepartum and 0.10% of DM in the postpartum. Colostrum (n = 11/diet) and plasma from heifers born to control or RPM-fed cows were used. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq V2, and statistical analyses performed with MicrobiomeAnalyst. Plasma harvested at birth (before colostrum), 2, and 42 d of age was used for LC-MS metabolomics. Statistical and pathway analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst 4.0. A MIXED model in SAS was used for analyses of performance data. Despite similar DMI intake, calves in RPM tended (P = 0.07) to have greater cumulative BW gain. Total sequences in RPM versus control colostrum were lower (P = 0.03; 23,405 vs. 61,736 ± 11,958), suggesting fewer numbers of bacteria. Colostrum was dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, with the most common taxa being c_Gammaproteobacteria, f_Ruminococcaceae, o_Micrococcales, and g_Lactobacillus. Among bacterial families, Dermabacteraceae was overrepresented (P ≤ 0.05) in control colostrum. Among bacterial genus, Lactobacillus was overrepresented (P ≤ 0.05) in RPM colostrum. Metabolomic profiles revealed a clear separation between RPM and control heifers at birth and during the preweaning period. Among enriched metabolic pathways upregulated (≥2-fold) in RPM heifers through 42 d of age were several associated with mitochondrial oxidation of amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and lysine), thiamin metabolism, peroxisomal oxidation, and bile acid synthesis. In contrast, downregulated pathways in RPM calves (≥2-fold) were primarily associated with β-oxidation of fatty acids, TCA cycle flux and Coenzyme A synthesis. Although RPM during late-gestation had modest effects on colostrum microbiome, alterations in plasma metabolome suggested positive biological links with growth performance before weaning. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87055 |
Watch |
2121M |
Varying colostrum insulin ingestion does not affect blood metabolites or immunoglobulin G absorption in neonatal Holstein bulls but affects intestinal development. |
2 |
K. S. Hare |
colostrum insulin neonate |
K. S. Hare1, K. Swanson2, M. Nagorske3, K. M. Wood1, M. A. Steele1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 3Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
Bovine colostrum contains supraphysiological insulin concentrations (35 µg insulin/L) that are highly variable (5 to 263 µg insulin/L) between cows. Colostrum insulin may act as a mitogen within the neonatal gastrointestinal tract (GIT), whereas consuming pharmacological insulin doses can induce hypoglycemia in neonatal calves and elevate insulin concentrations to potentially inhibit immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption. Thus, our objective was to investigate if varying colostral insulin concentrations influence GIT development, peripheral metabolism, and IgG absorption in neonatal Holstein bulls. Calves (46.3 ± 0.8 kg; n = 16/treatment) were removed from their dams and a catheter was placed in a jugular vein by 75 min postnatal to enable frequent blood collection. Calves were fed 3 colostrum meals (7%BW or 3.10 ± 0.02 L; 55 g IgG/L; 2, 14, and 26 h) that contained insulin at basal concentrations (BI; 16.8 µg/L) or supplemented with insulin to achieve either a 5 × (5BI; 83.4 µg/L) or 10 × (10BI; 167.5 µg/L) increase in colostrum insulin respective to basal concentrations. A subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) were killed at 30 h postnatal to evaluate GIT development. Postprandial plasma glucose and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentration curves differed (time: P < 0.01) over time, indicating that gluconeogenesis began 6 h after the first feeding but not the second feeding. Blood glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, and IgG concentrations were not influenced (P ≤ 0.95) by dietary insulin treatment. Relative rumen mass (g/kg BW) was lesser (P = 0.01) for 5BI and 10BI calves relative to BI, whereas relative kidney mass (g/kg BW) linearly increased (P = 0.02) with insulin supplementation. Ileal villi length linearly increased (P = 0.003) and distal jejunal villi width, crypt depth, and crypt width tended to linearly increase (P ≤ 0.10) with greater colostral insulin content. These data indicate that varying colostral insulin concentrations do not influence postprandial blood metabolites or IgG absorption in Holstein bulls but may alter neonatal intestinal development. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85994 |
|
2122M |
Investigating the efficacy of using a concentrated, whey-based colostrum to achieve passive transfer of immunity in neonatal Jersey calves. |
3 |
A. J. Geiger |
colostrum replacer Jersey passive transfer |
C. S. Colburn1, O. M. Peña2, C. Velasquez2, R. Miller3, M. J. Aguerre2, A. J. Geiger4 |
1J.D. Heiskell & Company, Tulare, CA, 2Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 3Piedmont Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 4Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN |
Feeding colostrum to achieve passive transfer of immunity (PTI) is one of the most important aspects of calf-rearing. Maternal colostrum is regularly fed within 24 h of birth to help neonatal calves achieve PTI. However, due to many factors maternal colostrum may not be available and thus colostrum replacers (CR) are used. Little information exists on the use of different CR to achieve PTI in neonatal Jersey calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a concentrated, whey-based CR to achieve PTI in newborn Jersey calves compared with a dried maternal colostrum CR. Forty-seven newborn Jersey calves (mean BW = 25 kg) were fed one of 2 colostrum sources within 2 h of birth at one of 2 locations (South Carolina or California). Colostrum treatments included: 1) dried maternal CR (26.6% IgG; 565 g of product fed; Calf’s Choice Total Gold, Saskatoon Colostrum Company; CON), or 2) a concentrated whey-based CR (50% IgG, 300 g of product fed; Premolac Colostrum Concentrate, Zinpro Corporation; PREM). The source of IgG from both products was 100% bovine IgG and 150g of IgG was fed from each CR. Both CR were reconstituted to approximately 25% solids. Upon birth, BW was recorded for all calves. At 24 h of life a blood sample was collected from each calf and serum harvested to determine serum IgG (g/L) and apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG (AEA, %). Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistix 10 software with model being: y = treatment + location + treatment x location. The interaction was not significant and was removed. Birth weight was not different between treatments (25.7 vs. 25.1 kg for CON vs. PREM; P = 0.42). Calves fed PREM achieved 43.7% greater serum IgG levels at 24 h of life (24.1 vs. 16.7 g/L for PREM vs. CON; P < 0.01). Further, PREM-calves experienced a 32.0% improvement in AEA compared with CON (34.6 vs. 26.2%, respectively; P < 0.01). Data herein indicates that a whey-based CR can be used to successfully achieve PTI in newborn Jersey calves and that it may be more effective than traditional CR formulas. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86222 |
Watch |
2123M |
The biological value of transition milk: Immunoglobulin G, insulin-like growth factor-I, and lactoferrin in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. |
4 |
M. Tortadès |
bovine colostrum transition milk |
M. Tortadès1, E. Garcia-Fruitós1, A. Arís1, M. Terré1 |
1Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain |
Transition milk (TM) is the mammary secretion from the second to the sixth milking, which may contain beneficial bioactive compounds to a lesser extent than bovine colostrum (BC). The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of some biological compounds in TM compared with BC for its potential use as a nutraceutical feed for newborn calves or in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, BC or TM immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin growth factor- I (IGF-I) and lactoferrin (LTF)concentrations were evaluated in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. One hundred mL of BC (1rst milking-M1), TM from second (M2) and third (M3) milkings, and milk from the tenth milking (M10) were collected from 45 PP and 45 MP Holstein-Friesian cows from 3 different commercial farms (in total 90 cows) to determine IgG, IGF-I, and LTF concentrations. These concentrations were quantified using single radial immunodiffusion assay for IgG determination and ELISA for IGF-I and LTF quantification. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effect model accounting for the random effects of cow and farm, as well as the fixed effects of parity (PP or MP), milking number and their interaction. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of these 3 bioactive molecules decreased (P < 0.001) from the first milking (110 ± 6.8 g/L, 591 ± 23.2 µg/L, 1.0 ± 0.13 g/L, for IgG, IGF-I and LTF, respectively) to the tenth (1.1 ± 3.03 g/L, 17 ± 29.3 µg/L, 0.2 ± 0.13 g/L, for IgG, IGF-I and LTF, respectively), but M2 had at least 54% of M1 analyzed molecules. Multiparous cows produced colostrum/milk richer in IGF-I and LTF than the PP ones (326 vs 225 ± 25.6 µg/L for IGF-I, P < 0.01; 0.69 vs 0.45 ± 0.132 for LTF, P < 0.05, respectively), and lactation number interacted with milking number in IGF-I (P < 0.001). As the lactation progressed, PP cows had a flatter dilution curve of IGF-I concentrations than the MP ones. Transition milk from the second milking from both PP and MP cows should be considered as a potential source of bioactive compounds either for human or calves. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86999 |
Watch |
2124M |
Nutritional diarrhea in calves fed high solids milk replacer. |
5 |
M. L. Pister |
nutritional diarrhea casein psyllium |
M. L. Pister1, J. K. Drackley1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
The objectives of this study were to develop a model to study nutritional diarrhea by feeding large amounts of milk replacer (MR) mixed at high concentrations (18%) to Holstein calves and to evaluate various nutritional manipulations for prevention of nutritional scours. Calves on all trials were housed in outdoor individual hutches. Fecal samples were collected daily during sampling periods on each trial. All trials followed a Latin square design with 7-d periods. Data were analyzed using MIXED or FREQ procedures in SAS. In experiment 1, 8 calves were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: low concentration and low dry matter (DM) amount (CON), low concentration and high DM (LH), high concentration and low DM (HL), or high concentration and high DM (HH). Fecal DM% increased with increasing fecal score. Weekly fecal events by treatment were different (P = 0.02), where the incidences of scours were CON = 0, HL = 3, LH = 2, and HH = 6, showing increased incidence of nutritional diarrhea for calves fed high DM concentrations. In experiment 2, 10 calves were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: low solids MR, high solids MR, high solids MR with sodium chloride, high solids MR with psyllium, or high solids MR with casein. Fecal events did not differ by treatment. In experiment 3, 21 calves were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: low solids % MR (PCON), high solids % MR (NCON), high solids % MR with casein (C), high solids % MR with psyllium (PSY), or high solids % MR with casein plus psyllium (CPSY). Amounts of milk replacer DM consumed were the same for all treatments. No significant differences were observed for weekly fecal events by treatment. There was a tendency for greater days scouring for NCON compared with PCON (P = 0.055) and a numerical difference between PCON and PSY (4 and 8, respectively) for number of scouring calves per treatment. Inversely, CPSY had the same number of scouring calves per treatment as PCON (4 and 4). Overall, these data show nutritional diarrhea increased when feeding high amounts of DM at high concentrations. The combination of casein and psyllium show potential to reduce these effects but further research is needed. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86198 |
Watch |
2125M |
Effects of tributyrin supplementation in milk replacer or calf starter on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development in dairy calves. |
6 |
K. Murayama |
dairy calf tributyrin gastrointestinal tract |
K. Murayama1,2, T. Fukui2, K. Sakamoto3, K. Inouchi1, T. Sugino2 |
1Dairy Technology Research Institute, The National Federation of Dairy Co-operative Associations (ZEN-RAKU-REN), Nishi-shirakawa, Fukushima, Japan, 2The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, 3YPTECH Co. Ltd, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation in milk replacer (MR) or calf starter (ST) on growth performance, rumen and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development in dairy calves. Thirty-eight Holstein heifer calves [body weight (BW) at 8 d of age, 41.4 ± 0.84 kg; LSM ± SE] and 16 Holstein bull calves (BW at 8 d of age, 46.2 ± 1.26 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments and fed MR (28% CP, 18% fat) and ST, both without TB supplementation (MR-ST-; n = 14); MR with 0.6% TB on DM basis and ST- (MR+ST-; n = 13); MR- and ST with 0.3% TB on DM basis (MR-ST+; n = 13); and MR+ and ST+ (MR+ST+; n = 14). MR with/without TB supplementation were offered at 600 g/d (powder basis) from 8 to 14 d, up to 1,300 g/d from 15 to 21 d, 1,400 g/d from 22 to 49 d, down to 700 g/d from 50 to 56 d, 600 g/d from 57 to 63 d of age, then weaned on 64 d of age. All calves fed ST with/without TB supplementation, chopped hay and water ad libitum from 8 to 92 d of age. Bull calves were slaughtered at weaning. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA using fit model procedure of JMP 16 pro (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). TB supplementation into MR (MR+) decreased crypt depth and increased villus length/crypt depth in ileum compared with MR- treatments (P < 0.05; 298 vs. 239 µm, and 1.91 vs. 2.22, respectively). Supplemented TB into ST (ST+) tended to decreased crypt depth in ileum, and increased or tended to increase villus height/crypt depth in ileum and jejunum compared with ST- treatments (P = 0.08; 290 vs. 248 µm, P < 0.01; 1.84 vs. 2.30, P < 0.07; 2.04 vs. 2.22, respectively). Whereas, Addition of TB into MR or ST did not affect the development of rumen papillae length. MR+ST+ calves had the greatest ST and total dry matter intake throughout the experimental period (P < 0.05). However, TB supplementation into both MR and ST did not affect body weight and average daily gain. These results suggest that TB supplementation in MR and ST improve GIT development in dairy calves. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86563 |
Watch |
2126M |
Effects of maternal dietary rumen-protected choline supplementation during late gestation on calf growth and metabolism. |
7 |
M. Lemke |
methyl donor nutritional programming epigenetics |
T. H. Swartz1, B. J. Bradford1, M. Lemke1, L. K. Mamedova1, R. Agnew1, J. Fehn1, E. Owczarzak1, K. A. Estes2 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY |
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of maternal supplementation and dose of rumen-protected choline (RPC) on neonatal calf growth, metabolism, and oxidant status. Parous Holstein cows were blocked by calving month and randomly assigned within block to receive either 45 g/d of RPC (CHOL45, n = 19), 30 g/d of RPC (CHOL30, n = 22), or no RPC (CON, n = 19) as a top-dress starting 24 d before expected calving. Calf body weights were recorded for the first 3 wk and average daily gain (ADG) was calculated. On d 1, 7, 14, and 21, blood samples were taken to quantify plasma reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant potential (AOP), haptoglobin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and glucose. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models including the fixed effects of treatment, time, calf sex, and prepartum dam data (−24 d) as covariates, as well as interactions. Calf body weights, BHB, and glucose did not differ between treatment groups. Calves born from CHOL45 dams had greater ADG than calves born from CHOL30 dams (P = 0.03); however, no difference in ADG was seen between calves born from RPC supplemented dams versus CON. Treatment only numerically impacted calf ROS and AOP; however, calves born from CHOL30 dams had a lesser oxidative stress index (ROS/AOP) than calves born from CON dams (P < 0.01). Moreover, haptoglobin was lesser in heifer calves from CHOL45 dams as compared with heifers from CON dams (P < 0.01). The dam’s NEFA concentration interacted with treatment to affect calf NEFA concentration (interaction, P = 0.02). When dam NEFA was minimal, calves born from CHOL45 and CHOL30 dams had greater or tended to have greater NEFA than calves born from CON dams, respectively. Conversely, when dam NEFA was greater, calves born from CHOL30 and CHOL45 dams had lesser or tended to have lesser NEFA, respectively. In conclusion, RPC supplementation during late gestation impacted neonatal calf metabolism and oxidative stress markers with some effects related to dose, but this did not translate into improvements in calf growth in the first 3 wk of life. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9967 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86718 |
Watch |
2127M |
Short-term effect of increasing dietary fatty acids on milk fat. |
1 |
A. N. Staffin |
lactation nutrition fatty acid |
A. N. Staffin1, R. Bomberger1, R. Shepardson2, E. Barnoff1, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie, MN |
Milk fat is an important component of milk pricing for US dairy farms. Fat supplements are commonly fed to increase energy balance and milk fat yield on dairy operations. However, increasing absorbed fatty acids (FA) commonly decreases de novo FA synthesis. The objective of this experiment was to determine the short-term effect of increasing dietary FA supplementation on milk fat yield and mammary de novo FA synthesis in lactating dairy cows fed a low-fat diet. The hypothesis was that FA supplementation would increase milk fat yield and decrease de novo FA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (2.9 ± 0.8 parities; 223 ± 29 DIM; Mean ± SD at start of experiment) were used in a 4x4 Latin square design with 7 d periods. Treatments were an experimental prilled free FA supplement that contained 35.6% 16:0, 54.9% 18:0, and 4.6% 18:1 (Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie, MN) fed at 0 (CON), 1, 2, and 3% of diet dry matter (DM). Data were analyzed in JMP Pro 15 and included the random effects of period and cow and the fixed effect of treatment. For plasma analysis, the fixed effect of time and interaction of treatment by time was added to the model. There was no effect of increasing FA supplement on milk or milk fat yield. Fatty acid supplementation quadratically increased milk fat concentration, which peaked at 2% of diet DM (P = 0.04). Increasing dietary FA tended to linearly decrease milk de novo FA yield (P = 0.08) and linearly decreased odd and branched-chain FA yield (P = 0.005) while linearly increasing preformed FA yield (P = 0.01). For milk FA profile, increasing dietary FA linearly decreased milk de novo (P < 0.001) and odd and branched-chain (P < 0.001) FA and linearly increased mixed (P = 0.002) and preformed (P < 0.001) FA percent. There was no effect of treatment, time, or their interaction on plasma nonesterified FA or plasma triglycerides. There was an effect of time on plasma glucose (P < 0.001), but there was no effect of treatment or treatment by time interaction. In conclusion, increasing dietary FA did not change milk or milk fat yield but modified milk FA composition. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86947 |
Watch |
2128M |
Effects of medium-chain fatty acid supplementation on productive and metabolic performance of dairy cows in the transition period. |
2 |
R. Almeida |
caproic acid caprylic acid capric acid |
G. C. Aguiar1, J. C. S. Lourenço1, E. W. Carneiro2, C. G. Cordeiro3, J. A. Negrão4, R. Almeida1 |
1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 2Royal Agrifirm Group, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 3Agropecuária Régia, Palmeira, Paraná, Brazil, 4Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil |
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, and C12:0) have shown beneficial effects on milk production, immunity and metabolism of lactating cows. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of MCFA supplementation on the production and metabolism of dairy cows in the transition period. One hundred and 68 nulliparous (n = 66), primiparous (n = 49), and multiparous (n = 53) Holstein animals (695 kg BW) were divided into 2 groups in a randomized complete-block design for 42 d (21 d pre-calving and 21 d post-calving). The treatments used were: T1: Control (no FA supplementation) and T2: 45 g of MCFA based on coconut and palm oil (Aromabiotic Cattle, Royal Agrifirm Group, NL), which was supplemented individually, top-dressed once a day, mixed with corn meal. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS containing the fixed effects of block, treatment, time and treatment x time interaction, the covariate and the random effect of cow within treatment. We did not find significant results in any of the variables analyzed; milk production (37.11 vs. 37.40 ± 0.68 kg/d; P = 0.76), milk fat (5.11 vs. 5.14%; P = 0.92), milk total protein (3.59 vs. 3.56%; P = 0.72), milk lactose (4.44 vs. 4.29%; P = 0.73), and milk total solids (13.62 vs. 13.11%; P = 0.83), respectively for treated and control animals. Regarding the metabolic variables, no significant differences were found for BHB on d7 (1.56 vs. 1.55 ± 0.10 mmol/L; P = 0.95) and d14 (1.36 vs. 1.14 ± 0.13 mmol/L; P = 0.83). Lastly, no differences were found for blood ionized Ca between groups (1.11 vs. 1.11 mmol/L; P = 0.86). Our results suggest that the dose of MCFA supplement used in this study was not sufficient to achieve positive results on production and metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86670 |
Watch |
2129M |
Comparison of profile of fatty acids extracted with hexane isopropanol from whole milk and fat cakes. |
3 |
C. Matamoros |
milk fat chromatography lipid extraction |
C. Matamoros1, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Milk fatty acid (FA) profile is routinely measured in dairy research as it provides insight into the physiology of milk fat synthesis. Gas chromatography is a common analytical platform used to determine milk FA profile, but sample processing methods differ among labs. The objective of this study was to compare whether hexane isopropanol extraction of fat from whole milk or fat cake modified observed FA profile. For this, 10 milk samples were split and either processed as whole milk or as fat cakes. Fat cakes were obtained after centrifugation of raw milk at 1,300 × g for 15 min at 4°C. Milk FA were extracted with hexane:isopropanol, transmethylated with sodium methoxide, and quantified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Samples were processed and analyzed in the same run to avoid confounding effects. Data were analyzed in JMP Pro 16 using matched-pairs t-tests and orthogonal regressions to determine differences between sample processing. When FA were categorized according to their biological origin, there was no difference between processing methods for de novo FA (P = 0.58), mixed source FA (P = 0.88), or preformed FA (P = 0.24). However, whole milk samples were 0.7% higher in the concentration of odd and branched-chain FA compared with fat cakes (3.58 ± 0.015 g/100 g of FA vs 3.56 ± 0.015 g/100 g of FA; P < 0.001). At the individual FA profile level, there was no difference in the concentration of 16:0 (P = 0.82), 18:0 (P = 0.33), and cis-9 18:1 (P = 0.78), which represent a large portion of total FA. Notably, trans-10 C18:1, a well-known biomarker for milk fat depression, was 0.9% higher in whole milk compared with fat cakes (0.58 ± 0.015 vs 0.57 ± 0.015 g/100 g of FA; P = 0.002). There were also small differences in several individual odd and branched-chain FA. In conclusion, although statistical differences exist within sample type their biological significance is arguably small relative to biological variation. Our results highlight the importance of processing the same type of samples within an experiment and standardizing samples processing methods within labs to minimize extraneous sources of variation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86465 |
Watch |
2130M |
Effect of soy phospholipids in a saturated fatty acid supplement on digestibility and production responses of mid-lactation dairy cows. |
4 |
A. M. Burch |
absorption emulsification phospholipids |
A. M. Burch1, M. Machiela1, J. M. dos Santos Neto1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
We determined the effects of increasing the amount of soy phospholipids (SPL) incorporated into a saturated fatty acid (FA) supplement on digestibility and production responses of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous (182 ± 55 DIM; 56.3 ± 8.62 kg/d) and 8 primiparous (148 ± 65 DIM; 49.7 ± 3.25 kg/d) cows were assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Treatments were SPL inclusions of: 1) 0% SPL (CON), 2) 1.5% SPL (L-SPL), 2) 3.0% SPL (M-SPL), and 4) 4.5% SPL (H-SPL) which were incorporated into a saturated FA supplement containing 34% C16:0 and 45% C18:0. Treatment diets contained (%DM) 30% NDF, 16.5% CP, 27.8% starch, and 3.5% FA. The statistical model included the random effect of cow within square and the fixed effects of period, treatment, and their interaction. Pre-planned contrasts were the linear, cubic, and quadratic effects of increasing SPL. Results are presented in the following order: CON, L-SPL, M-SPL, and H-SPL. There was a linear effect on DMI (28.6, 28.9, 29.2, 29.1 kg/d; P = 0.05), a linear tendency for NDF intake (8.62, 8.80, 8.86, 8.79 kg/d; P = 0.06), a cubic effect for 16-carbon FA intake (240, 238, 248, 247 g/d; P = 0.02), and a linear effect for 18-carbon FA intake (696, 696, 714, 717 g/d; P < 0.01) and total FA intake (965, 969, 987, 995 g/d; P < 0.01). There was a quadratic effect on digestibility of DM (66.9, 65.1, 65.6, 66.2%; P < 0.01) and NDF (48.8, 46.5, 46.8, 47.7%; P = 0.01), and a cubic effect on digestibility of 16-carbon FA (70.5, 68.9, 72.7, 72.4%; P < 0.01), 18-carbon FA (64.8, 60.2, 66.8, 65.2%; P = 0.01), and total FA (65.9. 62.4, 67.8, 66.6%; P = 0.02). There was a cubic effect on milk fat content (3.96, 3.91, 4.01, 3.93%; P < 0.01) and a linear tendency for milk protein yield (1.35, 1.36, 1.36, 1.37 kg/d; P = 0.09). There was no effect of treatment on other milk production responses, BW, or BCS (all P > 0.11). In summary, increasing SPL in a saturated FA supplement had minimal impact on digestibility and milk production. We did observe an increase in FA digestibility which was primarily driven by the supplement containing 3.0% SPL. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86456 |
Watch |
2131M |
Abomasal infusion of oleic acid improves plasma hormones and metabolites in early lactation dairy cows. |
5 |
J. M. dos Santos Neto |
fresh cow insulin metabolism |
J. M. dos Santos Neto1, U. Abou-Rjeileh1, J. Parales-Giron1, C. M. Prom1, G. A. Contreras1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Our objective was to determine whether abomasal infusion of oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) improves hormonal and metabolic responses in early lactation cows. Twelve rumen-cannulated multiparous cows were used in a randomized complete-block design and assigned to treatments from 1 to 15 DIM. Treatments were abomasal infusions at 6 h intervals of ethanol carrier only (CON) or 60 g/d oleic acid (OA). Cows were fed the same diet which contained (% DM) 32.5% NDF, 17.2% CP, 25.5% starch, and 1.96% fatty acids (FA). We evaluated production responses over 15 d, blood parameters at 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 14 d, digestibility once, and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) on d 14. For GTT, blood samples were taken −10, −1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 150, and 180 min relative to the dextrose infusion via a jugular catheter. The model included the random effect of block, cow within block and treatment, Julian date, and the fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interactions. We used repeated measures, except for digestibility. We did not observe interactions between treatment and time for any production variable (P ≥ 0.16). Infusing OA did not affect digestibility (P ≥ 0.50) or production (P ≥ 0.21). Compared with CON, OA increased plasma insulin (0.08 uIU/mL; P < 0.01) and decreased plasma glucose (5 mg/dL; P = 0.01), NEFA (0.07 mEq/L; P = 0.05), and BHB (2.69 mg/dL; P = 0.04). We observed an interaction between treatment and time for BHB (P = 0.01), wherein OA reduced BHB at 5 (P < 0.01) and 7 d (P = 0.03) compared with CON. During the GTT, we observed interactions between treatment and time for both plasma insulin (P < 0.01) and glucose (P = 0.04). Compared with CON, OA increased insulin peak at 10 min (5.02 uIU/mL; P < 0.01) and also increased it at 20 min (1.40 mg/dL, P = 0.03) and tended to increase it at 30 min (P = 0.07). Compared with CON, OA decreased glucose peak at 10 (17.5 mg/dL), 20 (12.3 mg/dL, P < 0.01), 30 (5.75 mg/dL), and 40 min (5.96 mg/dL, P < 0.05). In conclusion, abomasal infusion of oleic acid increased plasma insulin and decreased plasma glucose, NEFA, and BHB, suggesting an improvement in metabolic state of early lactation dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86463 |
Watch |
2132M |
Meta-analysis examining the effect of different ratios of palmitic and oleic acids in supplemental fat blends on molar changes in de novo and preformed milk fatty acids in dairy cows. |
6 |
A. C. Benoit |
fat supplementation milk fat |
A. C. Benoit1, J. M. dos Santos Neto1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of different ratios of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids in supplemental fat blends on molar yields of milk FA (mol/d) using 5 studies in early to mid-lactation cows. Treatments were control diets (CON) with no supplemental FA (n = 81) and diets supplemented at 1.5% DM with FA blends containing 80% C16:0 and 10% C18:1 (80:10, n = 56), 70% C16:0 and 20% C18:1 (70:20, n = 56), and 60% C16:0 and 30% C18:1 (60:30, n = 82). Diets (% DM) contained (mean ± SD) 29.1 ± 2.0 NDF, 28.5 ± 2.8 starch, and 16.7 ± 0.65 CP. Across studies, cows averaged 27.2 ± 4.8 kg/d DMI, 46.9 ± 2.0 kg/d milk, 1.81 ± 0.18kg/d milk fat, and 1.52 ± 0.07 kg/d milk protein. The statistical model included the random effect of study, cow within study, and period or day of treatment within study. Contrasts tested the overall effect of FA supplementation (FAT) versus CON, and linear and quadratic effects of increasing C18:1 in supplemental FA blends. Sources of milk FA were classified as de novo (<16 carbons), mixed (16 carbons), and performed (>16 carbons). Results are sequenced as: CON, 80:10, 70:20, and 60:30. Overall, FAT had no effect on de novo yield (2.39, 2.39, 2.31, and 2.30 mol/d, P = 0.46) although they increased C4:0 (P = 0.04) and decreased C10:0 and C12:0 (P < 0.01) yields. Compared with CON, FAT increased mixed (2.27, 2.65, 2.58, and 2.49 mol/d, P < 0.01) and performed (2.09, 2.10, 2.24, and 2.27 mol/d, P = 0.04) yields including C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 (P < 0.05). Increasing C18:1 in FA blends had no effect on de novo (P = 0.37) yield although there was a tendency to linearly increase C14:0 yield (P = 0.06). Increasing C18:1 in FA blends decreased mixed FA yield (P = 0.03) by decreasing C16:0 (P = 0.03) and increased preformed yield (P < 0.01) by linearly increasing C18:0 and C18:1 (P ≤ 0.06) and quadratically increasing trans C18:1 FA (P ≤ 0.09). Results indicate that feeding FA blends of C16:0 and C18:1 increases mixed and preformed FA yields with no effect on the overall yield of de novo FA; increasing C18:1 in FA blends linearly increases preformed FA yield. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9961 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86471 |
Watch |
2101M |
Nutritional profile of partial mixed rations and concentrates fed on Canadian dairy farms utilizing automated milking systems. |
1 |
B. J. Van Soest |
robotic milking concentrate PMR |
B. J. Van Soest1, R. D. Matson1, T. F. Duffield2, D. E. Santschi3, K. Orsel4, E. A. Pajor4, G. B. Penner5, T. Mutsvangwa5, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, 4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 5Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
Large variations exist when it comes to feeding dairy cattle on farms with automated (robotic) milking system (AMS). The objective of this study was to characterize the differences in nutrient composition of rations fed on Canadian AMS dairy farms. Both partial mixed ration (PMR) and AMS concentrate samples were collected by our research team from May 1-August 31, 2020, on 169 farms (Atlantic Canada (AC) = 12, ON = 63, QC = 42, Western Canada (WC) = 52). Samples were dried, ground and analyzed for nutrient composition. Samples were summarized by region to test for regional differences as shown in Table 1, where superscripts designate differences (P < 0.05) between regions with nutrient. Regional differences for PMR were detected for %DM (P = 0.004), %CP (P < 0.001), %NDF (P = 0.004), %Starch (P < 0.001), %Sugar (P < 0.001), and %NDFD (P = 0.10), with WC provinces have greatest differences. Concentrate regional differences were detected in %DM (P < 0.001), %CP (P < 0.001), %ADF (P = 0.08), %NDF (P = 0.009), %Starch (P = 0.01), %Sugar (P < 0.001), NEL (P = 0.08), and %NDFD (P = 0.002), with QC having the biggest differences. These differences in nutritional feeding strategies across Canadian AMS farms may reflect potential regional differences in major ingredients utilized. Table 1. Nutrient composition of PMR and AMS concentrates by region (mean± SE)
| Region |
DM (%) |
CP (%) |
ADF (%) |
NDF (%) |
NDFD |
Starch (%) |
Sugar (%) |
NEL (Mcal/kg) |
| PMR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| AC |
56.6 ±2.1ab |
16.0 ±0.4ab |
25.7 ± 0.8a |
39.7 ± 1.3a |
56.0 ± 2.7a |
16.2 ± 1.4bc |
2.27 ± 0.4b |
1.57 ± 0.03a |
| ON |
55.3 ± 0.8b |
15.6 ±0.2b |
24.1 ± 0.3b |
35.4 ± 0.5b |
53.0 ± 1.0a |
21.0 ± 0.5a |
1.99 ± 0.2b |
1.60 ± 0.01a |
| QC |
53.3 ± 1.3b |
15.8 ± 0.3b |
24.2 ± 0.5ab |
37.7 ± 0.8a |
52.8 ± 1.7a |
19.0 ± 0.9ab |
1.69 ± 0.3b |
1.60 ± 0.02a |
| WC |
58.7 ± 0.9a |
16.7 ± 0.2a |
24.3 ± 0.4ab |
36.7 ± 0.6ab |
56.5 ± 1.2a |
15.0 ± 0.6c |
3.59 ± 0.2a |
1.62 ± 0.02a |
| AMS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| AC |
88.0 ± 0.6c |
19.9 ± 1.4b |
8.9 ± 1.0a |
22.5 ± 1.6ab |
58.4 ± 2.8b |
31.2 ± 3.2a |
5.05 ± 0.4b |
1.90 ± 0.02a |
| ON |
91.3 ± 0.3a |
20.2 ± 0.6b |
10.2 ± 0.4a |
23.9 ± 0.7a |
60.5 ± 1.2b |
28.8 ± 1.4a |
5.71 ± 0.2b |
1.87 ± 0.01a |
| QC |
91.6 ±0.3a |
24.2 ±0.7a |
11.1 ±0.5a |
22.2 ±0.9ab |
66.2 ±1.5a |
22.8 ±1.7b |
6.75 ±0.2a |
1.85 ±0.01a |
| WC |
90.0 ±0.3b |
19.3 ± 0.7b |
9.6 ±0.5a |
20.3 ±0.8b |
59.2 ±1.3b |
29.5 ±1.5a |
5.42 ±0.2b |
1.88 ±0.01a |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86736 |
Watch |
2102M |
Effect of lignin in diets similar in fiber content on energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows. |
2 |
J. Stypinski |
NDF lignin indirect calorimetry |
J. Stypinski1, P. Kononoff1, W. Weiss2 |
1University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that is an important factor in limiting fiber digestibility ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate lignin’s effects on whole animal energy utilization in diets similar in NDF content. A low lignin (LoLig) treatment diet was formulated to contain 32.5% NDF (% DM) and 9.59% acid detergent lignin (ADL) (% NDF) and the high lignin (HiLig) diet was formulated to contain 31.0% NDF (% DM) and 13.3% ADL (% NDF). These diets were fed to 12 late-lactation (200 ± 14.9 DIM) multiparous Jersey cows (435 ± 13.9 kg BW) in a 2-period crossover design. Feeding the LoLig diet increased DMI (P < 0.01) compared with the HiLig diet (19.9 vs. 18.7 ± 0.645 kg/d) while the LoLig diet was of a greater (P < 0.01) gross energy concentration (4.27 vs. 4.23 ± 0.03 Mcal/kg). As expected, increasing the concentration of ADL reduced (P < 0.01) total-tract NDF digestibility (45.5 vs 40.4 ± 0.742%). Feeding LoLig resulted in a reduction (P < 0.01) in the digestibility of starch (97.7 vs. 96.3 ± 0.420) and CP (65.0 vs. 60.0 ± 0.829). Increasing ADL also decreased (P < 0.01) the concentration of digestible energy (2.83 vs. 2.63 ± 0.04 Mcal/kg) and metabolizable energy (2.52 vs. 2.36 + 0.05 Mcal/kg) but NEL concentration was similar (P = 0.44) averaging 1.67 ± 0.05 Mcal/kg. Increasing ADL also reduced (P < 0.02) yields of energy-corrected milk (33.7 vs. 30.0 ± 1.08 kg/d), protein (1.00 vs 0.843 ± 0.052 kg/d), fat (1.03 vs. 1.19 ± 0.058 kg/d). Increasing ADL did not affect (P = 0.73) daily methane emissions, averaging 391 ± 29.6 L/d. Results of this study indicate feeding a diet greater in ADL decreases the digestibility of many nutrients and provides less energy for production responses while methane emissions were not affected. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86442 |
Watch |
2103M |
Using diet composition to predict production responses of lactating dairy cows on commercial Canadian dairy farms. |
3 |
J. M. dos Santos Neto |
dairy farm modeling nutritional management |
J. M. dos Santos Neto1, K. Bobetsis2, B. Schurman2, I. Haig2, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Ritchie-Smith Feeds, Inc, Abbotsford, BC, Canada |
We used diet composition to predict production responses of lactating dairy cows from 23 dairy farms in British Columbia. Diets (%DM) contained (mean ± SD) 45.6 ± 3.16 DM, 57.0 ± 3.69 forage, 33.0 ± 1.89 NDF, 23.3 ± 2.20 starch, and 5.78 ± 0.58 EE. Cows averaged (mean ± SD) 169 ± 16.6 DIM, 24.9 ± 1.31 kg/d DMI, and 35.7 ± 3.38 kg/d milk. The statistical model included the random effects of farm, date of collection, and farm within date of collection. Dietary components were used as independent variables and production responses as dependent variables. Independent variables were removed from the model using backward elimination when P > 0.10. Multicollinearity was measured using the variance inflation factor (VIF) when VIF > 10. Best fitting multiple regression equations for production responses and milk fatty acid (FA) yields by source are presented in Table 1. Overall, C16:0 intake (g), CP (%DM), RDP (%DM), and ME-allowable milk (kg) were significant for most equations. These equations could aid dairy nutritionists in making practical dietary formulation decisions to obtain improved production responses. Table 1. Multiple regression equations
| Item |
Dependent variables |
| DMI(kg/d) |
Milk(kg/d) |
Fat(kg/d) |
Protein(kg/d) |
ECM(kg/d) |
De novo(kg/d) |
Mixed(kg/d) |
Preformed(kg/d) |
| Intercept |
7.65 |
32.3 |
0.60 |
1.24 |
22.8 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.14 |
| Independent variables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| C16:0 intake (g)[min=107, max=717] |
0.001 |
|
0.0002 |
|
0.002 |
|
0.0001 |
0.00011 |
| C18:2 intake (g)[min=192, max=437] |
−0.002 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CP (%DM)[min=13.7, max=19.7] |
−1.30 |
1.58 |
|
0.05 |
2.00 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
| Fermentable sugar (%DM)[min=1.84, max=5.80] |
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.01 |
|
| Forage (%DM)[min=47.8, max=69.2] |
|
−0.19 |
|
−0.005 |
|
|
|
|
| ME Allowable milk (kg)[min=30.5, max=48.2] |
0.16 |
0.22 |
|
0.008 |
0.32 |
0.003 |
0.004 |
|
| MP Allowable milk (kg)[min=30, max=46.9] |
0.34 |
0.08 |
0.002 |
|
|
|
|
|
| NDF (%DM)[min=29.4, max=38.6] |
0.27 |
−0.25 |
|
−0.01 |
−0.36 |
|
|
|
| RDP (%DM)[min=8.10, max=11.9] |
|
−1.48 |
|
−0.05 |
−2.01 |
−0.03 |
−0.02 |
−0.04 |
| RUFAL intake (g)[min=445, max=782] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0003 |
| Rumen NH3 (%required)[min=116, max=193] |
0.07 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| RMSE |
1.4E-06 |
3.1E-06 |
2.8E-02 |
5.7E-03 |
4.0E-01 |
6.6E-03 |
1.2E-02 |
9.8E-03 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86863 |
Watch |
2104M |
The effect of displacing conventional alfalfa hay with lower-lignin alfalfa hay on milk production and gas production of lactating Jersey cows. |
4 |
K. Buse |
lower-lignin alfalfa dry matter intake digestibility |
K. Buse1, B. Bradford2, M. Doohong3, K. Jagadish3, P. Kononoff1 |
1University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS |
Lower-lignin (LL) varieties of alfalfa have been developed in recent years, which have the potential to impact animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the proportion of LL alfalfa hay in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Research plots (Mead, NE) were planted with a conventional variety (CON; Dairyland Hybriforce 3400), an engineered LL variety (54HVX42), and a breeding-derived LL variety (Aflorex HiGest 460), and the LL varieties were blended (50:50). Twelve multiparous Jersey cows (100 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square with 3 periods of 28 d. Cows were assigned to 3 diets containing 0 (CON), 16.1 (BLD), and 32.2% (LL) of the diet DM LL alfalfa hay, which replaced CON. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4) with the random effects of cow nested in square and period. The CON alfalfa had an average CP, NDF, and lignin content of 20.5 ± 1.15, 42.1 ± 1.37, and 6.81 ± 0.57%, respectively, while the LL alfalfa averaged 19.8 ± 0.75, 39.9 ± 1.56, and 6.07 ± 0.28%, respectively. No difference was observed (P = 0.18) in DMI (20.3 ± 0.37 kg/d). A quadratic tendency for milk yield to increase (P = 0.06) from CON to BLD then decrease to LL was observed (30.5, 31.5, and 30.8 ± 0.48 kg/d, respectively), but no difference (P = 0.48) was observed in ECM (averaging 36.1 ± 0.76 kg/d). The ratio of ECM to DMI tended to linearly increase (P = 0.05) with LL alfalfa inclusion (1.74 to 1.80 ± 0.03). No difference (P = 0.17) was observed for milk fat yield and content (1.38 ± 0.05 kg/d and 4.51 ± 0.15%) as well as milk protein yield and content (1.06 ± 0.02 kg/d and 3.44 ± 0.05%). Total methane production quadratically decreased (P = 0.01) from CON to BLD then increased to LL (454, 377, 406 ± 22.2 L/d, respectively). No differences were observed on total-tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.71; averaging 67.2 ± 0.94%), NDF (P = 0.25; averaging 51.0 ± 2.20%), and CP (P = 0.33; averaging 67.2 ± 0.94%). Our results suggest that replacing CON alfalfa with LL alfalfa has no beneficial effects on milk production milk composition or nutrient digestibility but does improve feed efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85871 |
Watch |
2105M |
Lactation performance of Holstein dairy cattle fed different ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage. |
5 |
S. Y. Morrison |
alfalfa corn silage diet |
S. Y. Morrison1, Y. Zang1, J. W. Darrah1, H. M. Dann1, C. S. Ballard1, D. C. Weakley2, R. J. Grant1 |
1The William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY, 2Forage Genetics International, Gray Summitt, MO |
Our objective was to identify associative effects between alfalfa and corn silage on amount and efficiency of milk true protein and fat production in Holstein cows. One hundred and 5 cows (45 primiparous, 60 multiparous), in 2 enrollments, were used in a randomized complete-block design (RCBD) study with 1-wk covariate (COV) and 4-wk experimental period. Following the COV period, cows were blocked by parity, milk yield, and days in milk and assigned randomly to 1 of 5 diets comprised of 62% forage (dry matter basis; DM) with the forage consisting of different ratios of chopped alfalfa hay and corn silage: 1) 10:90 (10ALF); 2) 30:70 (30 ALF); 50:50 (50ALF); 70:30 (70 ALF); and 90:10 (90ALF). The 50ALF diet was also fed during the COV period. Diets were formulated to provide similar metabolizable energy and protein. Data were analyzed as RCBD with a COV. Data from the fourth week were subjected to analysis of covariance using MIXED procedure of SAS (v 9.4). Model included COV and fixed effects of treatment and enrollment. Block was a random effect. Linear, quadratic, and cubic orthogonal contrasts were tested. The dry matter intake (DMI), energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield, and ECM/DMI were not affected by diet. Responses in milk true protein output, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and de novo fatty acids indicated that between 30:70 and 50:50 alfalfa to corn silage was optimal. Daily rumination time decreased linearly as alfalfa replaced corn silage, possibly from small particle size from alfalfa hay. Higher alfalfa to corn silage ratios may be fed than is commonly practiced within the US dairy industry with an optimal combination of approximately 30:70 to 50:50 alfalfa to corn silage. Table 1.
| Item |
Treatment |
SE |
P-value |
| 10ALF |
30ALF |
50ALF |
70ALF |
90ALF |
Linear |
Quad |
Cubic |
| DMI, kg/d |
26.3 |
26.6 |
26.7 |
26.8 |
26.4 |
0.3 |
0.81 |
0.27 |
0.74 |
| Fat, kg/d |
1.80 |
1.82 |
1.79 |
1.75 |
1.83 |
0.05 |
0.94 |
0.56 |
0.27 |
| True protein, kg/d |
1.33 |
1.37 |
1.35 |
1.31 |
1.33 |
0.02 |
0.39 |
0.43 |
0.04 |
| ECM, kg/d |
47.9 |
48.7 |
48.2 |
47.0 |
48.3 |
0.8 |
0.67 |
0.89 |
0.14 |
| ECM/DMI, kg/kg |
1.82 |
1.83 |
1.81 |
1.76 |
1.83 |
0.03 |
0.59 |
0.44 |
0.12 |
| MUN, mg/dL |
9.8 |
8.5 |
10.4 |
11.0 |
12.0 |
0.3 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
| De novo FA, g/100 g FA |
24.76 |
25.86 |
25.82 |
25.22 |
25.58 |
0.24 |
0.19 |
0.03 |
<0.01 |
| Rumination, min/d |
499 |
477 |
462 |
449 |
396 |
13 |
<0.01 |
0.25 |
0.26 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86887 |
Watch |
2106M |
Interactions of substituting corn silage with sugar beep pulp and dietary starch levels on performance and milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. |
6 |
D. Vyas |
sugar beet pulp diet starch milk fat |
M. Malekkhahi1, A. Razzaghi2, D. Vyas1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran |
We aimed to evaluate the interrelationships between dietary starch level, varied by dry ground corn, and replacement of corn silage (CS) with beet pulp (BP) on yields of milk and milk fat in lactating dairy cows. Sixty-four Holstein dairy cows (140 ± 26 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 8 pens (8 animals per pen). Treatments were arranged as a randomized complete design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of starch [low- and high-starch diet DM, 15 and 30% diet DM, respectively] and 2 sources of fiber and were randomly allotted to 8 pens (2 pens per treatment). Treatments were (1) low starch diet (22% DM) and 24% CS (LS-CS), (2) low-starch diet (22.3% DM) and 24% BP replacing CS (LS-BP), (3) high-starch diet (32% DM) and 24% CS (HS-CS), and (4) high-starch diet (32.8% DM) and 24% BP replacing CS (HS-BP). The experiment started with a 14-d adaptation period followed by 47 d of the actual experimental period. The final 7 d of the experimental period was used for data and sample collection. Cows fed the BP-based diets had greater feed intake than those offered the CS-based diets (P = 0.04) while no effects were observed with starch levels. Milk yield increased by 1.8 kg/d with BP-based diets compared with CS-based diets and by 2.5 kg/d when cows received the high- compared with low-starch diets. Interactions between dietary starch level and forage substitution were detected for milk fat content (P = 0.05) and yield (P = 0.04) whereas the BP inclusion lowered milk fat synthesis with high-starch diet. Trans-18:1 concentration was lower with LS-CS compared with other diets (P = 0.03). In conclusion, the effects of dietary starch levels and forage substitution on production responses were independent except for milk fat synthesis and trans 18:1 isomers. Substituting CS with BP is effective at increasing milk yield due to greater feed intake regardless of starch levels; however, milk fat yield is lower when BP is used with high-starch levels. The yields of 3.5%FCM, ECM and the efficiency did not change across treatments while feed efficiency improved by feeding high-starch diets. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86133 |
Watch |
2107M |
Effects of hydroponically sprouted cereal grains on apparent nutrient digestibility, production, and enteric methane emission in lactating dairy cattle. |
7 |
S. Jenkins |
methane forage production |
S. Jenkins1, E. Slack1, F. Diaz2 |
1HydroGreen Incorporated, CubicFarm System Corporation, Sioux Falls, SD, 2Dellait Dairy Research Center, Brookings, SD |
Recent technological advancements in agricultural technology have delivered automated systems that overcome pitfalls of traditional forage production. With appreciably altered nutrient composition when compared with typical forages, research is warranted to investigate the effects of hydroponically sprouted grain (HG) on lactating dairy cattle production, apparent nutrient digestibility, and enteric methane emission. Jersey cattle (n = 344) averaging 108 d in milk (DIM) were randomly assigned to pens in a commercial dairy setting. Treatment pens (n = 2) were blocked by DIM, milk production, and age. Dietary treatments consisted of a control and a treatment group (15% HG in a DM basis) randomly assigned and delivered continuously for an 8-week comparison period; diets were balanced for metabolizable energy, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein content. Nutrient digestibility was assessed through weekly manure sampling. Individual milk yield and composition were assessed daily and weekly, respectively (M6700, GEA, Düsseldorf, Germany). Enteric methane emissions were assessed twice weekly with a laser methane sensor (LMmBE, Tokyo Gas Engineering Solutions, Tokyo, Japan). Hydroponically sprouted grain inclusion resulted in statistically significant (P < 0.05) changes to nutrient digestibility, production, and enteric methane emission (Table 1). Significant reductions in methane flux coupled with the increases observed in energy-corrected milk production highlight the potential feeding value of HG and automated production systems as a novel agricultural technology solution. Table 1. Statistical analysis of nutrient digestibility, milk production, milk components, feed efficiency, and enteric methane (CH4) emission flux
| Item |
Treatment |
Control |
SEM |
df |
Contrast |
P-value |
| OM digestibility, % OM |
66.2 |
66.9 |
1.2 |
24 |
−0.8 |
0.678 |
| NDF digestibility, % NDF |
45.8 |
41.7 |
1.4 |
24 |
4.1 |
0.044 |
| DMI, kg |
24.1 |
24.4 |
0.1 |
62 |
0.3 |
0.065 |
| Milk, kg |
36.6 |
35.7 |
0.1 |
20,470 |
0.9 |
<0.00 |
| Fat, kg |
1.88 |
1.80 |
0.01 |
1,248 |
0.08 |
<0.00 |
| Protein, kg |
1.36 |
1.32 |
0.01 |
1,248 |
0.08 |
<0.00 |
| ECM, kg |
46.7 |
45.1 |
0.1 |
20,470 |
1.6 |
<0.00 |
| Feed efficiency, ECM kg−1 |
1.94 |
1.85 |
0.01 |
62 |
0.09 |
0.032 |
| CH4 flux, g day−1 |
357 |
454 |
2 |
20182 |
−97 |
<0.00 |
SEM = standard error of the mean (SE), df = degrees of freedom. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85842 |
Watch |
2108M |
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen-protected choline: Effects on milk production in Holstein dairy cows. |
8 |
H. T. Holdorf |
transition cow fatty acid |
H. T. Holdorf1, K. E Ruh1, M. J. Martin1, G. J Combs1, S. J. Henisz1, S. J. Erb1, W. E. Brown1, K. A. Estes2, H. M. White1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY |
Peripartum supplementation of rumen-protected choline (RPC) is beneficial, yet the optimal supplementation rate is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum RPC dose on postpartum performance. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 106) were randomly assigned to 0g (control; CTL), 15g (recommended dose; RD) of choline ion from an established RPC product (RPC1; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control), or 15g or 22g (high dose; HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2; Balchem Corp.). Treatments (trt) were mixed into a methionine supplemented TMR and cows had ad libitum access via Insentec feeders (Hokofarm Group; 4 feeders/trt) which allowed quantification of individual feed intake. Postpartum, cows were fed a CTL lactating diet or diet with the RD of their respective RPC product for 21d (supplementation period; SP) and a common lactating diet (0g RPC) thereafter until 100d (postSP). Milk yield was recorded daily and composition analyzed weekly. Mixed models analyzing categorical trt effects and continuous effects of actual dam RPC2 intake were performed in PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. Differences were significant at P ≤ 0.05, and tendencies at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Feeding RPC2RD reduced (P < 0.01) or tended to reduce (P = 0.09) prepartum DMI compared with CTL and RPC2HD. During SP, energy-corrected milk yield (ECM) was similar across trt but postSP, the RD tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) ECM (54.8, 56.9, 55.8, 56.7 kg; CTL, RPC2RD, RPC2HD, RPC1RD), fat yield (+0.08kg), and protein % (+0.08%) compared with CTL. Feeding RD tended to increase (P ≤ 0.09), and HD increased (P ≤ 0.05), de novo proportion of total milk fatty acids. Increasing prepartum RPC2 intake had a quadratic effect (P = 0.02) on MUN during SP and tended to have a quadratic effect (P ≤ 0.10) on MUN, protein %, and de novo proportion of fatty acids during postSP. ECM yield was increased with both RD, consistent with previous research, despite higher levels of production across trt in this study compared with past experiments. In contrast, no additional yield improvements were observed with HD in this study and RPC2 dose intake models suggest an optimal dose below HD at this level of production. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86185 |
Watch |
2109M |
Lactation performance in dairy cows supplemented with microbial additives. |
9 |
M. N. Marinho |
dairy cow microbial additive milk yield |
M. N. Marinho1, M. C. Perdomo1, B. S. Simões1, A. Husnain1, U. Arshad1, C. C. Figueiredo1, P. M. Peixoto1, J. E. P. Santos1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to determine the effects of 2 dietary microbial additives (MA) supplemented to diets of dairy cows on productive performance. Seventy-three multiparous and 44 primiparous Holstein cows were enrolled at 61 (31 to 87) days postpartum in a randomized block design after a 10-d pre-treatment period. Cows were blocked by parity and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield and, within block, assigned randomly to a single diet that was top-dressed daily with either 100 g of corn meal containing no microbial additive (CON), 100 g of corn meal containing 4 × 107 cfu of Clostridium beijerinckii and 1 × 109 cfu Pichia kudriavzevii (G1), or 100 g of corn meal containing 4 × 107 cfu of C. beijerinckii, 1 × 109 cfu P. kudriavzevii, 1 × 108Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and 1 × 108 of Ruminococcus bovis (G2). The experimental treatments lasted 140 d, from January 2021 to July 2021, and dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and body weight (BW) were measured daily, whereas milk samples (AM and PM) and body condition were evaluated twice weekly. Data were analyzed with mixed-effects models with orthogonal contrasts evaluating the effects of adding MA (Con vs. 1/2 G1 + 1/2 G2) or type of microbial additive (TMA; G1 vs. G2). Treatment did not affect DMI, daily changes in BW, or changes in body energy. Yields of lactose and protein tended to increase, whereas yields of milk, ECM and fat, and ECM per kg of DMI all increased with MA. The improvements in performance were observed irrespective of type of additive. Supplementing either MA improved production and feed efficiency in dairy cows. Table 1. Effect of supplemental microbial additives on performance of Holstein cows
| Item |
Treatment1 |
SEM |
P-value |
| CON |
G1 |
G2 |
MA |
TMA |
| DMI, kg/d |
22.2 |
22.4 |
22.4 |
0.3 |
0.50 |
0.83 |
| Milk, kg/d |
39.9 |
41.3 |
41.5 |
0.6 |
0.04 |
0.78 |
| ECM, kg/d |
37.9 |
39.3 |
39.9 |
0.6 |
0.009 |
0.45 |
| ECM/DMI, kg/kg |
1.72 |
1.76 |
1.80 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.19 |
| BW change, kg/d |
0.40 |
0.39 |
0.39 |
0.05 |
0.81 |
0.98 |
| Body energy change, Mcal/d |
2.57 |
2.49 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.81 |
0.95 |
| Fat yield, kg/d |
1.312 |
1.367 |
1.402 |
0.029 |
0.03 |
0.36 |
| Protein yield, kg/d |
1.150 |
1.187 |
1.194 |
0.018 |
0.06 |
0.78 |
| Lactose yield, kg/d |
1.947 |
2.008 |
2.013 |
0.030 |
0.07 |
0.90 |
1G1 and G2 from Native Microbials Inc. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86138 |
Watch |
2110M |
Effects of hydroponically sprouted cereal grains on digestibility and growth in transition dairy calves. |
10 |
E. Slack |
calf forage development |
E. Slack1, S. Jenkins1, F. Diaz2, A. Garcia2 |
1HydroGreen Incorporated, Cubic Farm System Corporation, Sioux Falls, SD, 2Dellait Dairy Research Center, Brookings, SD |
The increasingly negative influence of abiotic factors on crop production, coupled with the fragility of the global animal feed supply chain, accentuates the importance of investigating hydroponically sprouted cereal grains (HG) as a dairy cattle feedstuff. Their significantly improved nutrient composition and digestibility compared with traditional forages, justifies research to investigate its effects on transition dairy calf growth and development. Jersey calves (n = 80) averaging 81 kg in weight and 80 d of age were randomly assigned to treatment pens (n = 8) blocked by receiving weight and height. Dietary treatments consisted of a control and treatment group (11% HG; DM basis), randomly assigned and delivered continuously for a 6-week comparison period. Digestibility was assessed weekly by sampling manure and total mixed rations (TMR). Growth was measured through weights, wither height, and length along the medial plane from the shoulders to the coccygeal vertebrae. Feed intake and feed efficiency were reported as weekly averages. Inclusion of hydroponically sprouted grains resulted in significant improvements in wither height and NDF digestibility, along with positive trends in body length and intake. Positive changes in skeletal development coupled with significant reductions in feed cost illustrate the potential value of incorporating HG into transitional calf diets. These findings highlight the potential feeding value of HG as a novel local chain agricultural technology solution. Table 1. Statistical analysis of nutrient digestion, DMI, growth, ADG, feed efficiency, and cost of gain
| Item |
Treatment |
Control |
SEM |
df |
Contrast |
P-value |
| OM digestibility, % OM |
68.4 |
66.8 |
2.5 |
7 |
1.6 |
0.512 |
| NDF digestibility, % NDF |
53.1 |
40.7 |
3.7 |
7 |
12.4 |
0.026 |
| DMI, kg day−1 |
3.12 |
2.93 |
0.08 |
7 |
0.19 |
0.081 |
| Weight, kg |
124.9 |
122.9 |
2.5 |
7 |
2.0 |
0.613 |
| Height, cm |
100.3 |
96.6 |
0.6 |
7 |
3.7 |
0.006 |
| Length, cm |
87.2 |
84.9 |
0.4 |
7 |
2.3 |
0.165 |
| ADG, kg day−1 |
1.13 |
1.08 |
0.07 |
7 |
0.05 |
0.613 |
| Feed efficiency,1 MJ kg−1 |
12.2 |
14.2 |
1.0 |
7 |
−2.1 |
0.177 |
| Cost of gain, $ kg−1 |
0.24 |
0.34 |
0.02 |
7 |
−0.10 |
0.017 |
SEM = standard error of the mean, df = degrees of freedom. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86841 |
Watch |
2111M |
Influence of a proprietary blend of yeast fermentation products, enzymes, and probiotics on production performance of lactating Dairy Cattle. |
11 |
T. B. Burrell |
dairy cattle feed supplementation production |
T. B. Burrell1, M. A. Ballou3, V. S. Machado3, B. W. Jones1,2 |
1Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 2Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX, 3Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a proprietary blend of yeast fermentation products, enzymes, and probiotics would have on production performance of lactating dairy cattle. This study was completed at Southwest Regional Dairy Center in Stephenville, TX at Tarleton State University. The study utilized multiparous cows (n = 192) separated into 2 consecutive periods of 96 cows. Cows in each period were blocked by days in milk (DIM) and parity, 94.86 ± 0.89 DIM and 3.20 ± 0.41, 84.98 ± 0.35 DIM and 3.84 ± 0.34, respectively. Each period consisted of a 14-d adaptation and a 56-d treatment period, with 2 control pens and 2 experimental pens during each period. Feed and ort samples were taken daily and composited by week and dried at 100°C for 3 d for dry matter intake (DMI). Milk was collected on d 0, 14, 28, and 56 during the treatment period, and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, solids-nonfat, urea nitrogen, acetone, and somatic cell count. Blood was collected on d 0, 28, and 56 during the treatment period, and analyzed for serum glucose, urea nitrogen, and nonesterified fatty acids. The MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS, v 9.4, Cary, NC) was used to evaluate fixed effects on treatment, time, and treatment x time. There were not treatment x time interactions or treatments differences (P > 0.05) for either DMI or milk production. Milk production for control and treatment were, 44.1 and 43.6 ± 1.49 kg/day, respectively. Dry matter intake for control and treatment were, 28.5 and 27.9 ± 1.52 kg/day, respectively. These data suggest that the blend of yeast fermentation product, enzymes, and probiotics resulted in similar DMI and milk yield as the control. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86402 |
Watch |
2112M |
Relationships of blood-based indices of liver health during the transition period with performance and health. |
12 |
T. M. Nelson |
transition cow liver health |
T. M. Nelson1, A. L. Kerwin1, L. N. Ferro1, C. M. Ryan1, G. M. Graef1, T. A. Westhoff1, A. S. Sipka1, D. M. Barbano1, B. Stone2, I. Yoon2, T. R. Overton1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA |
The objective was to characterize relationships of blood-based indices of liver health with transition period outcomes. Holstein cows (n = 64) entering 2+ lactations were characterized, retrospectively, into either low or high liver health groups. Serum samples were analyzed for albumin (Alb), cholesterol (Chol), bilirubin (Bili), haptoglobin (Hp), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). A Liver Functionality Index (LFI) was calculated to standardize changes in Alb, Chol, and Bili from 2 time points [2 and 28 d in milk (DIM)], with greater LFI indicating better health status. A Liver Health Index (LHI) was adapted from LFI to evaluate health status using a single time point at 2 and 10 DIM. The LFI and LHI were evaluated by assigning cows to cohorts to either high (HLFI, HLHI) or low (LLFI, LLHI) liver health. Relationships with performance and blood biomarkers were evaluated using mixed-effects models with repeated measures when applicable (SAS v. 9.4). High LFI and LHI cows tended to have higher milk yield from 1 to 84 DIM (LFI: 53.3 vs. 51.1 ± 0.9 kg/d, P = 0.07; LHI: 54.1 vs. 50.5 ± 1.4, P = 0.06) compared with low LFI and LHI cows. Cows in HLFI had higher prepartum DMI from d −56 to calving (14.7 vs. 14.1 ± 0.2 kg/d, P = 0.03) and no difference postpartum (P = 0.24), whereas HLHI had no relationship with DMI prepartum (P = 0.12) and tended to have higher DMI postpartum (25.1 vs. 24.2 ± 0.4 kg/d; P = 0.08). High LFI and LHI cows had lower prepartum (102 vs. 122 ± 7 mEq/L, P = 0.03; 112 vs. 132 ± 10 mEq/L, P = 0.04) and postpartum (459 vs. 610 ± 29 mEq/L, P < 0.001; 419 vs. 653 ± 45 mEq/L, P < 0.001) NEFA concentrations, respectively. No difference was seen between LFI (P = 0.20) or LHI (P = 0.54) for prepartum Hp and Hp was lower in postpartum HLFI (0.16 vs. 0.31 ± 0.06 g/L, P = 0.01) and HLHI (0.12 vs. 0.44 ± 0.12 g/L, P = 0.003). Stratification of LHI into the highest and lowest quartiles enhanced differences observed between groups. Relationships of LHI-2 with performance outcomes were greater than LHI-10. Overall, LHI at 2 DIM can be a more practical measure of liver health status compared with LFI as an indicator of potential performance and health outcomes. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85969 |
Watch |
2113M |
Associations of nutritional strategies with biomarkers, health, milk yield, and reproduction. |
13 |
T. R. Overton |
transition cow nutrition performance |
A. L. Kerwin1, W. S. Burhans2, D. V. Nydam3, T. R. Overton1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Dairy-Tech Group, South Albany, VT, 3Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective was to identify associations between transition period nutritional strategies and the prevalence of elevated postpartum biomarkers [nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; ≥ 0.59 mmol/L), BHB (≥1.2 mmol/L), and haptoglobin (Hp; ≥ 0.45g/L)], disorder incidence (DI), milk yield (MY), and reproductive performance. Multiparous (MP) and primiparous (PP) cows from 72 farms in the northeastern US were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Farms were retrospectively dichotomized within parity into a nutritional strategy within each period; far-off dry: controlled energy (CE; < 16.5% starch and ≥ 40% forage NDF; n = 29 PP and 43 MP farms) or not CE (NCE; ≥ 16.5% starch or < 40% forage NDF or both; n = 22 PP and 29 MP farms), close-up dry: high-forage NDF (HF; ≥ 40% forage NDF; n = 23 PP and 25 MP farms) or low forage NDF (LF; < 40% forage NDF; n = 47 PP and 47 MP farms), and fresh: low starch (LS; < 25.5% starch; n = 30 PP and 32 MP farms) or high starch (HS; ≥ 25.5% starch; n = 39 PP and 40 MP farms). Mixed-effects linear models were created at the herd-level. Farms that fed HF or HS had the lowest BHB compared with LF (11.1 vs. 16.6 ± 2.8%; P = 0.11) or LS (10.0 vs. 17.8 ± 2.5%; P = 0.02) farms; however, HF farms had a higher Hp than LF (51.6 vs. 45.0 ± 3.6%; P = 0.14). Close-up × fresh strategy was associated with DI (P = 0.009) such that HF × HS had the lowest (7.4 ± 4.1%) and HF × LS had the highest DI (18.9 ± 4.0%). For MP cows, LF fed farms had a higher pregnancy rate (PR) than HF (24.7 vs. 22.1 ± 1.3%; P = 0.14). For PP cows, far-off × close-up strategy was associated with BHB (P = 0.10) and PR (P = 0.07) such that CE × LF farms had the highest BHB (15.4 ± 4.3%) and numerically the lowest PR (26.4 ± 2.0%), close-up × fresh strategy was associated with probability of pregnancy (POP; P = 0.14) and NEFA (P = 0.05) such that HF × HS had the highest POP (50.1 ± 2.7%) and higher NEFA than LF × HS (28.7 vs. 11.7 ± 6.5%), and HS farms had higher Hp than LS (59.9 vs. 47.2 ± 5.0%; P = 0.06). There were no associations with MY (P ≥ 0.15). In general, our results support feeding MP cows HF and HS to decrease BHB and DI and feeding PP cows CE, HF, and HS to maximize reproductive performance, and decrease BHB and DI. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86181 |
Watch |
2114M |
Assessment of rumen-protected choline supplementation on milk production and blood metabolites in mid-lactation dairy cows. |
14 |
G. J. Combs |
feed efficiency energy-corrected milk |
G. J. Combs1, M. J. Martin1, K. Estes2, K. A. Weigel1, H. M. White1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Balchem Corp, New Hampton, NY |
Choline is a key nutrient involved in methylation, phospholipid synthesis, and lipid metabolism. Although choline supplementation during the transition to lactation period has proven beneficial for health outcomes and production metrics, few studies have examined choline supplementation’s impact on mid-lactation animals. Our objective was to characterize the impact of choline supplementation on production and blood metabolites in mid-lactation Holstein cows. Multiparous Holstein cows (161 ± 3 DIM; n = 64) were enrolled into a 56d feed efficiency study and randomly assigned to either concentrated rumen-protected choline prototype supplementation (RPC; 17.7 g choline ion; Balchem Corp.) or control (CTL; 0 g choline ion). Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded electronically. Feed and milk samples were collected weekly. Body weights were taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the trial. Blood samples were taken in the final week of the trial. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedures of SAS (v9.4). Results are reported as (mean [95%CI] CTL vs RPC). There was no difference in DMI (31.5 [30.7,32.3] vs 31.1 [30.3,31.9] kg, P = 0.47), body weight (P = 0.24) or body weight change (P = 0.45) between groups. Milk yield (51.9 [49.6,54.1] vs 50.1 [47.9,52.2] kg, P = 0.25), milk components (P ≥ 0.25) and energy-corrected milk (ECM; P = 0.54) were similar between groups. Residual feed intake and gross feed efficiency were similar between groups (P ≥ 0.43). The RPC group had greater MUN (14.2 [13.7,14.7] vs 14.9 [14.4,15.4] mg/dL, P = 0.05) but BUN was not different (17.4 [16.4,18.5] vs 17.7 [16.7,18.8] mg/dL, P = 0.64). Blood BHB, triglyceride, glucose, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were similar between groups (P ≥ 0.21). AST:ALT tended to be greater in RPC (3.9 [3.4,4.3] vs 4.4 [4.0,4.8], P = 0.07) and albumin was lower in the CTL group (3.7 [3.7,3.8] vs 3.8 [3.7,3.9] g/dL, P = 0.05). The benefits of peripartum RPC supplementation on postpartum milk production and ECM reported in the literature were not observed in mid-lactation animals in the current study. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86739 |
|
2115M |
Modeling prepartum urinary calcium excretion in response to dietary acidogenic salts. |
15 |
D. B. Vagnoni |
DCAD acidogenic salts |
D. B. Vagnoni1, M. Davidson1, L. Rubio1, G. R. Oetzel2, E. Comets3 |
1California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 2University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 3INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France |
Acidogenic salts are commonly fed for 3-wk preceding parturition to stimulate Ca mobilization. Our objective was to characterize the time course of urinary Ca excretion (UCE; mol urinary Ca:mol urinary creatinine) as an index of Ca mobilization. Thirty-six cows (Holstein, n = 15 or Jersey, n = 21) of parity 2 or greater were moved to a common close-up pen at 260 d pregnant, where calcium chloride was used to acidify the diet (overall mean dietary cation-anion difference was −85 mEq/kg DM). Urine was sampled immediately before this move and then twice weekly until parturition. Data for UCE were fit to the following equation that allowed for a sigmoidal increase followed by a decrease: UCE = BL + A/{1+exp[4μ1/A*(λ1-t)+2]} * 1/{1+exp[4μ2*(t-λ2)+2]} where BL = baseline values before acidification, A = maximum increase above baseline, μ1 and μ2 represent maximal rates of increase and decrease, respectively (d−1) and λ1 and λ2 represent the corresponding times (d) to μ1 and μ2, respectively. Data were fit as a nonlinear mixed-effects model using the saemix package of R (4.0.0). Categorical covariates consisted of breed, parity group (2 or greater than 2) and their interaction, while continuous covariates consisted of centered mean values of urinary pH and equivalents of Cl offered per day. Normalized prediction distribution errors did not differ from a normal distribution (P = 0.35) and model root mean square error was 0.38. Maximal rates of increase (0.71 d−1) and decrease (0.16 d−1) were unaffected (P > 0.10) by any covariates. The time for maximal rate of increase of UCE (global mean 2.14 d) increased 0.89 d with increasing parity group (P = 0.079). The maximal increase in UCE (global mean 1.75 mol:mol) numerically increased and decreased with increasing parity group for Holsteins and Jerseys, respectively (breed x parity group, P = 0.007). The time corresponding to maximal rate of decrease of UCE (22.0 d) was 4.9 d lower for Holsteins vs. Jerseys (P = 0.07). Based on sharp reductions of UCE with time, it is possible that Ca mobilization in preparation for the onset of lactation could be improved by reducing the current typical exposure times to acidogenic salts, particularly for Holsteins vs. Jerseys. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85984 |
Watch |
2116M |
Effect of different DCAD levels in the close-up diet on peripartum calcium status and dairy cow performance. |
16 |
J. B. Veneman |
hypocalcemia DCAD |
J. B. Veneman1, H. C. Verduijn2, A. Klop3, J. O. Goelema1 |
1De Heus Animal Nutrition, Ede, the Netherlands, 2Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 3Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands |
The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of 3 close-up treatments differing in dietary DCAD level and treatment duration. Sixty Holstein cows, entering their second lactation or higher, were blocked by parity, expected calving date and 305-d milk yield. Within block, cows were randomly allocated to a control treatment with a close-up period of 2 weeks and a dietary DCAD of 212 mEq/kg DM (CON), a close-up period of 2 weeks and a DCAD of 0 mEq/kg DM (MED) or a close-up period of 3 weeks and a DCAD of −192 mEq/kg DM (NEG). The close-up diet consisted of grass silage, maize silage, wheat straw and concentrates (35%, 18%, 20% and 27% of DM, respectively). Differences in DCAD among treatments were achieved through the inclusion of anionic salts in the MED and NEG treatments. All cows received the same postpartum PMR for 70 d, containing grass silage, maize silage, soybean meal and minerals. The PMR was supplemented with concentrates up to 10 kg per cow per day. Pre- and postpartum feed intake and postpartum milk production was measured daily and milk composition was determined weekly. Prepartum urine pH was measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal vessels on day −7, 0, 2, 5 and 14 relative to calving for serum analysis of Ca. Calf birth weight and colostrum Brix were measured. Data were analyzed by linear or logistic mixed models using GenStat. Prepartum urine pH was 8.2 for CON, 7.0 for MED and 5.6 for LOW (P < 0.001). Pre- or postpartum DMI, milk yield and milk composition did not differ between treatments (P > 0.10). Clinical hypocalcemia incidence was lower for NEG (4%) compared with CON (33%; P < 0.05), with MED intermediate (12%). On the day of calving (d 0), serum Ca was lower for cows on CON (1.79 mmol/l) compared with NEG (2.06 mmol/l; P < 0.05), with MED (1.94 mmol/L) intermediate. Serum Ca did not differ among treatments at the other time points (P > 0.10). Treatments did not affect calf birth weight (P = 0.43), but colostrum quality tended to be higher for CON compared with NEG (26.2% Brix vs. 24.4%; P = 0.06). To conclude, close-up treatments did not affect performance, but NEG treatment reduced clinical hypocalcemia incidence and improved serum Ca concentration on the day of calving compared with CON. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86021 |
Watch |
2117M |
Effects of rumen modifiers developed to reduce rumen proteolysis in dairy cows. |
17 |
P. Piantoni |
fat-corrected milk feed efficiency nitrogen efficiency |
P. Piantoni1, Y. Roman-Garcia1, C. Canale1, S. van Zijderveld1, G. Schroeder1 |
1Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Innovation Campus, Elk River, MN |
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate 2 products developed to decrease rumen protein degradation on performance of dairy cows. Forty-five Holstein cows (184 ± 87 DIM; 42.3 ± 8.3 kg/d milk yield; mean ± SD) were used in a randomized block design experiment with a 2-wk covariate and 6-wk treatment period. Treatments were: control (CTR), VAL (Valiprov, Cargill Inc.; 0.07% of diet DM), and AAT [AAlphaTek, Cargill Inc.; 0.18% of diet dry matter (DM)]. Valiprov is a product based on condensed tannins and spice extracts and AAlphaTek is a blend of plant extracts, yeast, fermentation products, trace minerals, and enzymes. Diets were 60.6% forage, 16.4% CP, 29.2% neutral detergent fiber, and 28.0% starch. Data from the last 3 wk on treatment were analyzed using the Lme4 package in R with a model containing fixed effects of covariate, treatment, week, and treatment by week interaction, and the random effect of cow, block, day, and parity. Pre-planned contrasts were tested [CTR vs. ADD (VAL + AAT) and VAL vs. AAT]. The AAT treatment decreased DM intake on 4 wk compared with CTR and VAL, and AAT and VAL increased DM intake on 5 and 6 wk compared with CTR (interaction P = 0.03). Treatments did not affect milk yield, but ADD increased 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield by 1.6 kg/d compared with CTR (P = 0.04). Compared with CTR, ADD tended to increase feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk, kg/d/DM intake, kg/d; 1.63 vs. 1.57; P = 0.09), and AAT tended to increase feed efficiency compared with VAL (1.66 vs. 1.59; P = 0.08). Compared with CTR, ADD increased milk fat yield (1.52 vs. 1.45 kg/d; P = 0.04) by increasing de novo and mixed FA yields (both P ≤ 0.05), and did not affect milk fat percent (3.87%). In addition, ADD did not affect milk protein content (3.19%) or yield (1.24 kg/d) but decreased milk urea nitrogen (12.8 vs. 13.5 mg/dL; P = 0.03), and increased nitrogen efficiency (29.3 vs. 28.1%; P < 0.01) compared with CTR. The AAT treatment tended to increase nitrogen efficiency compared with VAL (29.7 vs. 28.8%; P = 0.06). Results indicate that additives increased milk fat yield as well as feed and nitrogen efficiency, and that the effect on efficiency was mostly due to AAT. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86525 |
Watch |
2118M |
Evaluation of the effects of exogenous enzymes in the diet of lactating cows. |
18 |
R. Almeida |
dry matter intake fecal starch milk efficiency |
L. M. Maciel1, G. M. da Rosa1, D. S. Milczevski1, M. M. Marquetti1, L. B. Los2, A. S. Martins3, R. Almeida1 |
1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 2Frísia Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Carambeí, PR, Brazil, 3Universidade Estadual Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil |
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation of an enzymatic complex, composed of amylase, xylanase, β glucanase, betamananase and protease on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Forty-eight Holsteins (14 primiparous and 34 multiparous) were separated in 2 groups (3.08 lactations, 179 DIM, and 41.4 kg/d) for 2 periods, receiving diets with and without the enzyme supplementation (Precizyon X50, Quimtia) during 28 d per period. Treated-animals received 2 g of enzyme plus 28 g of corn meal and the cows of the control group received 30 g of corn meal, divided in 2 meals per day. Cows were housed in individual tie-stalls in the same barn, equipped with food separator panels. The experimental design was a crossover using parity, milk yield and DIM data from the covariable period as blocking factors. Statistical analyses were performed using the GLM procedure for single measures and MIXED procedure of SAS for repeated measures over time. Block, treatment, time and the interaction between treatment and time were analyzed as fixed effects. The model also included cows nested within treatment as the random effect. No treatment by time interaction was detected. The results indicate that there was no statistical difference for milk yield between the control and the enzyme supplemented groups (40.78 vs. 40.44 kg/d; P = 0.66) respectively, as well as milk components as milk fat (3.54 vs. 3.58%; P = 0.45), milk total protein (3.40 vs. 3.40%; P = 0.92), milk lactose (4.72 vs. 4.71%; P = 0.54), milk casein (2.74 vs. 2.75%; P = 0.55) and milk total solids contents (12.64 vs. 12.67%; P = 0.73) were not affected by treatment. No treatment differences were found for MUN (13.30 vs. 13.20 mg/dL; P = 0.78) and for SCC linear score (2.03 vs. 2.18; P = 0.56), as well as fecal starch (5.18 vs. 5.30%; P = 0.91). On the other hand, the cows supplemented with the enzyme showed lower (25.10 vs. 26.21 kg/d; P = 0.02) DM intake and tended to present higher milk efficiency (1.64 vs. 1.57; P = 0.09). In conclusion, the enzymatic complex tends to improve feed utilization by reducing feed consumption and consequently improving production efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85886 |
Watch |
2119M |
Effects of feeding a pelleted electrolyte on lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions. |
19 |
N. C. Upah |
heat stress electrolyte |
T. M. Ruiz2, J. F. Van Cleve2, N. C. Upah1, B. W. Kolstad1 |
1TechMix LLC, Stewart, MN, 2University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico |
Heat stress (HS) negatively effects milk production. Strategies to improve hydration and gut health may be effective to protect against HS and improve lactation related outcomes. The objective was to determine the effects of a pelleted electrolyte (ELO) on milk composition, production, and body temperature. Thirty-eight lactating cows in a single pen (19 pairs of 7 multiparous and 12 primiparous cows) were randomly assigned to either one of 2 experimental treatments: Control and ELO (Bovine BlueLite Pellets, TechMix, LLC, Stewart, Minnesota). The ELO treatment was individually supplemented at a rate of 113 g/cow/d in the concentrate portion before afternoon milking. Groups were acclimated for 10 d followed by 50 d of data collection. Milk production was recorded daily and reported as the average of 10 5-d periods. Fat, protein, and somatic cell count (SCC) were assessed on d 1–2, 14–15, and 37–38 of the experimental period. A subset of cows (n = 10) were vaginally inserted with a HOBO thermometer starting 9 d before supplementation. Data were recorded at 5-min intervals and pooled to measure hourly temperatures. Data were analyzed using the PROC mixed procedure of SAS with treatment as a between-subjects variable, time as a within-subjects variable, the interaction of treatment*time, and random variable of cow nested within pair. Milk fat, protein, and yield were unchanged by treatment (P > 0.05). Blood hematocrit and average internal temperature were unchanged by treatment (P > 0.05). However, when the temperature-humidity index (THI) was greater than 80, cows supplemented with ELO had lower internal temperatures (39.24° vs. 39.44°C) than controls (P < 0.001). Milk composition and production did not differ by treatment. In summary, ELO supplementation reduced body temperature during severe HS and this has implications to production, reproduction and health metrics of heat-stressed dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9970 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86376 |
Watch |
2133M |
In vitro supplementation of leucine increases the proportion of iso-15:0 and iso-17:0 fatty acids in rumen microbial cell membranes. |
1 |
L. Matthews |
continuous culture bacteria protozoa |
M. Schiksnis1, L. Matthews1, S. Greenwood1, J. Kraft1 |
1The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT |
Milk and dairy products are a unique source of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), as they are principally derived from rumen microorganisms. The biosynthetic pathway of BCFA is well established in some selected bacterial taxa but little is known concerning the collective biosynthesis of BCFA in rumen microorganisms. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between the dietary substrate (i.e., precursor) leucine and the proportions of its downstream metabolites, iso-15:0 and iso-17:0, in the cellular lipids of rumen bacteria and protozoa. Dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (n = 4) were used in a repeated design with 4 periods of 10 d each to evaluate the dose-response of dietary leucine. Treatments were 1) a total mixed ration serving as the control (CON) diet (0.77% DM leucine), representing 100% leucine, 2) CON + 50% of CON leucine, 3) CON + 100% of CON leucine, and 4) CON + 200% of CON leucine. On d 8–10, bacteria and protozoa were isolated from each fermenter and their lipid membranes were evaluated for fatty acid composition and content via gas-liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using R (v. 1.1453) with lme4 and lmerTest packages, via a generalized linear mixed model, with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of period. A post hoc Tukey test was used to determine pairwise differences between individual BCFA and treatments. Treatments did not affect the content of iso-15:0 metabolism in bacterial membranes. However, the proportion of iso-17:0 increased in the bacterial membranes with the addition of both 100% and 200% leucine by 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively. In protozoal cell membranes, however, the content of iso-15:0 and iso-17:0 increased more than 2-fold with the addition of 100% and 200% leucine. As a result, the proportion of total iso-BCFA increased in protozoal cell membranes as well. In summary, these data verify the BCFA metabolism in both bacteria and protozoa in the rumen and indicate that dietary leucine increases the proportions of its downstream metabolites in the cell membranes of rumen microorganisms. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86196 |
Watch |
2134M |
Effects of cashew nut shell extract and monensin on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture. |
2 |
E. Sarmikasoglou |
cashew nut shell extract dual flow feed additives |
E. Sarmikasoglou1, M. Johnson1, J. Vinyard1, P. Sumadong1,2, R. R. Lobo1, J. A. Cordero1, A. Bahman1, A. Ravelo1, S. Halima1, C. Hikita3, T. Watanabe3, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 3Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan |
Cashew nut shell extract (CNSE) and monesin have been shown to alter ruminal fermentation, dry matter intake and milk yield in cows. The objective of this study was to compare CNSE and monensin to evaluate changes in ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and microbial nitrogen outflow. Treatments were randomly arranged to 8 fermenters in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 experimental periods consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Basal diets contained 43.5:56.5 forage: concentrate ratio and each fermenter was fed 106 g of DM/d divided equally between 2 feeding times. Treatments were: control (CON, without additives); 2.5 μM monensin (MON); 100 ppm CNSE granule (CNSE100); and 200 ppm CNSE granule (CNSE200). On d 8–10, samples were collected for pH, lactate, ammonia-N (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoa counts, and digestibility measurements. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD-(CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) CNSE-(MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE-(CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. We observed that butyrate concentration in all treatments were lower (ADD; P = 0.04), compared with CON and the concentration of MON was lower (CNSE; P = 0.02) compared with CNSE treatments, total protozoa counts of all treatments were lower (ADD; P < 0.01) compared with CON. No effects (P > 0.05) were observed for pH, lactate, NH3-N, total VFAs and nutrient digestibility, or N utilization. Within the 24 h pool, bacterial N flow (P = 0.07) and the efficiency of N use (P = 0.07) tended to be lower for the monensin treatment compared with CNSE treatments. Overall, compared with monensin, cashew nut shell extract increased butyrate concentration and tended to improve microbial N utilization, and therefore could be an alternative to ionophores. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85891 |
Watch |
2135M |
Evaluation of hour points required to accurately describe NDF fermentation kinetics. |
3 |
M. B. Hall |
fiber fermentation kinetics |
M. C. Barry1, M. B. Hall2 |
1AgModels, LLC, Tully, NY, 2U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI |
The objective of this study was to determine the time points required to characterize 2-pool NDF fermentation kinetics as accurately as a complete 11-point data set. Forages (6 alfalfas, 6 grasses) (feed) were analyzed for residual NDF (U) by 2 laboratories running each sample in duplicate in each of 2 fermentation runs (run) with mixed ruminal microbes and blank corrections. Sampling hours (t) were 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 48, 72, 120, and 240 h. Outliers were removed. NDF pools are B degradable pool and C indigestible pool; the B pool has a fermentation rate (kd) and lag (L). Models were fit to data for each forage in each fermentation with the equations 2P: Ut = B0*e(-kd*(t-L))+C, giving 24 curves for each model. The ”optim” function in base R was used to estimate parameters employing the “L-BFGS-B” method. For each forage in each run, models (Mod) were determined for time courses with all time points (Full), 0, 30, 120, and 240 h (4pt), ≤ 3h removed, only 18h removed, and 18h removed plus these reductions: 240h, ≥ 120h, ≥ 72h, and ≥ 48h. The NDF degraded ruminally (%dNDF) for each feed in each run for each Mod was calculated at 57 evenly spaced discrete passage rates (kp) from 2 to 7%/h. Mean absolute differences (MAD) between Full and other Mod for %dNDF were calculated. MAD were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS with a model containing Mod, feed, Mod*feed, lab, run(lab), Mod*lab, feed*lab, Mod*feed*lab; mean separation was by Tukey-Kramer. Data were transformed to 1/quartic root for residuals to be normally distributed. In order of terms in the model, P-values were < 0.01, < 0.01, 0.06, < 0.01, < 0.01, 0.81, 0.04, and 0.90. The back-transformed least squares means of MAD were 1.81 (- ≤ 3h), 1.31 (4pt), 0.38 (−18h), 0.37 (−240h), −0.48 (- ≥ 120h), 0.64 (- ≥ 72h), and 1.04 (- ≥ 48h) for %dNDF; standard error of the difference not back-transformed: 0.135. Mod that did not differ from each other (P > 0.05) were −240h, −18h, and - ≥ 120h; - ≥ 120h and - ≥ 72h; - ≥ 48h and 4pt; and 4pt and - ≤ 3h. Omission of 18h and > 72h had little effect on NDF kinetics characterization and can be excluded. For greater accuracy, ≤ 3h should be included. The 4pt is not suitable for describing the kinetics. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86080 |
Watch |
2136M |
Effects of a blend of organic acids on ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture. |
4 |
R. R. Lobo |
citric acid sorbic acid thymol |
R. R. Lobo1, J. A. Arce-Cordero1, J. R. Vinyard1, M. L. Johnson1, M. R. Watson1, A. Bahman1, S. W. Ma1, G. Dagaew2, P. Sumadong2, E. Sarmikasoglou1, E. Grilli3,4, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 3University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 4Vetagro Inc, Chicago, IL |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of a blend of plant organic acids (OA) in lactating dairy cows diets in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Using 8 fermenters in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square with 4 periods of 10 d each, we tested different levels of inclusion of OA (0, 0.12, 0.24, and 0.36%, diet DM). The OA contained 55.6% hydrogenated and refined palm oil, 25% citric acid, 16.7% sorbic acid, 1.7% thymol, and 1% vanillin. Basal diet was formulated to meet the requirements of a 680 kg Holstein dairy cow producing 45 kg/d of milk with 3.5% fat and 3% protein. All diets had a similar composition (16.1% CP; 30.9% NDF; 32.0% starch, DM basis) and fermenters were fed 106 g/d split into 2 feedings. After 7 d of adaptation, samples were collected for 3 d of each period for analyses of ruminal fermentation at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post morning feeding. Statistical analysis was performed with MIXED procedure of SAS using orthogonal contrasts (linear, quadratic, and cubic) and significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Partial results are summarized in Table 1. We observed a quadratic effect of OA on the daily average pH and pH before feeding (P < 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). However, the lowest pH after morning feeding and the rate of pH drop were not affected by OA inclusion in the diet (P > 0.05). A cubic effect on the daily average NH3-N concentration was observed (P = 0.02). In summary, the inclusion of 0.12 or 0.24% OA increased the average daily pH without affecting the rate of pH change. The NH3-N concentration was cubically affected by OA inclusion in the diet. Table 1.
| Item1 |
Treatments, % of diet DM |
SEM |
P-values |
| 0 |
0.12 |
0.24 |
0.36 |
Linear |
Quadratic |
Cubic |
| pH |
6.15 |
6.20 |
6.20 |
6.15 |
0.03 |
0.88 |
<0.01 |
0.92 |
| pH-BF |
6.44 |
6.51 |
6.50 |
6.43 |
0.04 |
0.80 |
0.02 |
0.89 |
| LpH |
5.95 |
5.98 |
5.97 |
5.93 |
0.03 |
0.47 |
0.14 |
0.92 |
| Rate |
0.10 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
0.71 |
0.26 |
0.89 |
| NH3-N |
12.3 |
11.2 |
12.7 |
11.8 |
0.79 |
0.97 |
0.80 |
0.02 |
| pH |
6.15 |
6.20 |
6.20 |
6.15 |
0.03 |
0.88 |
<0.01 |
0.92 |
1pH – daily average pH; pH-BF – pH before feeding; LpH – lowest pH after feeding; Rate – rate of pH decrease (pH unit h−1), NH3-N, mMol dL−1. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85939 |
Watch |
2137M |
Rumen bacterial taxa and dietary nutrient predictors in cows with differing risk of ruminal acidosis. |
5 |
H. Golder |
acidosis CP microbiota |
H. Golder1,2, J Rehberger3, A. Smith3, S. LeBlanc4, T. Duffield4, H. Rossow5, R. Bogdanich6, L. Hernandez7, E. Block3, I. Lean1,2 |
1Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 3Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ, 4Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 5Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Tulare, CA, 6Cross Street Veterinary Clinic, Tulare, CA, 7Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Early lactation Holstein cows (n = 261; 1st to 7th parity) from 32 herds in 3 regions (Australia, California, and Canada) were categorized into 3 rumen acidosis risk groups (acidotic = 26.1%, group 2 = 47.1%, or group 3 = 26.8%) using a discriminant analysis model based on eigenvectors produced from a combination of rumen pH, and ammonia, D- and L-lactate, and VFA concentrations from samples collected < 3 h after feeding. Diets ranged from pasture supplemented with concentrates to TMR (NFC = 17 to 47 and NDF = 27 to 58% of DM). Nutrients were determined by feed analysis or estimated in nutrition software (10 herds). Rumen microbiota were characterized by bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data. The relative abundance of each bacterial phylum and family were center log-transformed and subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) for both acidosis group and region. The 20 most influential families from both combined PCA (n = 29) were termed ‘influential’. Backward stepwise elimination mixed models were used to determine (1) the bacterial taxa that were collectively associated with each acidosis group and (2) dietary nutrients that were associated with these taxa and the phyla that were most abundant. The fixed effects of herd nested within region were used for (1) and region for (2). Nutrients included (% of DM): NDF, CP, starch, sugar, and crude fat. Five phyla: Firmicutes (OR = 7.47 ± 7.43), Spirochaetes (OR = 1.28 ± 0.14), Lentisphaerae (OR = 0.70 ± 0.07), Planctomycetes (OR = 0.70 ± 0.09), and Tenericutes (OR = 0.44 ± 0.15) and 9 families were associated with acidosis. Of the 5 most abundant phyla and those that were associated with acidosis, (n = 9 phyla of interest), all had ≥ 1 nutrient that predicted abundance. Sugar was the most frequently predictive nutrient (in 78% of models), followed by CP (56%), and crude fat (44%). Sugar and CP were most predictive for the influential families and all but 3 families had ≥ 1 predictive nutrient. Bacterial taxa can be used to predict acidosis and dietary sugar and CP are predictors of these, and thus of acidosis risk. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86940 |
Watch |
2138M |
Effect of dietary inclusion of probiotics on fecal microbiome in lactating dairy cows. |
6 |
D. Vyas |
dairy feces microbiome |
H. Guan1, A. Oyebade2, P. Fan2, K. C. Jeong2, F. X. Amaro2, L. Mu2, C. A. N. de Guzmán2, I. M. Fernandez2, S. Lee2, D. Vyas2 |
1Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
We aimed to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of probiotics on composition of fecal microbiome in lactating dairy cows. Thirty lactating dairy cows were blocked (n = 10; 3 animals /block) based on energy-corrected milk and within blocks, randomly assigned to: 1) Control (CON): Corn silage-based total mixed ration; 2) BOV: CON diet top-dressed with a mixture of Lactobacillus animalis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii at 3 × 109 cfu/day; and 3) BOV+: CON diet top-dressed with BOV plus Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis at 11.8 × 109 cfu/day. Experimental period comprised of 2-wk covariate, 1-wk adaptation, and 12-wk of data collection period. Fecal samples were collected during wk 2, 4, and 6 of data collection period, and subsequently fecal microbial composition was determined. Fecal microbiome was using 16S rRNA profiles determined by Illumina MiSeq platform. The qPCR was conducted to confirm treatment difference in relative abundance of B. subtilis, L. animalis, B. licheniformis, and P. freudenreichii between treatments. Relative abundance of bacteria and fold differences in the copy number of above 4 bacteria were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test for pairwise comparison of multiple means. Fecal microbiome was dominated by Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Treponema, Rikenellaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. The abundance of Acetobacter, and Saccharimonas was increased by 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively (P < 0.01) for CON compared with BOV while abundance of Clostridiodes spp. was increased 2-fold (P < 0.01) for BOV compared with CON. The abundance of Coprococcus, and Methanobrevibacter spp. were increased by 0.5 fold (P < 0.01) for CON compared with BOV+. Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 was positively associated with pH (P = 0.03), while negative associations were detected between pH and the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae and Prevotellaceae. Copy numbers of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were greater (P < 0.01) in BOV+ vs. CON and BOV. The greater copy number of L. animalis was found in BOV and BOV+ vs. CON (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of BOV and BOV+ resulted in fecal microbiota modulation. Future studies should investigate the relationship between changes associated with fecal microbiome and rumen fermentation and subsequently livestock performance. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87031 |
Watch |
2139M |
Effects of trace mineral and forage sources on mineral solubility, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and N utilization. |
7 |
M. L. Johnson |
copper hydroxy manganese |
M. L. Johnson1, J. A. Arce-Cordero1, E. Sarmikasoglou1, J. R. Vinyard1, R. R. Lobo1, V. Brandao2, A. P. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Micronutrients LLC, Indianapolis, IN |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 forms of Cu, Zn, and Mn on ruminal fermentation in diets varying in forages grown in different geographical locations in the USA, in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Eight fermenters were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, combining 2 factors: (1) diet type [West (W) or East (E) coast] and (2) mineral source [sulfate (S) or hydroxy (H)]. Treatments were (1) WH [West coast diet with Intellibond Cu, Zn, and Mn]; (2) WS [West coast diet with Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates]; (3) EH [East coast diet with Intellibond Cu, Zn, and Mn]; (4) ES [East coast diet with Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates]. All diets were formulated to contain similar chemical composition. Treatments were supplemented with 12, 56, and 36 ppm of Cu, Zn, and Mn from the corresponding mineral source. Four 10-d periods were conducted, and the last 3 d of each period were used for collection of samples for analyses of lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), as well as nutrient digestibility and Cu, Zn, and Mn solubility. Effects of diet type, mineral source, and their interaction were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Digestibility of DM (P < 0.01), CP (P = 0.02), NDF (P < 0.01), and ADF (P < 0.01), were affected by diet type but not by mineral source. Compared with H mineral sources, S mineral sources had greater daily average concentrations of soluble Mn (P = 0.04) and Zn (P = 0.06), and greater concentrations of Cu (P = 0.05), Mn (P = 0.05) and Zn (P = 0.02) during the first 8 h after feeding. There was a diet × mineral source interaction on fermenter pH (P = 0.02), when S sources were fed, there was a reduction on pH only with the W diet. Sulfate mineral sources reduced daily average NH3-N concentration when supplemented with the W diet but had the opposite effect with the E diet. Our results indicate that H sources have a lower ruminal solubility than S sources, and there was an effect of mineral source on ruminal fermentation when the W diet was fed, particularly when it comes to NH3-N and pH. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t85890 |
Watch |
2140M |
Evaluation of 2- and 3-pool models to describe neutral detergent fiber fermentation kinetics. |
8 |
M. C. Barry |
fiber fermentation kinetics |
M. C. Barry1, M. B. Hall2 |
1AgModels, LLC, Tully, NY, 2U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI |
The objective of this study was to determine whether a 2-pool (2P) or 3-pool (3P) model most accurately and efficiently characterized NDF fermentation kinetics. Forages (6 alfalfas, 6 grasses) were analyzed for residual NDF (U) by 2 laboratories running each sample in duplicate in each of 2 fermentation runs with mixed ruminal microbes and blank corrections. Sampling hours (t) were 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 48, 72, 120, and 240 h. Outliers were removed. Pools as decimal proportions of NDF: degradable pool B in 2P, B1 rapid and B2 slow pools in 3P, and indigestible pool C in both; B pools have fermentation rates (kd, h−1) and lag (L). Models were fit to data for each forage in each fermentation with the equations 2P: Ut = B0*e(-kd*(t-L))+C, and 3P: Ut = B10*e(-kdB1*(t-L))+B20*e(-kdB2*(t-L))+C, giving 48 curves for each model. The ”optim” function in base R was used to estimate parameters employing the “L-BFGS-B” method. Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select the model with the best fit for each forage in each fermentation: 16 curves were 3P, and 32 were 2P. Expressed as the ‘difference between runs’/mean, average variation between runs for Lab1 and Lab2, respectively, were: for 3P B1 0.50, 0.17; B2 0.26, 0.33; C 0.50, 0.06; kdB1 0.81, 0.32; kdB2 0.93, 0.54; for 2P B 0.04, 0.01; C 0.07, 0.01; kdB 0.17, 0.08. Estimates of % of NDF fermented for 2P and 3P with no L at passage rates (kp) of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7%/h were calculated. The % NDF fermented for 2P was subtracted from 3P at each kp for each feed. A t-test evaluated if difference ≠ 0. For 16 AIC-selected 3P, going sequentially from kp = 2 to 7%/h, differences were 0.29, 0.45, 0.65, 0.87, 1.04, and 1.20% of NDF (P ≤ 0.03); 2P and 3P differed, but differences were small. For 32 AIC-selected 2P, going sequentially from kp = 2 to 7%/h, differences were 0.15, 0.13,0.14, 0.17, 0.19, and 0.22% of NDF (P = 0.03 for kp 2%/h, P ≥ 0.18 for the rest); all differences were small. With little difference between models in predicted rumen-fermented NDF and numerically smaller variation in parameter estimates between runs for 2P, use of the more complex 3P conferred no advantage in this data set. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87077 |
Watch |
2141M |
Effects of dietary betaine supplementation and partial rumen content transplantation on metabolism in heat-stressed Holstein cows. |
9 |
A. Javaid |
betaine metabolism methyl donor |
A. Javaid1, A. R. Gonzalez2, D. E. Rico3, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 3CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada |
Heat stress alters the rumen environment while modifying metabolism in cows, which may be influenced by dietary betaine supplementation. Twelve rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (39 ± 6.4 kg milk/d; 82 ± 27 DIM) were used in a split-plot design testing the effects of betaine and partial rumen content transplantation (PRCT) on measures of metabolic health and methyl donor metabolism during heat stress. The main plot was the level of dietary betaine (CON: unsupplemented; or BET: 100 g/d intraruminal betaine hydrochloride 95%; AB Vista, Canada). Within each plot, cows were randomly assigned to the following treatments 1) heat stress (HS), 2) thermoneutral pair-feeding (TNPF), or 3) HS with PRCT (HS+PRCT; 25% replacement of rumen contents from 4 donor cows in thermoneutrality; d 8–14) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Blood samples were collected at 0 and 4 h relative to feeding time on d 0, 7, and 13. Data were analyzed in a mixed model including the fixed effects of plot, treatment, day, and their interactions. Pre- and postprandial plasma insulin concentrations were increased in HS by 65% and 44%, respectively, relative to TNPF on d 7 (P < 0.05) and tended to be increased by 55% and 51%, respectively on d 13 (both P = 0.06). In contrast, no differences between HS and HS+PRCM were detected on d 7 or 13. Pre-prandial total fatty acids (FA) were decreased in HS (P < 0.05), relative to TNPF. Pre- and postprandial plasma cholesterol decreased by 30% in HS, relative to TNPF on d 13 (P < 0.01), but did not differ between HS and HS+PRCT. Pre-prandial cholesterol tended to increase (P = 0.09), while pre-prandial triglycerides (P = 0.05) were decreased in BET, relative to CON. Plasma betaine was increased in BET, relative to CON (P < 0.01); whereas methionine was decreased (P = 0.03). Heat stress decreased the plasma concentrations of betaine (P < 0.01), and tended to decrease trimethylamine N-oxide (P = 0.10) in HS, relative to TN-PF. Dietary betaine and PRCT modulate methyl donor metabolism in heat-stressed cows. Supported by FFAR. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87071 |
Watch |
2142M |
In vitro effects of sodium acetate and sodium propionate on the fermentation profile of dairy cows fed different forage-to-concentrate ratios. |
10 |
J. Scott |
methane diet fermentation |
J. Scott1, R. Kohn1 |
1University of Maryland College Park, College Park. MD |
Ratio of concentrate to forage is a key factor influencing ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, enteric methane (CH4) production, and overall efficiency of dairy cow diets. This study was designed to investigate the role of thermodynamics and diet on enteric CH4 production and fermentation profiles in vitro. Rumen fluid was collected from 4 lactating Holstein cows fed either a high-forage (HF) or high-concentrate (HC) diet for 21 d. Rumen fluid (30 mL) from each cow was incubated in anaerobic Wheaton bottles (n = 32) with Timothy hay (0.14 ± 0.01 g) and media (10 mL) containing sodium acetate (NaAc) at 4 levels (0, 90, 120, 180 mM) or sodium propionate (NaProp = 0, 40, 60 or 100 mM). Wheaton bottles were incubated at 39°C and sampled for VFA, H2, CH4 and CO2 after 10 min of shaking (T = 0) and again after 4 h. The mixed model (JMP 14.1, SAS Institute Inc.) applied separately to acetate and propionate addition was Y = Diet (Cow) + Level + Diet*Level + Error, where level is the amount of acetate or propionate added. Initial propionate concentrations were higher (P = 0.003) for HC diets (27.85 mM) than HF diet (18.05 mM) and propionate concentration decreased (P = 0.03) for rumen fluid from HC diets unless NaAc was added. The addition of NaAc increased propionate (P = 0.008) and butyrate (P = 0.02) rate of formation (ROF) only for HC diet. Addition of NaAc to rumen fluid from HC-fed cattle decreased CH4 ROF (P = 0.04) from 0.043 to 0.025, 0.023 and 0.013 mM 40mL−1 hour−1. Incubating HF rumen fluid with NaAc, had no effect on rates of formation of VFA or gases. Adding NaProp tended (P = 0.07) to increase CH4 and butyrate formation on HC, and there was a diet by NaProp level interaction (P < 0.03) with CO2 formation decreasing by level for HC but increasing by level for FC. Consequently, adding acetate to rumen fluid from cows fed the high-concentrate diets increased rates of propionate and butyrate formation and decreased methane formation consistent with the expectations of thermodynamics. However, there were no effects observed for rumen fluid from cows on high-forage diets. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
s9973 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86953 |
Watch |
2143M |
Chemical characterization of a new high-protein corn milling coproduct. |
1 |
A. L. Carroll |
chemical composition corn milling high protein |
A. L. Carroll1, M. L. Jolly-Breithaupt2, P. J. Kononoff1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2POET, Sioux Falls, SD |
Evaluation of the chemical characterization of new feedstuffs is integral to balancing accurate rations to ensure animal performance. New products arise due to technological advancements causing variation in chemical composition and nutrient availability. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition of new high-protein dry milling corn coproduct (HPCoP) and compare 2 methods of NDF analysis. In this study, independent samples (n = 10) of a HPCoP were obtained from a single production site over a one-month period (Flint Hills Resources, Fairmont, NE). Samples of HPCoP were analyzed individually and contained 92.1 ± 2.57% DM, 7.17 ± 0.498% total fatty acids (TFA), 53.6 ± 1.13% CP containing 3.70% ± 0.188% lysine and 2.51% ± 0.161% methionine (CP basis). In comparison to the NASEM 2021, output for low-fat dried distillers grains with solubles was reported as 30.8% NDF, 7.90% TFA, 31.0% CP containing 2.81% lysine and 1.98% methionine (CP basis). Determination of amylase treated NDF (aNDF) using 2 commercially available fiber systems were tested using a completely randomized design analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4). The methods tested included the gravimetric method recommended by the NASEM (GRAV) and a bagged sample method (BAG) which differed in aNDF (P < 0.01). Specifically, the lowest aNDF was observed using the GRAV (31.2 ± 3.53%) and greatest with BAG (47.1 ± 4.32%). Utilizing the GRAV method in vitro fermentation were carried out at 24, 30, 48 and 240 h to determine NDF digestibility on an organic matter basis. Mean values for the time points were 77.8 ± 2.63, 81.9 ± 2.20, 83.8 ± 1.79, and 85.8 ± 1.17%, respectively. Results indicate that compared with traditional DDGS, the nutrient composition of HPCoP contains a greater concentration of protein and lysine. Furthermore, methods used to estimate fiber vary. Overall, this study highlights the need for routine characterization of the chemical composition of feeds originating from the dry corn milling process. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t87051 |
Watch |
2144M |
Abomasal infusion of branched-chain amino acids or branched-chain keto-acids alter lactation performance in early lactation dairy cows. |
2 |
K. Gallagher |
branched-chain amino acid branched-chain ketoacid lactation performance |
K. Gallagher1, I. Bernstein1, C. Collings1, D. Main1, S. Naughton1, V. Mavangira2, M. VandeHaar1, Z. Zhou1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
High-yielding dairy cows enter a state of negative protein balance postpartum when lactation onset greatly increases the mammary demand for AA. Our objective was to determine the impact of abomasal infusion of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and their corresponding keto-acids (branched-chain keto-acids, BCKA) on production performance in early lactation. Twenty 2 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design experiment. Cows were infused for the first 21 d postpartum with solutions of 1) saline (CON, n = 7); 2) BCAA (n = 7) including 67 g valine, 50 g leucine, and 17 g isoleucine; and 3) BCKA (n = 8) including 77 g ketovaline, 57 g ketoleucine, and 39 g ketoisoleucine. All cows received the same diet. Treatment effects were determined using PROC MIXED in SAS. No differences (P > 0.60) were detected for body weight and body condition score. Dry matter intake (P = 0.43), milk yield (P = 0.16), and milk components (P > 0.34) were also not changed in response to BCAA or BCKA treatments. However, compared with BCAA (1.64 kg/d, P = 0.04) or CON (1.67 kg/d, P = 0.13), protein yield was higher in response to BCKA treatment (1.77 kg/d, SEM = 0.04). Additionally, feed efficiency (milk yield divided by intake) was greater in cows receiving BCAA (2.17, SEM = 0.14) when compared with BCKA (1.72, P = 0.03) or CON (1.87, P = 0.15) cows. Postruminal infusion of BCAA improved feed efficiency whereas infusion of BCKA increased protein yield in multiparous cows during early lactation. Further research is warranted to determine if dietary supplementation of BCAA or BCKA might be warranted. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86235 |
Watch |
2145M |
Embryonic epigenome modification induced by maternal feed supplementation of rumen-protected methionine in dairy cows. |
3 |
C. Parys |
methionine embryo embryonic epigenome |
M. Hoelker1,2, C. Blaschka1, M. Drillich3, M. Iwersen3, U. Besenfelder4, V. Havlicek4, S. Gebremedhn2,5, D. Tesfaye2,5, E. Tholen2, C. Parys6, A. Helmbrecht6, J. Guyader6, D. Salilew-Wondim2 |
1Department of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Reproduction of Farm Animals, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany, 2Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 3Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 4Reproduction Centre-Wieselburg, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 5Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 6Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau, Germany |
The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM, Mepron, Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau, Germany) in postpartum (pp) dairy cows on early embryo developmental characteristic and epigenome profile. In 5 experimental sessions, starting 8–14 d pp, first calf cows housed within controlled experimental pen at the research station (University of Bonn, Germany) received either a daily top-dressing of 15 g RPM (MET) until d 75 pp or solely the control diet (CON). After synchronization of estrus by routine procedures (to d 50–63 pp) in vitro fertilized zygotes generated according to standard procedures (n = 4,754, ± 100/ recipient) were transferred by nonsurgical endoscopic transfer into the oviducts of MET and CON cows (n = 16 each) at cycle d 1. Recipients oviducts were flushed at d 7 and recollected embryos were analyzed for developmental stage, differential cell count, number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL assay) and global epigenome outline. Isolated DNA of MET and CON embryos (4 pools each, ± 25 embryos per pool) was bisulfate converted (EZ-DNA Methylation-Direct Kit, Zymo Research) and libraries were prepared (Pico Methyl-Seq Library Prep KitTM, Zymo Research) and single-end sequenced (114 cycles, Illumina HiSeq 2500, Illumina GmbH). A total of 2,574 (60.2%) and 2,180 (55.0%) embryos were re-collected from MET and CON cows. Rate of development (36.2 vs. 33.1%), total cell number (81.7 vs. 81.0) and apoptotic cell number (4.5 vs. 4.6) did not differ between MET and CON embryos, respectively. Conversely, a total of 373 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified, with nearly all of them (n = 372) being significantly (P < 0.05) hypermethylated in MET embryos. Noteworthy, the great majority (92%) of these DMRs overlapped with only 26 mitochondrial genes. In summary, methionine supplementation by daily top-dressing of RPM in dairy postpartum cows increased the DNA methylation level of preimplantation stage embryos with the great majority of them representing mitochondrial genes. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86445 |
Watch |
2146M |
Determining the relative metabolizable methionine content of rumen-protected products and their effect on production responses. |
4 |
J. Parales-Giron |
bioavailability milk protein nitrogen |
J. Parales-Giron1, J. de Souza2, P. S. Yoder2, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
We determined the relative bioavailability of 4 rumen-protected methionine (Met) supplements using the seleno-Met technique. Thirty-six multiparous cows (mean ± SD; milk yield 42.7 ± 5.78 kg/d; milk fat content 3.38 ± 0.49%; milk protein content 2.88 ± 0.15%) were fed a basal diet containing 0.4 mg/kg Se from Se yeast (DiaMuneSe; Diamond V., Cedar Rapids, IA) for 14 d before the start of the study and throughout the study. A 4x4 Latin square arrangement of treatments was used with consecutive 14 d periods. Treatments were the basal diet supplemented with 15 g metabolizable Met/d according to manufacturer recommendations from: 1) Smartamine (SMA; Adisseo Inc., Antony, France); 2) Kessent M (KSM; Kemin, Inc., Belgium); 3) Aminoshure XM (AXM; Balchem, New Hampton, NY) and 4) TIMET (TIM; Vetagro, Reggio Emilia, Italy). Supplements were protected using either pH sensitive polymers (SMA and KSM) or fat encapsulation (AXM and TIM). Production responses and milk samples were collected the last 4 d of each period for milk components, Se, and N. The statistical model included the random effects of cow and period, and the fixed effect of treatment. The bioavailabilities of KSM, AXM, and TIM relative to SMA were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation as: Relative bioavailability = stated bioavailability x [(Se/N Pretrial–Se/N product)/(Se/N Pretrial–Se/N SMA)]. Results are presented in the following order: SMA, KSM, AXM, and TIM. Overall, TIM compared with the other treatments decreased milk protein content (3.06, 3.07, 3.04, 3.00%; P < 0.05), milk nitrogen (5.61, 5.60, 5.54, 5.46 g/kg; P < 0.05), tended to decrease milk protein yield (1.26, 1.27, 1.24, 1.22; P = 0.08), and increased the Milk Se/Milk N (12.46, 12.47, 12.50, 13.01; µg/g; P < 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on DMI, milk yield, or fat content and yield (P > 0.10). The estimated bioavailability (assuming 80% bioavailability for SMA) was 80.5 ± 13.7, 54.1 ± 9.3, and 37.4 ± 9.2 for KSM, AXM, and TIM, respectively. In conclusion, using the seleno-Met technique allows for the comparison of relative bioavailability of Met from different rumen-protected supplements. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86673 |
Watch |
2147M |
Effects of choline or betaine supplementation on whole-body methionine flux in growing steers with modulated methyl group status. |
5 |
M. S. Grant |
choline betaine guanidinoacetic acid |
M. S. Grant1, J. M. Marsh1, K. J. Hazlewood1, M. D. Miesner2, Y. Zhang3, E. C. Titgemeyer1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 3Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS |
Supplemental methyl donors and consumers have potential to alter methionine (Met) metabolism in the body. Our objective was to evaluate effects of choline and betaine (methyl group sources) on whole-body Met flux in growing steers with altered methyl group status. Two experiments were conducted using ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (Exp. 1, n = 6, 200 kg; Exp. 2, n = 7, 189 kg) in 6 × 6 Latin square designs with 10-d periods. Factorial treatments were continuously infused abomasally and included 3 methyl group modulators (MGM; Exp. 1 and 2: control; 15 g/d guanidinoacetic acid [GAA]; or 16.8 g/d creatine) and 2 levels of choline (Exp.1; 0 or 6.7 g/d choline chloride) or 2 levels of betaine (Exp. 2; 0 or 5.7 g/d betaine). Supplemental GAA or creatine increases creatine supply, but GAA consumes methyl groups during conversion to creatine, whereas creatine spares methyl groups by reducing GAA synthesis. Steers in both experiments were fed 3.5 kg/d (DM basis) of a corn-based diet. On d 10 of each period, whole-body Met flux was measured by continuous jugular infusion of 1-13C-L-Met and methyl-2H3-L-Met. No interactions between choline or betaine and MGM were observed (Exp. 1, P ≥ 0.86; Exp. 2, P ≥ 0.22). In Exp. 1, choline tended to decrease protein synthesis (5.10 vs. 4.77 mmol Met/h; P = 0.10) and protein degradation (4.13 vs. 3.78 mmol Met/h; P = 0.08). Met deposition tended to be affected by MGM (P = 0.10), with GAA increasing Met deposition relative to control (0.95 vs. 1.06 mmol Met/h; P = 0.04). Remethylation of homocysteine was affected by MGM (P = 0.05); GAA increased remethylation of homocysteine relative to control (P = 0.02), but control and creatine were not different (P = 0.50). In Exp. 2, betaine increased Met deposition (0.79 vs. 0.89 mmol Met/h; P = 0.03) and decreased transsulfuration reactions (1.16 vs. 1.06 mmol Met/h; P = 0.03). No effects of MGM were observed in Exp. 2 (P ≥ 0.34). In both experiments, GAA numerically increased use of Met for methylation reactions. Data demonstrate that supplementation of methyl donors and modulation of methyl group status alter Met metabolism in growing cattle. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86945 |
Watch |
2149M |
Effects of different soybean meals on ruminal fermentation, microbial growth, nutrient digestion, and nitrogen partitioning in a dual-flow continuous culture system. |
6 |
J. Arce-Cordero |
rumen degraded protein rumen undegraded protein ruminal ammonia |
A. Bahman1, J. Arce-Cordero1, H. Monteiro1, R. Lobo1, A. Ravelo1, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3 soybean meals on ruminal fermentation, microbial growth, nutrient digestion, and nitrogen partitioning. Treatments were control soybean meal (SBM), 0.75% amino resin soybean meal (AR-SBM), and heat-treated soybean meal (HT-SBM). Experimental design was a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 6 fermenters in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters within Latin square for each period. Each fermenter was fed 106 g/d of diet DM divided in 2 meals per day at 0800 and 1700. Diets were formulated at 16% CP, 30% cNDF, and 30% starch across treatments. There were 3 experimental periods, each lasting 10 d, for a total of 30 d of fermentation. The first 7 d of each period were considered adaptation, and the last 3 d were used for collection. On d 8 and 9, samples were collected for pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), lactate, and ammonia kinetics. On d 8, 9, and 10, samples were collected for VFA and ammonia pool, digestibility, and bacterial analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. No treatment effects were observed for pH or lactate. Compared with control SBM (16.9 mg/dL), both AR-SBM (8.24 mg/dL) and HT-SBM (7.99 mg/dL) had lower ammonia pool concentrations, indicating lower microbial fermentation of protein. Nitrogen efficiency and flows of NAN and bacterial N were greater for AR-SBM and HT-SBM compared with control. Digestibility values were not different between treatments. Isobutyrate (P < 0.01) and isovalerate (P = 0.03) pool concentrations were greater in control than AR-SBM and HT-SBM. Our results indicate that treatment of soybean meal could be effective in reducing microbial fermentation of protein in the rumen without adverse effects on digestibility or fermentation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/20/2022 7:30 |
t86616 |
Watch |
2150M |
Effects of NexPro on feed intake, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and apparent nutrient digestibility of early lactation dairy cows. |
7 |
S. A. Hagerty |
corn fermented protein feed efficiency digestibility |
S. A. Hagerty1, M. L. Jolly-Breithaupt2, K. J. Herrick2, D. A. Balk2, P. D. French1 |
1PHD R&D, Fort Atkinson, WI, 2POET Bioproducts, Sioux Falls, SD |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean protein with NexPro (NP), a next-generation corn protein ingredient derived from the dry-mill bioethanol production process on DMI, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and apparent nutrient digestibility of early lactation dairy cows. The typical composition of NP is 54% CP, 86% RUP (% CP), 76% RUP digestibility, 34% NDF, and 20–30% yeast biomass. Ninety-six multiparous Holstein cows (48 ± 18 DIM, 54.1 ± 7.6 kg milk/d), housed in one of 12 pens were used in a randomized, complete-block design and fed one of 3 dietary treatments: 1) NP produced at Fairmont, NE; 2) NP produced at Shell Rock, IA; or 3) Amino Plus, a soybean-based bypass protein ingredient. Diets were 53% forage (43% corn silage and 10% alfalfa haylage) and contained 17% CP, 26% NDF, 14.8% peNDF, 57% 24-h NDFD (% NDF), 30% starch, and 2% RUFAL. Protein source was incorporated into the diet at 7.8% of DM. The experimental period was 60-d preceded by a 7-d covariate period. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS with protein source as a fixed effect and pen as a random effect and the experimental unit. Cows receiving NP from Fairmont and Shell Rock performed similarly, so only the overall effect of NP vs soybean protein will be discussed. Dietary protein source did not affect DMI (28.3 ± 0.3 kg), ECM feed efficiency (1.86 ± 0.03) or 4% FCM feed efficiency (1.75 ± 0.03). NexPro increased (P < 0.01) apparent OM (73.5 vs 71.5 ± 0.2%), NDF (45.7 vs 43.1 ± 0.4%), and fatty acid digestibility (69.9 vs 66.7 ± 1%). Dietary protein source did not affect apparent digestibility of starch (98.3 ± 0.2%) or protein (68.9 ± 0.6%). Daily time spent ruminating (530 ± 5 min) and eating (215 ± 5 min) was not affected by protein source. In conclusion, feeding NexPro at 7.8% of DM can be an effective replacement of soybean protein in early lactation diets. Improvements in OM and NDF digestibility may be due in part to the yeast content of NexPro. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9850 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85966 |
Watch |
1000 |
Development of a predictive model for milk spoilage due to psychrotolerant spore-formers along the supply chain. |
1 |
C. Qian |
fluid milk psychrotolerant Monte Carlo simulation |
C. Qian1, S. L. Murphy1, T. T. Lott1, N. H. Martin1, M. Wiedmann1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Psychrotolerant spore-former spoilage poses a challenge to maintaining fluid milk quality. Dynamic temperature changes along the supply chain can favor germination and growth of these bacteria and lead to fluid milk spoilage. In this study, we aim to expand on our previous work on predicting milk spoilage due to psychrotolerant spore-formers. The key model innovations include 1) ability to account for changing temperature along the supply chain and 2) empirical determination and validation of a theoretical minimum growth temperature for psychrotolerant spore-formers. In this model, we first determined the frequency and concentrations of 8 Bacillales subtypes in fluid milk. Then, the model simulated spore-former growth in half-gallons of high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurized fluid milk from processing facility to retail store and consumer. The Monte Carlo simulations predicted that 45% of half-gallon milk was spoiled (defined as bacterial concentration > 20,000 cfu/mL, a conservative estimate that represents the PMO limit) after 21 d of storage. Sensitivity analysis indicated that home storage temperature, transportation temperature from the processing facility to retail store, and initial spore concentration are the 3 most influential factors for bacterial concentration at d 21 of shelf life. Model validation showed that a theoretical minimum growth temperature of 1.15°C achieved the highest accuracy of predicting the microbial concentration throughout storage, with root mean square error of 0.203 log10cfu/mL. What-if scenarios indicated that microfiltration was the most effective strategy to reduce spoilage percentage. The implementation of this strategy (assumed to reduce initial spore counts by 2.2 log) was predicted to reduce the percentage of spoiled milk from 45% to 32.6% on d 21 of storage and could delay the date on which half of milk is spoiled from d 25 to d 33. Overall, the model provided a framework for assessing the risk of milk spoilage along the supply chain and evaluating the effectiveness of intervention strategies. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86050 |
Watch |
1001 |
Impact of reverse osmosis and pH adjustment on the thermal precipitation of calcium phosphate from milk permeate. |
2 |
N. Paugam |
by-products hydroxyapatite precipitation |
N. Paugam1,3, Y. Pouliot1,3, G. Remondetto2, G. Brisson1,3 |
1Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, 2Agropur, Saint-Hubert, Québec, Canada, 3STELA Dairy Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada |
Milk protein standardization by ultrafiltration (UF) is widely used in the cheese industry to improve yields. However, UF leads to the rejection of important volumes of milk permeate (MP) which poses an environmental problem since more than 75% of its solids consist of lactose. While lactose can be valorized by crystallization or bioconversion, these processes could be impaired by the minerals’ presence, particularly calcium (Ca) in MP. Thermally-induced calcium phosphate (Ca-P) precipitation could improve lactose purification while producing hydroxyapatite (HAp). HAp is a form of Ca-P used as a supplement in foods. The objective of our study was to characterize the impact of reverse osmosis (RO) concentration (FCV = 3X), pH and temperature adjustment, and seeding with di-calcium phosphate (DCP) on the extent of HAp precipitation from MP. The precipitates were recovered by centrifugation (8000g ´ 30 min), freeze-dried, and incinerated to eliminate the organic phase. The precipitation efficiency was determined by measuring the principal milk elements (K, Ca, Na, P, Mg) by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The crystal phases formed were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and particle morphological analysis was made by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that RO allowed a significant increase in Ca-P precipitation (P < 0.05). Seeding with DCP combined with the pH adjustment resulted in a significant increase in precipitation percent that was further enhanced upon heating at 60°C. The mass ratio of Ca precipitated increased from 0 to 46 % in MP and from 3 % to 72 % in ROMP. The mass ratio of P precipitated augmented from 0 to 25 % in MP and from 2 to 38 % in ROMP. RO pre-concentration of MP did not influence significant changes in lactose precipitation with minerals (P < 0.05). FTIR and x-ray analysis demonstrated that alkalinization favored changes in Ca-P stoichiometry from DCP to other minerals intermediates toward HAp. These results demonstrate the potential of RO to improve Ca-P selective precipitation from MP into HAp for Ca supplementation. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86071 |
Watch |
1002 |
Combination of ultra-high-pressure homogenization and reverse osmosis to modify buttermilk constituents’ structure. |
3 |
L. Krebs |
buttermilk ultra-high-pressure homogenization reverse osmosis |
L. Krebs1, Y. Pouliot1, G. Brisson1 |
1Food Science Department, STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada |
Buttermilk (BM) has a composition similar to skim milk (SM) except for a higher phospholipid (PL) content. The PLs provide good emulsifying properties to BM but it exhibits poorer techno-functional properties than SM in dairy products (e.g., high moisture in cheese). Our aim was to characterize the effect of ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH) and reverse osmosis (RO) on BM soluble-colloidal stability to improve its techno-functionality in dairy applications. Samples were treated at 15, 150, and 300 MPa, and the soluble-colloidal composition was measured. The particle size distribution was determined by laser diffraction, and the MFGM fragments size was obtained after adding sodium citrate to dissociate the CN micelles. Modifications in the microstructure were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Ultracentrifugation was used to follow changes in the soluble-colloidal equilibria of the main BM constituents. Three fractions were obtained: a soluble fraction and 2 colloidal fractions of a cloudy layer and a pellet. Their protein profiles were determined by PAGE (PAGE). The results showed that UHPH significantly decreased the particle size in BM and RO BM attributable to the dissociation of the MFGM fragments and, to a lesser extent, the CN micelles. Also, UHPH (300 MPa) enhanced recovery in the soluble fraction of lipids, calcium and CNs, the latter one suggesting CN micelle dissociation. The concentration by RO led to significant changes in the distribution of the PLs. While evenly distributed between the soluble phase and the pellet cloud in BM, a significant shift from the soluble fraction toward the pellet cloud was observed for RO samples with the PL content being 25.93 ± 2.32 % in the soluble fraction, 12.90 ± 1.79 % in the pellet, and 61.18 ± 1.23 % in the pellet cloud. Together, these changes led to important microstructural modifications in BM’s structure as revealed by CLSM. Our results showed that both pre-treatments have significant impacts on BM which could be used to modify its functional behavior in dairy products. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86186 |
Watch |
1003 |
Understanding the relationships between interfacial behavior of dairy protein ingredients and characteristics of oil-in-water emulsion droplets. |
4 |
Y. Lin |
small amplitude oscillatory dilatational rheology large amplitude oscillatory dilatational rheology emulsion |
Y. Lin1, T. Wagoner2, H. Zheng1 |
1Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2Perfect Day Inc, Berkeley, CA |
The oil-water (o-w) interfacial behaviors of protein ingredients determine their emulsification capacity and droplet coalescence stability. However, the interfacial mechanics of protein stabilized interfacial films are not fully clear. In this research, we studied the o-w interfacial properties of 3 types of bovine milk protein ingredients: whey protein isolate (WPI), β-lactoglobulin enriched from WPI (βlg), and β-casein (β-CN). The full-spectrum surface properties including adsorption dynamics (diffusion adsorption and interface penetration rate constants: kdiff.and kp), surface excess concentration (Γ, mg/m2), adsorption isotherm, interfacial tension (γ, mN/m), surface pressure (Π, mN/m), powder surface free energy, and interfacial dilatational rheology were characterized. Protein solution samples for interfacial characterizations were prepared in duplicate and protein stabilized emulsion samples for particle size and ζ-potential measurements were prepared in duplicate. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical methods e.g., one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The kdiff. and kp of β-CN was higher than other protein ingredients (P < 0.05) indicating β-CN had a faster emulsifying effect however the interfacial rheology results showed WPI and βlg stabilized o-w films had a stronger mechanical strength. Interfacial properties were significantly correlated with the emulsion characteristics e.g., mean size of droplets after storage (P < 0.05). Small and large amplitude oscillatory dilatational (SAOD and LAOD) rheology were performed to reveal detailed mechanics of protein stabilized o-w interfacial films. Upon applying different degrees of deformation (3–18%) to different interfacial films, the computed S-factors (stiffening-ratio) and T-factors (thickening-ratio) confirmed the weaker mechanical strength of β-CN stabilized o-w interfacial film. The obtained results may help food technologists better understand the stability of dairy emulsions throughout processing, storage, and digestion; the developed interfacial characterization technology can be used for quickly assessing ingredient functionality regarding the capacity of stabilizing o/w emulsion droplets over a period of storage. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86191 |
Watch |
1004 |
Microwave vacuum drying of cheese: Effect of process parameters on product properties. |
5 |
B. Gong |
cheese drying snack |
B. Gong1, J. Dumpler1, C. Moraru1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Microwave vacuum drying (MVD) has the potential to be used for creating crispy cheese snacks with a more desirable nutritional content than starch-based snacks. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of MVD to create a variety of low-moisture cheese snacks, and assess the effect of vacuum level on the final product characteristics. In this study, whole-milk mozzarella, Colby Jack, mild and NY style extra-sharp (NYXS) cheddar were subjected to MVD at pressures of 2, 4, 6, and 8 kPa. All samples were cut into 3/8” cubes, and batches of 850 g were dried using 1.7 kW of microwave power for 30 min, in a nutraREV 10 kW MVD unit (Enwave, BC, Canada). Moisture content, water activity, degree of expansion, texture, and color were measured for all samples. All MVD runs and sample analyses were performed in triplicate and data analyzed for statistical significance (P < 0.05) using the Tukey HSD test. Drying speed increased at lower pressure for all cheese types. Dried whole-milk mozzarella and Colby Jack samples had significantly lower moisture contents and water activities (P = 1.4e-10 and 5.5e-12, respectively) at 2 kPa than at 8 kPa. Expansion significantly increased with drying pressure (P = 7.5e-19) for whole-milk mozzarella and Colby Jack, with maximum expansion occurring at 8 kPa and 6 kPa, respectively, while pressure seemed to have no significant effect on puffing in both types of cheddar, which was the hardest of all tested cheese types. A minimum in hardness (12.5 N) and toughness (14.6 N·s) (P = 2.0e-10 and 1.2e-7, respectively) for dried whole-milk mozzarella was observed at 8 kPa due to the highly porous structure of the highly expanded sample. For similar reasons, a minimum in crispiness (P = 2.7e-5) for dried Colby Jack was observed at 6 kPa. NYXS cheddar had a significantly higher color change (P = 3.1e-8) than the other cheese types because of age and higher degree of proteolysis, which were conducive to Maillard browning. This data demonstrates that it is possible to use MVD for producing a wide variety of novel puffed cheese snacks, without excessive browning and in a reasonable amount of processing time. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86361 |
Watch |
1005 |
Soft matter strategy for creating novel food texturizer: Cold set whey protein gels constructed by fractal protein assemblies. |
6 |
U. Amin |
protein assemblies rheology gels |
U. Amin1, H. Zheng1 |
1Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC |
Polysaccharides such as starch are often used as a thickener in different food matrices for texturizing and improving the phase stability of processed foods. The market demands of clean label formulas stimulated the interests of developing functional protein ingredients, which provide macronutrient meanwhile modulate mouth feel and phase stability. In this work, whey proteins fractal assemblies (FA) were manufactured and used to form stable cold set gels at extremely low protein content which resulted in superior rheological properties compared with starch gels. Two types of FAs were constructed by heating solutions of whey protein isolate (WPI)(80°C, 24h) at concentrations of 62 g/L (FA-62) and 90 g/L (FA-90). The fractal structure was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle x-ray light scattering (SAXS) techniques. The Z-average of FA-90 (%aggregation = 77.83 ± 0.48%) were larger than FA-62 (%aggregation = 47.20 ± 0.85%) (P < 0.05). ζ-potential of FA-90 and FA-62 were −17.73 ± 0.56 and −18.51 ± 0.47 mV at pH 5.8 and −22.95 ± 0.36 and −23.54 ± 0.58 mV at pH 7.0 (P < 0.05). Eight cold set protein gels were developed using 2 types of fractal aggregates (2%, wt/vol) by manipulating the pH (5.8 and 7) and Ca2+ content (5 and 10 mM). Gels at pH 7 with 10mM Ca2+ and at pH 5.8 with 5mM Ca2+ were observed to be more stable without apparent syneresis. Full-spectrum rheological fingerprints including characteristics in both small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) regimens were studied for the protein gels. Critical strain (γLVE), yield strain (γyield), dlog(G’)/dlog(ω), dlog(G’’)/dlog(ω), and Lissajous plots confirmed that fractal protein assemblies are capable of forming stable gels having rheological characteristics ranging from soft resilient gels (G’max = 8.41 ± 1.50Pa, γyield = 75.78 ± 8.48%) to hard brittle gels (G’max = 689.16 ± 80.99Pa, γyield = 36.68 ± 2.08%) (P < 0.05) at the same low protein content. The obtained results may be utilized to create clean label formulas for both neutral and slightly acidified food products using whey protein as texturizer. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86821 |
Watch |
1006 |
Characterizing flow behavior of milk protein powders using shear cell methodology. |
7 |
K. Palmer |
rheology powder flowability |
K. Palmer1, A. Parhi1, A. Shetty2, V. Sunkesula3, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT, 2Anton Paar USA, Ashland, VA, 3Idaho Milk Products, Jerome, ID |
Effective transport and storage of milk protein powders is achieved when hoppers and silos are designed based on powder rheology principles. In this study, powder flowability was characterized by the flow function coefficient (ffc), an index related to the general flowability and cohesion tendency. Three individual variables were altered to achieve optimum results: pre-shear normal force (kPa), shear normal force (kPa), and shear rotation speed (rpm). The use of a shear cell for testing flowability of milk protein powders has not been attempted previously. The development and optimization of a functional shear cell method, specifically for milk protein concentrate (MPC) and milk protein isolate (MPI) was the intention of this study. This study investigated the rheological properties of 2 commercial milk protein powders: MPC (80% protein) and MPI (85% protein). Samples (5.75 ± 0.35 g) were subjected to shear tests using an Anton Paar MCR 302e rheometer at 22°C. Original pre-shear normal forces were set at 3, 6, and 9 kPa. Optimized pre-shear normal forces were 1, 3, and 6 kPa, with shear normal forces ranging from 0.2 to 3.6 kPa. Tests were performed in triplicate based on shear rpm. Results were reported as the flow function coefficient (ffc), a ratio of consolidation stress to unconfined yield strength of the powder, as obtained from Mohr circle analysis. Pre-shear normal stresses greater than 6 kPa resulted in frequent occurrences of “stick-slip,” inconsistent shear to failure points, and a high degree of variability in ffc values. Reducing normal stresses (≤6 kPa) and maintaining rotational speed at 0.006 rpm in the pre-shear and shearing phases, ensured shear failure of milk protein powders, resulting in more consistent ffc values. Under optimized test conditions, both milk protein powders behaved as easy or free-flowing bulk solids with ffc values > 4. The provision of a reliable shear cell method will allow for further enhancement of powder research in the dairy industry. Intrinsic flow behavior characteristics obtained from this approach can be applied for further development of powder handling equipment. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86394 |
Watch |
1007 |
Evaluation of a typical floor cleaning protocol to remove Listeria monocytogenes biofilms from dairy floors. |
8 |
B. Chowdhury |
Listeria monocytogenes dairy floors resistance |
B. Chowdhury1,2, S. Anand1,2, B. Kraus3 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3Wells Enterprises Inc, Le Mars, IA |
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a prevalent foodborne pathogen that forms biofilms on floors in dairy processing facilities and can potentially cross-contaminate processed products. Despite the fact that these facilities have comprehensive floor cleaning systems, Lm can still thrive. As a result, we conducted a study to assess the performance of a typical floor cleaning protocol utilized in a commercial dairy facility. For this study, we used an industrial Lm isolate to develop biofilms on clay brick tiles (a common flooring material used in dairy plants) of 1x1 inch2 dimensions for 24, 48, and 72 h using 7-log cfu/mL Lm spiked dairy effluent and incubation at 37°C for the specific duration. The dairy effluent was procured from a dairy facility and analyzed for pH, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content. The typical floor cleaning steps were then sequentially simulated on the biofilm-formed clay brick tiles. The cleaning steps include an initial application of a chlorinated alkaline cleaner, followed by scrubbing, rinsing, and finally, sanitizer use. After that, 3M quick swabs containing 1mL letheen broth were used to take pre-and post-treatment counts. The letheen broth was serially diluted before being plated on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar and incubated at 37°C for 24–48 h. The acquired biofilm counts were expressed as log cfu/inch2. Three independent trials were conducted with samples drawn in the replicates of 3 tiles for each set of experiment. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means. Pre-and post-treatment counts observed for the 72 h old biofilms were 4.66 ± 0.19 and 2.37 ± 0.24, for 48 h old biofilms were 4.38 ± 0.11 and 1.88 ± 0.18, and for the 24 h old biofilms were 3.92 ± 0.04 and 0.77 ± 0.26 respectively. The results show that when biofilms were allowed to develop for 24 h, the highest log reduction was seen (3.18 ± 0.26), followed by 48 h (2.5 ± 0.18) and 72 h (2.0 ± 0.00). It is worth noting that there were fewer survivors when the cleaning procedures were conducted on the 24 h old Lm biofilms. According to this study, dairy plants may follow a 24 h cleaning regimen to remove Listeria biofilms from dairy plants effectively. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86596 |
Watch |
1008 |
Determining the mode of action of antimicrobial peptide of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane biofilm. |
9 |
S. Jha |
biofilm Bacillus subtilis |
S. Jha1,2, S. Anand1,2 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Our previous studies revealed antimicrobial potential of B. subtilis (BS) to be prominent cause for its predominance in membrane biofilms. This study aims to characterize the mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide. BS was grown in tryptic soy broth (37°C/24h) followed by microfiltration and freeze-drying to prepare the freeze-dried cell-free extract (FDCFE). Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against E. coli (EC) and B. licheniformis (BL) by agar well assay. To determine the composition of FDCFE treated cells corresponding to functional groups Fourier transform (FTIR) spectroscopy was done. Both the MIC and FTIR spectra provided a comparative result. MIC was revealed to be 78.11mg/mL for EC and BL. FTIR of EC and BL treated with CFE denoted frequency increase at 2920cm-1 (assignment of fatty acids) and decrease at 1,400cm-1 (leakage of intracellular content) respectively. FDCFE was tested to be heat stable (upto 55°C/10min) and to a wide pH range 3–11. For evaluating its effectiveness as a part of the CIP protocol the sanitizer step was replaced with the FDCFE. The modified CIP was tested against in vitro biofilms of EC and BL developed on reverse osmosis membrane pieces (1inch2) using inoculated whey and Peroxyacetic acid as sanitizer control. Pre and post-CIP counts were enumerated using the 3M quick swabs and standard plate count technique, and one-way ANOVA to compare the means. The results revealed that the viable counts reduced from 7.48 ± 0.53 to 2.23 ± 0.28 and 7.22 ± 0.67 to 2.05 ± 0.16 logCFU/inch2 in EC and BL, respectively showing a significant decline (P < 0.05). The scanning electron microscopy conducted on FDCFE treated biofilm showed rupture of polymeric layer and microstructural damage. Confocal microscopy helped to distinguish live (STYO-9) and dead cells (Propidium iodide). Treated cells promoted shift in the staining pattern with increase in ratio of dead cells (PI-positive) showing impact on its viability. Results of the study provide evidence of the bactericidal effect of the antimicrobial peptide of BS with a potential to replace the sanitizer step of CIP protocol to control resilient biofilms. |
| ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
Oral Competition |
ADSA Dairy Foods Oral Competition (Graduate) |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86598 |
Watch |
1009 |
Association of dairy consumption patterns with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: Findings from Alberta’s Tomorrow project. |
10 |
E. Yuzbashian |
dietary pattern dairy eating |
E. Yuzbashian1, M. Pakseresht2,1, J. Vena2, C. B. Chan1,3 |
1Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 3Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
Epidemiological studies of the health effects of dairy have focused on it as a food group or single food. However, people's behavior toward food is very complex, and individuals consume a variety of dairy foods. It is probable that higher intakes of combinations of dairy foods concurrently influence the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thus, we aimed to assess the association of extracted dairy consumption patterns (DCP) with the risk of T2D among men and women from the Alberta's Tomorrow Project (ATP). This prospective study was conducted within the framework of ATP, a provincial cohort of middle-aged Canadian adults, in which 8,615 men and 15,016 women were followed up for almost 10 years. Participants completed a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. We calculated DCP using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We used multivariable logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to estimate the association between each extracted DCP and T2D incidence. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle confounders that are associated with dairy intake and are risk factors for T2D. The incidence of T2D among men and women was 3.8 and 3.2%, respectively. Three major DCPs were identified using a PCA: low-fat dairy DCP (milk nonfat, cheese reduced fat, and cheese nonfat), 2%fat dairy DCP (milk 2% fat in cereal and milk 2% fat), and high-fat dairy DCP (whole milk, whole milk in cereal, and whole milk in coffee). After controlling for potential confounders, the OR for men in the highest compared with those in the lowest quartile of the high-fat dairy DCP was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.88, P-trend = 0.001). Low-fat dairy DCP and 2% fat dairy DCP were not associated with incident T2D in men or women. Adherence to a high-fat dairy DCP was associated with decreased risk of incident T2D in men only while following a low-fat dairy DCP and 2% fat dairy DCP had no association with T2D. Our results support current evidence that dairy fat might be favorable for health maintenance; however, it only was seen among men. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9981 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86827 |
Watch |
1010 |
Improving cow cooling with methodologies used in other animal industries. |
1 |
W. Strickland |
ventilation heat stress management |
W. Strickland1, J. Bohlen1 |
1University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
Principles and data collected in other sectors of controlled animal environment housing can be useful to look at when evaluating current methods of cow cooling in the dairy industry. Specifically, there are several parallels with work completed in poultry ventilation that could prove useful when managing cooling systems for dairy herd. Heat stress takes numerous tolls on the dairy industry with reduced production, reproductive performance and negative impacts on animal health predominating and costing the industry in excess of 850 million dollars annually. While there are methods to abate heat, herds in the southeast still experience some level of heat stress more than 25% of the year because of elevated temperature and humidity, both of which contribute to heat stress in cattle. To understand how to mitigate heat stress it must be understood that cows lose heat in 4 ways: radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. While it varies due to environmental conditions, convection and evaporation are the primary ways cattle remove excess heat. Many methods can be used to assist in this heat removal. Barn design and maintenance, animal profile and density as well as other barn factors will affect an animal’s ability to utilize barn cooling technologies. Understanding fluid flow principles during the design and/or renovation phase of facilities is essential to maximize cooling ability. There are numerous obstructions to air flow in the parlor and freestalls, including the cows themselves. Design and maintenance play a crucial role in cooling and system efficiency, but herd management can as well. Research work in the poultry industry may be used to increase understading on how stocking density affects airflow through the barn, as well as managing the temperature-humidity curve crossover to improve understanding of what is felt on the animal level. Understanding these principles and how to apply them can improve cooling and therefore production and cow comfort. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86823 |
Watch |
1011 |
Effects of increasing dietary omega-3 fatty acid concentrations on dairy cattle milk fat composition and reproduction. |
2 |
C. Newman |
omega-3 milk fat composition reproduction |
C. Newman1, E. Eckelkamp1 |
1University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
The use of fat in the diet of dairy cows has been questioned because of potential dry matter intake (DMI) and milk fat depression. However, evidence has suggested adding extruded flaxseed with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids to the diet at 5 to 12% on a dry matter basis (DM) could have positive impacts on milk fatty acid profiles and reproductive performance. Flaxseed-fed cows increased milk α-linolenic acid (ALA) content 3.5 to 6.6 times compared with control cows. Milk eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) levels increased 2-fold when fed extruded flaxseed at 4% of dietary DM. Alpha linolenic acid and EPA are omega-3 fatty acids that reduced the risk of chronic health issues in humans. Feeding extruded flaxseed reduced saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels in milk by up to 12.4%. Reduction of SFA has been shown to have human health benefits. When fed extruded flaxseed at 4 to 5% of dietary DM, cows averaged 17 fewer days from first insemination to conception. Another study showed that cows fed whole flaxseed had no cases of embryo mortality, while cows fed micronized soybean showed 8% embryo mortality. The mechanism of these reproductive benefits is not fully understood, but evidence has suggested that increased omega-3 fatty acid intake could lower prostaglandin production and had a protective effect on the embryo. Several studies have looked at the effect of feeding extruded flaxseed on DMI with varying results. Some studies showed decreased DMI while others showed no effect or slightly increased DMI. Studies showed a variable effect on milk yield with either no effect or slightly increased (2.7%) milk yield when cows were fed extruded flaxseed at 4% of dietary DM. Milk fat percentage was reduced from 3.6% to 3.4% in flaxseed-fed cows compared with control cows. In summary, cows fed extruded flaxseed improved milk fatty acid profile and reproductive performance while having little effect on DMI and milk yield with a slight decreased in milk fat percentage. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86919 |
Watch |
1012 |
Make every drop count: Improving water productivity on US dairies. |
3 |
G. Norris |
water productivity sustainability dairy production animal welfare housing |
G. Norris1, D. Olver1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Production agriculture faces steep competition from growing urban populations for the extremely limited supply of usable freshwater on the planet. According to a 2020 article by Shine et al., only 0.04% of the global water supply is usable freshwater. Of this small percentage, 70% is utilized by the agriculture industry. Pererya et al. found in 2010 that there is a direct correlation between ambient air temperature and drinking water consumption by cows, so there are no practical methods to increase milk production per cow while decreasing water intake. Therefore, we must turn to decreasing non-drinking water usage in dairy operations. On dairy farms, water productivity is defined as the amount of milk a farm produces for each unit of water consumed by lactating cows. This not only includes drinking water but also water used in growing crops and maintaining facilities and milking equipment. A 2007 Ohio State study found that on one particular 940-cow dairy, the average total water use per cow was 35.9 gallons per day. By analyzing the farm’s water usage with flow meters at 13 different locations, this dairy reduced water flow in their plate coolers from 42 gallons per minute to 16 gallons per minute without compromising milk cooling. This adjustment resulted in a savings of 8 million gallons of water in one year. Putting monitoring systems like these in place while upgrading to milking and cooling systems that use less water could allow dairy farms to recycle over 80% of their total water usage back into potable water. Dairies can also turn to the use of alternative forages to reduce water usage. The National Drought Mitigation Center states that warm season grasses such as sorghum-sudangrass only use 2.5–3.5 inches of water per ton, while alfalfa uses 6.5 to 7.5 inches per ton. While many farms currently aim to reduce costs by managing feed efficiency and energy efficiency, water productivity should also be considered. Monitoring and reducing water usage will allow for continued growth in milk production per cow even as urban areas compete for water resources. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86943 |
Watch |
1013 |
Room to grow: the impact of housing on dairy cattle welfare |
4 |
I Revere |
dairy production animal welfare housing |
I Revere1, E Miller-Cushon1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States |
Dairy cattle welfare is an increasingly important topic to producers and consumers. Producers are concerned with the effect of welfare on production, due to the economic impacts, while consumers have ethical concerns driving purchasing habits. Understanding the influence of housing on the three aspects of animal welfare: health and functioning, affective states, and natural living is essential (Keyserlingk et al., 2022). Housing is a controlled factor that significantly influences dairy cattle welfare. Different types of housing for dairy cows, including tethered and loose housing, affect their health and welfare. Cows in tethered housing are tied via rope to distinct stalls, restricting movement and behaviors. Loose housing allows cows to move freely and access the entire area. Loose housing can consist of cubicle barns or free-stall housing, providing a space for cows to lie down, eat, drink, and have the freedom to move as they wish (McFarland et al., 2022). Research shows loose housing systems are advantageous with respect to behavior and health; however, the risk of injury is higher than in tethered housing (Haskell et al., 2006). Additionally, access to pastures can be incorporated into different housing systems and is shown to positively affect welfare. Dairy calf housing generally consists of individual or group housing. Individual housing systems keep calves separate, while group housing systems allow calves to be raised in contact with one another. Dairy calf housing can affect welfare and performance. Research shows calves housed individually are less likely to spread disease, while those housed in groups generally experience positive increases in social behaviors and growth (Costa et al., 2016). However, it is important to note that not all housing is the same, and minute differences in each operation’s housing affect welfare. Dairy cattle welfare is an important topic in dairy production. Housing is one variable that producers can use to improve the overall welfare of dairy cattle. Assessing dairy cattle health, social behaviors, and growth based on different housing systems is essential for optimizing and sustaining dairy production. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86992 |
|
1014 |
Pain management for disbudding dairy calves. |
5 |
V. Rakoczy |
calf disbudding pain management |
V. Rakoczy1, J. Haines1, O. Horsman1, S. I. Kehoe1 |
1University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI |
Currently, the study of pain is a highly motivated subject within a variety of research facilities. From the neurologic basis to the resulting behaviors, there is little understanding of the central nervous system's ability to process and perceive pain signals, especially in livestock species. Over the years, behavioral studies in these species, including dairy cows specifically, have been on the rise. This may be due to an increased interest in animal welfare. Whatever the reason, being able to connect behavioral patterns to certain feelings may allow for farmers to better treat and understand their livestock, especially if a behavior correlates with pain. Pain management, in the farm setting, is becoming an expanding practice throughout the industry, as food production is scrutinized. One of the most common painful procedure practices in the dairy industry is disbudding. Most often completed by either hot iron or caustic paste, disbudding is done to ensure future safety of both the handlers and other cows. By destroying the corium tissue present on horn buds, no further horn growth is achieved. Corium tissue is neurologically sensitive as it connects the horn to the bone, so it contains nerves as well as blood vessels. The act of disbudding with either hot iron or caustic paste results in pain, which is determined by behavioral patterns expressed by the calf during and after the process. To tackle the pain associated with this procedure, there are different options for pain relief including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lidocaine blocks, topical anesthetics, and transdermal pain relief. There are advantages and disadvantages to each method; farms should determine the best method that will improve the welfare of their calves, increase safety for their employees, and result in healthy, productive animals. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Production Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Production ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86338 |
Watch |
1015 |
Effects of heat stress on dry cows and heifers. |
6 |
M. Sifford |
heat stress dry cows heifers |
M. Sifford1, D. Winston1, K. Daniels1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Heat stress is physiological stress experienced as a result of excessive heat. With global temperatures increasing, heat stress is becoming a bigger issue for dairy cattle. Studies indicate that temperatures above 20°C begin to affect dairy cattle. Much research has been conducted on the effects of heat stress on lactating cows. Results from these studies have shown a decrease in feed intake, reproduction, and milk production as well as an increase in reproductive culling, morbidity, and mortality. Florida researchers estimate that heat stress results in a $47.30 loss per cow, representing a $5.7 million loss annually for the industry. Heat stress is not just a problem for lactating cows; it also affects the health and productivity of both the dry cow and her offspring. Dry cows experience a decrease in future milk production when affected by heat stress. Urdaz et al. (2006) found that if dry cows are actively cooled in the last 28 d of gestation they had improved milk yield in the first 60 d of lactation compared with dry cows that were not cooled. Collier et al. (1982) found that heat stress during late gestation is correlated with reduced placental and maternal hormone production. This causes reduced mammary growth and postpartum function. Current research shows that not only is the dry cow being affected, but so is her offspring. Dahl et al. (2016) reported that calves from cooled dams were larger, had a stronger immune system, and improved reproductive performance. Laporta et al. (2020) found that daughters born from heat-stressed cows left the herd after their first calving 4.9 mo sooner than offspring who were born to cooled dams. In addition, heat-stressed offspring produce less milk up to 35 weeks in their first 3 lactations. Economically, daughters from heat-stressed dams on an average US dairy farm account for an extra $14.26 per cow per year in rearing costs. Cooling not only lactating cows but pregnant dry cows is an important strategy to reduce and eliminate the production, health, and economical effects of heat stress in the future. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9982 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86177 |
Watch |
1016 |
Enhancing net food availability for people by feeding “leftover” feeds to dairy cows. |
1 |
S. Puda |
by-product feed efficiency |
S. Puda1, K. Goldsmith1, J. Liesman1, M. VandeHaar1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Wheat straw, beet pulp, corn gluten feed, soybean hulls, and bakery waste are ecological leftovers from producing human food; these by-products are human-inedible. Cows can eat these foods to make milk but milk production may decrease compared with standard midwestern US diets. Our goal was to demonstrate the value of cows in the food production system. We fed 24 Holstein cows (193 ± 26 DIM; 43 ± 7 kg milk/d; 681 ± 55 kg BW; 33% primiparous) a diet containing 70% by-products (BYP) versus a standard control diet containing 20% by-products (CON). Cows were fed a 50:50 (MIX) blend of BYP and CON for 1 wk and assigned to blocks based on parity and ECM/BW. Half the cows were fed BYP for 28 d, MIX for 7 d, and then CON for 28 d; the other half were fed diets in reverse order. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS with ration and period as fixed effects and cow as random. Compared with cows fed CON, cows fed BYP produced less milk (41.5 vs 42.9 kg/d; P = 0.01) and gained less BW (0.33 vs 0.59 kg/d; P = 0.01) but ate the same amount of feed (28 kg/d). Cows fed CON also increased in BCS compared with cows fed BYP (0.13 vs 0.02 unit/28 d; P < 0.01). The protein content of milk remained the same between diets (3.1%), but cows fed CON had a higher milk fat content than cows fed BYP (3.67% vs 3.58%; P = 0.03). Cows fed CON converted a higher percentage of feed gross energy to milk energy than cows fed BYP (23.8% vs 22.7% P = 0.01). However, when using human food energy values for all feeds, cows fed CON converted 38% of feed calories and 29% of feed protein to milk; cows fed BYP returned 46% of calories and 28% of protein (P < 0.01 and P = 0.25, respectively). In our diets, only corn grain, soybean meal, the grain portion of corn silage, and the leaf portion of legume silage were human-edible. When considering only human-edible foods, cows fed CON returned 62% of calories and 74% of protein, whereas cows fed BYP returned 209% of calories and 170% of protein (both P < 0.01). Lysine is the most important amino acid in human nutrition; cows fed CON returned 116% and cows fed BYP returned 211% of human-edible lysine (P < 0.01). Dairy cows increase net food production when fed ecological leftovers. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86328 |
Watch |
1017 |
Disbudding alters immune gene expression in leukocytes of Holstein calves. |
2 |
A. Hohenshell |
dehorning immune stress |
A. Hohenshell1, E. Shangraw1, K. McCoy1, T. McFadden1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Dehorning by disbudding is a standard procedure on dairy farms but it causes stress to the calf. Our aim was to determine if disbudding affects basal or induced expression of immune-related genes. Eight, 6-wk-old, Holstein heifer calves received lidocaine as a local anesthetic immediately before hot-iron disbudding; no further treatment was given. Blood was collected into heparinized tubes at 2 h before disbudding, and at 30 min and 24 h post-disbudding. Each blood sample was divided into 3, 2mL aliquots. One (control), was immediately centrifuged. Leukocytes (buffy coats) were collected and snap frozen. The other 2 aliquots were incubated in a 38C water bath for 3 h, in the presence or absence of 2 ug/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), then leukocytes were isolated and frozen. Leukocyte differential counts were determined for each blood sample and RNA was isolated from leukocytes. Samples were analyzed by qPCR for expression of 5 target genes: IL1b, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNF, and 2 reference genes. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. Incubation (in the absence of LPS) did not affect gene expression except for a small increase in IL10 (P < 0.05). As expected, all target genes were markedly upregulated (>10 to > 100 times) by LPS (P < 0.0001). Relative to pre-disbudding controls, expression of IL1b, IL10 and TNF did not change post-disbudding but IL8 was higher in 30 min post-disbudding controls, and IL6 was higher at 30 min and 24 h post-disbudding (P < 0.01). These results indicate an effect of disbudding stress on basal expression of some immune genes. Also, for IL6, stress and treatment interacted (P = 0.05) suggesting the LPS response was blunted, after disbudding. Overall, percentages of segmented neutrophils increased (30.6 to 42.8%) and lymphocytes decreased (66.9 to 53.1%) at 24 h post-disbudding relative to pre-disbudding (P < 0.001). Among incubated samples, the percentage of monocytes was reduced by LPS (4.8 to 2.1%; P < 0.01). Results show that disbudding affected leukocyte number and immune gene expression, which may have implications for calf health and management. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86476 |
Watch |
1018 |
Effect of plant maturity on yield, nutritional composition, and fiber digestion kinetics of small grains for silage. |
3 |
A. Cappellina |
small grains fiber digestion kinetics maturity |
A. Cappellina1, C. Teets1, W. Thomason1, K. Payne2, S. Stewart1, G. Ferreira1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 2Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Education Center, Blackstone, VA |
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvesting time on the digestion rate (k) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the undegraded NDF (uNDF) of small grains for silage. There were 8 forages, which included 2 varieties of barley, 2 varieties of rye, and 4 varieties of triticale planted on 6 small plots at 3 sites (Blacksburg, Blackstone, and Orange, Virginia). All the plots were harvested in either early (E) or late (L) stages of maturity (boot and soft dough stages, respectively). All plants were harvested by hand with a hedge trimmer, weighed to determine dry matter yield (DMY), chopped, and frozen in the field. All samples were dried and ground (1-mm screen) before crude protein (CP), NDF, starch, and in situ digestibility analyses. Samples were inserted into porous filter bags and incubated in the rumen of 2 lactating Holstein cows for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 240 h. The digestion rate of NDF and the uNDF concentration were determined using the NONLIN procedure of SAS. The statistical model for contrasting k and uNDF included the fixed effects of site, forage, maturity, and all the possible interactions, the random effect of block, and the random residual error. Relative to E, harvesting at L increased the DMY (4.4 vs. 11.2 tons/ha; P < 0.01), decreased the concentration of CP (14.3 vs. 6.8% CP; P < 0.01), and increased the concentrations of NDF (47.8 vs. 59.4% NDF; P < 0.01) and starch (5.6 vs. 6.2% starch; P < 0.01) at all sites. Harvesting at L increased the concentration of uNDF (35.2 vs. 13.8% uNDF; P < 0.01) and decreased k (2.1 vs. 3.8%/h; P < 0.01) relative to E at all sites. In conclusion, harvesting small grains for silage in the E stage of maturity results in better quality forage based on the concentrations of CP, NDF, and starch and the faster k and lower uNDF than plants harvested in the L stage of maturity, although the yield is substantially less. This study will be continued with ration formulation and economic analyses to provide a more holistic perspective to better decide the most convenient harvesting time. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86735 |
Watch |
1019 |
Effect of cow personality on their adaptation to an automated milking system following parturition. |
4 |
J. E. Brasier |
personality robotic milking behavior |
J. E. Brasier1, A. J. Schwanke1, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Animal personality, the individual differences in behavior that are consistent across time and situations, has been demonstrated to affect both the production and performance of dairy cows. Personality traits can aid in explaining these differences between cattle within automated milking system (AMS). The objectives of this study were to determine how personality affects adaptation to AMS upon parturition as well as performance in the AMS. Sixty Holstein cattle (19 primiparous, 41 multiparous; 2.2 ± 1.1 lactations) were assessed for personality traits using a combined arena test conducted at 24 d before parturition. The combined arena test comprised 3 parts: a novel arena test, novel object test, and a novel human test. Principal component analysis of the behaviors recoded during the personality assessment revealed 3 factors interpreted as personality traits (75% cumulative variance), which were interpreted as: Activeness, Boldness, and Exploration. Cows were given a score for each trait ranging from –3.0 to +3.0. Data from d 1 to 7 after introduction to the AMS were summarized by cow. Linear regressions were used to explore relationships between each trait score with adaptation and performance outcomes. A positive association was detected between Boldness and mean milk yield (Milk Yield [kg/d] = 3.26 × Boldness Score + 33.5; P < 0.01), as well as the latency to achieve 3 consecutive days without fetches (Latency [d] = −2.06 × Boldness Score + 10.02; P = 0.05). Activeness and mean number of fetches (Fetches [#/d] = −0.14 × Activeness Score + 1.70; P = 0.06) as well as the CV of milk yield (Milk Yield CV [%] = 2.58 × Activeness Score + 28.15; P = 0.09) tended to be associated. There tended to be an association between Exploration and the CV of fetches (Fetches CV [%] = −6.63 × Exploration Score + 56.71; P = 0.1) and the latency to achieve 3 consecutive days without fetches (Latency [d] = 2.09 × Exploration Score + 10.02; P = 0.1). These results indicate that personality traits of dairy cattle are associated with adaptation and performance in an AMS; specifically, cattle that score high for Boldness and Activeness adapt to the AMS and perform better. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86801 |
Watch |
1020 |
Assessment of the associations between haptoglobin concentration during the late dry period and calving-related events in dairy cattle. |
5 |
M. Shabloski |
dry period haptoglobin calving-related events |
M. Shabloski1, E. Jimenez1, M. Martinez1, E. Hovingh1, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA |
The objective of this study was to assess the associations between haptoglobin (HP) concentration during the late dry period and calving-related events (i.e., dystocia, twins, stillbirth, calf sex, retained fetal membranes). Heifers (n = 110) and cows (n = 184) from 7 dairy farms (700–2,800 milking cows) located in Pennsylvania were enrolled in this trial. Cows that were between 20 and 30 d from expected calving date were enrolled in the study. A blood sample was collected at enrollment and on-farm records were used to collect information regarding calving-related events. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. On average, enrolled cows and heifers calved 22.94 d after blood collection (stdev = 9.69 d). Regardless of calving-related events, cows and heifers from different farms had different HP concentration (Farm A = 40.01 ± 8.85 μg/mL; Farm B = 0 ± 8.50 μg/mL; Farm C = 15.18 ± 9.10 μg/mL; Farm D = 6.72 ± 10.62 μg/mL; Farm E = 20.39 ± 8.09 μg/mL; Farm F = 42.30 ± 8.73 μg/mL; Farm G = 5.72 ± 8.01 μg/mL). Cows had higher concentrations of HP compared with heifers (Cow = 27.01 ± 4.40 μg/mL; Heifer = 6.97 ± 5.38 μg/mL). With regard to calving-related events, cows and heifers that had a female calf tended (P > 0.05 ≤ 0.1) to have higher HP concentration compared with cows and heifers that had a male calf (Female calf cow/heifer = 30.46 ± 6.84 μg/mL; Male calf cow/heifer = 15.39 ± 6.17 μg/mL). Furthermore, cows and heifers that had a stillborn calf tended to have higher concentration of HP compared with cows and heifers that had an alive calf (stillborn calf cow/heifer = 47.07 ± 19.41 μg/mL; alive calf cow/heifer = 15.11 ± 4.03 μg/mL). The results from this study suggest that farm management during the dry period may affect cow inflammation, and that inflammation during the dry period may be associated to important calving events. Further research should be focused on developing preventive practices during the dry period to modulate cow inflammation. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86822 |
Watch |
1022 |
Impact of region and year on profitability across the United States. |
7 |
S. Jones |
economics cost of production milk price |
S. Jones1, C. Martinez1, E. Eckelkamp1 |
1University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
Cost of production and milk price are the primary drivers of farm profitability. Regional differences in costs and production can lead to division and confusion among dairy producers. This study quantifies the differences in US costs of production, milk price, herd size, and milk production across regions and yr. Data from USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) are used (2005 to 2020) with 25 states grouped by US region (6) to assess yearly changes in each region for: total farm revenue, cost of production (total, feed, labor), herd size, RHA milk production, and income less total and variable costs. The MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 was used to determine the yr and regional impact on each variable with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Table 1 presents an abbreviated list of variables and significance of region and yr. Overall, region significantly impacted all variables, with yr impacting all but grazed feed, opportunity cost of unpaid labor, total labor, and herd size. Income less total cost was negative for all regions and all years except 2014 ($0.73 ± 0.72/cwt). Regionally, there were significant differences in the cost of inputs and price of milk that led to profit differences. The Southeast region received the highest milk price but paid more for feed than most regions. The Midwest region received a lower a milk price but had the lowest purchased feed cost. This study highlights the need for regional considerations in policy and payment changes in the dairy industry. Table 1. Variables1 analyzed by region and yr
| Variable |
|
P-value |
| Total farm revenue ($/cwt) |
Reg2 |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr3 |
<0.001 |
| Milk revenue ($/cwt) |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
| Total feed $4 ($/cwt)5 |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
| Total labor $4 ($/cwt)6 |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
0.80 |
| Total operating $4 |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
| Total $4 of production |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
| Income less total $4 |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
| Herd size |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
| RHA milk |
Reg |
<0.001 |
| |
Yr |
<0.001 |
1Not shown: total costs. 2Reg (Region) included 25 states divided into Midwest, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest, and West. 3Yr was the USDA ERS mean per state (2005 to 2020). 4$ = cost. 5Not shown: purchased, harvested, and grazed feed $. 6Not shown: hired labor and opportunity cost of unpaid labor. |
| ADSA-SAD Original Research Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Original Research ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86881 |
Watch |
1023 |
Assessing the impact of storage time and shape of the block on the slicability of commercial cheddar cheese. |
8 |
N. Pace |
sliceability chedder cheese |
N. Pace1, A. Parhi1, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Cheddar cheese is one of the world's most popular cheeses and is consumed in blocks and slices. The sliceability of cheddar cheese can depend on textural and rheological properties. Understanding these characteristics can enhance desirability and reduce material loss occurring during slicing. In this study, we focused on 4 main parameters: slice thickness, cheese shape, storage period, and cheese type. Four thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm) and 2 shapes (triangular and square) of mild, medium, sharp, and extra sharp were selected. Cheeses were purchased from Walmart and the Utah State University creamery. At first, cheese blocks were cut into 7 × 7 x 5 cm3 cubes, separately packaged, and stored at 5°C. One block of each variety was extracted weekly over 5 weeks. Blocks were sliced into triplicates using an Intertek Beswood-250 food slicer. Square samples were cut to 7 × 7 cm2 and triangular at 7 × 7 x 9.9 cm3. Each slice was imaged and manually examined for defects such as broken corners, cracks, and pinholes. Samples received quality scores (QS) ranging from one (highest) to 5 (lowest). The QS (raw values) were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a linear regression model (significance level (α): 0.05) and with independent effects of storage periods and thicknesses in origin 2021. QS of sliced cheeses improved significantly (P < 0.05) with storage. Result scores (1–5) were a mean of all samples from each thickness. Sliced cheeses of 0.5 mm thickness received QS of 4.21 and 2.80 at d 0 and 35, respectively. Similarly, QS for 1.0 mm went from 3.00 to 2.30, while 1.5 mm samples improved from 2.96 to 2.17. At the same time, 2.0 mm had a QS of 2.79 on d 0 and 2.04 on d 35. The results showed that 0.5 mm had the most improvement and variability while those cut at 2.0 mm received the best scores. Square samples received significantly (P < 0.05) better QS over the triangular shapes due to reduced corner angle stress. This could be caused by enzyme breakdown, pH change, and bacterial growth. This study can assist the cheese industry produce more consistent and qualitative cheese in the form of slices. |
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9823 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86253 |
Watch |
1024 |
What are affective states and why do they matter? |
1 |
M. Špinka |
affective states emotions moods |
M. Špinka1 |
1Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia |
Current findings in neurobiology and comparative psychology indicate that there are 2 ways in which mammalian brain processes information and governs behavior: cognition analyses how the situation is and affective states tells the animal how the situation matters and how it should handle it. The main function of affective states is that they focus attention, motivation and physiology of the animal toward the tasks that currently matter most for its survival, health, energy balance, social situation and reproduction. Beside this functional role, affective states have 2 further defining aspects. Neurobiologically, affective states are run by specific brain circuits supported by different neurotransmitters. Subjectively, affective states have the “feeling” aspect (called valence), defined by the dimension from pleasant to unpleasant. In terms of their duration and origin, affective states fall into 3 categories. First, homeostatic affective states, such as pain, hunger, nausea, satiation or thermal (dis)comfort are reactions to internal states and have short to long duration, depending on whether the internal state has been rectified or not. Second, emotions (e.g., fear, rage, sexual lust, maternal protection, separation panic in dependent progeny, joy from play) are reactions to external situations that demand immediate focused action by the animal. Third, moods (e.g., anxiety, depression, boredom, optimism) are long-term affective states that are not linked to a specific ongoing internal state or an external cue but rather integrate the long-term situation of the animal in terms of its general coping. Affective states matter for dairy cattle. First, they contribute to the ability of the animal to cope with challenges in a way that is sensitive to the current external and internal situation. Second, valence side of affective states means that these states are a major part of the overall quality of life as perceived by the animal. Functionally, both negative and positive affective states help to deal with life. From the welfare point of view, dairy husbandry should provide the animals with an environment and care that enables them to cope while experiencing a positive affective balance. |
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86840 |
|
1025 |
Key social behavioral aspects influencing calf and heifer performance and health. |
2 |
J. H. C. Costa |
animal welfare behavioral development social housing |
J. H. C. Costa1, M. W. Setser1, A. G. Bradtmueller1, H. W. Neave2 |
1Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 2Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark |
The global dairy industry is undergoing a shift in how dairy calves are reared. Dairy calves have traditionally been housed individually, fed limited milk allowances, and provided few social interactions with conspecifics and human caretakers. However, a growing number of dairy farms now provide social housing, accelerated milk programs for dairy calves. There is growing evidence that early socialization for calves promotes appropriate physical, behavioral, and cognitive development that lasts into adulthood. Thus, here we will describe key elements of the social behavior of young dairy calves and how a rich social environment contributes to positive performance and health throughout life. As dairy cattle are a herd species it is essential to explore so how calves naturally develop a social behavior repertoire from a young age with conspecifics and humans. Affiliative behaviors like allogrooming and social play contribute to the development of social bonds and preferential relationships among calves. Emerging evidence in the last decade of dairy calf research has revealed positive physical (e.g., improved growth), behavioral (e.g., appropriate interactions with other calves, competitive success at the feeder), psychological (e.g., reduced fear of novelty and social buffering of the impact of other stressors), and cognitive benefits (e.g., improved performance in a learning task) linked to early socialization. Traditional restrictive milk allowances (<15% of body weight) lead to poor growth and hunger. These welfare concerns can be alleviated with proper enhanced milk allowances and gradual weaning programs. Finally, a positive relationship with caretakers is fundamental to calf welfare levels, and studies show reduced avoidance and easier transitions during challenging situations can be achieved with best practices. Future research will focus on positive reinforcement training, provision of more agency to the animals, and harnessing automated technologies; these strategies will provide more welfare-friendly housing systems and allow for evaluation of how these practices affect animals’ later performance. |
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86122 |
Watch |
1026 |
A first time for everything: The influence of parity on the behavior of transition dairy cows. |
3 |
K Proudfoot |
behavior parity transition |
K Proudfoot1, J Huzzey2 |
1University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada, 2California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA |
Over the last 20 years, there has been an increasing amount of research describing how dairy cow behavior changes during the few weeks before and after parturition, also known as the transition period. Cows face many challenges during this period, including pain associated with pregnancy and labor, social stressors associated group changes, changes in diet, and navigating new routines that include daily milking in a parlor or automatic milking system. Researchers have identified several factors that influence how cows change their behavior in response to these challenges, one of which is the number of times they have previously given birth (i.e., parity). Cows giving birth for the first time (here referred to as “primiparous”) have unique experiences compared with those who have experienced this transition previously (“multiparous”) that may result in different behavioral responses. The objective is to summarize the research published thus far describing differences in the behavior of primiparous and multiparous cows during the transition period. We will begin with a general description of how social, feeding, and standing behavior changes from 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after calving for primiparous and multiparous cows and then we will summarize the ways in which management can influence these changes. We will focus on management associated with social stressors such as overcrowding or regrouping, as well as housing changes such as access to secluded areas to give birth and pasture. Implications of this research will be discussed, including potential differences in how to best manage primiparous and multiparous cows during this period. Finally, we will make recommendations for future research, including practical methods to provide primiparous animals with positive experiences to augment the inevitable challenges they will face during their first transition to lactation. |
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87134 |
|
1027 |
Implications of worker affective state on herd productivity. |
4 |
A. E. Stone |
management personnel productivity |
A. E. Stone1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS |
Understanding the effects of producer and farm workers’ affective states on animal care, health, hygiene, and production is imperative to improving animal welfare. Rates of suicide, depression, and opioid misuse are greater in the dairy producer population than people of other occupations. The causes behind these issues are complex, but not overly surprising for those involved in the dairy industry who understand the difficulties of this lifestyle and profession. Reasons include market insecurity, milk price variability, lack of sleep, risk of injury, weather, generational pressure to keep the farm, physically demanding tasks, compassion fatigue, social and geographical isolation, and more. However, realizing that a problem exists is not enough to solve it. Finding ways to minimize the effects of these issues on producer affective state is imperative to keeping the industry sustainable and viable for this and future generations of dairy producers and workers. Producers and those who care about them experience many direct and indirect effects of poor affective states and mental health issues, but the reach is far greater than can be easily documented. Suicide often takes with it a dairy farm, which has direct production effects. But the struggles leading up to that, or those with a less finite conclusion, may have significant and long-term effects on the industry as well. The mental health and affective state of dairy producers can affect their perception of and attitudes toward their cattle, which could mean that humans may not be the only ones struggling with these issues. Improving animal welfare by improving human wellbeing is a potential that needs to be explored. Part of this requires finding the root of management deficiencies and working through problems on a farm-by-farm and person-by-person basis. In other words, why one producer quickly attains a management, welfare, or production benchmark, may have more to do with their mental health than their understanding, motivation, or abilities. Finding ways to help producers and workers improve their mental health may, in turn, help their cattle as well. |
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87135 |
Watch |
1028 |
Mental health and farming: Research updates and potential paths forward. |
5 |
B. N. M. Hagen |
climate gender mental health |
B. N. M. Hagen1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Farming is considered one of the world’s most stressful occupations, and farmers face disproportionately higher risks of mental health issues and suicide compared with other occupations. Further, farmer health and well-being are associated with animal health; poor mental health of farmers has been associated with poorer health and welfare for farmed animals. With this being said, farmer mental health is still not well understood, and research into what impacts farmer mental health is ongoing worldwide. Further, there are a lack of farm-specific programs to improve mental health (e.g., mental health literacy for those working with farmers). The objective of this session is to summarize the research published thus far and provide insights into the supports available for farmer mental health, with a special consideration to how gender and climate are impacting farmer mental health. This will include discussion of the 2021 national Canadian survey for famer mental health, along with the development and implementations of the Emergency Response Model to Agricultural Crises and ‘In the Know:’ A Mental Health Literacy Training for Agriculture. Finally, we will provide recommendations for future research and evidence-based program approaches to support farmer mental health and agriculture. |
| Animal Behavior and Well-Being Symposium: Associations of Cow and Worker Welfare |
Hybrid Symposium |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
n8695 |
|
|
Overall Questions and Discussion |
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9894 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87010 |
Watch |
1040 |
Effect of weaning age and pace on biosynthesis of oxylipids in Holstein dairy calves. |
1 |
B. C. Agustinho |
calf oxidative stress oxylipids |
B. C. Agustinho1, A. Wolfe2, C. Y. Tsai1, L. P. de Moura1, D. E. Konetchy1, A. H. Laarman1,2, P. Rezamand1 |
1Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 2Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada |
Oxylipids are synthesized from oxidation of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids and are responsible for promoting or resolving inflammation. Their roles are related to the fatty acid source and pathways from which they are derived. There is currently no evidence in the literature on how weaning stress in dairy calves affects the biosynthesis of oxylipids. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of weaning calves at 2 ages (42 vs. 56 d) and 2 weaning paces (abrupt over 3 d vs. gradual over 14 d) on plasma oxylipids. Seventy-two dairy calves, blocked by gender and body weight at birth, were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments consisted of early-abrupt, early-gradual, late-abrupt, and late-gradual. The animals were housed in hutches (1 × 1.5 m), fed up to 1,200 g of milk replacer daily (DM basis), with free access to feed (alfalfa hay, starter grain) and water. Blood samples were obtained 1 d post-weaning, and oxylipids concentration was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using mixed model of SAS. Age, pace, and age × pace were used as fixed effects, and gender and body weight as random effects. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed that proinflammatory oxylipids 13-OxoODE and 9-OxoODE, derived from linoleic acid, were greater in calves abruptly weaned when compared with that for gradually weaned calves (P = 0.02, for both). On the other hand, calves gradually weaned showed greater concentrations of 9-HODE, 13-HODE, 12,13-DiHOME, 9,10-DiHOME compared with that for abruptly weaned calves (P < 0.03, for both). Anti-inflammatory oxylipid 17,18-DiHETE, derived from arachidonic acid, was greater in calves abruptly weaned compared with that for gradual (P < 0.01). However, other plasma anti-inflammatory oxylipids such as 8,9-DiHET, 11,12-DiHET, and 14,15-DiHET, and proinflammatory oxylipids such as 11-HETE and 15-HETE were not affected by the treatments (P > 0.12). In summary, weaning pace affected the plasma concentration of oxylipids in dairy calves; however, there were no detectable weaning age or age × pace effects on circulating oxylipids. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86304 |
Watch |
1030 |
Strategic management of bovine colostrum. |
2 |
D. C. Sockett |
colostrum Brix radial immunodiffusion |
D. C. Sockett1, L. W. Smith1, N. S. Keuler2, T. J. Earleywine3 |
1Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 2Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 3Land O’Lakes, Cottage Grove, WI |
Bovine colostrum is essential for calf health. It is recommended that Holstein calves be initially fed 4 L of colostrum with an additional 2 L 6–12 h later. This large volume of colostrum often necessitates feeding colostrum via an esophageal feeder. The Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has received deceased calves that developed severe colic and abomasitis within 2–4 h of being tube fed the second feeding of colostrum. The colic was caused by over-distension of the abomasum with clotted colostrum. A stratified sampling design study was done to determine what the Brix percentage should be for estimating IgG concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/L. This information could be used to fed smaller volumes of high-quality colostrum to newborn calves thus reducing the risk of colic and abomasitis. One hundred eighty-three colostrum samples were collected from 4 dairy herds. Samples were shipped overnight to the laboratory and frozen at −80°C. Colostrum samples were thawed in a bead water bath and tested with a digital hand-held Brix refractometer. Samples were also tested for bovine IgG by radial immunodiffusion (RID). The Brix percentages ranged from 13.7% to 34.1% with a mean of 24.4%. IgG ranged from 17.0 to 222 g/L with a mean of 98.29 g/L. Simple linear regression was used to compare colostral IgG concentration and Brix percentage. R squared and standard error of the regression (S) values were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to create false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) counts using the Brix percentage for each colostrum sample and its corresponding IgG value. The FP and FN counts were multiplied by the monetary loss for each FP and FN error such that the monetary loss for each Brix percentage cutoff were minimized. Preliminary data analysis had a r2 value of 0.728 with a S value of 22.0 g/L. Preliminary Brix percentages for estimating colostral IgG concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/L were 19, 23, 25 and 30 percent, respectively. Dairy producers should consider allowing newborn dairy calves to drink 2 L of colostrum that contains at least 100 g/L of bovine IgG within 2 h of birth, and 1 L of colostrum that contains at least 100 g/L of bovine IgG, 6–12 h later. Colostrum samples that contain less than 100 g/L of bovine IgG could be fortified with high-quality colostrum replacement product. This lower volume will reduce the high incidence (≥90%) of newborn calves that will not drink a second feeding of colostrum within 6–12 h after being fed 4 L of colostrum. It will reduce aspiration pneumonia, improve forestomach and abomasal health and eliminate colic caused by over distension of the abomasum which occurs sporadically in calves that are fed large volumes of colostrum. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86161 |
Watch |
1031 |
Epidemiology of bovine colostrum yield: Associations with cow and management factors in New York State herds. |
3 |
T. A. Westhoff |
colostrum Brix % management |
T. A. Westhoff1, C. M. Ryan1, T. R. Overton1, S. Mann1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Adequate colostrum supply is essential for calf health. This observational study evaluated cow and management factors associated with colostrum yield (CY). Farm personnel on 18 Holstein dairies (540 to 4,150 cows) recorded CY and digital Brix % (Bx) for primiparous (PP; n = 5,998) and multiparous (MP; n = 12,931) cows between Oct 2019 and Feb 2021. Mixed models were built for PP and MP cows for the dependent variable CY. Fixed effects of season, Bx, calf sex, age at first calving, d in the dry period (ddry), previous lactation 305ME (pm305), gestation length (GL), previous lactation DIM (pdim), stillborn calf (stillbirth), and parity with herd as a random effect were offered to initial models; final models were built by backward stepwise elimination. Table 1 shows that CY is seasonal and associated with Bx for both PP and MP cows. Cows with ddry > 67 d and entering parity 2 were associated with the greatest CY. Further research is warranted to determine causality of these management factors to increase CY. Funding for this project from the NYFVI Grant Program is acknowledged. Table 1.
| Item |
Primiparous |
Multiparous |
| LSM (95% CI) |
P-value |
LSM (95% CI) |
P-value |
| Season |
|
<0.0001 |
|
<0.0001 |
| Winter (Dec-Feb) |
4.3 (3.7–5.1)x |
|
4.8 (4.3–5.4)a |
|
| Spring (Mar-May) |
4.7 (4.0–5.5)y |
|
5.7 (5.1–6.4)b |
|
| Summer (June-Aug) |
4.5 (3.8–5.2)xy |
|
6.2 (5.5–7.0)c |
|
| Fall (Sept-Nov) |
3.8 (3.2–4.5)z |
|
4.9 (4.4–5.6)a |
|
| Bx (%) |
|
<0.0001 |
|
<0.0001 |
| ≤22 |
3.9 (3.3–4.6)x |
|
6.4 (5.6–7.2)a |
|
| 22.1-24.4 |
4.6 (3.9–5.3)y |
|
6.0 (5.3–6.7)b |
|
| 24.5-27 |
4.6 (3.9–5.3)y |
|
5.2 (4.7–5.9)c |
|
| ≥27 |
4.2 (3.6–5.0)z |
|
4.2 (3.8–4.8)d |
|
| Calf Sex |
|
0.0101 |
|
<0.0001 |
| Female |
3.9 (3.4–4.5)x |
|
4.8 (4.2–5.4)a |
|
| Male |
4.1 (3.6–4.7)y |
|
5.3 (4.7–6.0)b |
|
| Twin |
4.9 (3.7–6.5)xy |
|
6.2 (5.5–7.0)c |
|
| ddry (d) |
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| <47 |
|
|
4.4 (3.9–4.9)a |
|
| 47-67 |
|
|
5.3 (4.7–6.0)b |
|
| >67 |
|
|
6.7 (6.0–7.6)c |
|
| Pm305 (kg) |
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| <13,081 |
|
|
5.1 (4.6–5.8)a |
|
| 13,081-15,867 |
|
|
5.4 (4.8–6.1)b |
|
| >15,867 |
|
|
5.6 (5.0–6.3)b |
|
| GL (d) |
|
|
|
<.0001 |
| 263-273 |
|
|
5.0 (4.5–5.7)a |
|
| 274-282 |
|
|
5.4 (4.8–6.1)b |
|
| 283-293 |
|
|
5.8 (5.1–6.5)c |
|
| Stillbirth |
|
|
|
0.0186 |
| Alive |
|
|
5.7 (5.1–6.3)a |
|
| Dead |
|
|
5.1 (4.5–5.9)b |
|
| Pdim (d) |
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| <275 |
|
|
5.6 (4.9–6.4)a |
|
| 275-345 |
|
|
5.0 (4.5–5.6)b |
|
| >345 |
|
|
5.6 (5.0–6.3)a |
|
| Parity |
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| 2 |
|
|
5.6 (5.0–6.3)a |
|
| 3 |
|
|
5.4 (4.8–6.1)b |
|
| 4+ |
|
|
5.2 (4.6–5.8)c |
|
LSM (95% CI) with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86085 |
Watch |
1033 |
The effect of long-distance transportation on hematological parameters in surplus dairy calves. |
5 |
H. M. Goetz |
male dairy calf dairy-beef veal industry |
H. M. Goetz1, D. F. Kelton1, J. H. C. Costa2, K. C. Creutzinger3, C. B. Winder1, D. L. Renaud1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 3Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI |
The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of transport duration and age at the time of transportation on blood parameters in surplus dairy calves following 6, 12, or 16 h of continuous road transportation. Surplus calves from 5 commercial dairy farms in Ontario were enrolled and examined daily for 14 d before transport (n = 175). On the day of transportation, calves were randomly assigned to 6, 12, or 16 h of transportation and were weighed and blood sampled before loading. Blood samples were also collected immediately after transportation. Serum was analyzed at a commercial laboratory for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), creatine kinase (CK), cholesterol, and haptoglobin. In addition, blood gas values were assessed immediately after sampling. Repeated-measures mixed models were built to assess the impact of duration and age on these blood parameters. Immediately following transportation, NEFA and BHBA were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in calves transported for 12 (+ 0.22 mmol/L NEFA, 95% CI 0.1–0.30; + 43.51 μmol/L BHBA, 24.65–62.36) and 16 h (0.04 mmol/L NEFA, 0.27–0.42; 96.01 μmol/L BHBA, 77.41–114.77) compared with calves transported for 6 h. Glucose was lower immediately following transportation in calves transported for 16 compared with 6 h (−15.54 mg/dL, P < 0.01, −21.54 to −9.54). In addition, pH and HCO3- were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in calves transported for 12 (−0.09 pH, −0.13 to −0.05; −1.59 mmol/L HCO3-, −2.61 to −0.56) and 16 h (− 0.07 pH, −0.12 to −0.03; −1.95 mmol/L HCO3-, −2.95 to −0.95) compared with calves transported for 6 h. Calves 15–19 d old had a higher concentration of cholesterol and CK (0.27 mmol/L cholesterol, P < 0.01, 0.11–0.43; 37.18 U/L CK, P = 0.04, 1.99–72.36), and calves 12–14 d old had greater reduction in HCO3- (−0.92 mmol/L, P = 0.03, −1.77 to −0.07) compared with 2–6 d old calves. These findings show that transporting calves long distances results in hypoglycemia and suboptimal energy status, and the impact of this experience depends on the calf’s age. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86369 |
Watch |
1034 |
Calf management risk factors associated with perinatal mortality in Canadian dairy farms. |
6 |
S. G. U. Sedó |
stillbirth calving herd |
S. G. U. Sedó1, C. B. Winder1, R. A. Molano2, D. E. Santschi2, D. L. Renaud1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Lactanet, Saint-Anne-De-Bellevue, Québec, Canada |
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify the association of dairy calf management practices with perinatal mortality risk. From February 20 to June 2021, dairy farms from Québec (n = 1,832) and New Brunswick (n = 52), Canada, registered in the Dairy Herd Improvement program (DHI), were visited once. A questionnaire covering all areas of prepartum, calving and colostrum management was administered. Data regarding perinatal mortality were retrieved from the DHI database for the 365 d prior the last DHI test in 2020. Perinatal mortality was calculated for each farm as the proportion of calves dead at birth or dying within 24 h of life. The herd-level perinatal mortality risk ranged from 0 to 44.3 % with an average of 7.7 ± 0.13 % (SE). A multivariable linear regression model was used to assess factors associated with perinatal mortality. The final model included time to first colostrum intake, cow-calf contact time, proportion of males born and proportion of assisted calvings, which included calvings reported as fetal malposition, hard pulls, or those requiring surgical intervention. Having >59% male calves born was associated with 2.1 % (P < 0.001) greater perinatal mortality risk compared with herds with <40% male calves born. Herds that reported >10.7% calving assistance had 3.2% increased risk of perinatal mortality compared with herds that did not report assisted calvings. Herds that regularly delivered colostrum to calves after 6 h of life had 2.4 % (P = 0.009) increased perinatal mortality risk relative to herds that fed colostrum within the first hour of life. Herds that allowed for 7 to 12 h of cow–calf contact time following calving had a 1.0 % (P < 0.001) decreased risk of perinatal mortality compared with herds that removed calves from the dam within an hour of life. These results highlight that having a greater proportion of males born, more difficult calvings, and delayed colostrum management were factors associated with an increased herd-level perinatal mortality |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86728 |
Watch |
1035 |
Effect of feeding Echinacea purpurea to dairy calves on health and growth. |
7 |
B. K. McNeil |
feed additive medicinal herb pneumonia |
B. K. McNeil1, D. L. Renaud2, M. A. Steele1, A. J. Keunen3, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Mapleview Agri Ltd, Palmerston, ON, Canada |
Echinacea purpurea is a perennial herb that has demonstrated immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects with potential to improve health and growth. The objective of this study was to investigate how supplementing calves with Echinacea purpurea affects their health and growth. Male Holstein calves (n = 240), sourced from local dairy farms or auction, arrived at a rearing facility between 5 and 14 d of age and kept in 1 of 3 rooms (80/room). Calves received MR 2x/d for 56 d (total = 36 kg of MR) and had ab libitum water and starter access. Within room, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) control (C; n = 80), 2) 3g of Echinacea/d split over 2 milk feedings from experiment d 14–28 (E14; n = 80), and 3) 3g of Echinacea/d split over 2 milk feedings from experiment d 1–56 (E56; n = 80). Echinacea treatments were mixed into the milk replacer (MR). Serum total protein (STP) was determined on d 1 using a digital refractometer; failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) was defined as STP < 5.2g/dL. Calves were weighed on arrival and then weekly until d 56. Calves were health scored 2x/d, receiving fecal and respiratory scores until d 28 and 56, respectively. On d 1, 14, 28, and 57 hip heights were taken on all calves and rectal temperatures were taken on a subset of calves (n = 117, 39 calves/treatment). Data were analyzed in mixed-effect linear regression models, with repeated measures. Fixed effects included treatment, day, treatment by day interaction and covariates, including room, source, FTPI, and arrival BW; calf was considered random. Within calves that had FTPI (n = 76), C calves tended to have a higher temperature (39.2 ± 0.10°C) than E14 and E56 calves (both = 38.9 ± 0.10°C; P ≤ 0.09). On d 57, C calves tended to have a higher temperature (38.9 ± 0.10°C) than E14 calves (38.6 ± 0.10°C; P = 0.06). Of calves sourced from auction, C calves had a lower proportion of observations with no clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease (56.1 ± 3.48 %) than E56 calves (66.8 ± 3.58 %; P = 0.03) and tended to have a lower proportion than E14 calves (64.8 ± 3.46 %; P = 0.08). No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.49) in ADG (C = 0.64, E14 = 0.67, and E56 = 0.69 ± 0.03 kg/d), hip height (C = 89.8, E14 = 90.0, and E56 = 89.7 ± 0.24 cm), or proportion of abnormal fecal observations (C = 13.2, E14 = 13.9, and E56 = 12.1 ± 0.37 %). Overall, the results indicate some health benefits of Echinacea purpurea supplementation for calves. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86754 |
Watch |
1036 |
Treatment of pneumonic preweaning dairy calves with 2 commercial antibiotics reduced systemic inflammatory signs and the relative abundance of bacterial genera associated with the disease. |
8 |
T. Tomazi |
microbiome bovine respiratory disease treatment |
A. C. C. H. Tomazi1, A. P. A. Vinhal1, T. Tomazi1,2, L. Bringhenti1,3, M. X. Rodrigues1,3, H. J. Huson1, T. R. Bilby2, R. C. Bicalho1,3 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, 3FERA Animal Health LLC, College Station, TX |
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 2 commercial antibiotics on the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota and health parameters of preweaned dairy calves with pneumonia accompanied by fever using pneumonic untreated calves as negative controls. Calves identified with pneumonia were randomly assigned to one of the following groups at the diagnosis day: (TLD; n = 36) single injection with 4 mg/kg of tildipirosin; (FLF; n = 33) single injection with 40 mg/kg of florfenicol plus 2.2 mg/kg of flunixin meglumine; and (NEG; n = 35) no treatment within the first 5 d post diagnosis. Healthy untreated calves (CTR; n = 31) were used as controls. Blood samples and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected daily from diagnosis (d0) until d5 and then weekly until weaning (~65 d of age). The URT microbiota was assessed using next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Dichotomized outcomes (Table 1) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models with binary distribution. Repeated measurements (i.e., body temperature, haptoglobin titers, and the bacterial mean relative abundance [MRA] at the genus level) were analyzed using general mixed linear models. The TLD and FLF groups had faster recovery from fever than the NEG group. In addition, antibiotic-treated calves reached the same haptoglobin titers as healthy calves on d 2 after diagnosis, whereas calves in the NEG group only reached the CTR titers in the first week after enrollment. Both drugs were effective in reducing the MRA of Mannheimia and Pasteurella genera, although the TLD group was associated with an increase in Mycoplasma MRA. In conclusion, both drugs were effective in reducing the need for retreatment and inflammatory signs of pneumonia. Also, both TLD and FLF were effective in reducing the MRA of important bacterial genera associated with pneumonia. Table 1. Effects of treatments on health parameters
| Item |
LSM1 (%) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value |
| TLD |
FLF |
NEG |
TLD |
FLF |
| Nasal discharge |
40.0AB |
21.2B |
52.9A |
0.59 (0.23, 1.56) |
0.24 (0.08, 0.71) |
0.04 |
| Fever (≥39.5°C) at d5 |
20.4 B |
8.4 B |
49.9A |
0.26 (0.08, 0.78) |
0.09 (0.02, 0.39) |
0.002 |
| Treatment failure2 |
24.9AB |
16.9B |
46.5A |
0.38 (0.13, 1.10) |
0.23 (0.07, 0.76) |
0.04 |
| Pneum. retreatment3 |
27.7B |
22.8B |
54.7A |
0.33 (0.11, 0.97) |
0.25 (0.08, 0.77) |
0.03 |
*Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). 1Least square means were adjusted incidences from the multivariable logistic regression models with binary distribution. 2Need for pneumonia treatment from d 5 to d 10 after diagnosis. 3Need for pneumonia treatment from d 5 to weaning. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86975 |
|
1037 |
Health assessment of calves raised in alternative rearing systems. |
9 |
B. Gonçalves da Costa |
|
B. Gonçalves da Costa1, K. Sharpe1, M. Endres1, B. Heins1 |
1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN |
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of maternal contact on immunoglobulin absorption in the first 24 h of life and the occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory disease in dairy calves raised in alternative systems. Two hundred 41 Holstein (n = 61), ProCross, (n = 118), and GrazeCross (n = 61) calves were evaluated from Fall 2020 to Fall 2021. Analysis of passive transfer of immunoglobulins using total serum protein (TSP) was from a MISCO digital refractometer in 2 groups of calves: 1) separated from the dam (n = 170) and bottle-fed 4 L of colostrum in the first 12 h of life, and 2) dam-reared (n = 69) where calves suckled colostrum naturally. At 3 d of age, calves were divided into 4 housing groups: individually housed (n = 56), pair-housed (n = 54), group-housed (6 calves per pen; n = 60), and dam-reared (6 dam-calf pairs per paddock; n = 69). Dam-reared calves suckled milk naturally, while calves from all other treatments received 10L of milk per day until weaning at 63 d of age. Health scores were collected weekly using the Wisconsin Calf Health Scoring Chart until weaning. Statistical analyses for TSP were performed using PROC MIXED of SAS, and fixed effects were season, breed, and housing group. For health scores, analyses included PROC FREQ and PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with housing type, week, calf, breed, and season as fixed effects. There were no significant breed effects on the treatments. The TSP values were higher (P < 0.05) in dam-reared calves (TPR: 6.67 ± 0.32) than in separated calves (TPR: 6.16 ± 0.31). In total, respiratory disease was identified in 1.16% of observations, where 0.61% were from dam-reared calves, 0.29% from pair-housed, 0.20% from group-housed, and 0.06% from individually housed calves. Scours occurred in 4.44% of the observations and was higher (P < 0.05) in dam-reared calves (6.9 ± 1.01%) than group (4.1 ± 0.75%), pair (1.1 ± 0.35%), and individually (0.5 ± 0.23%) housed calves, but similar in individually and pair-housed calves (P = 0.15). The results suggest that dam-reared calves had higher absorption of immunoglobulins and that all rearing systems had a low occurrence of respiratory disease; however, scours were diagnosed more often in dam-reared calves. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86491 |
Watch |
1038 |
ADSA®-EAAP PhD Student Travel Award Presentation: Effects of the novel concept “outdoor veal calf” on antimicrobial use, mortality, weight gain, and animal welfare parameters in Switzerland. |
10 |
J. Becker |
antimicrobial use treatment incidence animal health |
J. Becker1, G. Schüpbach-Regula2, A. Steiner1, V. Perreten3, D. Wüthrich1,3, A. Hausherr1,3, M. Meylan1 |
1Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland, 3Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
The aim of the intervention study ‘outdoor veal calf’ was to evaluate a novel concept for calf fattening which aimed at reducing antimicrobial use without compromising animal health. Management practices lead to high antimicrobial use and an elevated selection pressure on bacteria. The concept was implemented in 19 intervention farms (IF), and was based on 3 main measures: 1. purchased calves are transported directly from neighboring birth farms to the fattening facility instead of commingling calves in livestock dealer trucks; 2. each calf is vaccinated against pneumonia after arrival and completes a 3-week quarantine in an individual hutch; and 3. the calves spend the rest of the fattening period in outdoor hutches in groups not exceeding 10 calves. The covered and bedded paddock and the group hutches provide shelter from cold weather and direct sunshine, constant access to fresh air is warranted. Nineteen conventional calf fattening operations of similar size served as controls (CF). Every farm was visited once a month for a 1-year period, and data regarding animal welfare, treatments, and production parameters were collected, and organs of 339 calves were examined post-mortem. Treatment intensity was assessed by use of the defined daily dose method (TIDDD in days/animal year). Mean TIDDD was 5.3-fold lower in IF compared with CF (mean ± SD, 5.9 ± 6.5 vs. 31.5 ± 27.4 d/animal year; P < 0.001). Mortality was 2.1-fold lower in IF (3.1% ± 2.3 vs. 6.3 % ± 4.9; P = 0.020). Average daily gain did not differ between groups (1.29 ± 0.17 kg/day in IF vs. 1.35 ± 0.16 kg/day in CF; P = 0.244). Cough and nasal discharge were observed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less often in intervention than in control farms, mortality (3.1% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.020) and lung lesion prevalence (26% vs. 46%, P < 0.001) were lower. A drastic reduction in antimicrobial use and mortality was achieved without compromising animal health. The principles of risk reduction can be used to improve management and animal health, decrease the need for treatments and thus selection pressure on bacteria. |
| Animal Health 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86493 |
Watch |
1039 |
Antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Pasteurellaceae at the beginning and at the end of the fattening process in veal calves: comparing “outdoor veal calf” and conventional operations. |
11 |
J. Becker |
antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial use Escherichia coli |
J. Becker1, V. Perreten2, A. Steiner1, D. Stucki1, G. Schüpbach-Regula3, A. Collaud2, A. Rossano2, D. Wüthrich1,2, A. Muff-Hausherr1,2, M. Meylan1 |
1Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland |
Animal husbandry requires practical measures to limit antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, a novel management and housing concept for veal calf fattening was implemented on 19 intervention farms (IF) and evaluated regarding its effects on AMR in Escherichia (E.) coli, Pasteurella (P.) multocida and Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica in comparison with 19 conventional control farms (CF). Treatment intensity (−80%, P > 0.001) and mortality (−50%, P = 0.020) were significantly lower in IF than in CF, however, production parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Rectal and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken at the beginning and the end of the fattening period. Susceptibility testing by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration was performed on 5,420 isolates. The presence of AMR was described as prevalence of resistant isolates (%), by calculating the Antimicrobial Resistance Index (ARI: number of resistance of one isolate to single drugs/total number of drugs tested), by the occurrence of pansusceptible isolates (susceptible to all tested drugs, ARI = 0), and by calculating the prevalence of multidrug (≥3) resistant isolates (MDR). Before slaughter, odds for carrying pansusceptible E. coli were higher in IF than in CF (+65 %, P = 0.022), whereas ARI was lower (−16%, P = 0.003), and MDR isolates were less prevalent (−65%, P < 0.001). For P. multocida, odds for carrying pansusceptible isolates were higher in IF before slaughter compared with CF (+990%, P < 0.009). No differences between IF and CF were seen regarding the prevalence of pansuceptible M. haemolytica. These findings indicate that improvement of calf management can lead to a limitation of AMR in Swiss veal fattening farms. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9824 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86039 |
Watch |
1041 |
Genomic evaluation methods to include intermediate correlated features such as high-throughput or omics phenotypes. |
1 |
A. Legarra |
omics MIRS genetic evaluation |
A. Legarra1, O. F. Christensen2 |
1INRAE, GenPhySE, Castanet-Tolosan, France, 2Aarhus University, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Tjele, Denmark |
Gene expression is supposed to be intermediate between DNA and phenotype, but the gene expression of a particular gene is in fact controlled by the genotype at the gene (cis) and at other genes (trans). Thus, for a trait, we have intermediate measures, which are in fact a series of genetically controlled traits. Similarly, several traits may be measured or predicted using infrared spectra, accelerometers, and similar high-throughput measures. However, these measurements have errors, and many of these measures are heritable. For gene expression or Spectra or other measures (we will call of them “omics” for simplicity) the fact that a heritable trait may be predicted with some error based on heritable measures makes overall genetic evaluation far from obvious. Recent developments allow a hierarchical integrated framework for prediction, in which a trait is partially controlled by omics, partly by genetics (“residual BVs”), and partly by environment or residual. In addition, the omics measures are themselves partly controlled by genetics (“mediated BVs”) and partly by environment or residual. In such a framework, genetic evaluations consist of 2 nested GBLUP-based models; in the first, the effect of omics and “residual BVs” are estimated; the second model extracts the “mediated BVs” from the heritable part of the omics. The whole procedure is called GOBLUP and allows measures in only some individuals, i.e., it is a “single-step”-like method. In this model, the heritability is split into “mediated” and “not mediated” parts. This decomposition allows predicting how accurate the “omics” measure of the trait would be compared with the “direct” measure. The ideal “omics” measure is heritable and explains a large part of the phenotypic variation of the trait. Ideally, this could be the case for some low-heritable traits. Even if the accuracy of the omics measure is low, it might be an option for difficult to measure traits. These concepts will be presented. In addition, existing intermediate measures such as milk infrared spectra will be presented and their perspectives under this framework, discussed. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86187 |
Watch |
1042 |
Lineage-resolved complete metagenomics with long-read sequencing for rumen microbial characterization. |
2 |
D. M. Bickhart |
metagenome microbiome genomics |
D. M. Bickhart1, J. C. McClure1, S. B. Shin2, T. P. L. Smith2 |
1USDA ARS DFRC, Madison, WI, 2USDA ARS MARC, Clay Center, NE |
Metagenome assembled genomes (MAG) represent an important genetics resource in the characterization of microbial systems. This is particularly true in the case of agriculturally-relevant microbiomes, such as the cattle rumen microbial community. Unfortunately, many of our insights into the changing composition of the rumen microbiome are derived from 16S rDNA amplification surveys which often lack the discriminatory power to assign observations to the genus level of taxonomy, let alone identify individual microbial species. To use more precise means of measuring microbial prevalence, high-quality reference genomes for rumen microbial species are needed so that genomic information can be used to genotype populations. Furthermore, these references must be resolved to individual strain lineages and must contain the majority (>90%) of predicted single copy genes, making them “complete” genomes. The advent of low-error long-read DNA sequencing presents an opportunity to produce these genomics resources by spanning common microbial orthologous genes with relatively long and accurate sequence reads. We previously applied this new advance to a fecal microbial sample from sheep (Ovis aries) and generated 220 lineage-resolved complete MAGs from a single sample. Furthermore, we developed a novel variant phasing algorithm, MAGPhase, which identifies SNP haplotypes from HiFi reads mapped to MAGs. To further resolve rumen microbial communities, we collected a combined sample of rumen solids and liquids from 4 cannulated Holstein cows. We sequenced all 4 samples individually and generated 66 Gbp of reads with a minimum average quality of Q20 and a read N50 of 14 kbp. Assembly with metaFlye resulted in over 4 Gbp of assembled sequence. However, contigs from the rumen protist community were notably smaller than that of the bacterial community, suggesting new strategies will be required to resolve their genomes. This project represents the first high-quality metagenome resource for the Holstein cow rumen and will assist in the design of better microbial genotyping tools for future classification. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85982 |
Watch |
1043 |
ADSA®-EAAP Speaker Exchange Presentation: The long-term effects of genomic selection. |
3 |
Y. C. J. Wientjes |
genomic prediction long-term response to selection genetic architecture |
Y. C. J. Wientjes1, P. Bijma1, J. van den Heuvel2, B. J. Zwaan2, Z. G. Vitezica3, M. P. L. Calus1 |
1Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 2Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 3INRAE, GenPhySE, Castanet-Tolosan, France |
Genomic selection (GS) has accelerated genetic change, thereby also changing the genetic architecture of traits, but little is known of its long-term effects. We investigated the changes in genetic architecture under genomic vs. traditional selection. We simulated a population for 50 generations with selection for a single trait, controlled by either only additive effects, or additive and nonadditive (dominance and epistatic) effects, and a mutational variance of 0.001σe2. Results show that GS always outcompeted pedigree-BLUP (PBLUP) and mass selection for short-term gain. For long-term gain, mass selection was close to GS, and even outcompeted it when nonadditive effects were present. GS and PBLUP both lost a considerably amount of genetic variation after 50 generations of selection, about 25% more than mass selection. As expected, allele frequency changes were slightly larger with GS than with PBLUP. Moreover, GS and PBLUP fixed a large number of loci, and about 6 times more unfavorable alleles became fixed than with mass selection. This was both due to increased genetic drift and due to genetic hitchhiking. With nonadditive effects, the average change in allele frequency was ~15% smaller, and less loci became fixed for all selection methods. This is probably related to the considerable changes in statistical additive effects across generations when nonadditive effects were present, because the correlation in statistical additive effects between generation 0 and 50 was ~0.5 for GS and PBLUP and ~0.7 for mass selection. The change in genetic architecture might be different in populations with e.g., a more complex family structure, a larger genome, different nonadditive effects, or a changing breeding goal over time. Nevertheless, we expect that the ranking of the selection methods will be similar. Therefore, this study shows that GS considerably changes allele frequencies and the genetic architecture of traits, which may result in a limited long-term gain due to the loss of favorable alleles. This finding emphasizes the need for measures to reduce the loss of favorable alleles with genomic selection. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86381 |
Watch |
1044 |
Genetic trends, generation interval, and inbreeding changes since the implementation of genomic selection in US dairy cattle. |
4 |
D. Lourenco |
genetic gain genomic predictions dairy breeds |
F. Guinan1, G. Wiggans2, D. Norman2, J. Dürr2, J. Cole3, C. Van Tassell4, I. Misztal1, A. Cesarani1, D. Lourenco1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD, 3URUS Group LP, Madison, WI, 4Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD |
Official genomic evaluations for dairy cattle in the United States were released in 2009 for Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), and Brown Swiss (BS), 2013 for Ayrshire (AY), and 2016 for Guernsey (GU). In this study, we assessed the genetic gains in US dairy cattle due to the implementation of genomic selection. This included the investigation of changes in genetic trends and generation intervals. Additionally, inbreeding was computed over the years. Genomic predictions were obtained from the official evaluation in August of 2021, which used a multibreed BLUP followed by a single-breed estimation of SNP effects. Mean Predicted Breeding Values (PBV) were analyzed per year to calculate genetic trends for bulls and cows, with a genetic base of 2015 for each breed separately. The data contained 154,602 bulls and 27,802,645 cows born since 1975, including 1.32 million genotypes for approximately 80k SNP. Breakpoints for trends were estimated using linear regression, and nonlinear regression was used to fit the piecewise model for the small sample number in some years. Generation intervals and inbreeding levels were also investigated since 1975. Milk, fat, protein, somatic cell score, productive life, daughter pregnancy rate, and livability PBV were documented. Trends were upward for production and downward for fertility in most breeds. Holsteins and JE have benefited most from genomics, with up to almost a 6-fold increase in genetic gain. Due to the low number of observations, AY, BS, and GU trends are difficult to infer. Levels of genomic inbreeding coefficients are increasing at an alarming rate in HO bulls and cows. In 2017, genomic inbreeding levels were at 12.64% for bulls and 8.82% for cows. Generation intervals for bulls decreased from 9.4 to 2.2 years for HO and from 9.9 to 3.1 years JE. A decrease of 3.1 years was observed for BS, but no decrease for AY and GU. Overall, genomics has mainly benefited HO and JE because of the amount of data and early implementation of genomic selection. Progress for smaller breeds will need to be reassessed when more data are available. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86508 |
Watch |
1045 |
Genetic gains for milk traits from various genetic evaluation methods. |
5 |
H. D. Norman |
evaluation methods genetic trend milk traits |
H. D. Norman1, F. L. Guinan2, J. W. Durr1 |
1Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD, 2University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Genetic evaluation procedures available and adopted by dairy producers have a significant impact on the rate of genetic improvement. The objective of this research was to compare the progress made from various evaluation methods. Several genetic evaluation procedures were implemented by USDA following the Daughter-Dam Comparison (DD) which had been used for decades. These included the Herdmate Comparison (HC, 1962), an improved Herdmate Comparison (IHC, 1968), Modified Contemporary Comparison (MCC, Nov. 1974), Animal Model (AM, July 1989), and the genomic evaluation (GE, Jan. 2009). The AM and GE were assumed to have best linear unbiased prediction properties. About 3 years are normally necessary before the results are evident in the milking population as 9 mo are needed before their first offspring are born, and 2 more years before they start to lactate. Cows’ current estimated breeding values for milk, fat, and protein yields determined the average genetic levels by birth year. Linear trends and approximate standard errors were derived within each of the evaluation periods. The standard errors for milk, fat, and protein in Holsteins (HO) were less than 0.08, 0.004, and 0.003 kg for the 3 most recent methods and in Jerseys (JE) less than 0.24, 0.008, and 0.007 kg. Genetic gains for milk traits have increased since DHI records were computerized around 1960. A reason for the reductions after 1992 remains unresolved. The current genomic evaluation is delivering substantial genetic increases, especially for fat and protein yield. Table 1. Annual genetic gains in milk traits for Holsteins and Jerseys from genetic evaluation methods
| Genetic evaluation method |
Cow with birth years included |
Linear gains for milk (kg) |
Linear gains for fat (kg) |
Linear gains for protein (kg) |
| HO |
JE |
HO |
JE |
HO |
JE |
| DD (1938) |
1958 to 1964 |
21.8 |
18.0 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
— |
— |
| HC (1961) |
1964 to 1970 |
40.8 |
50.0 |
1.51 |
1.66 |
— |
— |
| IHC (June 1967) |
1970 to 1977 |
68.5 |
81.5 |
2.07 |
2.66 |
1.01 |
— |
| MCC (Nov 1974) |
1977 to 1992 |
89.1 |
106.5 |
3.21 |
3.78 |
2.45 |
3.05 |
| AM (July 1989) |
1992 to 2011 |
75.7 |
87.6 |
2.53 |
3.06 |
2.46 |
2.72 |
| GE (Jan. 2009) |
2011 to 2019 |
105.6 |
87.1 |
5.73 |
4.03 |
4.08 |
3.40 |
|
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87106 |
|
1046 |
Tools and resources for accurate imputation of cattle sequence. |
7 |
R. D. Schnabel |
cattle sequence imputation |
R. D. Schnabel1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Imputation has become a foundation of most genomic analyses today. Various tools and resources have been developed over the years, starting from imputations of “low-density” to “high-density” SNP-chip assays and more recently to “sequence level.” Most recently, various communities have begun developing methods to implement “low-pass” sequencing and imputation as an alternative to SNP-chip genotyping. These methods have one thing in common, they all use indirect measures to ascertain the underlying true genotype of an individual. All of these tools and methods are built on simplifying assumptions regarding the underlying biology. Genomic prediction has progressed rapidly in the last decade but violation of these assumptions may be limiting as we approach a theoretical prediction accuracy of one. As we generate ever larger amounts of data and move into the era of imputation to “sequence level,” it is important to revisit some of the underlying model assumptions and quantify deviations from the assumptions. Data from the 1000 Bulls Project Run9 (n = 6191 genomes) will be presented examining multiple alleles, private alleles, genotype concordance between runs and variant filtering thresholds. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86956 |
|
1047 |
Mixed-model GWAS on milk production traits of 1.16M genotyped Holstein cattle. |
8 |
J. Jiang |
GWAS mixed model milk production |
J. Jiang1, J. Cheng1, C. Maltecca1, L. Ma2, P. M. VanRaden3, J. R. O'Connell4 |
1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 3Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 4Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD |
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely used for elucidating the genetic basis of complex traits. The mixed-model method is usually needed to account for sample relatedness and polygenic effects in GWAS, but it is computationally challenging to apply it to large-scale samples. We here present a new solution to mixed-model GWAS, which we refer to as SLEMM (https://github.com/jiang18/slemm), and apply it to the largest-to-date GWAS on milk production traits by using data from the US Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding. SLEMM enables million-scale genomic restricted maximum likelihood estimation and accurate approximation of mixed-model association statistics. We used deregressed estimated breeding values and ~76K autosomal SNP genotypes of ~1.16M Holstein cattle in mixed-model association analysis. The mixed model’s polygenic term was accounted for by ~48K LD-pruned SNPs. Single-marker association statistics were computed for the 76K SNPs. This GWAS identified few new associations on milk production traits compared with our previous analysis with only 27K Holstein bulls. GWAS with subsamples of 50K, 100K, 150K, and 200K individuals showed that the increase in sample size has a bigger effect on P-values of significant SNPs than nonsignificant ones; that is, nonsignificant SNPs rarely become significant as the sample size increases. In summary, this study suggests that dairy GWAS in Holsteins reach saturation at relatively small sample sizes. |
| Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Beyond Genetic Markers – Additional Data to Improve Long-Term Selection |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86558 |
Watch |
1048 |
SLEMM: Million-scale genomic best linear unbiased predictions with window-based SNP weighting. |
9 |
J. Cheng |
genomic prediction BLUP SLEMM |
J. Cheng1, C. Maltecca1, P. Vanraden2, J. O'Connell3, L. Ma4, J. Jiang1 |
1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 3University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 4University of Maryland, College Park, MD |
The amount of animal genomic data is increasing exponentially. Using a large number of genotyped and phenotyped animals for genomic predictions is appealing yet challenging. The genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model and various SNP-based Bayesian alphabet models such as Bayes R remain widely popular for genomic prediction. The Bayesian models are typically advantageous for traits that have genes of large effect. However, the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling method often used by Bayesian models is time-consuming. Here we present an alternative approach in a framework of multi-step evaluation for million-scale genomic predictions, which we refer to as SLEMM. Unlike MCMC, SLEMM relies on an efficient implementation of the stochastic Lanczos algorithm for REML and BLUP. We further develop a window-based SNP weighting method to improve prediction accuracy. SLEMM was compared with GBLUP and Bayes R in terms of prediction accuracy. Extensive data analyses, covering a spectrum of polygenic traits in multiple plant and animal species, show that SLEMM had comparable accuracies with Bayes R (0.3% lower than Bayes R and 3% greater than GBLUP for animals; 2% greater than Bayes R and 0.2% greater than GBLUP for plants, where most traits are highly polygenic). SLEMM was further applied on a large-scale Holstein cow data set (5 milk production traits from about 300K animals with 60K SNPs) from the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding. Prediction accuracies using SLEMM were consistently greater than using Bayes R (0.1 to 2% greater) and GBLUP (0.3 to 1% greater). Simulation analyses show that SLEMM can complete genomic predictions for 0.5M genotyped animals and 50K SNPs in ~0.4 h with 9 GB of memory while Bayes R used ~6.6 h with 24.5 GB of memory. SLEMM used ~5.5 h and 63 GB of memory for prediction of 3M animals whereas Bayes R had a limitation of 0.5M animals in this case. In short, SLEMM paves the way for million-scale genomic predictions. Further comparison with single-step GBLUP will be evaluated. SLEMM is freely available at https://github.com/jiang18/ssgp. |
| Extension Education Symposium: Using Social Media to Engage Dairy Consumers and Community |
Hybrid Symposium |
Extension Education |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9826 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Extension Education Symposium: Using Social Media to Engage Dairy Consumers and Community |
Hybrid Symposium |
Extension Education |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86579 |
|
1054 |
Engaging the next generation of animal scientists through social media. |
1 |
A. Faciola |
internet scientific collaboration science communication |
A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Access to information today is very different than it used to be. An abundance of information is available at the convenience of your phone or watch! However, online information may or may not be factual. Social media gives everyone a platform to have your voice heard. There are many challenges that come with a social media presence, including time commitment, misinterpretation of information, judgment, confrontation, bullying, and image damaging. However, there are immense opportunities to be gained and perhaps even a responsibility - as an educator and animal scientists to educate the general public on our expertise. The goal of this presentation is to share social media experiences from my network, comprised of 4,944 contacts across Twitter (1,431), Facebook (773), Instagram (1,040), and LinkedIn (1,700); which have enabled the engagement of a variety of stakeholders. I will present positive and negative qualitative experiences that helped me engage, recruit, and motivate students, also foster scientific collaborations, and secure extramural funding for my research program, as well as engage with the general public and promote animal science research. My hope is that this presentation will spark dialog and brainstorm among other animal scientists so that we can more effectively connect and build trust with students, collaborators, sponsors, administrators, the government, and the public at large, including social media influencers so we can advance our mission to educate and promote responsible animal research and production. |
| Extension Education Symposium: Using Social Media to Engage Dairy Consumers and Community |
Hybrid Symposium |
Extension Education |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86850 |
|
1055 |
Using short videos to enhance communication and engage stakeholders. |
2 |
J. Bohlen |
social media video engagement |
J. Bohlen1 |
1University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
The way people communicate, engage with each other, and receive information is ever evolving. Today social media dominates societal interaction because information is readily available, diverse, entertaining, it allows them to make worldwide connections instantaneously, provides new learning opportunities, and offers an outlet for their thoughts. The internet created a feeling of accessibility and social media has taken it a step further to now serve as a primary source of news and information for society, a trend transcending generations. For extension, its robustness allows accessibility to novel and larger stakeholder populations. These stakeholder connections allow not only for information transference but also for meaningful opportunities to engage them in the activities of the university, thus building community understanding and support. The difficulty often comes in how to present information in this novel medium and in a way that will be educational, well received, and digestible. Short videos presented on social media provide an opportunity to build stakeholder relationships and they do so with higher interactions and engagements than do text or images. Data shows that videos have higher click rates, are more likely to be shared and viewers often note a higher retention rate of information relative to other forms of media. The nuance with this social media medium is making sure the video is clicked. To make a video more “clickable” the video must be created like any other extension presentation, with purpose. To do this, video content should be relevant, titled interestingly, and related to a target audience. The video itself should be no longer than 5 min, information should be simple, video closed captioned, and the thumbnail image chosen to attract interest. If prepared correctly, short videos on social media can reach a wider audience than most if not all other extension programming efforts. This ability to draw an audience into activities they are unfamiliar or unaware of is how the engagement of stakeholders is achieved and how the greater community surrounding extension’s work is created. |
| Extension Education Symposium: Using Social Media to Engage Dairy Consumers and Community |
Hybrid Symposium |
Extension Education |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86802 |
|
1056 |
Dairy farming: Engaging youth and consumers through social media. |
4 |
A. Ryan |
|
A. Ryan1 |
1MVP Dairy LLC, |
Today’s consumers not only want to know where their food comes from, but they also want to know that it was produced in a responsible manner by people they can trust. With the average consumer at least 3–4 generations removed from the farm, people are searching for answers online more than ever. Social media can be a valuable tool for farmers and industry members alike to engage with the non-farming community but finding the most effective approach can be challenging. During this session we’ll discuss finding the right approach for you, including different levels of online engagement. Best practices in answering tough questions or dealing with negative comments will also be shared. You will also gain insights for navigating multiple platforms, algorithms, and audiences while learning tips and tricks to create effective content to reach outside the agricultural community. |
| Extension Education Symposium: Using Social Media to Engage Dairy Consumers and Community |
Hybrid Symposium |
Extension Education |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86458 |
|
1057 |
Building a successful YouTube channel for extension clientele. |
5 |
B. Beam |
YouTube extension video |
B. Beam1 |
1The Ohio State University, Hillsboro, OH |
Due to the pandemic, OSU extension educators created the Southern Ohio Farm Show (SOFS), a weekly television-style program they produce and distribute. They have had viewers in 38 states and 7 countries. Averaging over 1,700 views per episode, the SOFS has increased participation in county extension programs by 3,000%. Additionally, OSU extension Educators created a series of virtual reality (VR) equipment demonstrations for the online Farm Science Review. These VR experiences generated over 19,000 views online. Participant feedback from extension clientele is positive for these kinds of virtual programming effots. |
| Growth & Development 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Growth and Development |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9906 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth & Development 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Growth and Development |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85847 |
Watch |
1058 |
Dam body condition score alters offspring serum cortisol concentration in Holstein calves but did not affect neonatal leptin surge. |
1 |
W. E. Brown |
neonate developmental programming |
W. E. Brown1, H. T. Holdorf1, H. M. White1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
The neonatal leptin surge is important for hypothalamic development, feed intake regulation and long-term metabolic control. In sheep, the leptin surge is eliminated with elevated dam body condition score (BCS), but this has not been assessed in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to characterize the neonatal serum leptin and cortisol profile in calves born to Holstein cows. Dam (BCS) was determined 21d before expected parturition. Cows with BCS between 3.0 and 3.5 (LO) and > 3.75 (HI) carrying Angus (ANG) or Holstein-sired (HOL) calves were enrolled in the study (2x2 factorial; n = 11/trt). Serum was collected from calves within 4 h of birth (d 0), and on d 1, 3, 5, and 7. Calves were fed 3.78 L colostrum at birth and thereafter 1.0 kg DM/d (HOL) or 0.8 kg DM/d (ANG) milk replacer over 2 feedings. Serum was analyzed for leptin and cortisol concentration using internally validated commercial ELISA kits. Insufficient LO-ANG calves were born, so analysis was performed separately for HOL and ANG. Linear mixed models using repeated measures were used to determine effects of continuous dam BCS and neonatal age on serum leptin and cortisol. Dam BCS was 3.7 ± 0.43 for HOL and 4.2 ± 0.24 for ANG. There was tendency for a time effect on leptin (P = 0.09) with decreasing leptin from birth to d 7 in HOL, but not ANG (P = 0.51). There was no evidence of an effect of BCS (P = 0.12) or BCSxTime (P = 0.58) on leptin in either breed. For HOL, there was an interaction of BCSxTime (P = 0.02) on serum cortisol. Serum cortisol increased with increasing BCS on d 0 (P = 0.01) and the rate of change across BCS on d 0 differed from d 1, 3, and 7 (P = 0.04). In HOL, serum cortisol tended to decrease from d 0 to 7 (P = 0.08), but there was no evidence of time or BCS effects on serum cortisol in ANG (P = 0.13). Overall, increasing dam BCS increased serum cortisol on d 0 in HOL, consistent with previous ruminant research. Serum leptin declined from d 0 and did not exhibit a characteristic neonatal surge as expected. The lack of leptin surge and the breed specific cortisol response warrants further investigation. |
| Growth & Development 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Growth and Development |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86959 |
Watch |
1059 |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell mitochondrial enzyme activity in calves indicates future lactation performance. |
2 |
A. M. Niesen |
mitochondria |
A. M. Niesen1, H. A. Rossow1 |
1UC Davis, |
Mitochondria are central to metabolism, nutrition, health and are the primary energy producers for all biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to determine if the mitochondrial enzyme activity rates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in calves and heifers indicate lactation performance as adults. Twenty-three Holstein and 23 Jersey heifer calves were enrolled and blood data were collected from age 4 d to 2 y on surviving animals. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 9, 36, 52 wk and 2 y of age to determine complete blood counts as an indicator of health, and to isolate the PBMC fraction. First-lactation milk production data were collected from herd management software on animals that completed their first lactation (10 Holsteins, 16 Jerseys). Body weight was measured at each time point via a hydraulic spring scale (1–9 wk) and using a breed specific weigh tape (36 wk – 2 y) to determine ADG. Mitochondrial isolation from PBMC and enzyme activities for citrate synthase, complex I, complex IV, and complex V were determined using kits from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Data were analyzed using GLM and the Mixed procedure of SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine if calf mitochondrial enzymatic activity was associated with lactation performance. Milk production parameters (yield, ECM, RELV, 305ME, fat yield, TS yield and SCC) were regressed on enzymatic activity rates by time point and breed with ADG and blood parameters as covariates with the criteria for inclusion being P ≤ 0.1. For Holsteins, first-lactation 305ME was correlated to wk 1 citrate synthase activity (a marker of mitochondrial number), mean corpuscular volume (a marker of red cell capacity) and prewean ADG (R2 = 0.64). For Jerseys first-lactation 305ME was correlated to wk 1 complex V activity and mean corpuscular volume (R2 = 0.36). These findings suggest that predictions of cow performance could be improved by considering the impact of mitochondrial enzymatic activity in calves near birth. |
| Growth & Development 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Growth and Development |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86480 |
Watch |
1060 |
Effect of colostrum management and meloxicam administration on indicators of stress and inflammation in transported preweaned calves. |
3 |
K. Elmore |
calf colostrum meloxicam |
K. Elmore1, D. Konetchy1, M. Chahine2, A. Laarman3,1, B. Agustinho1, P. Rezamand1, G. Chibisa1 |
1Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 2Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center University of Idaho, Twin Falls, ID, 3Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutrition Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
The rise in morbidity and mortality rates in pre-weaned calves related to poor colostrum management and subsequent transportation may be attenuated by the pre-transport administration of meloxicam (MEL). Our objective was to determine the effects and potential interaction of colostrum management and MEL administration on indicators of stress and inflammation in transported pre-weaned calves. Male dairy calves (n = 48) were collected at birth and used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments; colostrum feeding according to recommendations or milk replacer (MR) in place of colostrum, and administration of MEL or a placebo before transportation. Blood samples were collected (<2 d old) before transportation (300 km), on arrival, and 12 h and 36 h post arrival to be analyzed for plasma cortisol and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC). After harvest (36 h post-arrival), liver and gut tissue were used to quantify transcript abundance of markers of inflammation; tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8, IL-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB). Data analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. There was no colostrum × MEL interaction (P ≥ 0.34) for plasma cortisol, NEFA, serum TAC, and transcript abundance of markers of inflammation. However, feeding colostrum led to a decrease (P < 0.01) in plasma cortisol and an increase (P < 0.01) in plasma NEFA and serum TAC. Feeding colostrum also downregulated (P ≤ 0.02) the expression of markers of inflammation in the liver (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, ICAM-1), rumen (IL-6, ICAM-1), and jejunum (IL-6). Overall, feeding colostrum reduced blood cortisol concentration and TAC, and downregulated gene expression of proinflammatory markers in liver and gut tissue. However, MEL administration had no detectable effect on variables measured, suggesting that proper colostrum management is key to limiting the negative health impact of transportation stress in pre-weaned calves. |
| Growth & Development 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Growth and Development |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86784 |
|
1061 |
Growth and health costs of dairy calves raised in individual, pair, or group housing compared with dairy calves raised on cows. |
4 |
K. Sharpe |
individual pair group |
K. Sharpe1, B. Gonçalves da Costa2, M. Endres2, B. Heins1,2 |
1West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, 2University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
The objective of this study was to determine growth, health treatment costs, and incidence of treatments for scours, respiratory, and other health issues of dairy calves raised in individual (I), pair (P), group (G), or dam-raised (D) housing systems. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, dairy. Two hundred 39 Holstein and crossbred calves were randomly assigned to housing treatments by birth order during 3 calving seasons from September to December 2020, March to May 2021, and September to November 2021. The I, P, and G calves were introduced to a housing system at 3 d and were fed 10 L of milk per d. Dam-raised calves isolated with the dam for 3 d after birth. After 3 d, the pair was introduced to a larger group where calves suckled ad libitum. All calves were weaned at 63 d. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and FREQ of SAS. Independent variables were the fixed effects of breed, pen, birthweight, season, and treatment, and pen within season was a random effect. Hip height was not different (P > 0.05) for I, P, G, and D calves. The D calves had higher (P < 0.05) weaning weight (113.9 kg vs. 99.3, 101.4, and 102.9 kg, respectively), larger (P < 0.05) heart girth (115.2 cm vs. 111, 111.8, and 112.9 cm, respectively), higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (1.15 kg/d vs. 0.98, 0.98, and 0.99 kg/d, respectively), and higher (P < 0.05) total gain (75.5 kg vs. 62.1, 62.0, and 64 kg/d, respectively) than I, P, and G calves. More (P < 0.05) D calves tripled their birthweight (56.5%) than I, P, and G calves (10.7, 9.3, and 18.3%, respectively). The G calves had higher (P < 0.05) health costs ($3.34/calf) than I, P, and D calves ($1.37, $0.27, and $2.20, respectively). Treatments for respiratory and other issues were not different (P > 0.05) for I, P, G, and D calves. The G calves had greater (P < 0.05) incidence rate for treatment of scours (18.3%) than I, P, and D calves (3.57, 1.85, and 10.14, respectively). The results from this study indicate growth advantages to raising dairy calves with their dams during the preweaning phase. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9825 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
n8723 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86777 |
Watch |
1049 |
Impact of microbial populations in raw milk on processed dairy product quality. |
2 |
N. Martin |
quality bacteria raw milk |
N. Martin1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Raw milk is sterile as it leaves the udder of the animal, however through a variety of pathways becomes contaminated with bacteria originating from environmental sources, the cow herself and contact with contaminated equipment. While the types of bacteria found in raw milk are very diverse, there are select groups that are particularly important from the perspective of finished product quality. In particular, psychrophilic bacteria that grow quickly at low temperatures, like Pseudomonas, and spore-forming bacteria that survive processing hurdles in spore form, are the 2 primary groups of bacteria of concern related to impact on processed dairy products. High initial concentrations of psychrophilic bacteria, or growth due to improper cooling or excessive storage times leads to heat-stable enzyme development by Pseudomonas and other related psychrophilic bacteria. Even though the bacterial cells themselves do not survive processing hurdles, the enzymes continue breaking down milk components even after processing, leading to flavor, odor and body defects in finished products. Spore-forming bacteria, in contrast to Pseudomonas and other psychrophilic gram-negative bacteria, do survive processing hurdles when they are present in spore form in the raw milk. After processing, spores germinate and return to their metabolically active vegetative state and go on to cause dairy product spoilage. Understanding factors leading to the presence of these important bacterial groups in raw milk is key to reducing their impact on processed dairy product quality. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86798 |
|
1050 |
Understanding the oxidative stability and susceptibility of raw milk. |
3 |
J. K. Amamcharla |
oxidation milk flavor |
J. K. Amamcharla1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS |
Flavor is an important attribute of fluid milk and has an impact on consumer liking of fluid milk. Oxidized flavor (OF) is one of the most prevalent off-flavors in milk and published reports suggest that OF is a serious concern in North America as well as in Europe. OF in milk and milk products is often described as metallic, cappy, oily, cardboard, tallowy, or fishy. The induction period and intensity of OF may vary from herd-to-herd and season-to-season. Variations in the development of OF in milk are due to the presence and availability of antioxidants, pro-oxidants, and substrate. The principle pro-oxidants in milk are metal ions of Cu and Fe. Metals may be present in milk as a result of external contamination or may be indigenous to milk. Milk may also be exposed to either sunlight or artificial light between milking and consumption, which triggers degradation of sulfur containing amino acids and results in light induced OF. The concentration and availability of pro- and antioxidants are influenced by dietary factors and the cow itself. Stress (calving, metabolic and infectious diseases) can also cause a drop in the level of antioxidants in milk. Factors such as breed, health status, and herd size also influence the distribution and concentration of anti- and pro-oxidant factors in milk. In addition to these factors, processing and handling also has a significant influence on the development of OF in milk. Initial type and load of microbial populations in milk also has an impact on the oxidative stability of milk. Numerous factors (internal and external) influence the development of OF in raw milk and subsequently in milk products. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86432 |
|
1051 |
Ensuring dairy product sensory quality by minimizing farm-related defects. |
4 |
S. Clark |
environment nutrition sanitation |
S. Clark1 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
The entire dairy industry suffers when a consumer has a negative dairy experience, because of the multitude non-dairy beverage and food companies eager to earn loyal customers. To maximize the potential for high sensory quality dairy products and life-long dairy consumers, control of milk quality, from cow to consumer, is essential. It all starts at the farm—no process outside the farm gate can improve milk quality, but innumerable factors can reduce the organoleptic quality of fluid milk, butter, fermented products, ice cream, and concentrated and dried dairy ingredients. Coverage of the current status of raw milk and processed dairy product sensory quality, along with advancements in the field with respect to genetic, nutritional, environmental, and management practices will be discussed in the presentation with a look toward the future. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86562 |
Watch |
1052 |
Farm factors affecting nontraditional aspects of raw milk quality. |
5 |
D. F. Kelton |
free fatty acids iodine milk quality |
D. F. Kelton1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Traditional measures of raw milk quality on dairy farms, based on routine testing of bulk tank samples, include somatic cell count (SCC), bacteria counts, freezing point as an indicator of added water and antibiotic residues. Through careful attention to farm management and standard operating procedures, the dairy industry has been able to document continual improvement in all of these indicators. In recent years, often generated by consumer concerns, other aspects of raw milk quality have been identified and research is ongoing to elucidate farm-level practices that can positively or negatively affect these nontraditional milk quality attributes. Examples include the iodine content related to human health and safety, relative fatty acid content and its impact on butter hardness, free fatty acids affecting milk frothing properties and presence of bismuth residue from internal teat sealants affecting aged cheeses. This presentation will highlight results of several large observational studies that have identified risk factors associated with each of these issues and in some cases have led to the implementation of changes in farm management or milk procurement strategies. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/National Mastitis Council Symposium: Redefining Raw Milk Quality |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87013 |
|
1053 |
Bridging the gap: Optimizing partnerships between producers and processors for enhanced milk quality. |
6 |
M. Wustenberg |
quality raw milk best practices |
M. Wustenberg1 |
1Tillamook County Creamery Association, Tillamook, OR |
Advancements in raw milk quality ultimately benefit the entire dairy industry, with improved on-farm outcomes, higher quality finished products and happy consumers. However, without strong partnerships between producers and processors, the dairy industry misses the opportunity to maximize the benefits of high-quality raw milk throughout the entire dairy chain. Barriers include lack of traceability, use of different and often incompatible data management systems and more. Here we will identify and discuss best practices for eliminating the barriers to efficient partnerships between dairy industry stakeholders. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9911 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86874 |
Watch |
1062 |
ADSA®-EAAP PhD Student Travel Award Presentation: From promising enteric methane reducing strategies to actual reduction: Challenges along the way. |
1 |
D. Van Wesemael |
enteric methane feeding strategies Covenant Cattle Enteric Emissions |
D. Van Wesemael1, L. Vandaele1, J. Van Mullem1, S. De Campeneere1, N. Peiren1 |
1ILVO, Melle, Belgium |
Both in the EU and the US agriculture generated around 10% of their total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2019. Within agricultural GHG emissions, enteric methane (CH4) accounted for 43% in the EU and for 28% in the US. In the past decades numerous enteric CH4 reducing strategies have been assessed for their potential, but the number of strategies that have been applied to date on dairy farms remains rather limited. The reason for this discrepancy lies in many challenges along the way and those will be briefly discussed. The most promising CH4 reducing strategies are often feeding strategies. A first step toward implementation is mostly in vitro testing. A promising in vitro result, however, does not necessarily lead to the same promising in vivo result later on. The complexity, and often resilience, of the rumen microbial environment, and possible interactions with other feed ingredients, diminishes or erases the effect. Besides, the tested amounts or concentrations in vitro can be too high for use in vivo or result in negative effects on milk production and/or milk quality. When in vivo test results are successful in reducing enteric CH4 emissions without negative side-effects, a broad application in practice is usually not achieved. Often restrictions are set for the composition of the basal diet or the availability of the active feed component(s) is limited, an example is the combination of brewers’ grains and rapeseed meal in diets in Flanders. This combination is on the list of the Flemish Covenant Cattle Enteric Emissions, an auto-regulatory and voluntary approach that aims at reducing the yearly enteric CH4 emissions in Flanders with 19%, compared with 2005, by 2030. Although it is a good initiative to tackle enteric CH4 emissions without foolhardy cuts in animal numbers, several challenges remain, i.e., how will these strategies be monitored; how will possible additional costs for the dairy farmers be accounted for and how will the national GHG inventory account for the achieved GHG reduction? |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85978 |
Watch |
1063 |
Predicting climate neutrality for the California dairy industry. |
2 |
C. J. McCabe |
atmospheric warming sustainable agriculture GWP*(Star) |
C. J. McCabe1, H. E. El Mashad1, F. M. Mitloehner1 |
1University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
The California dairy industry consists of 1.7 million lactating cows producing more than 40 billion pounds of milk a year. Increasing concerns on the greenhouse gas impact of dairy cattle production have driven policy decisions, which have mandated the dairy industry to reduce the 2013 manure management methane emissions 40% by 2030. The main accounting metric to measure greenhouse gases has been the global warming potential 100 (GWP100). However, methane is the main greenhouse gas of production and has a relatively short lifespan of 12 atmospheric years. A relatively new metric, GWP Star (GWP*), can more accurately account for atmospheric removal of methane. Climate neutrality focuses on the warming impact of greenhouse gases and ensuring they have a net zero impact on climate. Therefore, GWP* accounting systems can more accurately assess the dairy industry’s impact on planet warming. The objectives of the study were to quantify baseline emissions, projected emissions, and climate warming resulting from the state’s dairy industry from 1990 through 2030. Dairy production and greenhouse gas emission data were collected from the United States Department of Agriculture and the California Air Resources Board, respectively. Various scenarios were considered to track the industry’s greenhouse gas emissions using GWP*. These included business-as-usual and a combination of 40% reduction of manure management greenhouse gases (40MAN) and enteric fermentation feed additives (EF). Preliminary results showed that the dairy industry’s 40MAN scenario could reach climate neutrality by 2027 through net negative atmospheric warming. Whereas the combination of 40MAN and EF could achieve climate neutrality in the same year with greater negative warming by 2030. These scenarios are a vast improvement over the business-as-usual approach, which would have the industry reduce its warming from present day but continue adding annual warming. To achieve the climate goals of California dairy industry, the appropriate technologies, decisions, and policies must be implemented to ensure the country’s largest dairy state can continue its ongoing environmental progress. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85827 |
Watch |
1064 |
Survey of California nutritionists on almond hull usage. |
3 |
J. Heguy |
almond hulls California |
J. Heguy1, J. Asmus2, E. DePeters3 |
1University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Modesto, CA, 2January Innovations, Lodi, CA, 3University of California-Davis, Davis, CA USA |
Almond hulls (AH) are a common ingredient in California dairy rations. In 2018, harvested California almond acreage produced 2.1 billion kg of AH. Members of the California chapter of the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) were surveyed on AH usage practices. In February 2019, an electronic survey was emailed to the entire California ARPAS membership list. Forty-two surveys were returned by 40 nutritionists and 2 feed suppliers. Total number of potential returned surveys is hard to gauge, as an unknown percentage of ARPAS members do not formulate rations. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In the previous 5 years (2014 – 2018), AH usage increased (41%) or remained the same (44%), while only 15% of respondents reported decreased usage. When asked about average feeding rates for lactating cows across clientele herds, respondents reporting feeding 2.3 kg/lactating cow/day (SD = 0.7; range: 0.5 – 4.5), with AH feeding levels in their highest AH fed herds at 4.6 kg/cow/day (average; SD = 1.3; range: 0.9 – 8.2). The majority of respondents considered AH both a forage and concentrate (71%), as compared with solely a forage (29%) or concentrate (0%). When formulating growing rations, AH were considered both a forage and concentrate (62%), compared with solely a forage (29%) or a concentrate (9%), with similar responses for dry cow rations (forage and concentrate = 62%, forage = 31%, concentrate = 7%). Sixty-two percent of respondents said that changes in AH price affected how the hulls were used in ration formulations. Price, consistency, mold, and quality were variables that respondents felt they were “very responsive” to addressing when including AH in rations. Almond hull feeding is an important topic in California, as increasing almond orchard acreage increases the amount of AH available for ration inclusion. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85872 |
Watch |
1065 |
The effect of feeding rumen-protected capsicum during the transition period on performance of early lactation dairy cows. |
4 |
G. Acetoze |
transition period dairy cattle phytomolecules |
G. Acetoze1, K. Preisinger1 |
1Archer Daniels Midland, Decatur, IL |
A recent study suggests that rumen-protected capsicum (RPC) is capable of decreasing blood insulin concentrations (Oh et al., 2017). This decrease could potentially lead to repartitioning of available glucose toward the mammary gland for milk production. The objective of this study was to evaluate early lactation performance of dairy cows fed RPC (Pancosma, Decatur, IL, USA) during the transition period on a commercial robotic dairy in Indiana. Using a randomized complete block design, 105 Holstein dairy cows (72 multiparous and 33 primiparous) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments as they entered the pre-fresh pen (−21 d relative to calving): Control (no additive) and Treatment (RPC at 1 g/hd/d). Cows were blocked by calving date, and balanced by lactation and previous 305ME milk production (multiparous). All cows received the same TMR’s (pre-fresh or fresh). RPC was orally administered daily in the pre-fresh pen and provided in the robot grain, manufactured by a commercial feed mill, at the dairy throughout 60 DIM. The study was conducted beginning in July 2020 and ended in February 2021. Measurements included blood glucose, daily milk yield and components (fat and protein). Statistical analysis was performed using the repeated-measures model procedure of JMP16 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Energy-corrected milk (ECM) and milk yield were significantly (P < 0.01) increased (51.9 vs 56.4 kg/hd/d ECM and 42.1 vs 44.7 kg/hd/d milk, control vs treatment, respectively) throughout 60 DIM for RPC cows. Milk fat yield was also greater (P < 0.01) for RPC cows compared with control (2.04 vs 1.86 kg/hd/d, respectively). No differences were observed for overall blood glucose levels (P = 0.94), however there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for RPC treated multiparous cows to have increased blood glucose 3 d after calving versus control multiparous cows. These results indicate that transition cows supplemented with RPC may have more blood glucose available for milk synthesis as seen through significantly improved milk production during early lactation. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85898 |
Watch |
1066 |
Effect of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product to Holstein cows under heat stress conditions on milk production efficiency—A pen-level randomized controlled trial. |
5 |
M. Stangaferro |
feed efficiency body temperature body condition |
M. Thomas1, R. C. Serrenho1, S. O. Puga1, J. M. Torres1, S. O. Puga1, M. Stangaferro1 |
1Dairy Health and Management Services, Lowville, NY |
The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on milk production efficiency of Holstein cows during heat stress. The study was conducted in 2 commercial farms in Mexico from July to October 2020 and included 1 wk covariate period, 3 wk adaptation, and 12 wk data collection. Cows (n = 1,843; ≥ 21 DIM and < 100 d carried calf) were enrolled and balanced for parity, milk yield, and DIM. Within each pair, pens were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) diet either without (CTR) or with SCFP (TRT; 19g/d, NutriTek, Diamond V). Milk yield, energy-corrected milk (ECM), milk components, linear somatic cell score (LS), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE; Milk/DMI and ECM/DMI), body condition score (BCS), and the incidence of clinical mastitis, pneumonia, and culling were monitored. Vaginal temperature was assessed on a subset of cows (n = 162). Statistical analyses included mixed linear and logistic models accounting for repeated measures with pen as the experimental unit and treatment, time (week of trial), parity (1st vs. 2+), and their interactions as fixed and pen nested within farm and treatment as random effect. Parity 2+ cows fed SCFP produced more milk than CTR cows (42.1 vs. 41.2 kg/d, P = 0.05); there were no production differences between primiparous groups. The TRT cows had lower DMI (25.2 vs. 26.0 kg/d, P = 0.01) and greater FE (1.59 vs. 1.53, P = 0.003) and ECM FE (1.73 vs. 1.68, P = 0.019) than CTR cows. Milk components, LS, health events, and culling were not different between groups. At the end of the trial, TRT cows had greater BCS than CTR (3.33 vs. 3.23 in 1st and 3.11 vs. 3.04 in 2+ parity cows; P ≤ 0.05). Vaginal temperatures were different between groups (P < 0.05), with average hourly temperatures across days lower for 50% and greater for 8% of the day in TRT cows. Supplementation with SCFP improved milk yield only in multiparous cows, and increased FE and final BCS across parities, while decreasing body temperature during heat stress conditions. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86145 |
Watch |
1067 |
A tannin and saponin blend impacts methane production in lactating dairy cows. |
6 |
A. Carrazco |
enteric emissions methane feed additives |
A. Carrazco1, E. Ross1, Y. Zhao2, Y. Pan1, E. DePeters1, F. Mitloehner1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
It is increasingly important that strategies for reducing CH4 and other gaseous emissions in lactating dairy cows be investigated. The objective of this study was to determine if a commercial feed additive blend comprised of quebracho and chestnut tannins and saponins (TAN; SilvaFeed BX) could reduce enteric greenhouse gas and ammonia (NH3) emissions without negatively impacting the productive performance of dairy cows. Twenty early- to mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were blocked by days in milk and parity in a randomized complete block design and were assigned one of 2 treatments: TAN or control (n = 2/block). Cows were individually fed, group-housed in a freestall pen, and milked twice daily. The treatments were administered as a top-dress at each of 2 feedings per day. Control comprised of 50 g of ground corn; TAN treatment included the concentrated blend at a rate of 0.07% of dry matter, combined with ground corn to total 50g. Cow blocks were sampled for enteric gaseous emissions in head chambers for 12 h on their respective treatment d 0, 16, 32, and 48. Enteric gas emissions, milk yield, and components, and dry matter intake were analyzed for pairwise comparison in R. Supplemental TAN decreased enteric production (g or mg/h gas) of nitrous oxide (N2O; P = 0.03), tended to decrease CH4 (P = 0.07) and carbon dioxide (CO2; P = 0.09), and tended to increase NH3 (P = 0.07) production in TAN-fed cows. Gaseous emission yield (g or mg gas/h/kg DMI) did not differ between TAN- and control-fed cows for CH4, CO2, or N2O, though TAN-fed cows had significantly higher NH3 yield (P = 0.04). Gaseous intensity (g or mg gas/h/kg ECM) did not differ between treatment groups for CH4, CO2, N2O, or NH3 intensity. No differences were found in energy-corrected milk, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, and dry matter intake in TAN- versus control-fed cows. In conclusion, supplementing cows with TAN may have a favorable impact on enteric CH4 production in dairy cows without negatively impacting productive performance, although it may negatively impact enteric NH3 emissions. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86317 |
Watch |
1068 |
Impact of OmniGen AF in dry cows heat stressed with an electric blanket model. |
7 |
K. A. Forbes |
hyperthermia dry period immunomodulator |
K. A. Forbes1, L. T. Casarotto1, L. Cattaneo1,2, K. M. Glosson3, B. D. Humphrey3, J. D. Chapman3, G. E. Dahl1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Universita Cattolica de Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy, 3Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ |
Heat stress (HT) in the dry period reduces yield and health in the next lactation. Previous work indicates that feeding OmniGen AF (OMN) mitigates the detrimental effects of HT. Electric blankets (EB) can induce heat stress in lactating cows, but EB have not been used with dry cows. The objectives of this study were to explore the efficacy of the EB on cows during the dry period as well as examine the impact of feeding OMN to HT cows. We hypothesized that EB would increase body temperature in dry cows and OMN would ameliorate the impacts of HT. Thirty Holstein cows were housed individually in a tie-stall barn upon dry-off (225 ± 3 d carried calf) and cows were fitted with EB or no blanket (NB). Within EB and NB, cows were fed OMN (OMN; 56 g/d) or did not receive OMN (CON), which resulted in a 2x2 factorial of 4 treatments: EBCON, NBCON, EBOMN, and NBOMN. All cows remained in the barn with EB on until calving except for one hour a day where they were allowed to exercise outside with the EB unplugged. Throughout the experiment, DMI (kg/d), and respiration rates (RR: bpm) were measured daily, as well as rectal temperature (RT: °C), which was measured twice daily. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Use of EB increased RT regardless of diet (EBCON = 39.4, NBCON = 39.1, EBOMN = 39.2, NBOMN = 39.0 ± 0.1°C; P < 0.05), and RR relative to NB (EBCON = 53.1 ± 4.1, NBCON = 47.6 ± 4.1, EBOMN = 53.6 ± 3.7, and NBOMN = 42.1 ± 3.7 bpm; P < 0.05) whereas OMN decreased RT regardless of blanket treatment. DMI was reduced by EB (EBCON = 11.8 ± 2.5 kg/d, NBCON = 14.3 ± 2.7 kg/d, EBOMN = 13.6 ± 2.3 kg/d, NBOMN = 13.9 ± 2.3 kg/d) and OMN feeding reversed this effect (P < 0.05). Water intake did not vary among treatments. Treatment did not impact gestation length, but OMN cows had longer dry periods (EBCON = 43.2 ± 3.0 d, NBCON = 42.6 ± 3.1 d, EBOMN = 47.7 ± 2.6 d, NBOMN = 47.4 ± 2.5 d; P < 0.05). These data support the hypotheses that EB induce heat stress in dry cows and that OMN effectively mitigates the detrimental effects of heat stress. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86808 |
Watch |
1069 |
Nitrogen efficiency as performance indicator and its relationship with diet composition in commercial dairy herds. |
8 |
F. X. Amaro |
commercial diets dairy cow protein |
F. X. Amaro1, F. Ferreira2, D. R. Bruno3, A. Vieira-Neto4, J. M. Piñeiro5, D. Vyas1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA, 3University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA, 4Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 5Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo, TX |
We aimed to evaluate nitrogen efficiency (NE; milk N/N intake) as performance indicator for dairy herds in California (n = 14) and Texas (n = 9). Additionally, we determined dietary predictors of NE on commercial dairies. Pen dry matter intake (DMI) was measured and individual feed ingredients were collected for diet reconstitution and chemical composition analysis. Nitrogen intake was estimated using cow DMI and dietary crude protein (CP). Yields of milk and milk components were measured from individual cows. Production responses from pens (n = 285; 247 ± 110 cows/pen) were modeled using PROC MIXED including linear and quadratic effects of NE (NEL and NEQ), parity (P; primiparous vs. multiparous), lactation stage (LS; Early vs. Mid vs. Late), and interactions (NEL × P; NEQ × P; NEL × LS, NEQ × LS) as fixed factors. Pen nested within herd and sampling location (state) were used as random effect. A stepwise backward elimination was used to remove all nonsignificant interactions. PROC CORR was used to evaluate the correlation between NE and diet composition. Nitrogen efficiency was classified as Low, Medium and High (NE = 18, 28 and 38%, respectively; Table 1). Association between MY and NE was observed and NEQ effect may suggest that maximum MY can be obtained between Medium and High NE. Protein and fat percent were positively associated with NE, while NE effect on protein and fat yield were dependent on P and LS. The NE was negatively correlated with CP and positively correlated with dietary starch and aNDFom. In conclusion, NE can be used as an indicator for MY in dairy cows and is correlated with dietary composition. Table 1. Responses to nitrogen efficiency in early, mid and late lactation
| Item |
Early |
|
Mid |
|
Late |
SE |
| Low |
Medium |
High |
Low |
Medium |
High |
Low |
Medium |
High |
| Milk yield, kg/d §¶#* |
31.6 |
38.3 |
39.1 |
|
34.4 |
41.1 |
41.9 |
|
26.4 |
33.1 |
33.9 |
2.91 |
| Protein, % §* |
3.06 |
3.26 |
3.47 |
|
2.97 |
3.17 |
3.37 |
|
3.31 |
3.51 |
3.71 |
0.19 |
| Fat, % §* |
4.01 |
4.15 |
4.30 |
|
3.77 |
3.92 |
4.06 |
|
4.10 |
4.24 |
4.39 |
0.20 |
| Protein yield, kg/d #*%$‡ |
0.96 |
1.22 |
1.31 |
|
1.00 |
1.28 |
1.40 |
|
0.83 |
1.17 |
1.37 |
0.06 |
| Fat yield, kg/d #*%$‡ |
1.34 |
1.55 |
1.67 |
|
1.28 |
1.57 |
1.82 |
|
1.04 |
1.40 |
1.74 |
0.06 |
P ≤ 0.05: §NEL; ¶NEQ; #P; *LS; %NEL×P; $NEQ×P; ‡NEQ×LS. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86871 |
Watch |
1071 |
Association between feeding management practices and milk production on automatic milking farms. |
9 |
D. Swartz |
automatic milking robotic milking milk yield |
D. Swartz1, B. Gednalske1, M. Schutz1, J. Salfer1, M. Endres1 |
1University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the association between feed management practices and milk production on farms using automatic milking systems (AMS). Farms (n = 36) were visited once to collect partial mixed ration (PMR) samples for nutrient and particle size analyses. Robot software 30-d data such as average parity, days in milk, concentrate intake, milk per cow and milk per robot, total cows and cows per robot was also collected. A questionnaire was used for information on management practices such as feed push-up method, the number of feeds fed in the robot, the use of liquid feed, and feed table strategy (categorized into low, medium, or high intensity). A mixed model (R, lme4 package) was used for analysis with farm as a random effect. A type II Anova using Satterthwaite’s method was used to determine significance. For categorical variables, the Tukey method was used for comparisons of estimated marginal means. Feed management factors positively associated with milk production per cow (MPC) and milk production per robot (MPR) included average concentrate intake (MPC: P < 0.001, MPR:P < 0.001), percentage of feed on the top screen of the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) (MPC:P = 0.045, MPR:P = 0.049), percentage of feed on the bottom screen of the PSPS (MPC:P = 0.029, MPR: P = 0.035), high and medium feed intensity compared with low feed intensity (MPR:P = 0.003 and P = 0.021, MCR:P = 0.003 and P = 0.021, respectively) and cows per robot (MPR: P < 0.001). Practices negatively associated with milk production included cows per robot (MPC: P = 0.002), the percentage of dry matter in the PMR (MPC:P = 0.003, MPR:P = 0.005), and the use of liquid feed (MPC:P = 0.005, MPR: P = 0.005). Various feed management practices are used across dairies and finding associations among practices and milk production might be helpful for improving AMS dairy farm success. More research is needed to further evaluate these factors. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86789 |
Watch |
1072 |
Effects of automated feeding systems on milk components and ration consistency. |
10 |
K. Kamau |
automated feeding systems feeding management precision feeding |
K. Kamau1, B. J. Thorpe2, K. E. Meier2, M. I. Endres1, I. J. Salfer1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 2Lely North America, Pella, IA |
Automated feeding systems are increasingly being used on North American dairy farms to potentially improve feeding efficiency, and cow health while also reducing dependency on human labor. Automated feeding robots (AFR) mix, deliver and push up feed to the cows many times throughout the day. The study objective was to investigate the impact of AFR (Vector, Lely Industries N.V., Maassluis, The Netherlands) on milk components and ration consistency across the day. The experiment was conducted on 14 commercial dairies with automated milking systems (AMS) in the upper Midwest region of the United States. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with 7 blocks based on breed, herd size and geographic location. Each block had 2 herds, with each treatment (AFR vs non-AFR) represented once per block. Average herd size was 79 cows. Partially mixed ration (PMR) samples were collected at 4 equally spaced time points (0500, 1100, 1900, and 2300 h) for 3 consecutive days and analyzed for DM, CP, ADF, NDF, ash, and particle size distribution. The coefficient of variation (CV) among the 4 time points was determined for each day. Bulk tank milk samples were collected once per day for 3 d and analyzed for fat, protein, MUN and lactose. A linear mixed effects model in lme4 package of R (ver. 4.0.2) tested the fixed effects of feeding system, block, and the random effect of day nested within block. Significance was determined at P < 0.05 with a tendency declared at 0.05 < P < 0.10. The CV of feed bunk DM, ADF, NDF and lignin was lesser in AFR herds (P < 0.05). Milk fat, protein, and MUN (P > 0.10) were not different between AFR and non-AFR herds. Lactose concentration was greater in AFR herds (P = 0.02). The CV of particle size distribution was not different between AFR and non-AFR herds. These data suggest that AFR systems can improve ration consistency throughout the day compared with conventional feeding systems. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87025 |
Watch |
1073 |
Identifying on-farm factors associated with the level of free fatty acids in bulk tank milk. |
11 |
H. M. Woodhouse |
milk fat free fatty acids non-foaming |
H. M. Woodhouse1, D. F. Kelton1, S. J. LeBlanc1, T. J. DeVries2 |
1University of Guelph Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Guelph Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Elevated concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) in bulk tank milk are a recent concern in the dairy industry. FFA result from triglyceride hydrolysis and milk with > 1.2 mmol FFA/100g of milk fat is associated with undesirable characteristics, such as off-flavor, rancidity, reduced frothing ability, and inhibited cheese coagulation. Previous research indicates that elevated FFA are multifactorial, and this study aimed to identify the major contributing factors at the farm level. We hypothesized that automated milking systems (AMS), fat additives in the lactating ration, and a narrow pipeline diameter are associated with higher concentrations of FFA. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted to identify on-farm factors associated with elevated FFA in bulk tank milk. A total of 300 Canadian dairy farms in Ontario (240) and British Columbia (60) were visited once to complete a survey, assess milking systems, and gather ration data. Bulk tank FFA values for each farm were obtained from the provinces’ milk marketing boards and a monthly FFA average around the farm visit date was used as the outcome variable. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify explanatory variables associated with bulk tank FFA. Of the 300 study farms, 70 were tie-stall, 110 were freestall with parlors, and 120 were freestall with AMS. The mean bulk tank FFA was 0.83 mmol FFA/100g of fat (SD = 0.39, range = 0.26 to 3.67) and 9.0% (27) of herds had elevated FFA. Contrary to our hypothesis, milking pipeline diameter was not associated with FFA concentration. In the final multivariable linear regression model, tie-stall milking systems (β = 0.32, P < 0.001), increased milking frequency (β = 0.30 per milking, P < 0.001), and the use of fat supplements in the lactating ration (β = 0.09, P = 0.04) were associated with higher FFA concentration. Pre-cooling milk was associated with lower FFA (β = −0.16, P = 0.016). However, these variables explained only 23% of the variability in FFA in bulk milk, which suggests that more factors affecting FFA still need to be identified. |
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9832 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
n8750 |
|
|
Welcome and Overview |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86926 |
|
1074 |
Revisiting the 43rd Discover Conference—Dairy cattle reproduction: Lessons learned and future frontiers. |
2 |
J. O. Giordano |
Discover conference dairy cow reproduction |
J. O. Giordano1, E. S. Ribeiro2, J. Dalton3, A. C. Denicol4, A. DeVries5, M. C. Lucy6 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Caldwell, ID, 4Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 5Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 6Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
The 43rd ADSA Discover Conference focused on lessons learned and future frontiers in dairy cattle reproduction. A review of the remarkable gains in reproductive performance of dairy cattle over the last 2 decades set the stage for a vibrant discussion of significant accomplishments in recent years and the future of dairy cattle reproduction. Recent advancements in understanding basic biological processes controlling ovarian function, oocyte quality, uterine biology, and pregnancy loss were linked to potential future applications in reproductive management. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of postpartum inflammation and metabolic regulation of reproduction paved the way for an in-depth discussion of practical feeding strategies for optimal reproduction and non-nutritional strategies to mitigate detrimental effects of poor health on fertility. Precision technologies and advanced data analytics continue to evolve, offering new opportunities for data-assisted reproductive management and automation. Thus, the use of digital tools for unraveling cow biology and predicting performance for improved herd management, profitability, and sustainability were discussed. Major emphasis was also placed on existing and future tools for automated monitoring and management of cattle, and the potential of leveraging data from multiple sources for improving decision-making in farms. Recent developments about the contribution of genetics to female and male fertility and the future of genetic selection for fertility were discussed. Presentations and panel discussions focused on recent developments of assisted reproductive technologies and potential strategies for fostering on-farm implementation. Major relevance was also given to the use of cutting-edge tools for breeding and the major challenges and opportunities with mainstream application in a dairy industry driven by constant change. Given the critical contributions of industry and academia in advancing reproductive knowledge and management, evolving models of collaboration between industry and academia were also discussed. In conclusion, the 43rd ADSA Discover Conference on Dairy Cattle Reproduction served as a conduit for the scientific community and industry stakeholders to reflect on the state of the art and establish a solid foundation for the next big leaps in the science of dairy cattle reproductive biology and management. |
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85942 |
|
1075 |
Parity, milk production, and reproduction in different production systems. |
3 |
I. Lean |
longevity milk protein parity |
I. Lean1,2, H. Golder1,2, S. LeBlanc4, T. Duffield4, J. Santos3 |
1Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2Dairy UP, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objective was to evaluate associations of parity, milk, fat and protein percent and yield, and production system [intensively fed (n = 28,675 cows) or mainly pasture-fed (n = 4,108)] on reproduction. We examined hazard of not being bred (HNBRED), of pregnancy (HPREG), probability of pregnancy to first mating (PREG1), and odds of becoming pregnant in a lactation (OPAL) using logistic regression and survival analysis including interactions. Cows were from 13 studies conducted in Australia (14.6%), Canada (2.4%), and the USA (83.0% of cows). Cows were 38.5% parity 1, 27.3% parity 2, 16.7% parity 3, 9.0% parity 4, and 8.6% parity ≥ 5. Parity ≥ 5 cows compared with cows of parity 1 had a greater HNBRED (HR = 2.45), lesser HPREG (HR = 0.73), and reduced OPAL (OR = 0.36); however, the parity ≥ 5 cows had similar PREG1 to parities 2 to 4, but differed to parity 2, 3 and 4 for all other measures. This suggests a possibility of a higher proportion of subfertile parity ≥ 5 cows than other parities. Associations between parity and reproduction were influenced by milk yield, and milk component percentages and yields at approximately 70 DIM. All milk production measures had quadratic associations with OPAL such that either low or high production or concentration of solids reduced OPAL. This reduced OPAL reflected a greater HNBRED for lower milk yield, and milk protein and fat yielding cows. Milk yield and protein percent had quadratic associations with HPREG. When centered milk yield was categorized into quartiles, there were small differences in HPREG. In contrast, the association of milk protein percent with HPREG was optimal at approximately 0.5% above group mean milk protein percentage. Milk fat percentage (HR = 0.90), fat yield (kg/d; HR = 0.78), protein yield (kg/d; HR = 0.71), and milk solids yield (kg/d; HR = 0.84) were all linearly associated with reduced HPREG. Production system was not associated with PREG1, but was for HNBRED, HPREG, and OPAL. Marked associations of increased parity with reduced reproductive performance should focus research on physiological changes with age to increase productive life of cows. |
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86773 |
Watch |
1076V |
Metabolomics of uterine luminal fluid according to genomic merit for fertility traits. |
4 |
G. Madureira |
breeding value histotroph reproduction |
G. Madureira1, A. Fleming2, E. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Lactanet Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objective was to evaluate the association between uterine luminal fluid (ULF) composition at late diestrus and genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for fertility traits. Holstein cows (n = 88) had the estrous cycle synchronized using a 7-d CIDR program, and the d of the final GnRH was considered d0. Transcervical flushing of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum was performed on d 14 (59 ± 3 DIM). A subset of 62 good quality flushings were selected for mass spectroscopy (MS) analyses of primary metabolites (ALEX-CIS GC-TOF MS), complex lipids (CSH-QTOF MS/MS), and oxylipins (UPLC MS/MS). Two Canadian fertility traits were considered: Daughter Fertility index (DF) and 56-d Nonreturn Rate for Cows (NRRc). Within parity, cows were ranked based on the GEBV and classified in terciles. Cows in terciles 1 (T1; low genomic merit; n = 20) and 3 (T3; high genomic merit; n = 20) were then compared. Statistical analyses were performed using a t-test in MetaboAnalyst 5.0, and parity and batch of samples representing 2 collection periods were included as covariates. For DF, compared with cows in T1 (GEBV 96 ± 2), cows in T3 (GEBV 105 ± 3) had greater abundance of 5 primary metabolites (ribitol, threonine, methionine, allantoic acid, and oleamide) and 10 complex lipids [5 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 3 ceramides, and 2 phosphatidylcholine (PC)], and reduced abundance of 3 complex lipids (TG 58:1, TG 58:3, and FA 14:1) and 2 oxylipins (15,16-DiHODE and 9-Nitrooleate). For NRRc, compared with cows in T1 (GEBV 96 ± 2), cows in T3 (GEBV 105 ± 3) had greater abundance of one primary metabolite (threonine) and 9 complex lipids (4 LPC, 2 PC, 2 lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and DHA), and reduced abundance of 2 primary metabolites (succinate semialdehyde and 3-hydroxypropionic acid), 6 complex lipids (PC 36:5-D, PC 36:5-B, PE 36:3, SM 30:1, TG 58:1, and CE 20:5), and 2 oxylipins (15,16-DiHODE and 13S-HODE). In conclusion, GEBV for fertility traits was associated with important differences in ULF composition, which may help explain the underpinning biology associated with genetic regulation of fertility in lactating cows. |
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86960 |
Watch |
1077 |
Impaired interferon-tau production and action during embryo mortality in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. |
6 |
C. L. Gonzalez-Berrios |
early embryo mortality maternal recognition dairy cattle |
C. L. Gonzalez-Berrios1, J. V. Bishop1, H. Van Campen1, M. G. Thomas1, T. R. Hansen1 |
1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado |
Early embryo mortality (EM) contributes to infertility and occurs on days (d) 7–19 of pregnancy in cows. However, the exact mechanism of why a pregnancy with EM fails is unknown. We hypothesized that pregnancies with EM are associated with impaired conceptus-derived interferon-tau (IFNT) paracrine action on the endometrium (ENDO) and endocrine action on the corpus luteum (CL) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) leading to luteolytic signals disrupting pregnancy. We randomly sorted Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 22) into non-pregnant (NP; not exposed to semen; n = 7) or pregnant (P; artificially inseminated; n = 15) groups. We re-sorted P cows, on d16 based on conceptus morphology of normal (N); translucent and elongated (n = 9) or EM; pink and non-elongated (n = 6). ENDO, CL and PBMC tissues were collected. RNA-Seq data were analyzed with DeSeq2 in R and RT-qPCR data with Proc GLM-ANOVA in SAS.Previously, we reported N conceptuses were longer (P < 0.0001) and had greater (P < 0.01) IFNT mRNA levels than EM conceptuses in RNA-Seq analysis. RNA-Seq also revealed that ENDO IFN stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) mRNA levels were greater (P < 0.05) in N and EM compared with NP, but did not differ between N and EM cows. Herein, we report that RNA-Seq revealed an upregulation (P < 0.05) of ISG15 mRNA levels in N compared with NP CL and PBMC with no difference between EM and NP or EM and N in CL and PBMC. RT-qPCR confirmed that ISG15 mRNA levels were greater in N (P < 0.0001) and tended (P < 0.07) to be greater in EM compared with NP ENDO. RT-qPCR also revealed in the CL and PBMC, N had greater (P < 0.05) ISG15 mRNA levels compared with NP, but EM levels did not differ from NP or N. In most comparisons, EM ISG15 mRNA levels were intermediate and did not differ from NP or P; whereas N had greater ISG15mRNA levels compared with NP. Pregnancies with EM are associated with conceptuses restricted in elongation and diminished IFNT action in which ENDO, CL and PBMC ISG15 responses do not different from NP cows. Impaired IFNT action in pregnancies with EM might occur by shorter conceptuses, reduced cells releasing and expressing IFNT and/or reduced maternal target tissue responses. USDA-NIFA#2019–07133. |
| Reproduction Platform Session: 43rd Discover® Conference: Dairy Cattle Reproduction: Lessons Learned and Future Frontiers |
Hybrid Platform Session |
Reproduction |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86287 |
Watch |
1078 |
Combining data for estrus expression during the voluntary waiting period and predictors of reproductive outcomes identified subgroups of cows with different reproductive performance. |
7 |
C. Rial |
dairy cow reproduction automated estrus |
C. Rial1, A. L. Laplacette1, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Our objective was to evaluate reproductive outcomes for dairy cows grouped based on the combination of estrus, health, and performance data collected during the voluntary waiting period (VWP). Lactating Holstein cows (n = 995) were grouped based on the combination of estrus event data as determined by automated estrus alerts (AEA) from an ear-attached sensor (Smartbow, Zoetis), health disorder events, and milk yield up until a VWP of 50 DIM. Records of at least one AEA were deemed positively associated with reproductive performance. Occurrence of at least one health disorder and high milk yield (grouped in high, medium, and low) were risk factors (RF) for poor reproductive performance. Thus, cows were grouped into an estrus and no RF (E-NRF; n = 320), no estrus and RF (NE-RF; n = 242), no estrus and no RF (NE-NRF; n = 220), and estrus and RF (E-RF; n = 213) group. Cows were AI at detected estrus (AIE) for 2 to 4 wk after the end of the VWP, and if not AIE were timed AI after Ovsynch plus progesterone. Binary data were analyzed with logistic regression and time to pregnancy with Cox’s regression. The proportion of cows AI at detected estrus (AIE) for first service differed (P < 0.01) among all groups (E-NRF = 91.1%, E-RF = 82.0%, NE-NRF = 55.9%, and NE-RF = 45.6%). Pregnancies per AI differed (P < 0.01) as it were greatest for E-NRF (54.8%), intermediate for NE-NRF (45.6%), and lowest for E-RF (35.1%) and NE-RF (34.6%). The hazard ratio for time to pregnancy was greater (P < 0.01) for the E-NRF than the NE-NRF [1.5 (95%CI 1.2–1.8)], E-RF [1.6 (95%CI 1.3–1.9)], and NE-RF [2.1 (95%CI 1.8–2.7)] groups with median days to pregnancy of 76, 86, 94, and 108. More (P < 0.01) cows were pregnant at 150 DIM for E-NRF (86.4%) and E-RF (80.1%) than for NE-RF (67.0%). The NE-NRF group (80.0%) did not differ from any group. We conclude that combining estrus event data during the VWP with other predictors of reproductive performance might be used as a strategy to identify subgroups or cows with larger differences in expected reproductive performance than when these predictors are used alone. Supported by USDA-NIFA FFF projects NYC127851 and 127945 and by Zoetis. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9990 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85887 |
Watch |
1079 |
Effect of different lipids sources added to milk replacers on body weight, body condition score, fecal score, and biometric measurements in bull calves. |
1 |
E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez |
calf fatty acids meat production |
N. C. Pedersen1, P. P. K Petersen1, S. S. Abdullah2, P. F. Lomar1, H. H. Hansen1, A. L. Alves Neves1, R. A. M. Vieira3, E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 2Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 3Laboratório de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil |
The objective of this study was to determine if lipid supplementation to milk replacer (MR) increased body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and biometric measurements or affected fecal score (FS) in bull calves. Eighteen Holstein × Belgian Blue bull calves were assigned to 3 treatments (control and 2 lipid source groups) balanced according to body weight (70 ± 12, 69 ± 12, and 70 ± 12kg). For 21 d, all animals received a control (16% fat) MR with no lipid supplementation. Thereafter, 2 of the groups of animals were fed each a different lipid source, of differential saturation (BoviLM and Bovi85 from NLM Vantinge, Denmark), added as 5% of the dry matter (DM) of the MR. Animals assigned to the control group continued to receive the MR with no added lipid sources. BoviLM fatty acid contents (g/100g) were 40 of C16:0 and 40 C18:0, while Bovi85 had 45 of C16:0 and 40 of C18:1 cis-9. On d 0 (start of the study), 7, 14 and 21; BW, BCS (1 = emaciated to 5 = overly fat), FS (1 = watery to 5 = firm), rectal temperature, and biometrics [withers height (WH), hip height (HH), body length (BL), and heart girth (HG)] were measured. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in a model that included treatment, time, and treatment × time as fixed effects and calf within treatment as random effect. The treatments and their interactions with time did not influence BW (77 ± 16kg), BCS (3.7 ± 0.62), FS (3.3 ± 1.14), rectal temperature (38 ± 0.4°C), WH (83 ± 5cm), HH (89 ± 5cm), BL (82 ± 4cm), and HG (98 ± 7cm). Moreover, in all calves, BW (69 to 84 kg), WH (81 to 85 cm), HH (86 to 92 cm), BL (80 to 83 cm), and HG (94 to 102 cm) increased (P < 0.05) from d 0 to 21, while FS decreased (P < 0.05) from 3.6 to 2.5 in the same time period. The average daily gain was similar among treatments (0.66 ± 0.47g). Overall, adding lipid sources of different saturation degrees at 5% DM inclusion rate to the MR did not increase nor decrease the growth performance and biometric measurements of young bull calves. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85851 |
Watch |
1080 |
Impact of calcium gluconate feeding on intestinal microbial populations in a growing steer model. |
2 |
O. Y. Koyun |
calcium gluconate butyrate hindgut microbiota |
O. Y. Koyun1, E. E. Rowland1, J. M. Lourenco1, J. J. Baloyi1, F. L. Fluharty1, T. D. Pringle1, A. M. Stelzleni1, R. L. Stewart1, M. McCarthy2, S. Fry2, K. E. Griswold2, T. R. Callaway1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Micronutrients Inc, Indianapolis, IN |
We examined the effect of fat-embedded ruminally-protected calcium gluconate product (Selko Lactibute, Trouw Nutrition) on the gut microbiota of growing steers. Steers (n = 20) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: the control group (CON, n = 10) receieved a daily feedlot ration ad libitum; and the calcium gluconate treatment group (LAC, n = 10) was fed the control diet top-dressed with fat-embedded calcium gluconate product at 16 g/hd/d, for 55d. At slaughter (d56), digesta samples were collected from rumen, cecum, colon, and rectum. To determine the microbial composition within each section of the gut, DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted. Data were analyzed using a General linear Model with dietary treatment as the main effect. No significant differences were observed in species richness of microbial communities from the rumen, cecum, colon, and rectum of all steers, but populations in each compartment were different in composition (P = 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the abundance of major phyla in the rumen and rectum microbiota of steers fed LAC, compared with CON. The abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria was higher (P = 0.05), and of Bacteroidetes was lower (P = 0.05) in the cecum of steers fed LAC. In the colonic microbiota of LAC-fed steers, Actinobacteria abundance was lower (P = 0.05), and Bacteroidetes abundance tended to be higher (P = 0.075). Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio was greater (P = 0.05) in the cecum, and lower (P = 0.05) in the colon of steers fed LAC. Several family-level changes (P = 0.05) were caused by calcium gluconate treatment in different sections of the intestinal tract. At the genus level, abundance of Paeniclostridium, Romboutsia, Clostridium, and Turicibacter in the microbiota of different intestinal sections were significantly (P = 0.05) affected. In summary, supplementing the ration of growing steers with fat-embedded rumen-protected calcium gluconate impacted the microbial population in the hindgut, most of which are important in gut homeostasis and health, and the formation of beneficial end products. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t85888 |
Watch |
1082 |
Impact of different fat sources added to milk replacers and starter feed for bull calves on in vitro organic matter degradation and volatile fatty acids. |
4 |
E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez |
beef calf lipids rumen |
E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez1, S. S. Abdullah2, K. Tajonar3, R. Dhakal1, A. L. Alves Neves1, R. A. M. Vieira4, H. H. Hansen1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 2Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 3Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinária y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, 4Laboratório de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil |
The objective was to determine if adding different fats and doses affected in vitro rumen fermentation of milk replacers (MR) and starter feed (SF) used for bull calves. Each feed was tested with 3 doses fat in a 24-h in vitro trial and replicated (n = 4 bottles each feed/fat/dos/rep). Rumen fluid was taken from pre- (for MR) and post-weaned (for SF) calves. After incubation, samples were filtered, volatile fatty acids and organic matter (OM) residue determined. Fats used were BoviLM, Bovi85, Glycofat (NLM Vantinge, Denmark), Bergafat F-100 (Berg&Schmidt; GmbH & Co.), and retail rapeseed and sunflower oils. These fats were tested on each of 2 commercial MR with additive doses of 0, 6, and 9%OM and thereafter on SF with additive doses of 0, 4 and 6%OM. VFA data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), while degradation data were analyzed using the LMER procedures of R (R Core Team 2019). OM degradation was greatest (P < 0.05) in when no fat was added to either MR (94%) at any dose or with any additive. Adding 9% significantly reduced degradation in MR compared with 6%. Degradation of OM with retail oils (89%) was not significantly different from BoviLM (87%) and F-100 (86%) but greater than Glycofat (85%) and Bovi85 (84%) (P < 0.05). Lipid or dose did not have significant effects on total VFA (g/L) or individual proportions (g/100g), except for dose on valeric and propionic acids (P < 0.05). Adding all types of additives at 9% to both MRs resulted in significantly less propionic acid (24.8) then either 0 or 6%. In contrast, the most valeric acid (11.1) was found (P < 0.05) at 0% (12.0), but there was no difference between 6 (11.1) and 9% (11.2). With SF, OM degradation was not different between treatments. Total VFA concentration (31.8) and individual proportions of acetic (35.7), propionic (28.0), butyric (26.2), isobutyric (1.5), valeric (3.6), isovaleric (3.2), and caproic (1.7) acids, were not affected by lipids or dose. Adding fats to MR reduced degradation while addition of fats to a starter feed had no effect on in vitro fermentation parameters. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86924 |
Watch |
1083 |
Effect of varying levels of a phytogenic compound in combination with a functional mineral compound and yeast cell wall extract on calf growth and health. |
5 |
S. E. Schuling |
dairy calf phytogenic compound yeast cell wall |
S. E. Schuling1, D. E. Schimek1 |
1NutriQuest, Mason City, IA |
Two hundred fifty female Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of varying levels of a phytogenic compound (PC) in combination with a functional bentonite (FV) and yeast cell wall extract (YCW) on growth and health. Calves were 1–2 d old at arrival and allocated to one of 5 lines of individual hutches. In each treatment, except control, FV and MOS were fed at 5 and 4 g/calf/d, respectively. Each line was randomly assigned to one of 5 treatments 1) control (CON), 2) CON + 100 mg PC+FV+YCW, 3) CON + 300 mg PC+FV+YCW, 4) CON + 500 mg PC+FV+YCW, and 5) CON + FV+YCW. Calves were fed whole milk reconstituted to a 14% solids level and were fed 2x/d from d 1–51 and 1x/d from d 52–54. Solids feeding rate ranged from 0.34 – 1 kg/day. A 19.25% CP calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Body weights were measured biweekly through 12 weeks, and ADG was calculated from arrival and by weighing interval. At weaning, calves were moved to group pens (12 calves/group) and were fed an 18% CP grower pellet. Scour, pneumonia, and other health events were recorded by calf managers. Calf starter intake was measured weekly. Performance and health data were analyzed using the MIXED and LOGSITICS procedures of SAS, respectively. There was a treatment*week interaction for BW, ADG, period ADG, and starter intake. At weaning and 12 weeks, calves fed PC had increased BW compared with calves fed CON and FV+YCW. At 12 weeks, BW were 99, 106, 104, 106, and 101 ± 2.20 kg for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. From wk 6–8 and 10–12 calves fed 500 mg PC+FV+YCW had increased ADG compared with CON (0.98 and 0.87 ± 0.03 kg and 1.13 and 0.98 ± 0.05 kg, respectively). There was no difference in scour events among treatments. In wk 6 and 7, starter intake was improved for the 3 PC treatments and FV+YCW compared with control. Feeding PC at 100, 300 or 500 mg in combination with FV and YCW improved starter intake 2 weeks before weaning, which resulted in increased BW and ADG at weaning and beyond. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86217 |
Watch |
1084 |
Effect of increasing monensin concentration on the performance of lactating dairy cows. |
6 |
A. C. Benoit |
monensin dairy cattle milk yield |
A. C. Benoit1, P. A. LaPierre1, G. D. Mechor2, D. M. Barbano1, M. E. Van Amburgh1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN |
Monensin studies have reported improved feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows although few have evaluated the effect of increasing monensin supplementation on milk performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing dietary monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) concentration on milk and component yield, milk FA profile, and dry matter intake (DMI) in lactating dairy cows fed contemporary diets. One hundred ninety-two cows (120 ± 50 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 12 pens of 16 cows, and pens were assigned a treatment diet following a 4 wk covariate period where all cows received 11 g/ton (DM basis) monensin. The treatment diets contained, on a DM basis, 0 g/ton (CON), 11 g/ton (R11), 14.5 g/ton (R14.5), and 18 g/ton monensin (R18). Results are presented in the following sequence: CON, R11, R14.5, and R18. The DMI was not significantly affected by monensin treatment, although increased numerically in the R18 group. Milk yield was not affected by monensin treatment (39.3, 39.9, 39.7, and 39.6 kg/d). Milk fat percentage was greater than 4.6% and milk true protein percent was equal to or greater than 3.35% for all treatments. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) was numerically greater in R11, R14.5, and R18 compared with CON (46.0, 47.1, 46.8, and 46.9 kg/d). Milk fat yield (1.79, 1.83, 1.85, and 1.83 kg/d) and milk protein yield (1.30, 1.33, 1.33, and 1.33 kg/d) were not significantly different among treatments. There was a quadratic effect of monensin on milk production efficiency for milk, ECM, and fat-corrected milk with the highest efficiency in the R11 and R14.5 groups. In addition, milk de novo and mixed-origin FA yield were positively linearly affected by monensin feeding while FA unsaturation was significantly reduced in R14.5 and R18 compared with CON. Increasing monensin supplementation resulted in a non-significant 2% increase in ECM while linearly increasing FA yield. This suggests monensin can be fed at higher concentrations to achieve high milk component yield in lactating dairy cows fed contemporary diets, and further research is needed to understand the role of monensin in FA synthesis. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86636 |
Watch |
1085 |
Effect of partially replacing baleage with forage canola on energy utilization in dairy cows. |
7 |
A. F. Brito |
brassica energy use efficiency grazing |
L. H. P. Silva1,2, Y. Zang1, M. Ghelickhan1, Y. Geng3, S. L. Dillard4, K. J. Soder5, A. F. Brito1 |
1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 3Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 4Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 5USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA |
Forage canola (CAN) is an annual crop that can be used to extend the fall grazing season. Our research revealed increased DM digestibility and decreased CH4 production in cows grazing CAN, suggesting changes in dietary energy utilization. We aimed to evaluate the effect of CAN, as grazed herbage, on energy balance in dairy cows. Twelve multiparous and 6 primiparous mid-lactating organic certified Jersey cows were blocked by parity or milk yield in pairs and, within pair, randomly assigned to control (CTRL) or CAN in a randomized complete block design. Control cows were kept confined, while CAN cows stayed in the barn during the day and grazed overnight. Diets were formulated to yield a 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio, with 50% of legume-grass baleage replaced by grazed CAN (herbage allowance = 12 kg of DM/cow). Cows in both diets had access to 2 GreenFeed units to measure CH4 and CO2 production. The experiment lasted 7 wk (2-wk covariate) with gaseous and digestibility measurements done in wk 3 and 5. Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE), while energy in milk, urine, tissue, and heat production (HP) were estimated using published equations. Although GE intake was similar between treatments (mean = 95.8 Mcal/d), CAN cows had greater digestible energy intake (P < 0.01; 66.7 vs. 60.9 Mcal/d) due to lower (P < 0.001) fecal energy (28.2 Mcal/d) compared with CTRL (35.7 Mcal/d). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was greatest in CAN (58.9 vs. 52.1 MCal/d) because of less energy loss as CH4 (4.91 vs. 5.90 Mcal/d; P < 0.001). Digestible energy was more efficiently converted to ME in CAN than CTRL (88.1 vs. 85.6%; P < 0.001). Intake of NEL increased in CAN vs. CTRL (38.5 vs. 32.7 Mcal/d; P < 0.001), and CAN cows partitioned less ME into HP (43.5 vs. 50.8%; P < 0.001) and were more efficient in converting ME into NEL than CTRL. However, compared with CTRL, the CAN diet led to more tissue energy (11.9 vs. 4.55 Mcal/d; P < 0.001) and less milk energy (18.8 vs. 20.0 Mcal/d; P = 0.05). In conclusion, CAN cows were more efficient in converting GE into NEL, but increased NEL intake did not result in more milk energy. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 1: Calf Growth - Applied Nutrition |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86899 |
Watch |
1086 |
Occurrence of mycotoxins in US dairy total mixed rations 2018–2022. |
8 |
E. Schwandt |
mycotoxins total mixed ration |
E. Schwandt1, P. Gott1, L. Zheng1, U. Hofstetter2, A. Levy1 |
1DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ, 2DSM Austria GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria |
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites which have been identified in a broad range of feed ingredients that can affect animal health and performance. This study investigated mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in total mixed ration (TMR) samples from dairies across the US. Samples were screened via LC-MS/MS technique for: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. Detailed information was collected about each sample including state of origin and whether or not clinical signs of mycotoxicosis were present on-farm. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to investigate the interaction of clinical sign (yes/no) and harvest year. No interaction was statistically significant for each of the toxin groups, so main effects of harvest year are presented in Table 1. Twenty samples from 7 states have been submitted for analysis so far in 2022. Although the sample set is small compared with previous years, detectable levels of B-Trich have been identified in 95% of samples with ZEN and FUM detected less frequently in 55 and 10%, respectively. Mean contamination levels (parts per billion, ppb) are presented on dry matter basis and were similar in 2022 compared with 2021 and 2020 for B-Trich, FUM, and ZEN (P > 0.05). Although feed ingredient sources vary widely across the US, historical and preliminary survey results indicate B-Trich occur frequently in US TMR samples and co-contamination with ZEN was detected in more than half of the samples analyzed. Table 1. Mycotoxin contamination in US Total Mixed Ration (TMR) samples (DM basis)
| Item |
TMR |
Pooled SEM |
P-value |
| 2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2022 |
| Number |
218 |
247 |
213 |
171 |
20 |
|
|
| B-Trich |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
94 |
100 |
98 |
97 |
95 |
155.1 |
<0.001 |
| Mean, ppb |
884c |
2,404a |
2,659a |
2,011b |
2,483a |
| FUM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
11 |
26 |
22 |
18 |
10 |
57.8 |
0.02 |
| Mean, ppb |
880a |
859a |
715ab |
463b |
427b |
| ZEN |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
29 |
65 |
56 |
30 |
55 |
31.0 |
<0.001 |
| Mean, ppb |
313b |
365ab |
339ab |
277b |
452a |
a–cValues across rows are different (P < 0.05). |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
s9818 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86104 |
Watch |
1087 |
The form, more than the fatty acids profile of fat supplements, influences digestibility but not necessarily the production performance of dairy cows. |
1 |
U. Moallem |
CSFA free fatty acids palmitic acid |
J. Shpirer1,2, L. Lifshitz1, H. Kamer1, Y. Portnik1, U. Moallem1 |
1Department of Ruminants Science, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel, 2Department of Animal Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel |
The form of fat supplement, degree of saturation, and the fatty acids (FA) profile influence the cows' productive response. The objective was to examine the effects of fat supplements differing in form or FA profile on nutrient digestibility and cows’ performance. Forty-two dairy cows were assigned into 3 groups and fed for 13 wks rations contained (on DM basis): 1) CS45:35 – 2.4% of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) comprised of 45% palmitic acid (PA) and 35% oleic acid (OA); 2) CS80:10 – 2.4% of CSFA comprised of 80% PA and 10% OA; 3) FF80:10–2.0% of free FA comprised of 80% PA and 10% OA. Rumen and fecal samples were taken for VFA and digestibility measurements, respectively. Production data were analyzed with PROC MIXED, and rumen and digestibility data with GLM models of SAS. Milk yields tended to be higher in FF80:10 than in CS80:10 cows (P = 0.07). Fat percentage was highest in the FF80:10 (4.02%), intermediate in the CS80:10 (3.89%), and lowest in the CS45:35 cows (3.75%; P = 0.001). The 4% FCM yields were highest in the FF80:10 cows and ECM yields were higher in the FF80:10 than in the CS80:10 cows. DMI did not differ among groups, and the calculated EB was lower in the FF80:10 cows (P = 0.0001). Efficiency calculations for FCM and ECM were higher in the FF80:10 cows. The rumen acetate/propionate was lowest in FF80:10 (P = 0.0005), and the total VFA was lowest in CS80:10 cows (P = 0.004). Digestibility of DM and OM were higher in the CS80:10 than in FF80:10 cows (P = 0.03), protein digestibility was lowest in the FF80:10 group (P = 0.02), and NDF and ADF digestibilities were highest in CS80:10 cows (P = 0.0002). Crude fat and 16-carbon FA digestibilities were lower in the FF80:10 (P = 0.05), and that of 18-carbon FAs was lower in the FF80:10 than in the CS80:10 cows (P = 0.008). In conclusion, the form, more than the FA profile of the fat supplements influences digestibility. However, it appears that energy partitioning toward production was higher in the FF80:10, although the digestibility was lower in this group than in cows fed both CSFA products. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86550 |
Watch |
1088 |
Interaction between DGAT1 polymorphism, parity, and acetate supplementation on feeding behavior, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. |
2 |
C. Matamoros |
genetic potential lipogenesis milk fat |
C. Matamoros1, C. D. Dechow1, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Acetate supplementation increases milk fat, but interactions with animal-related factors are relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the interaction of acetate supplementation, genetic potential for milk fat synthesis (genomic PTA or DGAT1 SNP), and parity on milk fat synthesis. A total of 96 cows (49 multiparous and 47 primiparous) were arranged into 2 blocks of 48 in a crossover design with 14-d experimental periods and loosely housed with Calan gates. Treatments were a basal TMR as a control or sodium acetate mixed in the TMR at ~10 mol/d of acetate. Milk yield and composition and DMI were determined during the last week of each period. Blood samples were taken at 2 time points at the last day of each period. Data were analyzed with a model that included the fixed effect of treatment, DGAT1 SNP, parity, block, and all their possible interaction and the random effect of period(block) and cow(block). For analysis with genomic PTA, DGAT1 was replaced with genomic PTA for milk fat percentage or yield. Variables that were measured through time were similarly analyzed with repeated measured. All models were hierarchically reduced and Studentized residuals outside of ± 3 were considered outliers and eliminated. The DGAT1 K232A SNP frequency was 45% AA and 51% KA, with 4% cows with either a KK or unimputable genotype. Acetate supplementation increased DMI by 1.7 kg/d in KA multiparous cows, but there was no difference in other types of cows (acetate × DGAT1 × parity P = 0.10). There was no effect of acetate on milk yield (P = 0.86) and no interaction with DGAT1 polymorphism or parity. Acetate supplementation increased milk fat yield and concentration by 117 g/d and 0.31 percentage units, respectively (P < 0.001 for both) and there was no interaction with DGAT1 polymorphism or parity. There was also no interaction of acetate and genomic PTA for milk fat yield (acetate P < 0.001 both analyses). In conclusions, acetate supplementation increases milk fat synthesis regardless of parity or genetic potential for milk fat synthesis. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86978 |
Watch |
1089 |
Interaction between trans-10,cis-12 CLA and acetate supplementation on milk fat production and milk fatty acids. |
3 |
C. Matamoros |
de novo lipogenesis milk fat depression |
C. Matamoros1, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Acetate supplementation increases milk fat synthesis under normal dietary conditions. It is not known if acetate can recover milk fat synthesis when milk fat depression (MFD) is induced with trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The objective of this study was to characterize the interaction between trans-10,cis-12 CLA and acetate supplementation on milk fat synthesis and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Ten ruminally cannulated cows were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design with 7-d periods and 14-d washout periods. Treatment factors were CLA (10 g/d infused to the abomasum) or sodium acetate providing 600 g/d of acetate as a continuous ruminal infusion. Milk samples were collected at each milking during the last 2 d of each period and all variables were averaged across the period for analysis. Data were analyzed with a mixed model that included the fixed effect of acetate, CLA, and their 2-way interaction and the random effect of cow and period. Acetate supplementation decreased milk yield by 2 kg/d (P = 0.02), regardless of CLA supplementation. As expected, CLA supplementation decreased milk fat percentage by 40% (P < 0.001) and milk fat yield by 655 g/d (P < 0.001). Acetate increased milk fat percentage by 9% (P = 0.01) and there was no effect of acetate on milk fat yield (P = 0.34). There was no interaction between factors in any milk production variable. Acetate supplementation increased the concentration of 16 C FA by 7% (P < 0.001) and tended to decrease the concentration of FA >16 C (P = 0.08). Supplementation of CLA decreased the concentration of FA <16 C and 16 C FA by 20 and 12% (P < 0.001 for both), respectively, and increased the concentration of FA >16 C by 20% (P < 0.001). There was no interaction between factors in any milk FA category. In conclusion, acetate supplementation did not recover milk fat synthesis when MFD was induced with trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Acetate supplementation did stimulate mammary lipogenesis regardless of occurrence of CLA-induced MFD. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86448 |
Watch |
1090 |
Rumen and abomasal infusion of an exogenous emulsifier improves nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows. |
4 |
J. M. dos Santos Neto |
absorption emulsifier fatty acid |
J. M. dos Santos Neto1, C. M. Prom1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
We evaluated the effects of infusing an exogenous emulsifier either into the rumen or abomasum on DMI and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows. Nine rumen-cannulated multiparous cows (170 ± 13.6 DIM; 43.6 ± 5.20 kg of milk) were assigned in 3 × 3 Latin squares with 18 d periods consisting of 7 d of washout and 11 d of infusion with sampling on the last 4 d. Treatments were infusions of: 1) water carrier only into the rumen and abomasum (CON); 2) 30 g/d polysorbate-C18:1 (Tween-80; T80) infused into the rumen (RUM); and 3) 30 g/d T80 infused into the abomasum (ABO). Cows were fed the same diet which contained (%DM) 32.2% NDF, 16.1% CP, 26.5% starch and 3.41% fatty acids (FA; 1.96% FA supplement containing 28% C16:0 and 55% C18:0). The statistical model included the random effect of cow within square and the fixed effects of treatment, period, square, and their interactions. We evaluated 2 orthogonal contrasts: 1) the overall effect of T80 infusions (CON vs. the average of ABO and RUM) and 2) RUM vs. ABO. Overall, T80 had no effect on DMI (P = 0.16), decreased 16-carbon FA intake (4.50 g/d; P = 0.04), and increased the digestibility of NDF (2.85 percentage units; P = 0.05), total FA (4.65 percentage units), 16-carbon FA (3.25 percentage units), and 18-carbon FA (4.60 percentage units; P < 0.01). Infusing T80 did not affect 16-carbon absorption (P = 0.20) and tended to increase 18-carbon (P = 0.07) and total FA (P = 0.09) absorption. Compared with RUM, ABO had no effect on DMI (P = 0.16) but decreased the intake of total FA (28 g/d; P = 0.02), 16-carbon FA (7 g/d; P = 0.01), and 18-carbon FA (19.0 g/d; P = 0.03). Compared with RUM, ABO had no effect on the digestibility of NDF (P = 0.88) or 16-carbon FA digestibility (P = 0.13) but tended to increase total FA and 18-carbon FA (P = 0.07) digestibility with no effect on the absorption of total FA, 16-carbon FA, or 18-carbon FA (P > 0.60). In conclusion, infusion of polysorbate-C18:1 into both the rumen and abomasum increased total FA, 16-carbon FA, and 18-carbon FA digestibility. Responses were marginally better for the abomasum compared with rumen infusion. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86577 |
Watch |
1091 |
Meta-analysis examining the effect of palmitic acid supplementation on molar changes in de novo and preformed milk fatty acids in dairy cows. |
5 |
A. C. Benoit |
fatty acid mammary gland milk fat |
A. C. Benoit1, J. M. dos Santos Neto1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of palmitic acid (C16:0) supplementation on changes in milk FA yield in moles per day (mol/d). Our analysis included 1,215 individual observations from 16 studies conducted in early to late lactation cows. Treatments were control diets (CON) with no supplemental FA (n = 557) and diets supplemented at 1.5% DM with C16:0-enriched supplements or FA blends containing ≥ 80% C16:0 (PA; n = 658). Diets (% DM) included (mean ± SD) 29.8 ± 2.1 NDF, 27.2 ± 2.2 starch, and 16.9 ± 0.51 CP. Production across treatments was 28.5 ± 3.4 kg/d DMI, 45.5 ± 4.5 kg/d milk, 1.70 ± 0.22 kg/d milk fat, and 1.45 ± 0.13 kg/d milk protein. The statistical model included the random effect of study, cow within study, and period or day of treatment within study. Sources of milk FA were classified as de novo (<16 carbons), mixed (16 carbons), and performed (>16 carbons). Compared with CON, PA had no effect on de novo yield (P = 0.22) but increased C4:0 yield (P < 0.01) by 4.4% and decreased yields of C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 by 5.0%, 9.6%, 11.0%, and 6.1%, respectively (P < 0.01). Compared with CON, PA increased mixed yield (P < 0.01) by 16.5% and increased C16:0 and C16:1 yields (P < 0.01) by 17.3% and 8.4%, respectively. PA had no effect on preformed yield (P = 0.69) but decreased C18:0 yield by 2.5% and increased C18:1 yield by 3.2% (P < 0.01) compared with CON. Overall, the relative molar yield of FA sources for CON were 34.3% de novo, 33.0% mixed, and 32.6% preformed compared with 32.4% de novo, 36.7% mixed, and 30.9% preformed for PA. In conclusion, our results indicate that C16:0 supplementation increases the inclusion of mixed FA into milk fat without decreasing the yields of de novo or performed FA. However, C16:0 supplementation does shift de novo synthesis toward greater C4:0 yield and lower yields of longer-chain de novo FA and shifts preformed FA yield toward greater C18:1 rather than C18:0. This could be due to positional distribution of specific FA in triglycerides for maintenance of milk fat fluidity. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86440 |
Watch |
1092 |
Effect of palmitic acid supplementation on production responses of primiparous dairy cows during early lactation. |
6 |
J. Parales-Giron |
fat supplementation first lactation periparturient |
J. Parales-Giron1, J. M. dos Santos Neto1, L. C. Worden1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) supplementation has been shown to increase energy partitioning toward milk production, improving the yields of milk fat, 3.5% FCM, and ECM in multiparous cows at different stages of lactation, including early lactation. In the current study we evaluated the effect of C16:0 supplementation on DMI, the yields of milk and milk components, and BW and BCS of primiparous dairy cows during early lactation. Twenty-eight first-lactation Holstein cows (2,359 ± 130 GTPI) were used in a complete randomized block design and assigned to either a control diet containing no supplemental fat (CON), or a diet supplemented with a C16:0-enriched supplement at 1.5% diet DM (PA) from calving to 23 DIM. The diets contained (% DM) 26.2% forage NDF, 25.1% starch, and 17.9% CP. The C16:0-enriched supplement (91% C16:0) replaced soyhulls in CON. The study ran from August 2019 to March 2020, when it had to be stopped due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The statistical model included the random effects of block, cow within block and treatment, and Julian date, and the fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interactions. When the interaction between treatment and time was significant, mean comparisons were made within week of lactation. Treatment did not affect DMI, milk yield, milk protein content and yield, or BW and BCS change (P > 0.34). PA tended to increase the yields of milk fat (P = 0.07) and 3.5% FCM (P = 0.09). Treatment interacted with time; in the second week of lactation, PA increased milk fat content (4.40, 4.76 %; P < 0.01) and the yields of milk fat (1.23, 1.42 kg/d; P < 0.05), 3.5% FCM (32.2, 36.0 kg/d; P < 0.01), and ECM (31.7, 34.9 kg/d; P < 0.05), and tended to increase DMI (P = 0.09). In the third week of lactation, PA increased milk fat content (4.07, 4.44%; P < 0.05) and tended to increase milk fat yield (P = 0.06). These data provide evidence for beneficial effects of palmitic acid supplementation in early lactation primiparous cows. However, the fewer number of experimental units than initially intended did reduce the statistical power and ability to detect treatment differences. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86910 |
Watch |
1093 |
Effect of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate blended in a fatty acid supplement on lactating dairy cow performance when feeding diets with increased risk for diet-induced milk fat depression. |
7 |
S. L. Bennett |
HMTBa milk fat depression |
S. L. Bennett1, R. Bomberger1, J. Albrecht2, O. Drehmel2, C. Soderholm2, M. Scott2, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 2Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie, MN |
2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (HMTBa) is a rumen available methionine analog which has been shown to reduce the risk of biohydrogenation induced milk fat depression as a rumen modifier. Blending HMTBa with a fat supplement may impact its rumen availability and digestibility of the supplement. Our objective was to investigate the effect of HMTBa blended with a FA supplement on milk fat depression and fatty acid digestibility. Fifteen multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square with 21 d periods. Each period consisted of 2 dietary phases. During the first 18 d, a moderate-risk diet was fed (28.5% NDF, 0.75% soy oil) and during the final 3 d a high-risk diet was fed (28.0% NDF, 1.5% soy oil). The fat supplement was included at 1.5% DM in all diets. Treatments were fat supplements that contained 0% (CON), 3.7% (LOW), and 7.3% (HIGH) HMTBa in the FA prill targeting 0, 12.5 and 25 g/d of HMTBa. Digestibility was measured using iNDF as an internal marker. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included the random effects of cow and period and the fixed effects of treatment, phase, and their interaction. There was a treatment by phase interaction (P = 0.02) on milk yield, where yield decreased during the high-risk phase for CON cows and increased for LOW cows (45.7 vs 47.6 kg/d). The high-risk diet did not decrease milk fat as expected, however milk protein increased (2.94% vs 2.96%, P = 0.02) and lactose decreased (4.85% vs 4.83%, P = 0.05) between phases. There were no effects of treatment on milk fatty acid profile, though there were phase effects. Both de novo and mixed source FA proportions decreased, while total 18 carbon FA, trans-10 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1 increased in the high-risk phase. Total-tract DM digestibility was lower in cows fed diets that contained HMTBa, regardless of dose (57.9% vs 55.6%, P = 0.01). There were no effects of treatment on any other nutrient digestibility parameters. Overall, feeding HMTBa blended with a FA supplement had no effect on milk production, components or digestion. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87046 |
Watch |
1094 |
Dietary effects on branched-chain volatile fatty acid use for bacterial lipid synthesis in dual-flow cultures varying in forage and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. |
8 |
K. E. Mitchell |
cellulolytic fatty acids aldehyde |
K. E. Mitchell1, S. L. Kienzle1, B. A. Wenner1, C. Lee2, D. H. Kleinschmit3, M. T. Socha3, J. L. Firkins1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 3Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN |
Rumen bacteria utilize branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) or aldehydes (BCALD) to maintain membrane homeostasis, and cellulolytics require branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA). Our objective was to assess BCVFA usage in continuous cultures (CC) administered high (HF) and low (LF) forage diets. We hypothesized that BCVFA would be used more in the HF diet because of the greater proportion of cellulolytic bacteria. However, supplemental PUFA would inhibit cellulolytic bacteria, so less BCVFA was expected to be recovered in BCFA and BCALD. The study was an incomplete block design with 8 CC used in 4 periods with treatments (n = 4) arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. The factors were: HF or LF (67 or 33% forage, 33:67 alfalfa:orchard grass), without or with supplemental corn oil (3% CO, 1.5% PUFA), and without or with 2.15 mmol/d (5 mg/d 13C) each of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate. Bacteria pellets were collected. After methylation, FA and fatty aldehydes were separated before analysis by GC/IRMS. A mixed model had random effects of period and fermenter and fixed effects of diet, CO, BCVFA, and their interactions. Label was only recovered in branched-chain lipids, contrary to previously reported results performed on a shorter column, which probably caused coelution. Dose recovery in bacterial lipids decreased (P = 0.02, Diet × CO) from 2.07% with HF to 1.47% with LF, but CO in the HF diet decreased the recovery by 19.8%. Fatty aldehydes were less than 6% of total bacterial lipids, but 26.5% of 13C recovered in lipids were recovered in BCALD. HF increased the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, which increased the dose recovery in lipids, but CO only affected recovery with a HF diet because the bacterial profile shifted toward a population that was more sensitive to PUFA supplementation. Because BCFA and BCALD play an important role in the function and growth of bacteria, especially cellulolytics, BCVFA supplementation can support the rumen microbial consortium, increasing fiber degradation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87066 |
Watch |
1095 |
Oleic acid limits lipolysis and improves mitochondrial function in adipose tissue from periparturient dairy cows. |
9 |
U. Abou-Rjeileh |
oleic acid lipolysis PLIN5 |
U. Abou-Rjeileh1, D. Salcedo1, J. Parales1, C. Prom1, M. Chirivi1, N. J. O'Boyle2, J. Laguna1, A. L. Lock1, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom |
Oleic acid (OA) has been shown to modulate lipid mobilization and enhance mitochondrial function. In the liver, OA promotes lipid droplet formation by activating perilipin 5 (PLIN5) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα); however it is unknown if this mechanism occurs in adipose tissue (AT). We hypothesize that OA limits lipolysis and improves mitochondrial function in bovine AT. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 12) were infused abomasally following parturition with ethanol (CON) or OA (60 g/d) for 15 d. Subcutaneous AT samples were obtained at 11 ± 3.6d before calving (PreP), and 6 ± 1d (PP1) and 13 ± 1.4d (PP2) after parturition. Adipocyte morphometry was performed on H&E-stained sections. Isoproterenol (ISO, 1μM) stimulated lipolysis and insulin (1μg/L) inhibition of ISO were determined using an in vitro explant culture by measuring glycerol release. PLIN5 and PPARα expression were determined by capillary electrophoresis. NGS RNA sequencing was used to evaluate the transcriptomic profile of bioenergetics gene pathways. Statistical analyses were performed using a mixed effect model which included the random effect of cow, and the fixed effect of treatment, time, and their interactions. At PP2, compared with CON, OA reduced AT response to ISO and increased AT sensitivity to insulin (P < 0.01). Compared with CON, OA decreased the percentage of smaller adipocytes (<3,000 μm2) at PP2 (P < 0.001) hence limiting adipocyte size reduction. Compared with CON, OA tended to have higher PPARα content at PP1 (P < 0.10), and increased PLIN5 protein expression at PP2 (P < 0.05). At PP2, OA increased PARP3 fragments per kilobase million mapped reads (FPKM) which mediates DNA strand break repair (P < 0.05) and tended to increase SOD2 FPKM which plays an antiapoptotic role against oxidative stress (P = 0.06). OA decreased SIRT3 FPKM at PP2 (P < 0.05) supporting a shift to lipogenesis. Our results provide initial evidence that OA may limit lipolysis by enhancing lipogenesis through the activation of PPARα through PLIN5. RNa-seq results show that OA improves mitochondrial integrity reflecting a state of lipogenesis. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86444 |
Watch |
1096 |
Rumen vs. abomasal infusion of oleic acid as an approach to determine the potential for an oleic acid-enriched calcium-salt to affect digestibility and production of dairy cows. |
10 |
A. M. Burch |
absorption fatty acid milk fat |
A. M. Burch1, J. de Souza2, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
We determined the effects of a high oleic acid (OA; C18:1) Ca-Salt (23% C16:0 and 64% C18:1) alongside rumen and abomasal infusion of OA on digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous cows (46.2 ± 5.96 kg/d of milk; 161 ± 11 DIM) were assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design with 18-d periods, consisting of 7-d of washout and 11-d of infusion. Treatments were: water infusions (CON), abomasal infusion of OA (ABO), ruminal infusion of OA (RUM), or rumen supplementation of a high OA Ca-salt (SALT). Treatments delivered 50 g/d of C18:1. Cows were fed the same diet that contained (%DM) 30% NDF, 16% CP, 30% starch, and 3.1% FA. The statistical model included the random effect of cow within square and the fixed effects of period, treatment, and their interaction. Pre-planned contrasts were: CON vs the average of the 3 C18:1 treatments (CON vs FAT), OA infusion in the abomasum vs rumen (ABO vs RUM) and OA ruminal infusion vs Ca-salt (RUM vs SALT). Results are presented in the following order: CON, ABO, RUM, and SALT. Treatment had no effect on DMI or NDF intake (P > 0.39). FAT tended to decrease 16-carbon FA digestibility (62.2, 62.8, 55.5, 61.3; P = 0.09) compared with CON. FAT increased 3.5% FCM (42.6, 44.8, 43.9, 43.3 kg/d; P = 0.03), decreased milk fat content (3.56, 3.44, 3.45, 3.47%; P = 0.03), and tended to increase milk protein yield (1.31, 1.37, 1.34, 1.33 kg/d; P = 0.07) and content (3.01, 3.04, 3.03, 3.06%; P = 0.07) compared with CON. ABO increased digestibility of NDF (48.4 vs 46.3, P = 0.04), 16-carbon FA (P < 0.01), 18-carbon FA (62.0 vs 56.2, P = 0.01), and total FA (62.5 vs 56.4, P = 0.01) compared with RUM. SALT increased digestibility of DM (67.0 vs 69.1, P < 0.01), NDF (46.3 vs 49.0, P = 0.01), 16-carbon FA (P < 0.01), 18-carbon FA (56.2 vs 60.2; P = 0.04), and total FA (56.4 vs 60.8; P = 0.03) compared with RUM. In summary, abomasal infusion of OA and rumen supplementation of a high OA Ca-salt improved the digestibility of NDF and FA compared with ruminal infusion of OA in mid-lactation dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t87023 |
Watch |
1097 |
Effect of dietary fiber to starch ratio on bovine milk oligosaccharide profiles. |
11 |
S. D. Durham |
bovine milk oligosaccharides diet fiber |
S. D. Durham1, D. G. Lemay2, Z. Wei1, K. F. Kalscheur3, J. W. Finley4, N. Fukagawa5, D. Barile1,6 |
1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 2Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 3Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Dairy Forage Center, Madison, WI, 4Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Office of National Programs, Beltsville, MD, 5Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, 6Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA |
Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) have several demonstrated and hypothesized benefits including roles in cognitive development as well as prebiotic and antipathogenic activities, making them promising ingredients for infant formulas and nutraceuticals. BMO extraction from bovine milk is challenged by low concentrations relative to non-bioactive simple sugars. BMO abundances are known to vary with lactation stage, breed, and parity, but these characteristics are difficult to modify in existing dairy herds. In contrast, diet modification is an accessible target, and is already known to influence milk yield, lipid content, protein levels, and monosaccharide compositions. In this study, milk samples were collected from 59 mid-lactation Holstein dairy cattle in a crossover study design that included sampling during a pre-experimental baseline period and 2 subsequent 70-d treatment periods in which cows were fed either a high fiber low starch diet (HFLS; 37% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 13% starch) or a low fiber high starch diet (LFHS; 29% NDF, 27% starch). At the end of each period, cows were assigned to the opposite diet, such that each cow acted as its own control. BMOs were extracted from collected milk samples and isobarically labeled with carbonyl-reactive tandem mass tags to improve the detection of low-abundance BMOs and reduce analysis time by 75% for this large sample set. BMO analysis was conducted by nano-liquid chromatography chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Nineteen BMOs were identified across the sample set, including 4 large fucosylated compounds. Seven BMOs were found to have significantly more positive percent changes in yield-adjusted abundance from the baseline period for milk samples collected during feeding with the HFLS diet compared with the LFHS diet (P < 0.05). Additionally, this study affords the opportunity to investigate the impact of other potential influences on BMO abundances. Understanding how BMO profiles are affected by cow diet will aid in developing dairy herd dietary management practices to positively affect milk composition and improve their potential for use as functional ingredients. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 2: Lipids & Carbohydrates |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/20/2022 9:30 |
t86783 |
Watch |
1098 |
Rumen-protected choline (RPC) reduces hepatic triacylglycerol content by increasing hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion. |
12 |
U. Arshad |
choline lipoprotein triacylglycerol |
U. Arshad1, A. Husnain1, M. B. Poindexter1, R. Zimpel1, J. E. P. Santos1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to determine the effect of supplementing sources of RPC with a low (L, 28.8%) or high (H, 60.0%) concentration of choline chloride on hepatic lipid metabolism. Holstein cows at 234 ± 2.2 d of gestation were blocked by body condition (3.79 ± 0.50) and assigned to receive 0 (CON) or 25.8 g/d of choline ion either as L25.8 or H25.8 (n = 33; 11/treatment). Treatments were fed for 14 d, with cows feed-restricted to 50% of the net energy for lactation required in the last 9 d of the experiment. Intake of metabolizable methionine was maintained at 20 g/d for the 14-d experiment with rumen-protected methionine. Hepatic tissue was collected on d 13 to determine composition and mRNA expression. On d 14, cows received intravenously a 10% solution of tyloxapol at 120 mg/kg of body weight to block very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) catabolism. Blood was sampled sequentially for 720 min and the area under the curve (AUC) of triacylglycerol (TAG) was calculated. Lymph was sampled 6 h post-infusion. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects models, and orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effect of supplementing RPC (CON vs. 1/2 L25.8 + 1/2 H25.8) and source of RPC (L25.8 vs. H25.8). Supplementing RPC reduced hepatic TAG content and increased AUC for serum TAG indicating increased hepatic secretion of TAG-rich lipoproteins. Supplementing RPC increased the mRNA expression of genes associated with autophagy (ATG3) and assembly of lipoproteins (MTTP), whereas it decreased the expression of a gene associated with hepatic lipidosis (PLIN2). Reduction in hepatic TAG in cows supplemented with RPC is mediated by increased hepatic TAG secretion. Table 1.
| Item |
CON |
L25.8 |
H25.8 |
SE |
RPC |
Source |
| Liver, as-is % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| TAG |
8.26 |
3.99 |
4.76 |
0.44 |
0.01 |
0.16 |
| Glycogen |
1.77 |
3.40 |
3.96 |
0.15 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
| AUC TAG, mg/dL/min |
21,747 |
32,323 |
28,699 |
3,706 |
0.03 |
0.43 |
| Lymph |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NEFA, mM |
0.43 |
0.46 |
0.53 |
0.14 |
0.65 |
0.66 |
| BHB, mM |
0.87 |
0.86 |
0.89 |
0.08 |
0.97 |
0.73 |
| Glucose, mM |
2.90 |
3.17 |
2.94 |
0.15 |
0.33 |
0.25 |
| TAG, mg/dL |
16.7 |
13.8 |
11.9 |
1.9 |
0.07 |
0.42 |
| Hepatic mRNA, fold change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ATG3 |
1.0 |
1.10 |
1.12 |
— |
0.08 |
0.79 |
| DGAT2 |
1.0 |
0.85 |
0.99 |
— |
0.20 |
0.05 |
| MTTP |
1.0 |
0.98 |
1.58 |
— |
0.10 |
0.01 |
| PLIN2 |
1.0 |
0.66 |
0.62 |
— |
0.03 |
0.80 |
|
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
s9980 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
t86837 |
Watch |
1099 |
The legalization of raw milk sales: A method to aid in the safety of unpasteurized dairy products. |
1 |
R. Hutton |
raw milk legal safety |
R. Hutton1, J. Bohlen1 |
1University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
The routine process of pasteurizing milk was widely implemented by the 1950s in the United States, effectively reducing food borne illness outbreaks related to dairy products for decades. During the pasteurization process, milk is heated to extreme temperatures to ensure the eradication of pathogenic microorganisms such as Brucella, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella, all known to cause serious diseases and even death. However, there is an increasing desirability for unpasteurized (raw) milk by consumers. The popularity of organic, limited processed foods, perceived notions of raw milk’s increased nutritional benefits, and its superior taste all fuel this movement away from pasteurized dairy products. When it comes to accessing these raw products, laws vary extensively by state. In states where raw milk sales are legal, they are then accessed in accordance to the state law by direct from the farm, cow-share programs, or retail stores. In those states where raw milk sales for human consumption are illegal, advocates for raw milk find loopholes in the system. An example is in Georgia where consumers are obtaining raw milk legally sold as pet food from producers with licenses under commercial feed laws. These farmers are not under strict regulations to produce a product viable for human consumption, which makes its use by consumers a potential catastrophe on the horizon. The dairy industry is built on providing a product that is advantageous to human health in a safe and legal manner. Legalization of raw milk sales for human consumption will allow at a minimum, regulation of the milk’s quality and safety with standards in place for storage temperature, testing for pathogen kind and count, somatic cell count, drug residue testing and farm sanitation requirements. Though the idea of legalized raw milk sales is not palatable to everyone, it may just provide the safest product for those determined to access an unpasteurized product. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
t86347 |
Watch |
1100 |
Quality control methods for detection of the A1 variant of β-casein in bulked milk. |
2 |
J. Becker |
A1 allele beta-casein milk processing |
J. Becker1, K. Daniels1, D. Winston1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
The A1 variant of bovine milk protein β-casein (A1 β-CN) is linked to allergies in humans and can reportedly cause stomach pain, bloating, and other digestive issues. Dairy products that are marketed as “A1-free,” or to exclusively contain A2 β-CN protein, are a relatively new category of dairy products; these apparently do not contain A1 β-CN and consumption is not generally linked to gastrointestinal upset. Genotyping of cows and selective retention of cows that only make the A2 variant of β-CN is gaining popularity on some US dairy farms, with resultant milk sold to specialty milk processors. The US does not currently have guidelines or regulations for quality control at milk processing plants to ensure that A2 β-CN sourced milk is in fact free from A1 β-CN. Nor is there an agreed upon definition of “A1-free” milk. There is therefore an urgent need for quality control methods for detection of A1 β-CN contamination in bulked milk intended to be sold as “A1-free.” There are several promising analytical methods for this purpose in milk samples, such as: (1) ELISA for measurement of A1 β-CN, (2) post-PCR SNP genotyping for presence of the A1 allele, and (3) chromatography followed by mass spectrometry for identification of intact A1 β-CN. Each method has pros and cons associated with it. To be of practical use for verification of “A1-free” status, these analytical methods should be: sensitive, specific, low-cost, and yield rapid results. Further, there is a need for regulatory agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration, to establish consensus on what constitutes “A1-free” milk so that milk processors can perform quality checks on bulk milk supplies and compare results to agreed-upon federal standards. Until these hurdles are overcome, quality assurance of “A1-free” labeled dairy products across the US cannot be reliably guaranteed. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
t86457 |
Watch |
1101 |
Are dairy foods healthy or is it just a coincidence? |
3 |
C Langford |
yogurt whey milk |
C Langford1, G Mazon1, J. H. C. Costa1 |
1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY |
An increasing viewpoint among consumers is that milk can have adverse health effects, leading to its removal from their diets (Paula et al., 2014). But these consumer viewpoints do not align with the research and disregard the health benefits associated with the consumption of dairy products. The consumption of dairy products has been researched to determine its relationship to disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Hernandez Ledesma et al. (2014) investigated the relationship between fermented milk and hypertension and diabetes and found the consumption of fermented milk was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure. This decrease in systolic blood pressure occurs because dairy products naturally contain angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting peptides, which can be used to treat hypertension (Rai, 2017). Gomez-Cortes (2018) found a correlation between milk consumption and a reduced risk of diabetes and obesity due to the high-quality protein in dairy products that has a satiating effect that prevents over consumption and leads to a reduction in body fat storage. Additionally, whey protein in dairy products can help combat diabetes by reducing postprandial plasma glucose and due to its leucine content that stimulates the glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (Gomez-Cortes 2018). High glucose levels in the blood stimulates GIP to signal insulin production to lower glucose (Gomez-Cortes 2018). Dairy consumption has also been linked to a reduced risk in developing colon cancer in men consuming 525 g of milk each day (Ralston et al., 2014). This reduced risk arises due to milk binding to secondary bile acids and the colorectal epithelium (Lamprecht et al., 2001). Binding of calcium has been shown to reduce cell proliferation in the colon and rectum. Thus, reducing the reported cases of colon cancer (Ahearn et al., 2011). Overall, research has shown that dairy consumption has health benefits to the consumer such as reduced risk of diabetes, hypertension, and colon cancer. Dairy products contain ACE, CLA, and calcium that all serve to support health. Future research should investigate other potential health benefits from dairy foods consumption. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
t86765 |
Watch |
1102 |
Synthetic milk: Milk without the moo. |
4 |
S. Hettinger |
dairy products synthetic milk cellular agriculture |
S. Hettinger1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines the standard identity of milk as the “the lacteal secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows” (FDA Requirements for Specific Standardized Milk and Cream, 2021). Synthetic milk is an imitation of natural milk produced through cellular agriculture. Cellular agriculture encompasses a group of technologies that allow the manufacture of livestock products using culturing techniques. The most common method of producing synthetic milk is through the extraction of DNA containing the genes responsible for producing casein and whey. This bovine DNA is then incorporated into the genome of yeast or bacteria, creating recombinant strains. These microorganisms, upon exposure to plant-based fats, plant-based sugars, and water, excrete casein as well as whey through fermentation. These proteins are isolated in powder form and made into dairy products (Newman et al., 2021). Start-up companies around the world that produce and sell synthetic milk and dairy products in the United States use “clean milk” to describe their products (Perfect Day Foods Inc., n.d.) These companies claim the taste of their protein-based dairy products is indistinguishable from traditional milk and that the products include the added benefits of lacking impurities, lactose, bacteria, negative environmental impacts, and cholesterol (Milburn, 2018). Limited peer-reviewed research is available to back these claims. As it becomes more accessible to consumers, synthetic milk, including its production and marketing strategies, represents a major threat to the production and sale of traditional dairy products. Further research into food safety, environmental impact, and nutrient content differences between synthetic milk and traditional dairy is required to evaluate the effects this new technology will have on the future of traditional dairy products. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
t86824 |
Watch |
1103 |
Impact of milk components on cheese quality. |
5 |
R. Rahn |
casein micelle rennet coagulation time milk components |
R. Rahn1, C. Zaring1, E. Eckelkamp1 |
1University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
Cheese has become the most consumed dairy product in the United States. Coagulation though chemical component interactions with rennet is required in most cheese. Casein (CN) is the major component of milk protein that interacts with rennet to form coagulum. This coagulum involves gel formation or the denaturing and restructuring of milk proteins. The CN micelle is composed of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and can be influenced by various factors such as breed, nutrition, somatic cell count, and stage of lactation. Phosphorus contributes to CN micellular structure by binding to Ca and creating crosslinks with soluble Ca2+ which is vital for the secondary phase of rennet coagulation in curd formation. Milk with higher dry matter (13.5 ± 0.7 g/100g), fat (3.99 ± 0.44 g/100g), lactose (5.01 ± 0.06 g/100g), protein (3.69 ± 0.29 g/100g), Ca (129.5 ± 11.1 mg/100g), and P (106.6 ± 9.9 mg/100g) concentrations was more likely to be optimal (ideal curd size, firmness, and coagulation time) for cheese making (Malacarne et al., 2013). According to Priyashantha et al. (2019), CN micelles in milk can be present as a small micelle (SM; 149.8 nm) or a large micelle (LM; 161.6 nm) with larger CN micelles requiring lower concentrations for coagulation to occur. Occasionally, coagulum is weak or unformed and could be corrected through adding Ca, citrate, or both. When adding only Ca to a milk sample, LM size decreased by 18% and rennet coagulation time (RCT) decreased while critical coagulation concentration (CCC) increased. The addition of only citrate did not result in significant differences in CN micelle size for SM and LM but did increase RCT. However, the addition of Ca and citrate together increased SM and LM size by 9% and 5% respectively, increased RCT, lowered CCC, and yielded a stronger gel (Priyashantha et al., 2019). Managing for higher component milk with adequate Ca and P would result in optimal cheese processing. In the case of abnormal coagulation, addition of Ca and citrate improved RCT and CCC regardless of CN micelle size. |
| ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods Oral Competition |
SAD Oral Competition |
ADSA-SAD Dairy Foods ORAL Competition |
6/20/2022 11:00 |
t86935 |
Watch |
1104 |
The emerging world of postbiotics. |
6 |
C. Arrowsmith |
postbiotics immune health |
C. Arrowsmith1, D. Olver1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Many consumers faced lifestyle changes during the Covid-19 pandemic, with an especially large amount of attention directed toward immune function. The result has been an increased focus on gut health and the many methods of boosting it, including both pre- and probiotics. Postbiotics have been gaining attention for similar reasons. According to Zolkiewicz et al., postbiotics are substances that result from the metabolic processes of microorganisms in the intestinal system. Common forms of postbiotics are short-chain fatty acids, enzymes, and cell wall fragments. Like prebiotics and probiotics, postbiotics support immune health. Zolkiewicz found that butyric acid, a major postbiotic, is vital in the production of regulatory T cells. Additionally, the study found that cell wall fragments can improve the production of cytokines. Cytokines support the immune system and can also decrease inflammation, especially in the large intestine. Dr. Brian Weiner from Cleveland Clinic shares that it is important to have a strong immune response in the large intestine such as the one supported by postbiotics. This is vital since the bacterial concentration in the colon is one of the largest found in nature. One advantage postbiotics have over traditional probiotics is that many are much more shelf stable and do not need to be refrigerated. Research has helped demonstrate the value of postbiotics. A 2010 study by Kotani et al. involved 80 elderly individuals deemed healthy. A placebo group drank sterile water daily, while the test group was given a postbiotic in the form of lactic acid. After 12 weeks, the investigators discovered that those in the treatment group had a reduced risk of respiratory infection and a greater rate of antibody production to protect against bacteria and toxins. While there are postbiotics supplements available, they can also be found in many foods, especially dairy foods. Dairy products that increase the production of postbiotics include buttermilk, cottage cheese, kefir, and yogurt. While postbiotics may be unknown to many, they are an emerging immune health trend that will be fueled by dairy products. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9895 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86793 |
Watch |
1105 |
Magnitude of change in prepartum feed intake and its association with transition metabolism and performance. |
1 |
M. G. S. Santos |
feeding behavior health |
M. G. S. Santos1, B. Mion1, B. V. Winters1, E. S. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objectives were to identify factors associated with changes in prepartum DMI, and to evaluate its consequence to transition metabolism and performance. Cows (n = 273) were assigned to automatic feeding bins to measure DMI from 45 d prepartum to 98 DIM. Within parity and season, cows were ranked based on relative change in DMI from period 1 (d −21 to −12) to period 2 (d −4 to 0) and classified in terciles. After calving (study d 0), cows were milked twice a day. Blood was sampled on d −21, −14, −10, −7, −3, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 for analyzes of selected metabolites. Rumination time (RT; min/d) was monitored by sensors. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX of SAS considering group, parity, diet, time, their interactions, season, and the random effect of cow. DMI was similar between groups in period 1 (13.3 ± 0.2 kg; P = 0.60) but differed in period 2 (T1 = 9.1; T2 = 11.3; T3 = 12.5 ± 0.2 kg; P < 0.01), resulting in major differences in the relative change in prepartum DMI (T1 = −30.7; T2 = −15.9; T3 = −4.6 ± 0.8%; P < 0.01). An interaction between group and d was detected (P = 0.02) for RT. From d −4 to 0, T1 had shorter RT (P < 0.05) than T2 and T3. Cows in T3 had lower prepartum BCS (T1 = 3.67; T2 = 3.65; T3 = 3.57 ± 0.03; P = 0.01) than T1 and T2. Cows in T1 were heavier (T1 = 786; T2 = 764; T3 = 750 ± 7 kg; P < 0.01) and had a less positive EBAL (T1 = 3.2; T2 = 4.2; T3 = 4.3 ± 0.3 Mcal/d; P < 0.01) than T2 and T3 in the prepartum period. Postpartum BW and yields of milk and ECM did not differ. An interaction between group and wk was detected (P < 0.01) for postpartum DMI. In wks 1 to 3, T3 had greater (P < 0.05) DMI than T1 and T2. Cows in T3 had a less negative postpartum EBAL (T1 = −2.1; T2 = −1.8; T3 = −1.0 ± 0.3 Mcal/d, P = 0.05) than T2 and T1. Through transition, cows in T1 had lower Ca (T1 = 2.27; T2 = 2.30; T3 = 2.32 ± 0.01 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and cholesterol (T1 = 2.27; T2 = 2.33; T3 = 2.49 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.01), and higher NEFA (T1 = 0.51; T2 = 0.45; T3 = 0.40 ± 0.01 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and BHB (T1 = 642; T2 = 564; T3 = 546 ± 18 µmol/L, P < 0.01) than T2 and T3. In conclusion, large reductions in prepartum DMI were associated with important changes in mineral and energy metabolism but not with the subsequent lactation performance. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86625 |
Watch |
1106 |
Association of β-hydroxybutyrate with time eating and ruminating as determined by an ear-based sensor in transition cows. |
2 |
S. A. Hagerty |
feeding behavior hyperketonemia transition |
S. A. Hagerty1, A. F. Park2, P. D. French1 |
1PHD R&D, Fort Atkinson, WI, 2Cooperative Research Farms, Richmond, VA |
The objective of this study was to investigate the association of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) with feeding behaviors reported by an ear tag-based sensor and determine if differences exist between parities. Data from 4 transition (−21 to +21 DIM) experiments conducted at the same location which included 255 cows fitted with an ear-based sensor (CowManager, Agis, NL) and whole-blood BHB measured at 7 DIM (Precision Xtra, Abbott) were analyzed using logistic regression and the mixed model of JMP with hyperketonemia (HYK) status (n = Normal or HYK = blood BHB ≥ 1 mmol/L) at 7 DIM and lactation group (LG) at dry-off (LG1 = parity 1, n = 83; LG2 = parity 2, n = 102; LG3 = parity 3+, n = 70) as fixed effects and trial as a random effect. Since HYK incidence was not uniformly distributed by LG (11%, 17%, and 20% for LG1, LG2, and LG3, respectively) an equal number of N cows within LG and trial were randomly selected for analysis of HYK status. Data from all cows were used to fit linear (L), quadratic (Q), and cubic (C) effects of day partum, simple effects of BHB and LG, and 2-way interactions using forward stepwise regression. A reduction in prepartum (PRE) or postpartum (POST) eating time (ET) or ruminating time (RT) increased (P < 0.01) the odds of HYK. Cows with HYK had lower POST ET (166 vs 182 ± 6 min/d; P < 0.01) and LG1 and LG2 subsequently diagnosed with HYK had lower PRE ET. Although all LG subsequently diagnosed with HYK had lower (P < 0.01) PRE RT, only LG2 had lower POST RT (LG x HYK; P < 0.01). PRE ET decreased (L; P < 0.01) 14% over the last 3 wk of gestation and did not differ for LG. Although POST ET increased (L,Q; P < 0.01) for all LG, LG1 increased by 77%, LG2 by 65%, and LG3 by 52% (LG x Day; P < 0.01). PRE RT decreased (L,Q; P < 0.01) 68 min/d (14%), whereas POST RT increased (L,Q,C; P < 0.01) 207 min/d (63%). In conclusion, there was an association between BHB and feeding behavior. Cows of all LG with HYK had lower POST ET. PRE ET was less for LG1 and LG2 cows subsequently diagnosed with HYK indicating that cows may be predisposed before parturition and strategies that increase ET merit further investigation. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85874 |
Watch |
1107 |
Prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia at calving and 7 days postpartum in grazing Holstein cows with spring parturitions in southern Chile. |
3 |
P. Melendez |
calcium magnesium grazing |
P. Melendez1, F. Lopez2,3, J. Lama2, B. Leon2 |
1School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 2Cooprinsem, Chile, Osorno, Chile, 3UACH, Valdivia, Chile |
Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia are typical metabolic disorders affecting dairy cattle worldwide. Although most studies have reported total plasma concentration of these 2 minerals, the ionized presentation is their biologically active form, which is considered a better indicator for blood Ca and Mg status in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of ionized Ca and Mg (iCa, iMg) in plasma (mean ± SEM) at calving and 7 d postpartum and the prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) and hypomagnesemia (SCM) in grazing Holstein cows with spring parturitions in southern Chile. The study was conducted during 2019. Eleven Holstein herds were randomly selected and 8 cows per herd were sampled at calving and 7 d postpartum to determine plasma iCa and iMg within an hour of sample collection, using a clinical analyzer. Of the total, 34.1% were lactation 1, 19.3% lactation 2 and 46.6% lactation ≥ 3. The mean ± SEM concentration at calving of iCa were 1.03 ± 0.10 mmol/L and of iMg were 0.62 ± 0.07 mmol/L. iCa concentration was 1.064 ± 0.13, 1.024 ± 0.13 and 0.89 ± 0.17 mmol/L and for iMg was 0.63 ± 0.06, 0.60 ± 0.07 and 0.61 ± 0.12 mmol/L, for lactations 1, 2 and ≥3, respectively. With a cut-off value of 1.0 mmol/L for iCa, and 0.52 mmol/L for iMg, the prevalence of SCH and SCM are shown in the table. It is concluded that SCH and SCM based on iCa and iMg determination are more common metabolic conditions than expected in southern Chilean grazing Holstein cows with spring parturitions. Table 1.
| Item |
At calving (%) |
7 d postpartum (%) |
| Subclinical hypocalcemia |
|
|
| Total (n=88) |
64.8a |
30.1b |
| Lac 1 (n=30) |
40.0a, * |
21.7b |
| Lac 2 (n=17) |
54.5a, ** |
23.5b |
| Lac 3+ (n=41) |
86.7a, *** |
42.3b |
| Subclinical hypomagnesemia |
|
|
| Total (n=88) |
21.6a |
48.9b |
| Lac 1 (n=30) |
0a, * |
33.3b, * |
| Lac 2 (n=17) |
17.7a, ** |
35.3b, * |
| Lac 3+ (n=41) |
24.4a, *** |
53.8b, ** |
a, bStatistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) between days within lactation. *, **, ***Statistical differences within day between lactations (P ≤ 0.05). |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86720 |
Watch |
1108 |
Effect of glycerol supplementation across the transition period on energy balance and inflammation in multiparous dairy cows milked with automated systems. |
4 |
B. J. Van Soest |
glycerol ketosis transition cows |
B. J. Van Soest1, M. N. Pereira3, T. F. Duffield2, M. A. Steele1, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavra, Lavras, MG, Brazil |
The objective of this study was to quantify the effect supplementing transition dairy cows with dry glycerol in the prepartum and postpartum periods has on markers of energy balance and inflammation. Multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 60) were enrolled in a 2x2 factorial design study. From d 21 to calving, cows individually received (in automated bins) a dry cow diet with either: 1) 250 g/d glycerol supplementation (66% pure glycerol; n = 30), or 2) no supplementation (n = 30). After calving, cows were individually assigned to: 1) 250 g/d glycerol product (66% pure glycerol; n = 30), or 2) no supplementation (n = 30) to their partial mixed ration (PMR) for the first 21 DIM. All cows were milked and offered a target of 5.4 kg/d pellet (23% of target total DMI) by an automated milking system (AMS) and followed for 21 d. Blood samples were collected 7 d before calving and 3, 7, 10, and 14 DIM for analysis of glucose and BHB, as well as 3 and 7 DIM for NEFA and haptoglobin (HAP). Initial dry cow BW, initial lactation BW, calf BW, as well as the −7 DIM blood sample measure were tested as covariates. Treatment factors and their interaction were analyzed using mixed-effect linear regression models. Postpartum NEFA was reduced in cows that received glycerol prepartum (0.54 vs 0.70, ± 0.05 mmol/L; P = 0.03) and postpartum (0.54 vs 0.71 ± 0.05 mmol/L; P = 0.01), such that those cows with supplementation pre- and postpartum had the lowest NEFA (0.44 ± 0.07 mmol/L) and those not supplemented had the highest (0.77 ± 0.07 mmol/L). No difference (P > 0.24) in blood glucose levels were detected due to supplementation during prepartum (2.74 ± 0.05 mmol/L) or postpartum (2.74 ± 0.05 mmol/L). Cows supplemented with glycerol prepartum tended to have reduced blood BHB levels compared with those without (0.67 vs 0.81 ± 0.05 mmol/L; P = 0.08). Postpartum glycerol supplementation tended to decrease BHB levels at 7 DIM (0.70 vs 0.87 ± 0.07 mmol/L; P = 0.09). No differences in postpartum HAP were detected (P > 0.25); cows supplemented with glycerol pre- and postpartum had the lowest concentration (0.62 ± 0.26 g/L), while those not supplemented at all had the highest (1.08 ± 0.23 g/L). These results suggest glycerol supplementation during the transition period can improve indicators of energy balance postpartum in multiparous AMS cows. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85943 |
|
1405 |
Associations of parity with health disorders, body condition score, and body weight in dairy cows in different production systems. |
5 |
I. Lean |
age disease |
I. Lean1,2, S. LeBlanc3, D. Sheedy1,2, T. Duffield3, J. Santos4, H. Golder1,2 |
1Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 3Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 4Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Our goal was to evaluate associations of parity with health disorders, body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) in different production systems. Retrospective data were obtained from 13 studies in Australia (AU), Canada (CA), and the USA with a total of 28,230 Holstein cows used. Parity ≥ 5 represented 9.0%, parity 4 9.8%, parity 3 19.0%, parity 2 28.1%, and parity 1 34.1% of cows. There were 15.5% in AU, 14.7% in CA, and 69.8% in the USA. Odds of disease were evaluated with mixed-effects multi-level models that included cow within group as a random effect and parity, production system [intensively fed (n = 28,675) or predominantly pasture-fed (n = 4,108)], and year of study that was mean centered were tested as fixed effects. The associations of parity and system with BCS and BW <30 d before calving and 7 to 100 DIM were assessed by mixed models with significance denoted at P > 0.05. Lactational incidence (LI) risk of clinical hypocalcemia increased with parity from 0.1% for parity 1 to 13% for parity ≥ 5 cows. The marked monotonic increase in risk suggests profound differences in metabolism with increased parity. The LI of clinical mastitis was 17.4%. The odds or hazard of mastitis increased moderately with parity, being 2.5 times greater in parity ≥ 5 than parity 1. The LI of lameness also increased with parity; odds of lameness were 5.6 times and hazard 4.7 times greater for parity ≥ 5 than parity 1. The LI of retained placenta was 7.4% and increased with parity; parity ≥ 5 had 2.3 times greater odds than parity 1. The LI of metritis was 10% and endometritis 14%, with greatest odds for parity 1. The LI of clinical ketosis was 3.3% with a marked increase in odds with parity. The prevalence of subclinical ketosis was 26.8% with only parity 1 having lower odds than other parities. BW increased yet BCS decreased with increased parity, warranting investigation into the role of labile tissue reserves in older cows. Meaningful differences in disease risk with parity suggest a need to carefully consider parity structure in study design and methods to reduce risk of health disorders tailored to cows of different ages. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87026 |
Watch |
1110 |
Lipolysis inhibition improves clinical outcomes in the treatment of ketosis in dairy cows: An individually randomized multigroup parallel controlled trial. |
6 |
M. Chirivi |
|
M. Chirivi1, D. Cortes1, A. O’Connor1, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Lipolysis dysregulation in adipose tissues (AT) of dairy cows is a major risk factor for clinical ketosis (CK). The current treatment for CK is oral propylene glycol (PG) which stimulates gluconeogenesis. However, PG does not reduce lipolysis. Niacin (NIA) and cyclooxygenase inhibitors can inhibit lipolytic activity. Our goal was to evaluate the recovery of CK using NIA and flunixin meglumine (FM) as lipolysis inhibitors and their effect on AT insulin sensitivity. Multiparous Jersey cows [n = 72; 7.1 (SD = 3.8) DIM; parity mode 3] were selected from a commercial dairy. Inclusion criteria were CK symptoms (depressed appetite, lethargy, reduced rumination, and milk yield) and high concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L). Cows were randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatments T1) PG: 310g oral once per d for 5 d, T2) PG+NIA: 24g oral once per d for 3 d, T3) PG+NIA+FM: 1.1 mg/kg IV once per day for 3 d. Healthy control cows (CON n = 24) matched by lactation and DIM (±2 d) were sampled. Plasma BHB (mmol/L), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA mmol/L), and glucose (GLU mg/dL) concentrations were determined at pre (PRE) and post-treatment (PT) at D3, D7, and D14. A subset of 6 cows were randomly selected from each group and subcutaneous AT samples were collected (right flank) at PRE and D7. The AT explants were treated with insulin (IN = 1µL/L) during ex vivo lipolysis stimulation by isoproterenol (β-adrenergic). Lipolysis was assessed by glycerol release in the media. A mixed effect linear model was used to calculate group LSM ± SE. Logistic regression model was used to calculate ketosis recovery (BHB < 1.2mmol/L) and relative risk (RR) for recovery. At PRE, CK cows showed high BHB (1.93 ± 0.9) and NEFA (0.66 ± 0.3), but low GLU (56.86 ± 12.4) compared with CON (P < 0.001). The PT results are presented in the following order T1, T2, T3, and CON ± SE. Compared with T1 and T2, T3 reduced plasma BHB (1.35, 1.23, 0.89, 0.63 ± 0.97, P < 0.05), NEFA (0.56, 0.56, 0.48, 0.38 ± 0.18, P < 0.05) and had higher PT GLU concentrations (66.5, 60.57, 66.17, 71.12 ± 10.4, P < 0.01). The RR for ketosis recovery in T3 cows were 1.5 (95% CI, 1.03–2.17) and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.99–1.97) relative to T1 and T2 respectively. At PRE, IN reduced lipolysis by 41 ± 8% in AT from CON, while no response was observed in CK cows (minus 2.9 ± 4%). At D7, the AT from T3 cows had a stronger response to IN reducing glycerol release by 36.5 ± 8% compared with T1 (26.9 ± 7%) and T2 (7.4 ± 8%) P < 0.05. These data suggest that including FM in CK treatment reduced lipolysis biomarkers and improved CK recovery and AT insulin sensitivity. Future studies will evaluate the mechanisms by which NIA and FM regulate AT's lipolytic responses during CK |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86128 |
Watch |
1111 |
Economic impact of postpartum clinical disease on cow profitability. |
8 |
N. Antonacci |
cost health transition |
N. Antonacci1, F. C. Ferreira2, F. S. Lima2, A. De Vries3, E. S. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Our objective was to estimate the cost of clinical disease diagnosed in the first 21 DIM (ClinD21). Cows were grouped into 3 categories: healthy (noClinD21; n = 3,551); single (sClinD21; n = 1,309); or multiple events (mClinD21; n = 225). Retained placenta, metritis, mastitis, lameness, digestive and respiratory problems were considered. Information on treatments, milk production, reproduction, and culling were recorded up to 300 DIM. Revenue was calculated as 300-d milk yield x $0.44/kg. Feed cost was estimated based on energy requirements and price of $0.26/kg of DM. Treatment costs included drugs, supplies, and labor, and breeding costs included semen or embryo, supplies, and labor. Unrealized revenues included discarded milk and salvage value of dead cows. Residual cow value (RCV) was calculated as cumulative cash flow projections for each cow and her replacements until 4,000 d. Total value was calculated as profit + RCV. Statistics were performed by ANOVA using SAS, and models included the effects of group, parity, season and their interactions. Number of ClinD21 reduced milk revenue as result of lower milk yield and increased culling rate (Table 1). Similarly, expenses with feed and breeding reduced with number of ClinD21. ClinD21 increased treatment costs, especially in the first 21 DIM, and the amount of unrealized revenues. The RCV was greater for cows with mClinD21, followed by sClinD21 and then noClinD21, which reflected the financial value of replacement heifers. The profit and total value per cow, however, was drastically affected by ClinD21. The total cost of ClinD21 was estimated at US$467 for a single case and US$934 for multiple cases. Table 1. Profitability of cows according to ClinD21 1
| Item |
ClinD21 |
P-value |
| None |
Single |
Multiple |
| Milk revenue per cow, $ |
4,271 ± 25 |
3,777 ± 40 |
3,135 ± 110 |
<0.01 |
| Expenses per cow, $ |
|
|
|
|
| Feed, $ |
1,520 ± 8 |
1,354 ± 14 |
1,139 ± 37 |
<0.01 |
| Treatment first 21 DIM, $ |
2 ± 0.7 |
109 ± 1 |
237 ± 3 |
<0.01 |
| Treatment after 21 DIM, $ |
13 ± 0.7 |
17 ± 1 |
12 ± 3 |
<0.01 |
| Breeding, $ |
98 ± 2 |
87 ± 2 |
64 ± 7 |
<0.01 |
| Total, $ |
1,632 ± 9 |
1,567 ± 14 |
1,451 ± 40 |
<0.01 |
| Unrealized revenues, $ |
50 ± 4 |
158 ± 7 |
259 ± 19 |
<0.01 |
| Profit per cow, $ |
2,588 ± 19 |
2,052 ± 30 |
1,425 ± 83 |
<0.01 |
| RCV, $ |
781 ± 10 |
850 ± 16 |
1,010 ± 45 |
<0.01 |
| Total value per cow, $ |
3,370 ± 13 |
2,902 ± 21 |
2,435 ± 58 |
<0.01 |
1Numbers represent LSM ± SE. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87005 |
Watch |
1416 |
The D2Dx immunity test as a measure of immune health in ewes and lambs. |
9 |
H Ford |
sheep immunity peripartum |
H Ford1, T Zheng2, M Bionaz1, Q Huo3, D Hasan1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2Nano Discovery Inc, Orlando, FL, 3University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL |
The D2Dx immunity test (Nano Discovery Inc.) is a newly developed assay that allows for the immune response in serum to a foreign pathogen to be rapidly quantified. The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in the D2Dx scores in periparturient ewes and their newborn lambs. For this purpose, 45 pregnant Polypay sheep were observed for approximately one month before and one month after parturition. From these ewes 86 lambs were observed until 60 d old. Blood was collected in non-heparinized vacuum tubes via jugular venipuncture from the ewes on days −40, −15, 5, 10, and 20 relative to parturition and from the lambs on d 3, 10, 30 and 60 after birth. The blood was processed via centrifugation and 50ul of serum was utilized to assess D2Dx scores. Fecal samples were collected from ewes on days −30 and +30 relative to parturition and from lambs at 60 d old. Strongyle-type egg counts were quantified using the modified McMaster egg count method. D2Dx and FEC scores were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (v9.4). Correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC). Overall, D2Dx scores from the serum of ewes were highest at day −40 when the average D2Dx score was 0.031 (±0.003). There was a decrease in D2Dx scores (P < 0.0001) as ewes approached lambing and began lactating, with an average score of 0.018 (±0.003) at 5 d postpartum. The D2Dx scores among ewes were also compared with their fecal egg counts, with higher D2Dx scores prepartum being negatively correlated with postpartum increases in FEC (PCC = −0.46). In lambs, D2Dx scores were very low shortly after birth with lambs having an average D2Dx score of 0.007 (±0.001) at 3 d old but increased (P < 0.0001) by 10 d old (0.015 ± 0.002). There were no differences between lamb D2Dx scores at 10, 30 and 60 d old. By 60 d old, lambs with D2Dx scores above 0.01 had significantly lower FEC than lambs with D2Dx scores below 0.01 (P = 0.004). A positive correlation (PCC = 0.30) between ewe D2Dx scores on d 5 postpartum and their lamb D2Dx scores at 3 d old was also observed. The findings presented in this study indicate that the D2Dx immunity test may be a valuable tool for evaluating the immune status of ewes and their lambs during the peripartum period, particularly regarding nematode infection. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86675 |
Watch |
1113 |
The association of metritis cure at 5 and 14 days after diagnosis with milk yield, reproductive performance, and culling. |
10 |
P. R. Menta |
metritis cure performance |
P. R. Menta1, E. B. Oliveira2, J. G. Prim3, K. N. Galvao3,4, F. S. Lima2, M. A. Ballou1, N. R. Noyes5, V. S. Machado1 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 3Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 5Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Lubbock, TX |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of metritis cure with milk yield, fertility, and culling in dairy cows. Data from 412 cows enrolled in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of ceftiofur therapy for metritis was used. Cows were housed in 4 farms located in TX, FL, and CA. Metritis was diagnosed using the Metricheck device, and it was defined by the presence of red-brownish, watery, and fetid vaginal discharge. Metritis cure was defined as the absence of metritis, with early and late cure evaluated at 5 and 14 d after initial metritis diagnosis, respectively. Data related to milk yield, reproductive performance, and culling was extracted from the farms’ database software, and cows were followed during the first 180 DIM. All statistical analysis was done in SAS. A mixed General linear Model accounting for repeated measures was fitted to the milk yield data, while 2 Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to analyze the reproduction and culling data. Cure (non-cure, early, and late), treatment (control or ceftiofur), DIM, BCS, and rectal temperature at diagnosis, parity, stillbirth, and vulvovaginal laceration were offered to all models. Farm was included as a random variable. The proportion of cows considered as non-cure, early-cure, and late-cure of metritis was 26.0%, 40.8%, and 33.2%, respectively. Cure was associated with milk yield (P < 0.01), with non-cure and late-cure cows producing 1.60 (P = 0.06) and 1.72 (P = 0.03) kg/d less milk than early-cure cows, respectively. Cure was also associated with the hazard of pregnancy (P = 0.02). The likelihood of pregnancy was lower for non-cure cows in comparison to early-cure (HR = 0.62, P < 0.01) and late-cure cows (HR = 0.69, P = 0.03). However, the likelihood of pregnancy was not different between early and late-cure cows (P = 0.48). Cure was not associated with culling (P = 0.18). In conclusion, metritis cure was associated with milk yield and reproductive performance, but it was not associated with culling. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86831 |
Watch |
1114 |
Long-term effects of postpartum uterine health on the metabolome of uterine luminal fluid. |
11 |
B. Mion |
disease fertility histotroph |
B. Mion1, M. R. Carvalho1, J. F. W. Spricigo1, E. Ticiani1, O. B. Pascottini2, S. J. LeBlanc2, F. S. Lima3, E. S. Ribeiro2 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA |
Our objective was to compare the composition of uterine luminal fluid (ULF) at late diestrus in cows that had or did not have postpartum uterine disease (UTD). Forty-eight cows were followed from calving to 60 d in milk (DIM) for diagnosis of clinical diseases. Cows diagnosed with retained placenta and/or metritis in the first 21 DIM were classified as having UTD (n = 13). Cows without any clinical disease were classified as healthy and used as a control group (CONT; n = 30). Cows diagnosed with a disease outside the uterus (n = 5) were excluded. Cows had their estrous cycle synchronized using the 7-d CIDR Synch program, and the day of the final GnRH injection was considered d 0. Transcervical flushing of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum was performed on d 14 (59 ± 3 DIM). A subset of 14 good quality flushings (CONT = 7; UTD = 7) were selected for mass spectroscopy analyses of primary metabolites (ALEX-CIS GC-TOF MS), complex lipids (CSH-QTOF MS/MS), and oxylipins (UPLC MS/MS). Data were analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (single molecules) or SAS (group of molecules) using a linear model that includes the effects of group, parity, and their interaction. Compared with CONT, 8 primary metabolites were less abundant (pelargonic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, salicylic acid, 2-ketoadipic acid, parabanic acid, o-cresol, octadecanol, adipic acid) and 4 were more abundant (uracil, arachidonic acid, fucose, and 6-deoxyglucose) in UTD. Two complex lipids were less abundant (PI 32:1 and PC O-34:2) and 16 were more abundant (Cer d32:1, Cer d34:1, Cer d34:2, Cer d36:1, Cer d38:1, Cer d40:1, Cer d42:1; LPE 20:4; PE 36:4, PE 38:4, PE-P 36:4, PE-P 36:5, PE-P 38:3, PE-P 38:4, PE-P 38:5; and PI 36:2) in UTD. Two oxylipins were less abundant in UTD (5-HETE, 11(12)-EpETE). In addition, UTD cows had reduced concentration of oxylipins derived from linoleic acid (211 ± 49 vs 41 ± 41 nM/L, P = 0.04) and total oxylipins (251 ± 53 vs 61 ± 58 nM/L, P = 0.04). In conclusion, postpartum UTD seemed to affect the composition of ULF at late diestrus 2 mo after calving, which may help explain impaired conceptus elongation and reduced fertility in cows with UTD. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85944 |
|
1406 |
Associations of parity with survival and blood metabolites in dairy cows in different production systems. |
12 |
I. Lean |
age calcium culling |
I. Lean1,2, T. Duffield3, S. LeBlanc3, J. Santos4, D. Sheedy1,2, H. Golder1,2 |
1Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 3Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 4Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Our objective was to evaluate the associations of parity with survival and blood metabolites in different production systems. Retrospective data were obtained from 13 studies in Australia (AU), Canada (CA), and the USA. Our survival data set contained 30,780 Holstein cows, with 5.5% in AU, 6.9% in CA, and 87.6% in the USA. Survival analysis models were used to evaluate time to removal. The hazard of death increased with increased parity, but the pattern of culling differed with production system (pasture vs intensively fed). There were 5,154 Holstein cows in the pre-calving, calving, and immediate post-calving metabolic data sets. Cows in parity 1 were 26.9%, parity 2 27.7%, parity 3 21.6%, parity 4 11.8%, and parity ≥ 5 11.9% of the sample. Of these, 5.3% were in AU, 92.6% in CA, and 2.1% in the USA. Measures near peak lactation provided 1,951 observations with 54.4% from AU and the rest from CA. Concentrations of metabolites were evaluated with mixed-effects multi-level models that included cow within group as a random effect and parity, production system and year of study that was mean centered were tested as fixed effects. Concentrations of BHB and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased with parity on DIM 1 to 3 and at peak lactation. On DIM 1 to 3 differences in glucose, NEFA, and BHB indicated a greater reliance on mobilized lipid to export energy to peripheral tissues as BHB. Ca and P had marked differences in concentrations among parity groups at times, i.e., > 0.20 mM in Ca for parity 1 and 2 to parity ≥ 5 and > 0.33 mM for older parities compared with parity 1 for P on the d of calving. The marked differences in risk of death and concentrations of metabolites with parity at all times evaluated are consistent with reduced reproduction, health, and body condition for higher parity cows and demonstrate the considerable risk of confounding in evaluation if simple cut-points are used to diagnose subclinical disorders. There is a need to use parity-controlled models to better understand older dairy cows and the changes in metabolism associated with age that underpin the increases in health risks with increased parity. |
| Animal Health 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86639 |
Watch |
1116 |
Effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on health and production of high-performing lactating dairy cows. |
13 |
S. R. Fensterseifer |
DFM Bacillus performance |
S. R. Fensterseifer1, R. P. Arias1, C. M. Peter1, A. Lange2, E. Galbraith2 |
1United Animal Health Inc, Sheridan, IN, 2Microbial Discovery Group, Franklin, WI |
This study investigated the effects of feeding a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM; Strateris ECL, United Animal Health Inc., Sheridan, IN) to healthy high-performing lactating dairy cows on health and production. The DFM was fed at 10 g/cow/d (B. subtilis and B. pumilus blend, 4.90 × 109 cfu/cow/d) to a total of 7,230 cows on 3 different farms in WI and MI for 4 mo during Spring and Summer of 2021. All farms monitored individual monthly milk production, components, and health metrics via Dairy Comp 305. The 4 mo previous to (Period 1; P1PRE) and the 4 mo of DFM supplementation (Period 2; P2DFM) were evaluated. P1PRE and P2DFM were also compared with data from the same month-time intervals (P1 and P2) of 2020, 2019 and 2018. Performance data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4, with farm, period (P1 vs. P2), year, and month x year in the model. Farm was used as a random variable. Health data were analyzed as a chi-squared using the FREQ procedure in SAS. Metritis (6.8% vs. 9.0%; P < 0.01) and mastitis (2.9% vs. 3.5%; P = 0.05) cases decreased in P2DFM compared with P1PRE. Metritis (6.8% vs. 10.1%, 9.8% and 12.7%) and mastitis (2.9% vs. 3.7%, 4.2%, 3.8%) were also lower (P < 0.05) in P2DFM compared with P2 from 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Performance results are presented in Table 1. Milk yield and energy-corrected milk (ECM) increased (P < 0.05) in P2DFM compared with all evaluated periods. Milk fat percentage was lower (P < 0.05) on P2DFM compared with P1PRE, but higher (P < 0.05) compared with all other periods. High-performing dairy cows fed a Bacillus-based DFM during Spring and Summer had higher milk production and ECM, and lower prevalence of mastitis and metritis. Table 1. Performance of high-producing lactating dairy cows fed a Bacillus-based DFM
| Item |
2021 |
|
2020 |
|
2019 |
|
2018 |
SEM |
| P2DFM |
P1PRE |
P2 |
P1 |
P2 |
P1 |
P2 |
P1 |
| Milk yield, kg |
41.49a |
39.46b |
|
39.45b |
38.50cd |
|
38.87c |
38.48d |
|
38.50cd |
37.22e |
0.11 |
| Milk fat, % |
4.11b |
4.17a |
|
3.92e |
4.05c |
|
3.88f |
3.98d |
|
3.82g |
3.91e |
0.01 |
| Milk protein, % |
3.26c |
3.34a |
|
3.23f |
3.34a |
|
3.21e |
3.31b |
|
3.24d |
3.34a |
0.003 |
| ECM, kg |
45.32a |
43.74b |
|
42.29c |
42.10c |
|
41.21d |
41.46d |
|
40.44e |
40.29e |
0.10 |
a–gLSMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9831 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
n8712 |
|
3001INV |
Preserving and managing genetic diversity |
1 |
C.D. Dechow, H. Blackburn |
|
|
|
|
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86730 |
Watch |
1117 |
Single-step genomic evaluation of crossbreed dairy cattle in the US. |
2 |
D. Lourenco |
ssGBLUP genomic evaluation across-breed predictions |
A. Cesarani1, D. Lourenco1, S. Tsuruta1, A. Legarra2, E. L. Nicolazzi3, P. M. VanRaden4, I. Misztal1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2INRA, UMR1388 GenPhySE, Castanet-Tolosan, France, 3Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD, 4Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD |
Dairy cattle evaluations are progressively moving to single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP). We recently investigated the performance of ssGBLUP for US Holstein and multibreed genomic evaluations in the US. However, the latter comprised data from Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein (HO), and Jersey (JE) without crossbred data. Because many crossbred animals have been genotyped, the focus is now on including this information in genomic evaluations. Thus, this work aimed to explore a ssGBLUP model considering purebred and crossbreed data from the Council of Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB). Only phenotypes and genotypes of purebred Holstein, Jersey, and their crosses were considered. A total of 49M records (of which 580k were from crosses) of complete lactations with milk, fat, and protein yields were obtained from January 2000 to August 2021; incomplete lactations by August 2021 were projected. The pedigree contained 89M animals; genotypes at 79,294 selected SNPs were available for about 5M animals, of which 4.48M, 589k, and 39k were pure HO, pure JE, and crosses, respectively. Missing SNPs were imputed within each breed except that parent genotypes were included with the crossbreds. Predictive abilities of BLUP and ssGBLUP were evaluated based on 2 different runs: i) FULL, with all data in the model; ii) TRUNCATED, in which the last 4 years of data were removed from the model. Validation for cows was based on correlations between adjusted phenotypes (FULL) and (G)EBV (TRUNCATED), whereas for bulls on the regression of daughter yield deviations (DYD, in FULL) on (G)EBV (TRUNCATED). Validation animals were divided into purebreds and crossbreds, and the latter were split into groups depending on the breed proportion. Predictivities for purebreds were compared with those from single- and multibreed models. Predictivity from ssGBLUP was similar between purebred and multi-breed evaluations in earlier studies; therefore, including genotypes for crossbred animals should not undermine genomic predictions for purebred animals and should provide more accurate GEBV for crossbreds than the calculations based on breed proportion. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86358 |
Watch |
1118 |
Do historically popular sires still capture the genetic composition of the recent US Holstein generation? |
3 |
Y. Steyn |
independent chromosome segments algorithm for proven and young accuracy |
Y. Steyn1, R. Abdollahi-Arpanahi1, D. Lourenco1, I. Misztal1 |
1University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
The dairy industry is known for its extensive use of reproductive biotechnology, which resulted in a population where most animals can be traced back to only a few sires. Due to their relatedness to the population, historically popular sires could still capture the relevant independent chromosome segments (ICS) of the recent generation. However, due to many recombination events and new epistatic effects, shared haplotypes may be shorter and substitution effects may differ. The objective of this study was to investigate whether old, popular sires are still relevant. The accuracy of genomic predictions when using different animals as core for the Algorithm of Proven and Young (APY) is an indication of ICS captured by the selected animals. The 100 most used sires born within different rolling time periods of 10 years were used as core. The validation population was 10,153 females born after 2010. Traits investigated were stature (stat) and fore udder attachment (FUA). The accuracies for all time periods ranged from 0.54 to 0.69 for stat, and 0.47 to 0.61 for FUA. The highest accuracies for both traits were achieved with sires born from 2005 to 2014, while the lowest was achieved with those born before 1981. A core size of 2,150 animals (equal to the number of eigenvalues explaining 80% of the variance in the genomic relationship matrix) was tested for different scenarios – random selection (random), males with known parents but no progeny (LPM), animals with the most progeny (MPA), and most popular sires born within 3 different time periods - before 1995 (Time1), 1995 to 2004 (Time2), or 2005 to 2014 (Time3). Using a random core or Time3 resulted in the highest accuracy (0.90 for stature and 0.85 for FUA), while Time3 gave the lowest accuracy (0.86 for stature and 0.79 for FUA). Results show that historically popular sires still capture ICS. However, more is captured by more recently used sires. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86464 |
Watch |
1119 |
Reasons for disposal and cull cow value of Holstein and crossbred dairy cattle. |
4 |
S. L. Portner |
crossbreeding cull value Holstein |
S. L. Portner1, B. J. Heins1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
Dairy cull cows account for close to 10% of the US beef market yet little research has classified cull cows by breed or provided detailed information of the cull cow value for dairy farmers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare reasons for disposal and cull cow value of Holstein cows (n = 219) with 1964 genetic control Holsteins cows (n = 160), Grazecross crossbred cows (n = 280) composed of the Normande, Jersey, and Viking Red breeds and ProCROSS crossbred cows (n = 442) composed of the Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein breeds. Records spanned from January 2010 to December 2021. Cull cow records and receipts were from the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota dairy. Reasons for disposal were recorded in PCDart Software, and cull value and body weight was from invoices from livestock cull markets. The primary reason for disposal across all cows was 10.8% for died, 5.9% for low production, 19.3% for mastitis or SCC, 48.5% for reproduction and 15.5% for other reasons. Cows that died were not included in the analysis of bodyweight and cull value. Mean bodyweight at culling was 519 kg for 1964 Holsteins, 570 kg for Holsteins, 489 kg for GrazeCross, and 560 kg for ProCross cattle. Independent variables for statistical analysis of cull value with PROC Mixed of SAS were the fixed effects of body weight, year (2010 to 2021), season (spring, summer, autumn, winter), parity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+), DIM at culling, primary reason for culling, breed group and sire breed group nested within breed group. The Holstein cows ($694.02) had lower (P < 0.01) carcass value compared with 1964 Holsteins ($784.83), Grazecross crossbreds ($741.03), and ProCross ($723.36) crossbreds. Dairy producers may receive greater cull value from crossbred cows compared with Holstein cows. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86411 |
Watch |
1120 |
Comparison of three-breed rotational crossbreds of Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein with Holstein cows fed 2 alternative diets for dry matter intake, production, and residual feed intake. |
5 |
B. J. Heins |
crossbreeding residual feed intake DMI |
G. M. Pereira1,2, B. J. Heins1,2, L. B. Hansen2 |
1University of Minnesota, Morris, MN, 2University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
The objective of this study was to compare 3-breed rotational crossbred (CB) cows of the Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein (HO) breeds with HO cows fed 2 alternative diets for dry matter intake (DMI), fat plus protein production (CFP), body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), feed efficiency and residual feed intake (RFI) from 46 to 150 DIM during first lactation. The CB cows (n = 17) and HO cows (n = 19) calved from September 2019 to March 2020. Cows were fed either a traditional TMR diet (TRAD) or a higher fiber, lower starch TMR diet (HFLS). The HFLS had 21% more corn silage, 47% more alfalfa hay, 44% less corn grain, and 43% less corn gluten feed than the TRAD. The 2 diets were analyzed for dry matter content, crude protein, forage digestibility, starch, and net energy for lactation. Daily milk, fat, and protein production were estimated from twice monthly milk recording with random regression. The RFI from 46 to 150 DIM was the residual error from regression of DMI on milk energy, metabolic BW, and the energy required for change in BW. Statistical analysis of all variables included the fixed effects of diet, breed group, and the interaction of diet and breed group. The CB cows fed HFLS had less (P < 0.05) DMI, and lower (P < 0.05) DMI/BW compared with the HO cows fed TRAD. For CFP, CB and HO cows were not different (P > 0.05) when fed TRAD or HFLS. Furthermore, the CB cows fed HFLS had higher (P < 0.05) BW compared with HO cows fed HFLS. The CB cows fed TRAD had higher (P < 0.05) BCS than HO cows fed TRAD and HO cows fed HFLS. The HO cows fed TRAD had more (P < 0.05) DMI and lower fat plus protein production per kg of DMI compared with the HO cows fed HFLS. Furthermore, mean RFI from 46 to 150 DIM was lower and more desirable for CB cows fed HFLS compared with HO cows fed TRAD. Dairy producers may feed either TRAD or HFLS to CB cows without loss of CFP. Table 1. Least squares means for breed and feeding groups for measures of feed efficiency
| Item |
Traditional TMR |
|
High fiber, low starch TMR |
| Holstein |
Crossbred |
Holstein |
Crossbred |
| Body weight |
586ab |
576ab |
|
550a |
600b |
| BCS |
3.19a |
3.64b |
|
3.02a |
3.64b |
| Fat plus protein |
269 |
256 |
|
256 |
255 |
| DMI |
2,592a |
2,436ab |
|
2,229b |
2,278b |
| Residual feed intake |
85.3a |
0.8ab |
|
1.8ab |
−120.0b |
a,bMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86410 |
Watch |
1121 |
Fatty acid profiles of Holstein, Grazecross, and ProCROSS cows in an experimental dairy herd. |
6 |
B. J. Heins |
milk fatty acids crossbreeding organic |
B. J. Heins1 |
1University of Minnesota, Morris, MN |
The objective of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) profiles of Holstein cows (HO; n = 77) with Grazecross crossbred cows (n = 117) composed of the Normande, Jersey, and Viking Red breeds and ProCROSS crossbred cows (n = 205) composed of the Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and HO breeds from DHIA test-days. The University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, has a dairy herd that is managed separately as an organic and low-input conventional herd. Total FA, De novo FA (C4:0 to c14:1), Mixed FA (C16 and C16:1), Preformed FA (C18 to C18:2) concentrations were provided by Minnesota DHIA (Buffalo, MN) from the morning milking from monthly DHIA test-day data. Independent variables for statistical analysis with PROC MIXED were the fixed effects of DIM on test-day, herd, parity (primiparous and multiparous), breed group, the interactions of herd, breed, and season, and sire breed nested within breed group. There were no differences (P > 0.05) for FA concentrations for the organic and conventional herd. For Total FA, Holstein cows had lower (P < 0.05) (3.59 g/100 g) concentrations than Grazecross cows (4.06 g/100 g) and ProCROSS cows (3.77 g/100 g). Furthermore, Grazecross cows had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of De novo FA (1.04 g/100 g) than HO cows (0.91 g/100 g) and ProCROSS cows (0.96 g/100 g). The Grazecross cows (1.55 g/100 g) had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of Mixed FA compared with HO cows (1.39 g/100 g), and ProCROSS cows (1.45 g/100 g). Grazecross cows had higher concentrations (P < 0.05) of Preformed FA (1.49 g/100 g) than HO cows (1.32 g/100 g) and ProCROSS cows (1.38 g/100 g). Milk fat from Grazecross cows had +13.1% more Total FA than HO cows and 7.7% more Total FA than ProCROSS cows. Dairy producers interested in marketing milk with higher FA concentrations may consider a 3-breed rotational crossbreeding system of the Normande, Jersey, and Viking Red breeds. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86708 |
Watch |
1122 |
Gene mapping and genomic prediction of bull fertility in Brown Swiss cattle. |
8 |
H. A. Pacheco |
genomic scan service sire fertility sire conception rate |
H. A. Pacheco1, A. Rossoni2, A. Cecchinato3, F. Peñagaricano1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Italian Brown Breeders Association, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy, 3University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy |
Improving reproductive performance remains one of the major goals for the dairy industry worldwide. Service sire has been recognized as an important factor impacting pregnancy success. The goal of this study was to perform a comprehensive genomic analysis of bull fertility in Italian Brown Swiss dairy cattle, including gene mapping and genomic prediction. Data set consisted of 1,102 Italian Brown Swiss bulls with sire conception rate records and 454k single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The analysis included alternative whole-genome scans and gene-set analyses to identify genomic regions, individual genes and genetic mechanisms affecting Brown Swiss bull fertility. Additionally, genomic prediction models using linear or Gaussian kernels fitting either all SNP or including markers with large effect were evaluated in 5-fold cross-validation. The association analysis revealed one genomic region on BTA1 with significant additive effects. This region harbors gene RABL3 which is implicated in cell proliferation and motility. Two genomic regions, located on BTA6 and BTA26, showed marked non-additive effects. These regions harbor genes, such as WDR19 and ADGRA1, that are directly involved in male fertility, including sperm motility, acrosome reaction, and embryonic development. The gene-set analysis revealed functional terms related to cell adhesion, cellular signaling, cellular transport, immune system, and embryonic development. Genomic prediction models fitting the entire SNP set exhibited predictive correlations around 0.19. Interestingly, the inclusion of the 2 major non-additive markers as fixed effects achieved predictive correlations around 0.32, representing an increase in predictive ability of about 63%. The use of prediction models that include markers with large effect is a promising alternative to the standard approach. Overall, this comprehensive study contributes to a better understanding of the genetic basis of male fertility in cattle. Our findings may guide the development of novel genomic strategies for improving service sire fertility in Brown Swiss cattle. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85865 |
Watch |
1123 |
A major QTL for brachygnathia inferior in Brown Swiss cattle. |
9 |
S. Widmer |
craniofacial anomaly GWAS WGS |
S. Widmer1, F. R. Seefried2, C. Flury3, C. Drögemüller1 |
1Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2Qualitas AG, Zug, Switzerland, 3School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland |
Shortening of the lower jaw (brachygnathia inferior) is a congenital and often inherited malformation in domestic animals including cattle. Viral infections, teratogenic drugs and alkaloids of plants can also lead to such craniofacial malformations. Brachygnathia inferior often leads to reduced growth and poorer health and welfare of the animals, which affects productivity. As it is already described in sheep and buffalo, a complex inheritance is to be assumed. We have observed several cases with a frequency of about 0.1 % in the Brown Swiss cattle population of Switzerland. A simple monogenic dominant model of inheritance can be excluded, as none of the 46 specifically examined offspring of 147 affected cows showed the trait. Therefore, we have suspected that either a simple monogenic-recessive or an oligo- or polygenic inheritance is underlying. We conducted a genome-wide association study with 147 cases and 509 normal controls to decipher the associated genetic regions. The phenotypes were recorded as part of the routine assessment of conformation. The animals were genotyped with different routinely available array chips and imputation was done in a 2-step approach. Using the final high-density 700k data set, we applied single SNP regression analysis to identify a single major QTL for this trait on chromosome 5 between 29 and 33 Mb. Numerous genes and loci are annotated in this 4 Mb interval, including genes of signaling pathways such as Wnt (wingless-related integration site), which are important for the complex regulation of the development of craniofacial structures. The association signal in this genome region was supported by the results of a subsequent run of homozygosity analysis with the same data set. Currently, whole-genome sequencing data from several cases is being performed to achieve both fine mapping and subsequent discovery of associated, potentially causal variants. Our work represents the first comprehensive study of the genetics of brachygnathia inferior in dairy cattle and provides the basis for future DNA-based selection against this undesirable trait. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86590 |
Watch |
1124 |
Evidence of selection against recessive defects. |
10 |
H. D. Norman |
abortions fertility haplotypes |
H. D. Norman1, D. J. Null2, P. M. VanRaden2 |
1Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD, 2USDA-ARS Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD |
Haplotype tests are effective for differentiating animals with traits of desirable performance, or conversely, those that are carriers of detrimental recessive alleles. Our objective was to show how the frequencies of carriers have changed in US dairy animals over time. Several carriers have haplotypes impacting fertility, first described by P.M. VanRaden and updated by J.B. Cole et al. in USDA AIP Research Report Genomics (12–20). In their homozygous state, embryonic death or stillbirth occurs. The stage of gestation when abortions occur varies, thus the economic losses vary as well. Semen from some carrier bulls continued in use, but selection against their carrier sons followed. Mating programs helped avoid mating carriers to carriers. Frequencies of carrier by years were derived from genotyped animals; those from 2011 and 2021 are shown. AH1 and AH2 in Ayrshires remains high (18.5 and 19.9%), but below 2011 (31.6 and 20.8%). BH2 in Brown Swiss in 2021 is 5.7%, down from 17.7%. Several haplotypes in Holsteins (HO) have been uncovered. Carriers in 2011 and 2021 respectively were: HH0 5.9 and 0.9%; HH1 4.3 and 1.0%; HH2 3.6 and 1.8%; HH3 6.8 and 1.9%; HH4 0.7 and 0.2%; HH5 4.2 and 6.3%; and HH6 0.7 and 1.9%. JH1 in Jerseys (JE) were 23.3 and 9.7%. Carriers for BLAD, CVM, DUMPS, and mulefoot were 0.6, 2.8, 0.02 and 0.16% in 2011 and 0.1, 0.6, 0.01 and 0.02% in 2021. Recently discovered JNS in Jerseys rose from 3.6 to 7.2%. Alleles considered favorable changed as well. The polled carriers changed in HO from 1.2 to 2.1 and in JE from 4.2 to 3.4. Percentage of detrimental carriers often increased before discovery which made detection easier; after exposure, selection against them followed. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87089 |
Watch |
1125 |
Gestation length and dystocia of Holsteins mated to Holstein and beef breed service sires. |
11 |
B. L. Basiel |
beef × dairy dystocia days carried calf |
B. L. Basiel1, T. L. Felix1, C. D. Dechow1 |
1Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Objectives were to determine if dystocia and gestation length (GL) in Holstein heifers and cows are influenced by beef service sires in comparison to Holstein service sires. Calving records (n = 6,671) of Holsteins from the years 2019 to 2022 were obtained from Pennsylvania dairies (n = 7). Cows were mated to Holstein (n = 5,545 calvings; n = 394 sires), Angus (n = 617 calvings; n = 53 sires), Charolais (n = 114 calvings; n = 3 sires), Wagyu (n = 36 calvings; n = 4 sires), Simmental or SimAngus (n = 292 calvings; n = 14 sires), and crossbred beef (n = 67 calvings; n = 5 sires) bulls. Calving ease (CE) score from 1, indicating no problem, to 5, indicating extremely difficult birth or Cesarean section, was used to quantify dystocia. Records of GL were available for all calvings and CE score was available from a subset (n = 4,424) of records from 5 herds. Linear models were used to analyze GL and CE where sire breed type (beef or dairy) or sire breed was the main effect. Lactation number, twinning incidence, stillbirth incidence (SB), and calf sex were included as fixed effects. The interactions of SB and twinning incidence and of SB and calf sex were included in the CE models. When grouped as breed type, beef-sired calves were carried for 0.9 d longer than dairy-sired calves (P < 0.05). However, gestation length of Charolais-sired calves was shorter (271 d) than Holstein-sired calves (272 d, P < 0.05) while Angus (273 d), Simmental (274 d), and Wagyu-sired (279 d) calves was longer (P < 0.05). Calving ease of Holsteins mated to beef bulls did not differ from those mated to Holstein bulls. The least squares means of CE score of animals mated to Holstein and Angus sires were greater than those mated to Simmental sires. Holsteins mated to Angus sires had poorer CE scores than those mated to crossbred beef sires. Beef-sired calves were carried for the same or a greater number of days than Holstein-sired calves except for those sired by Charolais bulls. Using beef sires did not cause greater incidence of dystocia than Holstein sires. Simmental-sired calves reduced incidence of dystocia when compared with Holstein-sired calves. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86028 |
Watch |
1126 |
Changes in herd statistics for dairy cattle in the US. |
12 |
F. L. Guinan |
Dairy Herd Improvement decision support tool phenotypic trends |
F. L. Guinan1,2, G. R. Wiggans2, H. D. Norman2, J. B. Cole3, T. M. McWhorter1, J. W. Dürr2, D. Lourenco1 |
1University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD, 3URUS, Madison, WI |
The Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) milk recording program provides participating dairy producers with up-to-date information on milk production and composition, reproductive efficiency, and herd health on an individual cow and herd basis. The information provided is utilized in herd management decisions. Herds enrolled in the DHI program generally outproduce herds that are not enrolled. A decision support tool was developed by summarizing the contents of the National Cooperator Database maintained by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB; Bowie, MD). Descriptive statistics were calculated and aggregated into a user interface. Test-day records and 305-d standardized milk yields calculated for genetic evaluations were available. This multipurpose tool is designed to be functional for a broad audience, including stakeholders, producers, researchers, and students. Participation in DHI milk recording, standardized lactations averages, herd averages, test-day somatic cell counts, termination codes, reproductive status, and breed composition statistics were defined, calculated, and displayed in this user interface. Although DHI herds have decreased by 53.9% since 2000, the percentage of cows enrolled in DHI has increased by 17.7%. In states with lower land costs, fewer water restrictions, and less urbanization, the number of cows has increased dramatically; in Idaho, the number of DHI cows has increased by 163%. Over the last 20 years, the average US test-day milk yield increased 4.9 kg and the somatic cell count decreased 149,000 cells/ml. Calving interval has decreased by 15 d across all breeds since 2003. In 2020, Texas and Oregon had the highest average test-day fat (protein) percentages with 4.47% (3.52%) and 4.45% (3.47%), respectively. This reflects the recent shift in breed composition toward a greater proportion of Jersey and crossbred cows. Overall, phenotypic trends in several traits suggest that selection indices are working efficiently and provide a valuable tool for producers regarding selection decisions. Moving forward, additional value will be extracted from these data and made accessible to the producer. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: 42nd Discover® Conference: Managing Genetic Diversity for Future Dairy and Livestock Breeding |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86988 |
Watch |
1127 |
Application of insemination values to support cow mating decisions. |
13 |
A. De Vries |
mating insemination profit |
A. De Vries1, P. Pinedo2, N. Bliznyuk1, R. H. Fourdraine3, J. S. Clay3 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 3Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC |
Dairy producers need to consider many factors regarding insemination of dairy cattle, including semen type, breed, price, expected value of the calf, timing of the insemination, and probability of conception based on dam and sire factors. The objective of this project is to provide practical economic decision support for insemination decisions. In the first step, we further developed a dynamic programming model to maximize the net present value of optimal future cash flows following each mating option. This step included shortening the time step to 1 wk, and separating predictions for the remainder of the current lactation from those for future lactations to improve accuracy. A separate cash flow is calculated for every mating option. An insemination value is the net present value of the cash flow of a mating option compared with that of a delay of insemination. The mating option with the highest insemination value is the most profitable option. A biological module provides predictions of cow performance including lactations curves, probability of conception, and the genetic merit of calves. In the second step, we developed an interface to read herd parameters and cow records for which insemination values are to be calculated. Herd parameters include average 305-d milk, fat, and protein yields, conception rates, and prices for milk, feed, beef, heifers, and semen. Cow records include status, genetic, reproduction and production data. Lactation curves are estimated based on recent and historical milk records. Probabilities of conception depend on previous days open, insemination number, genetic merit, and semen type. We calculated insemination values for beef, conventional, and sexed dairy semen. To illustrate, the 150 insemination values for 50 cows in a typical herd varied between −$34 and +$96. The insemination values may be sensitive to the herd parameters. We conclude that insemination values are a practical index using milk recording data to determine the most profitable mating options. Farm customization requires careful calibration of herd parameters to obtain reliable values. |
| CSAS Symposium: New Frontiers of Automated Milking System Nutrition |
Hybrid Symposium |
CSAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9827 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CSAS Symposium: New Frontiers of Automated Milking System Nutrition |
Hybrid Symposium |
CSAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86528 |
|
1128 |
Does the feed reward provided in automated milking systems drive cow performance? |
1 |
G. B. Penner |
automated milking system partial mixed ration precision feeding |
G. B. Penner1 |
1University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
Automated milking systems (AMS) provide a feed-based reward to occupy cows during milking and to encourage subsequent voluntary visits. This feed-based reward has also been speculated to allow for the delivery of individualized diets based on, for example, parity, milk production, and days in milk. Concurrently, feeding a basal partial mixed ration (PMR) that has a low nutrient density has been thought to stimulate cows to seek the reward offered in the AMS and allow for greater dietary pellet inclusion enabling precision or individualized feeding programs. However, the adoption of AMS and application of precision feeding programs have outpaced research evaluating such practices leaving questions on accuracy and efficacy. On the other hand, some producers are seeking strategies to minimize the quantity of feed provided through the AMS and the use of purchased feed. Studies comparing pelleted and other forms of feed offered as a reward in the AMS have highlighted that a pelleted feed provides greater motivation for cows to voluntarily enter the AMS. However, few studies have confirmed positive effects of increased feed reward delivery through the AMS on voluntary visits and milk and milk component yield, except when the intake of the AMS reward has a limited negative impact on PMR intake. Across studies, the impact of increased pellet intake on PMR intake is highly variable and may preclude effective precision feeding applications. Factors that contribute to the substitution of the AMS reward for the PMR need to be elucidated. Moreover, variability in AMS reward consumption is high as the allocated reward may not be delivered by the AMS or cows may not eat the delivered reward. Consistently, increasing the quantity of the reward results in greater variation for the consumption of the reward among days for an individual cow and among cows that should receive the same quantity of reward. Further development of AMS to capture information related to the amount of AMS reward delivered, refused, and partial mixed ration consumption are necessary to move toward precision feeding approaches. |
| CSAS Symposium: New Frontiers of Automated Milking System Nutrition |
Hybrid Symposium |
CSAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86755 |
Watch |
1129 |
Practical considerations of automated milking systems nutrition in dairy production. |
2 |
C. Gordon |
automatic milking system precision nutrition robotic milking |
C. Gordon1 |
1Trouw Nutrition North America, Puslinch, ON, Canada |
Automatic milking systems (AMS) have been commercially available for 30 years since the first installation in 1992. This has created a unique situation connecting the milking equipment to feeding strategies, leaving the industry with several questions about best practices to manage this environment. Debate has ensued on the influence of facility design surrounding the AMS, often referred to as traffic systems, and the interaction to nutritional strategies influencing animal behavior. In addition, investigation has included not only the nutritional strategy of the herd, but also the interaction across the feed at the AMS itself, as well as the feed at the bunk. Given the limitation of numbers of research facilities for combinations of AMS equipment and facilities, dairy producers and their advisors have been learning from shared experience, surveys, and commercial trials to manage these interactions. The milking system, animal behavior, nutrition and on-farm management are generally unique combinations on each farm, which suggests that only crude comparisons can be made to develop advice. However the quantity of data captured from each AMS does allow more precise responses to change to be investigated, which along with survey information making on-farm trials significantly more valuable to the industry. Capture of nutritional analysis of the feed at the robot, the feed bunk, as well as the quality of the forages within the feed, in addition to the AMS data is providing further interpretation of the dietary interactions. More recently, with academic facilities investing in AMS installation, these interactions are being examined in a controlled manner to provide a better understanding and develop stronger recommendations. Though on-farm variability remains a challenge in applying these recommendations with consistent results, feeding in AMS herds has become more precise. This presentation will share experiences on commercial herds in considering the practical application of AMS precision feeding strategies. In addition, it will discuss opportunities to consider in managing the on-farm variability. |
| CSAS Symposium: New Frontiers of Automated Milking System Nutrition |
Hybrid Symposium |
CSAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85917 |
Watch |
1130 |
How can automated milking systems be used to change dairy farm nutritional management? |
3 |
T. J. DeVries |
robotic milking behavior precision |
T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
With the rapid adoption of automated (robotic) milking systems (AMS) in the dairy industry, nutritional management has been modified, with the division of the diet into a partial mixed ration (PMR) and some type of nutritional provision (often in the form of a pellet) at the AMS. The feed provided at the AMS is primarily meant to attract cows to the milking system, however, there is potential to vary the amount and composition of that feed to meet the individual nutritional requirements of cows. There are 2 main goals when considering the overall nutritional program for cows milked with AMS. The first is to provide a diet that meets nutrient requirements for maintenance and production. The second goal, which is unique to AMS, is to stimulate cows to voluntarily enter the AMS. Interestingly, while that stimulation was traditionally thought to occur primarily by the feed we provide in the AMS, we now know that the PMR, its management at the bunk, and the resultant eating behavior of the cows plays just as large of a role in that voluntary milking. Thus, equal attention needs to be paid to the concentrate fed though the AMS as well the composition and management of the PMR, to maximize milking efficiencies and performance in AMS. This presentation will specifically focus on how cow behavior influences nutritional programs in AMS, affecting both feed consumed at the AMS as well as that feed at the bunk. Further, the opportunity for increasing opportunities for precision in nutrition, both at a herd and a cow level, in farms with AMS will be discussed. |
| CSAS Symposium: New Frontiers of Automated Milking System Nutrition |
Hybrid Symposium |
CSAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
n8701 |
|
|
Panel Discussion |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9901 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
n8774 |
|
3002INV |
ADSA Foundation Scholar Award in Dairy Foods: Pasture based dairy systems – An Irish perspective of the benefits, opportunities, and challenges for the future |
1 |
Tom O'Callaghan |
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85926 |
Watch |
1131 |
The sensory and structural properties of fresh cheese made from β-casein-reduced milk retentate. |
2 |
Z. Atamer |
bitterness fresh cheese concentration process |
J. Schaefer1, G. Horstmann2, L. Fischer2, J. Hinrichs1, Z. Atamer1 |
1Department of Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, 2Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany |
Today's traditional fresh cheese production is realized with the help of the Fermentation-Concentration manufacturing process (FCo), in which the curd-whey mixture is separated into fresh cheese and acid whey after fermentation. In contrast, in the Concentration-Fermentation (CoF) manufacturing process, milk is concentrated by microfiltration (MF) (0.1 µm), producing sweet whey (or permeate) as a side stream, which is an environmentally friendly approach. However, fresh cheese, produced from concentrated milk, showed several sensory defects concerning texture and taste, especially a bitter off-taste. Bitterness is due to presence of bitter peptides, originating from the proteolysis of αS1-, β- and κ-casein. β-casein contains the majority of these peptides. Thus, it was postulated that the bitterness level of CoF fresh cheese can be decreased, if the β-casein content of the milk retentate is reduced before fermentation. β-casein was selectively removed from skim milk retentate by means of microfiltration under cold conditions (<5°C) at pilot scale (cold filtration induces the dissociation of β-casein from the casein micelles). The obtained milk retentates with reduced β-casein contents (0 or ~15% reduction) were spray dried and used to produce fresh cheese. A micro-scale fresh cheese system, which is a laboratory-scale experimental setup for generating protein-enriched fermented milk products, was used for the manufacture of fresh cheese samples (protein content: 8.5%). Fresh cheese samples were produced using a starter culture and without rennet to avoid potential rennet-induced bitterness. The micro-CoF fresh cheeses were characterized in terms of acidification behavior, gel state and the development of bitter flavors after approx. One week of storage at ~6°C. A sensory panel (= expert panel, 25 panelists), trained on bitter perception according to DIN ISO 3972:2013–12 (Deutsches Institut für Normung, 2013), was used for the sensory analyses. Fresh cheese made from β-casein reduced MF milk retentate or micellar casein was found to be less bitter without any significant difference from non-bitter reference fresh cheese (quarg) according to Least-Significant Difference test (α = 0.05)). It was shown that bitterness, as a result of lower bitter peptide content, could be reduced to the extent that no difference could be detected from the FCo fresh cheese reference sample. However, a prolonged fermentation time and an insufficient acidification behavior, i.e., pH values ≤5.2 were not reached in some cases, were observed. Finally, (very) weak acid gels can be prepared from MF milk concentrate or retentate with reduced bitter taste, due to lower bitter peptide contents by using β-casein-reduced MF milk retentates. |
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86859 |
Watch |
1133 |
Impact of higher milk pasteurization and curd stretching temperatures on extending the performance shelf life of string cheese. |
3 |
M. A. Becher |
string cheese |
M. A. Becher1, S. Govindasamy-Lucey2, J. J. Jaeggi2, M. E. Johnson2, J. A. Lucey1,2 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, Madison, WI |
String cheese is a popular snack cheese in the US Stringiness and firmness are important performance attributes for string cheese as some consumers prefer to peel, and others prefer to bite the cheese. Both attributes decrease over time, causing a challenge when exporting string cheese which can take months. Our goal was to maintain both these attributes for a longer period. We tried to achieve this by reducing shifts in insoluble Ca (INSOL) during storage using a direct acid make, without starters, and a high renneting pH. We also wanted to reduce proteolysis by using a low-proteolytic rennet, and higher milk pasteurization (PT) and curd stretching temperatures (ST) to inactivate milk enzymes and rennet. Low-moisture part-skim Mozzarella string cheese was made using 2 PT: control (73°C) and high PT (81°C), and 3 ST: control (60°C), medium (68°C), and high ST (77°C). The cheeses were stored at 4°C and tested for composition (2 wk), pH, texture profile analysis (TPA) hardness, proteolysis (pH4.6 soluble nitrogen), sensory, visual stringiness, and microstructure (confocal microscopy) at 3d, 2 wk, 1, 3 and 6 mo. Data were analyzed using Tukey testing with an α-level of P < 0.05. High PT cheese had slightly lower (~1% less) fat content and slightly higher pH (~5.73) compared with the control PT cheese (~5.70). The pH values hardly changed during storage (~0.10 increase). High ST also slightly reduced fat content and proteolysis. INSOL was slightly higher in the high PT than the control cheeses and did not change during storage. Although TPA hardness and sensory hand firmness decreased in all cheeses by 3mo of storage (P < 0.001), high ST cheeses had higher TPA hardness at 6mo compared with the control cheese. However, higher PT and ST both reduced visual stringiness attributes, and the high ST had the lowest stringiness scores. Overall, stringiness decreased during storage (P < 0.001). Loss of distinct fibers or strings during storage was also evident in the confocal images. Although higher heat treatments did not prevent the loss of stringiness, the use of high ST maintained firmness longer in the string cheese. |
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86732 |
Watch |
1134 |
Consumers’ willingness to purchase farmstead milk. |
4 |
C. Zaring |
value-added milk consumer preference |
C. Zaring1, K. Jensen1, A. Rihn1, M. Morgan1, E. Eckelkamp1 |
1University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
Farmstead creamery numbers have increased since 2019 as more farmers, lenders, and policymakers have seen producing value-added dairy products on-farm as a way for dairy farmers to become more profitable. Tennessee (TN) has 18 value-added dairy processors with potential for growth. The objective of this study was to identify and describe consumers that were more likely to be familiar with and purchase farmstead milk (FSM). A Qualtrics survey was developed and distributed from March 2021 to May 2021 with 817 complete responses. Respondents were TN residents, ≥ 18 yr old, and primary food shoppers of a household consuming dairy products. Respondents could answer up to 90 questions about familiarity with locally produced and processed milk, agritourism preferences, FSM perceptions, demographics, prior and future FSM purchases, purchase likelihood on and off-farm, and likelihood to purchase products with predetermined attributes. Short-answer, multiple-choice, and Likert-scale questions were used in the survey. Analyses were done in Stata 16 using logit models with logit modules to determine variables associated with respondents that had 1) heard of FSM (FSM1), 2) previously purchased FSM (FSM2), or 3) future interest in purchasing FSM (FSM3). Consumer choice effects are presented in Table 1. Few variables impacted FSM1, FSM2, and FSM3. Respondents' age and their local foods purchase frequency were the only variables that had a statistically significant impact in all 3 models. Familiarity with and purchase likelihood of FSM was consistently lower across all models for older individuals, but higher for those who purchased local foods frequently. Our findings suggest that some consumer demographics may impact knowledge and purchase likelihood of FSM, but these may change based on region. Producers may benefit from specialized marketing strategies targeting younger, local foods-oriented consumers. Table 1. Consumer choice effects
| Variable |
Marginal effects (ME) on Probability |
| FSM1 |
|
FSM2 |
|
FSM3 |
| ME |
P-value |
ME |
P-value |
ME |
P-value |
| Intercept |
|
−1.168 |
* |
|
−0.524 |
* |
|
2.519 |
* |
| West |
0=Other1=WestTN |
−0.156 |
* |
|
−0.014 |
|
|
0.008 |
|
| Middle |
0=Other1=MiddleTN |
−0.054 |
|
|
−0.045 |
|
|
−0.007 |
|
| Age |
yr |
−0.005 |
* |
|
−0.004 |
* |
|
−0.001 |
*** |
| Local Purchase |
1=None5=A great deal |
0.122 |
* |
|
0.088 |
* |
|
0.023 |
** |
| Background |
0=Other1=Farm |
0.101 |
* |
|
0.196 |
* |
|
0.025 |
|
| Rural |
0=Other1=Rural |
−0.006 |
|
|
0.002 |
|
|
0.021 |
|
| Children |
0=Other1=Children <12yr |
0.071 |
|
|
0.046 |
|
|
0.008 |
|
| Education |
0=Other1= ≥BS |
0.061 |
|
|
0.050 |
|
|
0.012 |
|
| Male |
0=Other1=Yes |
0.045 |
|
|
0.107 |
** |
|
−0.016 |
|
| Food Budget |
$/wk |
0.0002 |
|
|
0.0001 |
|
|
0.0002 |
|
| Dairy Budget |
$/wk |
0.0005 |
|
|
0.006 |
** |
|
−0.0004 |
|
| Household |
Total |
0.011 |
|
|
−0.010 |
|
|
−0.008 |
|
| Income |
$/yr |
1.61e-07 |
|
|
−4.51e-07 |
|
|
−1.71e-07 |
|
| Married |
0=Other1=Yes |
0.032 |
|
|
0.098 |
** |
|
−0.043 |
** |
*P≤0.01, **≤0.05, and ***≤0.10. |
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85868 |
Watch |
1135 |
Identification of bitter peptides in aged cheddar cheese through compilation of literature references and a novel experimental approach. |
6 |
R. Kuhfeld |
bitterness in cheese peptidomics mass spectrometry |
R. Kuhfeld1, Z. Atamer1, H. Eshpari1, D. Dallas1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |
Bitterness is a common flavor attribute of aged cheese, but excessive levels are a flaw. Excessive bitterness can lead to consumer rejection, negatively affecting cheese factory. Bitterness in cheese has been primarily associated with peptides that arise from the breakdown of caseins. Compilation of bitter peptides was published in 1991, which merits the need for a modern compilation of bitter peptides to encompass recent findings and serve as a database to search against advanced mass spectrometry (MS)-based peptidomic. The objective of this study is to identify bitter peptides in aged cheddar cheese using a comprehensive literature analysis and a novel experimental approach. Our comprehensive search of literature revealed 69 bitter peptides and thier properites, which we added to our database and analyzed. Analysis included correlations and linear regressions. Correlations were conducted among the variables describing the following peptide properties: bitterness taste threshold values, molecular weight, length, hydrophobic terminals, number of prolines and Q value. Large correlations among length, molecular weight and number of prolines (0.73 < r <0.99) meant that it was not reasonable to include more than one of these measures in the subsequent analyses. Linear regression related bitterness to molecular weight and Q value. A novel experimental approach combining sensory, microbial and peptidomic analysis is investigating the bitterness of 14 unique commercial cheddar cheese samples ranging in age from 0.2 to 8.7 years. These samples were analyzed in a 15-point universal scale of bitterness. The extraction method employees ultra and nano filtration of a water-soluble extract and identification with Orbitrap-LC-MS/MS coupled with sensory analysis and comparison to the bitter peptide database. Combining a comprehensive bitter peptide database with advanced peptidomics and sensory-guided fractionation will enhance understanding of bitterness in cheese and lead to future work to predict and prevent bitterness development. |
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86856 |
Watch |
1136 |
Correlation of various dairy products composition and its tribological characteristics. |
7 |
L. Ali |
food tribology sensory rheology |
L. Ali1, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah state university, Logan, UT |
Dairy products consist of fat, proteins, and carbohydrates each of which can impact their textural, sensorial, nutritional attributes and affect the nutrient delivery and absorption. Additionally, they are produced in solid and liquid forms, thus making it challenging to assess their properties. Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication and can explain the phenomena involving numerous interacting surfaces under relative motion. Hence, it is crucial to investigate the tribological properties of dairy products with varying compositions This study investigated the tribological properties of 8 dairy products: solids (cheddar, cheese curd, parmesan), semi-solid (cottage cheese, ricotta cheese, yogurt) and liquid (milk, whey protein beverage). One gram of grated sample was extracted and equilibrated to 22°C for 30 min, and subsequently heated up to 37°C in a water bath with 5 min of holding time. Afterward, we added 1 mL of DI water to the samples and mixed for 2 min before loading onto the rheometer for tribological measurements. The tests were performed using PDMS pins within one minute of the set time. Friction between sample surface and glass ball was provided for calculating the friction factor and sliding velocity friction factor (μ) for different products shows a clear distinction between samples on the Stribeck curve at several sliding speeds. The friction factor also varied with different normal forces. At the same time, μ for liquid dairy products i.e., milk was 1.5 at 0.01–0.1 mm/s sliding velocity, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than cottage cheese and solid cheeses. We observed that semi-solids had the second highest friction factor 0.54 at 0.1 mm/s of sliding velocity (P < 0.05). Similarly, the parmesan cheese belonging to the solid foods had a friction factor of 0.32 at 0.1–1 mm/s sliding velocity. This could be due to differences in the food structures, fat content, and moisture content of products. This study would further the understanding of tribological behavior of food products with different compositions, assisting the dairy industry in development of premium products with higher consumer satisfaction |
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86834 |
Watch |
1137 |
Effect of galactose-utilizing bacteria on pizza-baking properties of Mozzarella cheese. |
8 |
F. Anjali |
Mozzarella browning baking |
F. Anjali1, D. J. McMahon1, T. S. Oberg1, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Shreds of Mozzarella are expected to melt, stretch, release free oil, and form brown blisters on the surface of baked pizza. This study aimed at understanding the effects of manipulating starter cultures and assessing the melting, textural, and baking properties of cheese over 2,4, and 7 weeks storage. Galactose-utilizing ability of cultures will affect the browning of cooked cheese as less sugar is available for browning reactions. Cheese with gal+ bacteria is expected to exhibit reduced browning. Cheeses containing combinations of St. thermophilus, Lb. helveticus, and Lac- Gal+ adjunct culture were prepared using a single-screw cooker and stretcher. All samples were aged at 4°C for 2,4, and 7 weeks, respectively. Composition and pH for all samples were constant and within the expected range for Mozzarella. Therefore, anticipated changes in functional parameters were caused by starter cultures. At each time point, samples were analyzed for their melting characteristics. An MCR-302 rheometer was used for performing a temperature sweep (20°C–90°C). Expressible serum was determined through centrifugation at 8,770 rpm at 25°C for 75 min. The amount of free oil released was measured using the modified Babcock method while stretchability was quantified using the extensibility apparatus on the TAXT Plus texture analyzer. Melted cheese samples were stretched to 260 mm for extensibility measurements. Additionally, we performed a fork test to assess the stretchability of the baked pizzas. Baking performance was evaluated through the quantification of cheese browning. As the aging period increased, the gel-sol transition temperature decreased, and the maximum value of the loss factor increased, indicating an increase in melting properties. Due to proteolysis during storage, the casein structure tends to become hydrolyzed, leading to a decrease in expressible serum to almost 0 by the end of 4 weeks. The release of free oil increased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the storage. Due to advancing proteolysis, the work required to stretch the melted cheese to 260 mm decreased considerably over the aging period. The melted cheese had a loose consistency and soupy appearance by the end of 7 weeks. Because of galactose utilization, browning area and intensity decreased for samples added with adjunct culture. This study would assist the dairy industry to produce Mozzarella cheese with controlled pizza baking properties. |
| Dairy Foods 1: Cheese and Dairy Products |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86206 |
Watch |
1138 |
Comparison of thermal and high-pressure processing for high-protein cultured milk beverages stabilized with high methoxy pectin. |
9 |
D. Wilbanks |
cultured beverage pressure |
D. Wilbanks1, S. Yazdi2, J. Lucey1,3 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Chr. Hansen, Hoersholm, Denmark, 3Center for Dairy Research, Madison, WI |
Stabilizers like high methoxy pectin are often added to cultured milk beverages to provide stability to the protein particles and prevent their aggregation during storage, which can lead to gelation or phase separation. However, for ambient-stored drinks at protein levels >4%, pectin may not provide enough stability to withstand the high temperatures used to inactivate microorganisms and allow for ambient storage. This study investigated the impact of both thermal and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the microbiological and rheological properties of cultured milk beverages. Samples were prepared using a factorial, randomized design (n = 3, separate batches) with protein levels ranging between 4 and 8%, wt/wt, prepared using whey protein-depleted milk (95:5 casein/whey ratio). After fermentation to pH 3.9, yogurts were mixed with pectin to 1.0%, wt/wt, and homogenized at 200/50 MPa. After homogenization, fluid yogurt at each protein level was either thermally processed at 72°C for 60 s, or processed by HPP at 300, 400, or 600 MPa for 180 s at ambient temperature. Additionally, an unprocessed (control) sample and a combination thermal + 400 MPa pressure treatment were included for 6 total processing levels. Two-way ANOVA was used to determine significant differences measured 1 d after processing of protein and processing treatments (P < 0.05) on microbial and rheological properties. Thermally processed samples had no colony-forming units (cfu) detected by aerobic and anaerobic standard plate count (SPC). HPP samples processed >400 MPa exhibited an approx. 6-log reduction in microbes (SPC), though low levels (<10 cfu/g) of yeast and molds were detected in HPP samples up to 400 MPa. No gels reformed at 4% protein, but at 5% protein the application of high heat led to the formation of a gel evidenced by confocal images and G′ values >1. At high protein levels (>7%, wt/wt) thermal processing led to the stiffest gels, indicating poor thermal stability of pectin-stabilized beverages. Compared with thermal processing, HPP produced weaker gels that may be suitable for cultured beverages with extended shelf life. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Consumer Perceptions of Dairy – Are They Fact or Fiction? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9829 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Consumer Perceptions of Dairy – Are They Fact or Fiction? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
n8715 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Consumer Perceptions of Dairy – Are They Fact or Fiction? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86154 |
Watch |
1139 |
Has milk production become more environmentally sustainable in the past 50 years? |
2 |
E. Kebreab |
methane climate impact dairy |
E. Kebreab1, E. Pressman1 |
1University of California–Davis Davis, CA, |
Over the last 50 years, milk production in the US has shown tremendous change in productivity. At the same time, climate change issues have accelerated due to greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors of the economy including dairy farming. This study aims to investigate (1) climate impacts of dairy farming by exploring overall dairy’s contribution to climate impact (2) quantifying the benefits of the avoided climate change impacts due to reduction in methane intensity (g methane emission/kg of milk), and (3) assess various scenarios for their potential to achieve a climate neutral dairy production system in the next 10 to 30 years. Emissions metrics allow the quantification of the contribution of dairy industry and related GHG emission sources to climate change impacts. Using the global warming potential over 100 years (GWP100) metric does not capture the climate impact of emissions because of the short lived nature of methane emission, which constitutes about 70% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from US dairy system. Therefore, the analysis was based on the step-pulse metric (GWP*), which can be used to calculate an equivalent CO2 emission time-series which gives a good approximation of the temperature time-series that would result from the original greenhouse gas emissions time-series for the period of 1970 to 2020. We provide several examples to illustrate the climate impacts of emissions from dairy sector. Based on the level of production in 1970, the amount of greenhouse gases that would have been emitted in 2020 for the amount of milk produced was calculated. In the absence of improvement in dairy sector, there would have been a considerable climate impact to keep up with the demand. We also show an example of the impact of using a feed additive and CO2-equivalent emissions avoided each year by using a feed additive beginning in 2020 compared with those from the control farm. The rate of reduction in greenhouse gases, particularly methane, to reach climate neutrality by the US dairy sector is calculated for 2030 to 2050. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Consumer Perceptions of Dairy – Are They Fact or Fiction? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87016 |
Watch |
1140 |
Should we replace animal foods with plants to improve our health? |
3 |
A Stanton |
animal-sourced foods human health plant-based foods |
A Stanton1 |
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland |
Animal-sourced foods (dairy, meat, fish and eggs) are nutrient-rich foods. They contribute many key nutrients to the diets of children, adolescents, and adults. In addition to being a source of high biological value protein, many essential health-promoting micronutrients (vitamins A, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12 and D, calcium, iron, zinc, iodine and selenium, and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]), are either most efficiently, or only, included in the human diet, through moderate consumption of animal-sourced foods. Dietary excesses do lead to chronic diseases such as cancers, heart attacks and strokes. However, globally, it is excessive calorie and salt intakes that are the leading dietary causes of such diseases. By contrast, the possible deleterious effects associated with red meat intake are very small, and are only evident with red meat consumption in excess of 500g weekly. The majority of the world’s population are not eating enough dairy foods - protection against colon cancer, heart attacks, strokes and total mortality increases with consumption of up to 3 portions a day of milk, yogurt, butter or cheese. The WHO definition of a healthy diet is that it “helps to protect against malnutrition in all its forms, as well as against chronic non-communicable diseases.” Hence it is of considerable concern that several recently published global health metrics appear to omit both the protective effects of meat and dairy against nutritional deficiencies, and the cardiovascular protection provided by dairy foods. Furthermore, by assuming that the optimal intake of red meat is zero, risks for moderate red meat consumption appear to be either created or considerably inflated. Many recently developed plant-based meat and dairy alternatives are calorie, sugar and salt rich, and contain only a fraction of the protein content of animal-sourced foods. Furthermore, the mimicking of animal foods using isolated plant proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals likely underestimates the true nutritional complexity of whole foods in their natural state. Hence, these novel plant-based products should only be treated as meat and dairy alternatives in terms of sensory experience, but not as true replacements in terms of nutrition. In conclusion, substantial reductions or complete removal of nutrient-rich animal-sourced foods from the human diet would have substantial negative health implications. Consumption of meat, dairy, seafood and eggs, in appropriate evidence-based quantities, should continue to be included in national and international advice and guidelines for a healthy, balanced diet. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Consumer Perceptions of Dairy – Are They Fact or Fiction? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86386 |
Watch |
1141 |
Food sustainability and protein: Debunking the myths—Why the metrics matter. |
5 |
P. J. Moughan |
food nutrition protein |
P. J. Moughan1 |
1Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
Dietary protein supplies the body with amino acids, that are critical for growth and development and for a myriad of biochemical and physiological functions. The daily requirement for protein for an adult is usually given as around 0.8 g protein/kg bodyweight, but recent studies suggest a somewhat higher protein maintenance requirement and certainly much higher requirement (up to 1.5 g/kg bodyweight/day) for adults in certain states (eg elderly losing body muscle mass; dieters on low energy intakes wanting to preserve lean body mass). What is often misunderstood, however, is that these requirement values are given in units of utilizable (high quality), not total protein. It is assumed that the dietary protein is fully absorbed, and the key amino acids fully utilized. Different foods vary in their protein quality rankings with plant-based foods generally having lower protein quality than animal-based foods. A relatively new measure of dietary protein quality is introduced, called Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) and this is applied to interrogate the validity of 3 common misconceptions in the field of protein nutrition: (1) Dietary protein is oversupplied, even in developing countries. (2) Animal protein production influences environmental footprints more than plant protein production. (3) Plant protein-based diets are cheaper than plant-animal based diets. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9907 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86702 |
Watch |
1142 |
Effect of grazing fall-stockpiled tall fescue, meadow fescue, or orchardgrass on heifer growth and greenhouse gas production. |
1 |
K. G. Wells |
heifer grazing |
K. G. Wells1, M. A. Wattiaux1, D. M. Pizarro1, J. S. Cavadini2, M. S. Akins1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, 2Marshfield Agricultural Research Station, Marshfield, WI |
By extending the grazing season using stockpiled pastures, dairy heifers could be raised in a more economical and environmentally conscious way. Our study examined average daily gain (ADG) and production of CH4 and CO2 by dairy heifers grazing stockpiled pastures in Wisconsin over 2 years. The study was a randomized complete block design using 9 pastures having 1 of 3 grass species mixed with red clover in triplicate (tall fescue (TF), meadow fescue (MF), or orchard grass (OG)). Heifers (n = 36 each year) with body weight ranging from 245 to 333 kg, were blocked by weight (low, medium, high) and randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 grass species in a block with 4 heifers per pasture. Heifers grazed for 48 d in 2020 and 50 d in 2021 from early October to late November and were allocated a new area daily based on forage availability to allow for dry matter intake (DMI) of 2.5% of bodyweight with a 60% grazing efficiency. Water was provided free-choice and mineral fed at 0.11 kg/heifer/day. Pasture consumption by heifers was estimated weekly by using pre-and post-grazing forage availability. Individual heifer ADG was based on measurements taken over 3 consecutive days at the beginning and end of study. A GreenFeed pasture system was used to measure CH4 and CO2 production (g/day/heifer). Pasture was the experimental unit and data were analyzed with R studio using a mixed model ANOVA to determine the fixed effect of grass species and the random effect of pasture and year. There was no difference in DMI among grass species (8.8, 9.3, 10.0 kg/d for MF, OG, and TF, respectively, P = 0.19) or ADG (0.88, 0.99, 0.87 kg/d for MF, OG, and TF, respectively, P = 0.27). Forage availability was affected by species with 3,550, 3,140, 4,444 kg/ha for MF, OG, and TF, respectively (P = 0.03). Average CH4(P = 0.21) and CO2 (P = 0.46) production were not affected by species and were 175, 188, 164 and 6,113, 6,392, 6,277 g/heifer/day for MF, OG, and TF, respectively. Grazing stockpiled pasture allowed for optimal heifer ADG for all grass species tested in this study. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86497 |
Watch |
1143 |
Effects of forage and grain legume-based silages supplemented with faba beans or rapeseed expeller on dietary supply and plasma amino acids in lactating cows. |
2 |
S. E. Räisänen |
red clover faba bean plasma amino acid |
S. E. Räisänen1, K. Kuoppala1, P. Rissanen1, A. Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau1, T. Kokkonen1, A. Vanhatalo1 |
1University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland |
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of forage type [red clover (55%)-grass silage (RCG) vs. faba bean (66%)-grass silage (FBG)] and concentrate type [faba bean (FB) vs. rapeseed expeller (RE)] on dietary supply and plasma concetration of amino acids (AA) in dairy cows. Eight multiparous lactating Nordic Red cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment, with 21-d periods, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The experimental diets were: 1) RCG with RE, 2) RCG with FB, 3) FBG with RE, and 4) FBG with FB. Dietary CP was 16.3, 15.9, 18.1 and 17.9% of DM, respectively. All diets included oats and barley and were fed ad libitum as TMR with forage to concentrate ratio at 55:45. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with treatment, square and period(square) as fixed factors, and cow(square) as random effect in the model. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of silage and protein feed types and their interaction. Dry matter intake did not differ across diets averaging 26.7 kg/d. Milk yield averaged 35.6 kg/d and was 1.1 kg/d greater (P = 0.05) for RCG vs. FBG. For FB vs. RE, milk yield was 2.2 kg/d and milk protein yield 66 g/d lower (P ≤ 0.003). Intake of TAA, EAA and BCAA were 9, 7 and 7% lower (P < 0.001) for RCG vs. FBG but similar between FB and RE. Of the individual EAA, intake of His and Lys were lower (P < 0.001) for RCG vs. FBG and that of Arg, Met, Thr and Val was lower (P ≤ 0.006) for FB vs. RE. The plasma concentration of EAA did not differ between RCG vs. FBG but was lower (P = 0.03) for FB vs. RE, as was the concentration of BCAA (P = 0.03). Of individual AA, His and Lys were lower (P ≤ 0.03) for RCG vs. FBG, whereas His tended to be greater (P = 0.07) and Lys lower (P = 0.10) for FB vs. RE. Further, Met concentration was around 26% lower (P < 0.001) for FB vs. RE. The plasma AA concentrations reflected the differences in dietary AA supply from the diet and expected differences in silage and concentrate rumen bypass protein fractions. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86934 |
Watch |
1144 |
Comparison of near-infrared reflectance spectrometry and wet chemistry analyses on first-cut legume-grass silages. |
3 |
C. Plett |
legume-grass silage near-infrared reflectance spectrometry (NIRS) wet chemistry |
C. Plett1, J. C. Plaizier1, N. McLean2, C. Lafrenière3, S. Bittman4, K. Ominski1 |
1University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada, 3Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada, 4Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada |
Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a common analytical technique offered by commercial labs for forage analysis. However, there is a concern that proximate analysis results from NIRS are less accurate than results from proximate analysis by wet chemistry methods. But, with advancing NIRS technology, improved calibration equations, and vast potential for NIRS use on farm it is worth regularly comparing NIRS and wet chemistry results. The objectives of our study were to 1) compare NIRS and wet chemistry analyses of first-cut legume-grass silages and 2) correlate NIRS and wet chemistry of individual nutrients components. Between 2018 and 2020, first-cut legume-grass silages (n = 202) were collected across Canadian dairy farms. Subsamples were taken and sent off to a commercial laboratory for standard forage analysis via NIRS and wet chemistry. PROC TTEST was used to compare mean differences between the 2 laboratory methods for crude protein (CP), fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) while PROC CORR was conducted to determine correlations between methods, significance was determined at P = 0.05. Our results determined no significant difference between methods for CP, fat, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, and Mg. However, wet chemistry means were higher than NIRS for ash (9.71% vs 8.12%, P < 0.0001) respectively and K (2.88% vs 2.60%, P < 0.0016) respectively, indicating NIRS is less reliable for these nutrients. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for NDF, Ca, and CP with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.93 (P < 0.0001). Lower correlation coefficients were obtained for K and fat (0.74 and 0.55, P < 0.0001) respectively. Results show that NIRS is an accurate technique for the analysis of most nutrients in first-cut legume-grass silages, but that NIRS may not be sufficiently accurate for ash and K. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86939 |
Watch |
1145 |
Effects of cut height and inoculant on whole-plant corn silage fermentative profile. |
4 |
F. F. Cardoso |
BMR WPCS inoculant cut height |
F. F. Cardoso1, S. E. Kemp1, R. Schmidt2, F. C. Cardoso1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI |
Whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) is an indispensable forage in dairy cow`s diet due to high energy content. However, the energy availability to the cow depends on the WPCS quality. This study was to determine the effects of harvest cut height and the use of inoculants on BMR WPCS fermentative profile. At a theoretical chop-length of 2 cm, corn was harvested at 2 separate cut-heights: low-cut (LC; 30.5 cm) and high-cut (HC; 56 cm). Three commercially available inoculants (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwauke, WI) were used as treatments: CON (water; no inoculant), SA (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus), P2 (Pediococcus pentosaceus and Propionibacteria freudenreichii) and B500 (Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus buchneri). Bags (50 per treatment) were stored for periods of 0, 2, 5, 30, and 90 d. Data were analyzed as a split-plot design in time using the MIXED procedure in SAS. In vitro NDFD30 was greater (P = 0.02) for B500 (33.09 ± 1 % of NDF) than P2 (28.0 ± 1 % of NDF). There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.02) for NDFD30, where B500 had NDFD30 of (34.6 ± 2.7% of NDF) and P2 (25.8 ± 2.7 % of NDF). There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.009) for uNDF240. On d 0, CON had uNDF240 of (60.9 ± 2.3% of NDF) and P2 (53.4 ± 2.3% of NDF) and SA had uNDF240 of (60.9 ± 2.3% of NDF) and P2 (53.4 ± 2.3 % of NDF). WPCS CP (9.7 ± 0.05 %) and starch (36.6 ± 0.7%) were greater (P < 0.0001) in HC than LC (9.5 ± 0.05, 32.6 ± 0.7 %, respectively). WPCS total acids was greater (P < 0.0001) for CON (4.9 ± 0.02%) than SA (4.5 ± 0.02%), P2 (4.4 ± 0.02%), and B500 (4.6 ± 0.02%). WPCS lactic acid was greater (P < 0.0001) for CON (4.0 ± 0.03%) than SA (3.9 ± 0.03%), P2 (3.6 ± 0.03%), and B500 (3.2 ± 0.03%). WPCS pH was lower (P = 0.002) for SA (4.36 ± 0.008%) than P2 (4.39 ± 0.008%); and B500 (4.36 ± 0.008%) pH was lower than P2 (4.39 ± 0.008%). LC had a higher (P < 0.001) VFA score (7.1 ± 0.03%) than HC (6.8 ± 0.03 %). There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.009) for all fermentative profile variables. In conclusion, for increases NDFD30, B500 seems to be the best alternative among the inoculants, in all cut-heights. HC resulted in a WPCS with better nutritional value, however, with impaired fermentative profile score than LC. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86963 |
Watch |
1146 |
Determining and comparing the quality of legume, grass, and legume-grass mix silages on Canadian dairy farms. |
5 |
C. Plett |
digestibility quality silage |
C. Plett1, J. C. Plaizier1, N. McLean2, C. Lafrenière3, S. Bittman4, K. Ominski1 |
1University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canada, 2Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada, 3Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada, 4Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada |
Relative feed value (RFV) is a common index used within the industry to determine and compare forage quality. However, it has been suggested that RFV may be a better indication of the plant’s maturity rather than its digestibility. To provide a better estimate of the forage digestibility and nutrient availability, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), has been proposed. The objective of this study was to compare RFV with IVDMD of first-cut legume, grass, and legume-grass mix silages. Between 2018 and 2020, first-cut legume (n = 155), grass (n = 57), and legume-grass mix (n = 56) silages were collected from dairy farms across Canada. Samples were analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) via standard wet chemistry methods to calculate RFV. IVDMD was determined by the ANKOM DAISYII method. Silage samples were incubated for 48 h at 39°C in one of 4 rotating digestion vessels with a 3:1 ratio of rumen buffer and rumen fluid from 2 lactating Holstein cows. Solutions were constantly purged under carbon dioxide (CO2) and jars were purged under CO2 for 60 s before and after filling. NDF ending via ANKOM Delta Fiber Analyzer followed 48 h termination. PROC MIXED was run with dependent variables (IVDMD and RFV) and independent variables (region, year, silo, maturity). Results showed IVDMD was similar between forage types of the same maturity while RFV varied. For example, comparing immature legume (RFV:164; IVDMD 72%) and mixed (RFV:131; IVDMD: 68%) forages, showed IVDMD differed by only 4% while RFV differed by 33 points. PROC CORR was conducted for IVDMD and RFV and showed a moderate positive correlation coefficient between IVDMD and RFV (0.55, P < 0.0001) grass, (0.71, P < 0.0001) legume, and (0.74, P < 0.0001) mixed forages. Results indicate that IVDMD may be a more accurate assessment of silage quality than RFV and may provide a better estimate of the nutrient availability. Incorporating IVDMD into the industry and adapting IVDMD analysis for near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) will allow producers to better compare the quality of all forage types across regions. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86980 |
|
1147 |
Effects of fertilization strategy on triticale forage quality and dairy cow performance. |
6 |
A. M. Grev |
protein triticale nitrogen |
A. M. Grev1, S. B. Potts1, J. W. Semler1 |
1University of Maryland, College Park, MD |
Triticale silage has become a popular forage choice for many dairy producers to increase forage supply. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of increasing nitrogen (N) fertility rates with and without sulfur (S) on triticale yield and quality and 2) evaluate production implications when incorporating the forage into dairy cow diets. In Sept 2020, triticale was established at 2 locations in Maryland. Fertility treatments (defined in Table 1) were applied in March 2021 in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates at each location. Plots were mechanically harvested with a forage harvester when forage reached the boot stage in April. Harvested forage was weighed and subsampled for dry matter (DM) yield determination and forage nutritive value analysis. The NLOW, NMED, and NHIGH treatments were also applied to 3 2-ha fields to provide triticale for a lactation study which utilized 28 cows in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design. The standard (ALF) diet contained 60% forage (48% corn silage, 22% alfalfa silage) and 40% concentrate (DM basis). The LOW, MED, and HIGH diets were formulated by replacing alfalfa silage with NLOW, NMED, or NHIGH triticale silage, respectively, at a rate of 18–20% of diet DM. Both field and feeding studies were analyzed using mixed model analysis, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Application of N increased forage yield from 3.6 to 5.3 Mg/ha irrespective of application rate or S inclusion (P < 0.01). Crude protein (CP) increased linearly with N application rate from 87 to 180 g/kg irrespective of S application (P < 0.01). Neutral detergent fiber and net energy did not differ (P > 0.05). Feed intake, milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein production averaged 23.3 kg DM/d, 32.8 kg/d, 1.4 kg/d, and 1.0 kg/d, respectively, and were similar for the LOW, MED, and HIGH diets relative to ALF (P > 0.05). These results indicate that increasing N application rates can influence forage CP content, and that this forage can be included in the ration without affecting milk production. Table 1.
| Treatment |
Nitrogen (kg/ha) |
Sulfur (kg/ha) |
| CON |
0 |
0 |
| SUL |
0 |
17 |
| NLOW |
56 |
0 |
| NSLOW |
56 |
17 |
| NMED |
112 |
0 |
| NSMED |
112 |
17 |
| NHIGH |
168 |
0 |
| NSHIGH |
168 |
17 |
|
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87075 |
Watch |
1148 |
Effects of bacterial inoculant containing Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis on corn silage fermentation and aerobic stability. |
8 |
C. A. N. de Guzmán Cerna |
homolactic bacteria heterolactic bacteria yeast counts |
C. A. N. de Guzmán Cerna1, K. G. Arriola1, I. Fernandez-Marenchino1, K. V. Almeida2, F. X. Amaro1, H. Sultana1, D. Vyas1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microbial inoculant, Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis, on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage under laboratory conditions. Corn was harvested at 40.7% DM, chopped, and ensiled in 20L buckets after the application of 1) double distilled water (CON), and 2) manual application of inoculant (INC; SiloSolve FC) with a dose of 30 mL of diluted inoculant per kilogram of forage, and 150 000 cfu/g of forage. Corn forage was ensiled for 30 and 90 d with 5 replicates for each treatment x day combination. Silage extract was prepared using 0.1% peptone water and fermentation characteristics including lactate, acetate, ethanol, 1, 2 propanediol, and ammonia-N were measured. Yeast and mold counts were determined by plating. Aerobic stability was measured after 30 and 90 d of ensiling. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. After 90 d of ensiling, DM loss was lower for INC compared with CON (1.16 vs. 3.68%). Lactate concentration was greater for both CON and INC after 90 d compared with 30 d of ensiling (5.77 vs. 5.27% for CON and 5.69 vs. 5.21% for INC). Acetate concentration improved for INC compared with CON (1.17% vs 1.72%); however, the extent of increase was greater for INC after 90 d. Ammonia-N and 1, 2 propanediol concentrations were increased with INC compared with CON and a greater response was observed on both parameters with INC after 90 d of ensiling. Aerobic stability was improved with INC compared with CON after 90 d of ensiling (230.8 vs 95.1h). Yeast counts were lower with INC after 90 d of ensiling while no INC effects were observed on mold counts. In conclusion, inoculation of corn silage is an effective strategy to increase acetate and 1, 2 propanediol concentrations, lower yeast counts, and subsequently, increase aerobic stability of corn silage after 90 d of ensiling. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86901 |
Watch |
1149 |
Lactational performance and enteric gas emission in dairy cows fed an amylase-enabled corn silage. |
9 |
S. F. Cueva |
corn silage dairy cow enteric methane |
S. F. Cueva1, D. E. Wasson1, S. E. Räisänen1, L. F. Martins1, T. Silvestre1, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
This study investigated the effects of feeding an amylase-enabled (Enogen; Syngenta Seeds LLC) corn silage (ECS) on performance and enteric gas emission in lactating dairy cows fed a low-starch diet. Following a 2-wk covariate period, 48 Holstein cows averaging (±SD): 125 ± 44 d in milk and 44 ± 8 kg/d milk yield (MY) were assigned 1 of 3 treatments in a 10-wk randomized complete block design experiment. Treatments were diets containing the same proportion of corn silage (40% of dietary dry matter; DM): (1) control corn silage (CON), (2) ECS replacing control silage (EDR), and (3) EDR supplemented with ground corn grain to achieve the same dietary starch content as CON (ESP). Control corn silage and ECS contained 40.3 and 37.1% DM and (% of DM): neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 37.2 and 41.0 and starch, 37.1 and 30.0, respectively. Concentration of starch in the diets was (%, DM basis): 23.6, 20.7 and 22.6 for CON, EDR and ESP, respectively. Enteric CH4 emission was measured using the GreenFeed system. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with block and block × treatment as random effects. Treatments did not affect DM intake (DMI; 27 kg/d; SEM = 1.01), MY (36 kg/d; SEM = 0.60) or energy-corrected MY (ECM; 39 kg/d; SEM = 0.99). Compared with CON, feed efficiency (per unit of MY, but not ECM) was lower (P = 0.03) for EDR (1.47 vs. 1.32 kg/kg; SEM = 0.05), whereas milk true protein content (3.34 vs. 3.20 %; SEM = 0.04) and yield (1.22 vs. 1.13 kg/d; SEM = 0.03) were lower (P ≤ 0.01) for ESP, but not for EDR. Milk urea N was decreased (P = 0.03) by both ECS diets relative to CON. Compared with CON, daily CH4 emission (452 vs. 479 g/d; SEM = 8.14) and emission intensity (11.5 vs. 12.4 g/kg ECM; SEM = 0.33) were increased (P ≤ 0.05) by EDR. Apparent total-tract digestibility of NDF (NDFD) was greater (P = 0.03) for ESP and that of acid detergent fiber was greater (P = 0.01) for both ECS diets versus CON. Although lower in starch content, inclusion of ECS in the diet of dairy cows maintained DMI, ECM, and ECM feed efficiency. Enteric CH4 emission intensity was increased by EDR, whereas NDFD was increased by ESP. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86486 |
Watch |
1150 |
First-lactation performance of dairy heifers reared on pasture versus in confinement. |
10 |
C. H. P. C. Nova |
dairy heifer management grazing milk yield |
C. H. P. C. Nova1, K. F. Kalscheur2, G. E. Brink2 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI |
Grazing systems can decrease heifer-raising costs compared with confinement systems. However, studies investigating feeding regimens on the heifer growth phase and their influence on the first lactation are nonexistent. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of rearing dairy heifers on pasture or in confinement on first-lactation performance. 36 Holstein heifers (5 ± 0.8 mo old) were raised under 2 different practices. Eighteen heifers (BW = 167 ± 26.2 kg) were rotationally grazed on cool-season grass pastures for 5 mo in the first year, and 6 mo in the second-year grazing season (3 paddocks of 6). In parallel, 18 heifers (BW = 167 ± 26.4 kg) were reared in a freestall barn (3 pens of 6). Heifers in confinement were fed a TMR for growing dairy heifers, and heifers on pasture were fed a commercial calf starter as supplement (0.5% BW/d) to ensure to support adequate ADG. In the winter (6 mo), all heifers were housed in confinement and fed the same diet. After calving at 24.4 mo (±1.2) of age, animals were managed identically during the first lactation. Milk yield and composition, DMI, and BW were recorded at 50, 100, 150, and 200 DIM, and treatments compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. Total milk production, fat, and protein were recorded for the first lactation (305 d), and least squares means compared by t-test statistics. Heifers reared on pasture resulted in greater milk yield (+3.54, +4.05, +4.31, +6.40 kg; P = 0.007), greater DMI (+1.80, +1.04, +0.64, +1.80 kg; P = 0.0143), and greater MUN (+1.27%, +, +0.72%, +0.90%, +0.97%; P = 0.0436) compared with heifers raised on confinement. Milk fat, protein, and lactose, body weight, and feed efficiency were not different between the groups (P > 0.10). Total milk production (12,337 vs 11,107 kg; P = 0.02) and total protein yield (437 vs 358 kg; P = 0.04) for the first lactation (305 d) was greater for heifers raised on pasture compared with heifers raised in confinement, whereas total fat yield was similar (P > 0.10). In conclusion, raising heifers on pasture can be a strategy to support greater milk production through increased DMI throughout the first lactation. |
| Forages & Pastures 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Forages and Pastures |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86003 |
Watch |
1151 |
Effects of curing extent on red clover hay and silage nutritional value and microbial populations across storage phases. |
11 |
D. Z. Ayala |
red clover hay silage |
D. Z. Ayala1, M. Killerby1, G. Oppong1, C. Knight1, K. Dean1, J. R. Gomez1 |
1University of Maine, Orono, ME |
Our objective was to assess the effects of insufficient (WET) or ample (CUR) curing on red clover silage (29.4 and 45.3% DM) and hay (65.1 and 89.1, respectively) nutritive value and microbial populations. Measurements were taken at the start of storage (STRT), after 14 d (MID), and once storage processes had stabilized for hay and silage (50 and 78 d, respectively; LATE). Hay was packed into mini-bales (~500 fresh g; ~232 kg DM/m3) and silage into mini-silos (19.5 L; ~214 kg DM/m3). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 2 (curing) x 2 (storage methods) x 3 (storage phases) factorial. Differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. In silage, DM was the same across phases for WET (x¯ = 28.7% ± 1.54%) and CUR (x¯ = 44.8). However, DM of WET hay increased from STRT to MID and again at LATE (65.1 vs. 75.1 vs. 83.1, respectively). In CUR hay, DM was not different between STRT and MID (x¯ = 88.1% ± 1.54%), but decreased to 84.4 at LATE. The DM losses were higher for WET hay vs. silage (8.46 vs. 4.35 ± 0.82%), while the opposite was seen for CUR hay vs. silage (−1.47 vs. 2.38). At STRT, no differences in mold counts were observed across treatments (x¯ = 5.80 ± 0.27 log cfu/fresh g). However, at MID, a higher mold count was seen in WET vs. CUR hay (7.84 vs. 5.37), but the opposite occurred in WET vs. CUR silage (0.45 vs. 1.74). At LATE, WET hay still had a higher mold count than CUR (7.92 vs. 4.71), but no differences were observed for silage (x¯ <2). In the case of yeast, at STRT, there were no differences across any treatment (x¯ = 7.19 ± 0.34 log cfu/fresh g). However, more yeasts were observed in hay vs. silage at both MID (4.47 vs. 2.17) and LATE (4.02 vs. < 2, respectively). Also, more yeasts were found in CUR vs. WET hay (6.31 vs. 4.04 ± 0.28 log cfu/fresh g), and similarly in CUR vs. WET silage (3.7 vs. 2.64). In conclusion, adequate red clover curing is more critical for hay than silage in terms of DM losses. Also, insufficient hay curing resulted in an increase of mold counts across the storage phases but in the case of silage, it resulted in a faster decrease of mold counts. |
| Lactation Biology Symposium: Nutrient Transport in the Mammary Gland |
Hybrid Symposium |
Lactation Biology |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9830 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactation Biology Symposium: Nutrient Transport in the Mammary Gland |
Hybrid Symposium |
Lactation Biology |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86252 |
Watch |
1152 |
Nutrient transport requires water transport. |
1 |
C. H. Knight |
transport secretion aquaporins |
C. H. Knight1 |
1BreatheScience, Ayr, UK |
Ten years ago, consecutive meetings of the European Association of Animal Production included sessions on mammary cellular physiology focused on transport and secretory processes. Two of the organizers of this Lactation Biology Symposium were involved in one or other of those earlier meetings (as was I), so I am delighted that the topic remains relevant and is still considered important. At that time I posed the following questions: How does the membrane regulate water flux? How does the membrane accommodate large changes in cell shape/size/stretch? How is glucose uptake regulated? How is glucose trafficked to the Golgi? How does the secretory vesicle ”find” the apical membrane? How is the balance between apocine secretion and exocytosis maintained? How can the cell function effectively with both ”tight” TJ and ”leaky” TJ? How selective/nonselective is paracellular flux? Now I have the opportunity to discover how close we have come to answering some of these questions in the intervening years. I shall focus on water transport and the aquaporins, but also consider fatty acid transport, transport of minor constituents such as specific drugs and general transport considerations. My approach will be mechanistic at the cellular and membrane level, rather than molecular. Finally, I shall try to pose a new set of questions for consideration over the next decade. |
| Lactation Biology Symposium: Nutrient Transport in the Mammary Gland |
Hybrid Symposium |
Lactation Biology |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87019 |
Watch |
1153 |
Glucose transport in the mammary gland. |
2 |
M. Villagrán |
lactose mammary epithelial cell GLUT (facilitative glucose transporter family) |
M. Villagrán1, L. Mardones1 |
1Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile |
Milk synthesis during lactation is heavily dependent on glucose uptake by the mammary gland. Within this tissue, glucose supports the energy demand for the proliferating secretory epithelium, as well as the carbon source for the synthesis of the main milk constituents. Glucose uptake in mammary gland is carried out by members of the facilitative glucose transporter family (GLUT). GLUT1 is the main transporter present in the plasma membrane of alveolar epithelial cells where mediates glucose uptake. GLUT8 is also expressed in the mammary secretory cells, but it is intracellularly located in the cis Golgi compartment. Due to its co-localization with proteins involved in lactose synthesis like lactoalbumin, we postulate that GLUT8 is part of a protein complex involved in the glycosidic bonding between glucose and galactose within the Golgi of mammary secretory epithelia. The expression of GLUT1 and GLUT8 progressively increases in mammary gland across pregnancy, reaching their peak during lactation. After weaning, the level of both transporters dramatically decrease, underscoring their importance for the physiology of lactation. Although mammary epithelial cells are the main cell type involved in milk synthesis, other components of the mammary tissue could also play a role during lactation. In this regard, it is interesting to note that GLUT8 is also present in adipocytes and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland but its role is still unclear. Therefore, further research is needed regarding the supporting role of non-epithelial cells during lactation, as well as the regulatory mechanisms for glucose transport in the mammary gland. |
| Lactation Biology Symposium: Nutrient Transport in the Mammary Gland |
Hybrid Symposium |
Lactation Biology |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86495 |
Watch |
1155 |
The transport of free and peptide-bound amino acids in the mammary gland. |
4 |
H. Y. Liu |
free amino acid peptide-bound AA transporter |
X. S. Wei1,2, C. Wang2, H. Y. Liu1 |
1College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 2College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China |
Milk protein provides one of the highest quality sources of protein for human consumption. The mammary gland of dairy cows requires large amounts of nutrients for milk protein synthesis during lactation. Free amino acids (FAA) are the major form of amino-nitrogen taken up by lactating mammary gland. However, studies have showed that mammary uptake of several essential FAA cannot meet the demand of milk protein synthesis. The utilization of peptide-bound AA (PBAA) by the mammary gland may contribute to this demand. Increasing and balancing the AA (FAA and PBAA) supply to the mammary gland is the basis of most dietary treatments to enhance milk protein content or yield. In addition, uptake of FAA and PBAA by the mammary gland is critical to improve milk protein synthesis in dairy cows. The uptake of FAA into the mammary gland is mediated by amino acid transporters (AAT) located on the basolateral side of plasma membrane in mammary epithelial cells. The affinity of a transporter to an AA, as well as the number of AAT located on the plasma membrane, affect the mammary uptake of AA. Multiple AAT have been identified in the mammary gland. In contrast, only a few peptide transporters have been identified and only peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) was found to be expressed in bovine mammary gland. The expression and activity of AAT and PepT2 in the mammary gland during milk protein synthesis are regulated by factors, such as hormones, physiological conditions, and nutrient substrates. Latest study showed that the post-transcriptional modification N-glycosylation of PepT2 may play an important role in affecting the membrane targeting and protein stability. In this presentation, we will review the classifications and functions, transport mechanisms, substrate characteristics, and regulations of FAA and PBAA transporters in the mammary gland. These knowledges provide new insights into protein synthesis in the mammary gland and FAA and PBAA nutrition in dairy cows. |
| Lactation Biology Symposium: Nutrient Transport in the Mammary Gland |
Hybrid Symposium |
Lactation Biology |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86782 |
Watch |
1156 |
Immune response to LPS-induced mastitis in early lactation dairy cows fed nitrogenic, glucogenic or lipogenic diets. |
5 |
R. M. Bruckmaier |
mastitis immune response nutrient availability |
P. M. Jermann1, L. A. Wagner1, J. J. Gross1, O. Wellnitz1, R. M. Bruckmaier1 |
1Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
Besides lacking energy a shortage of specific nutrients may impair the mammary immune function in early lacation. We have tested the response to intramammary LPS in dairy cows fed either a nitrogenic diet (n = 10) high in crude protein, a glucogenic diet (n = 11) high in carbohydrates and glucogenic precursors, or a lipogenic diet (n = 11) high in lipids. Feeding of these diets started immediately after calving. Milk production (ECM) was similar (20–22 kg/d) and the energy balance was negative in all diet groups. In wk 3 of lactation 20 µg of LPS was injected into one quarter. The contralateral control quarter was injected with saline. Milk samples of the LPS treated and control quarter were taken hourly from 0 until 9 h relative to LPS injection to analyze SCC, milk amyloid A (MAA), and IL-8. Blood samples were taken in the morning and total composite milk samples were taken at morning and evening milkings on d −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 9 relative to LPS challenge to determine serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (HP) in blood, and SCC and MAA in milk. For statistical evaluation, diet effects were compared by mixed procedures, and for changes relative to pre-LPS levels the Dunnet test was used. The different diets did not affect the measured parameters in blood and milk, except for elevated plasma urea levels (P < 0.05) throughout the trial in the nitrogenic diet group. Similar in all diet groups, IL-8 was increased at 2 h, SCC at 3 h, and MAA at 6 h after LPS challenge (P < 0.05), respectively, and remained elevated in the milk of the LPS treated quarters until the end of sampling at 9 h. In the composite milk samples SCC and MAA were increased in the total composite milk in the evening of d 0 (9 h; P < 0.05), remained elevated until d 3, and were decreased to baseline on d 9 after LPS injection. Plasma HP and SAA were increased from d 1 to d 3 after LPS injection (P < 0.05), and were back to baseline on d 9. In conclusion, neither shortage nor availability of specific nutrients does not appear to impact both mammary or systemic immune response during the period of negative energy balance in early lactation. |
| Lactation Biology Symposium: Nutrient Transport in the Mammary Gland |
Hybrid Symposium |
Lactation Biology |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86048 |
Watch |
1157 |
Mineral transport in the mammary gland. |
6 |
S. L. Kelleher |
minerals genotype transport |
S. L. Kelleher1 |
1University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA |
Milk is a biologically complex fluid that contains numerous essential nutrients and bioactive non-nutritive factors required for optimal growth and development of the offspring. Milk is an excellent source of minerals (both macrominerals and trace elements), many of which are essential for proper functioning of a wide variety of vital process including bone development, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, hormone production and release, nerve transmission, and immune response. However, the concentrations of minerals in milk are influenced by numerous factors, including stage of lactation, time of day, nutritional and health status of the mother, as well as maternal genotype and environmental exposures. The constellation of these factors results in wide variation in milk mineral concentrations in production animals and humans, which is important to dairy product quality and offspring health. Additionally, tight regulation of mineral transport within the secretory mammary epithelial cell (MEC) itself is critical for the production and secretion of milk. While the nutritional roles, requirements, metabolism, and relationships between diet and milk concentration of numerous macrominerals and trace elements have been more clearly defined in recent years, considerable gaps in knowledge regarding factors responsible for mammary gland mineral transport and secretion into milk remain. The regulation of mammary gland mineral transport requires the temporal integration of basal mineral uptake into the secretory MEC, followed by intracellular utilization, sequestration, and buffering, and finally by apical secretion into the alveoli lumen. Here, we will focus on the current understanding of how select macrominerals (i.e., calcium, phosphorus, and potassium) and trace elements (i.e., zinc and iodine) are transported in the mammary gland with a focus on molecular regulation and the consequence of genotype. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms and factors that affect mineral transport in the mammary gland is important to understanding milk production, mineral output, and mammary gland health to inform intervention design in production animals and novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in humans. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9828 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86710 |
Watch |
1158 |
Why I embraced qualitative research: The perspective of a dairy scientist. |
1 |
D. F. Kelton |
qualitative research knowledge adoption |
D. F. Kelton1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Over the course of my career as a dairy scientist I have spent the majority of my time and energy developing and implementing large field-based studies that were either observational (to identify risk factors associated with outcomes of interest) or interventional (to test hypotheses related to specific disease treatment or preventive strategies). These studies have focused on the control and prevention of diseases identified by dairy producers to be of high importance, including mastitis, lameness and Johne’s disease. These studies were designed to produce knowledge that could be practically applied on dairy farms. Results of this work have been published in refereed journals, have been extended through industry publications and have been presented at producer and veterinary meetings, yet the degree of adoption of this new knowledge has been disappointingly low. The research methods I had traditionally used were intended to expand our understanding of the ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘why’, but not the ‘why not’. What started as a relatively simple question, ‘Why aren’t more dairy farmers implementing disease control strategies that we are confident will decrease disease burden?’ has led to an exploration of research methods that are foundational to our social science colleagues, yet have only very recently been applied more broadly in dairy science. While most of us have only scratched the surface, these methods have profoundly increased our understanding and interpretation of dairy stakeholder opinions and experiences, resulting in some fundamental changes in how we deliver new knowledge to our end-users. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87014 |
Watch |
1159 |
Qualitative research approaches, methodologies, and focus areas for studying human values, actions, and interactions in the dairy cattle sector. |
2 |
M. Vaarst |
qualitative research scientific methodologies |
M. Vaarst1 |
1Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark |
For decades, dairy research has mainly focused on technical aspects and natural scientific methodologies to increase milk production and efficiency, eradicate or minimize disease, or improve dairy animal welfare, with little attention on the human and social aspects of dairy farming. An interest in humans and their values, perceptions, strategies, decisions, actions and interactions related with their cows, calves, herds and farms has increased, indicating that the crucial and critical human and social influence on all levels of dairy farming and the entire dairy industry is recognized. In addition, the importance of human multiple roles, positions and responses to pressures and opportunities is acknowledged. Understanding these dynamics potentially bridge and allows mutual understandings between actors regarding dairy industry structures and outcomes. A wealth of scientific methods exist to explore and analyze these aspects, to understand actors in dairy farming, and to develop dairy farms and sectors to meet current challenges and expectations, as well as to raise critical views and concerns on developments related to contemporary issues. This presentation will give examples of qualitative research related to human values, perceptions, actions and interactions in the dairy sector as well as related to the animals themselves. Second, the presentation will explore how different views on animals as well as humans may be exposed through the research, and meaningfully reflected in appropriate qualitative research methodologies, some of which seem very relevant, but are not yet fully embraced in dairy research. Considerations regarding research ethics and scientific rigor of qualitative research will be considered, giving suggestions on how to understand and describe the concept of validity in a qualitative research framework. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86526 |
|
1160 |
Veterinary communication and motivational Interviewing: How qualitative methodologies can support and inform effective interventions in dairy science. |
3 |
A. M. Bard |
qualitative research veterinary communication behavior change |
A. M. Bard1,5, D. C. J. Main2, A. M. Haase3, H. R. Whay4, K. K. Reyher5 |
1The University of Aberystwyth, Wales, UK, 2Royal Agricultural University, Gloucestershire, UK, 3Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 4National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland, 5University of Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol, UK |
Achieving herd health and welfare improvement increasingly relies on veterinarians to train and advise farmers (1), placing veterinary communication and advisory services at the heart of herd health management. Veterinarians recognize their influence and the need to be proactive advisors, but struggle with acting upon this awareness in daily practice (2–4). In recent research, Ruston and colleagues (4) identified that this struggle is so pervasive that veterinarians report challenges in influencing behavior change as fundamentally undermining the preventive advisory role itself. Research efforts aiming to characterize the intricacies of this herd health advisory paradigm are critical to understand the complexities of this context and in doing so, encourage effectively targeted support and training for practicing veterinarians. This presentation reports research at the University of Bristol Vet School investigating the feasibility for a change oriented, evidence-based communication methodology developed in the medical sciences – Motivational Interviewing (MI) - to be harnessed by cattle veterinarians in daily practice in the pursuit of more effective and engaging conversations with farmers regarding change. Using a mixed methods study design, the research team first utilized qualitative methodologies to explore and understand veterinarian and farmer experiences of change oriented herd health communication, with this initial analysis supporting an MI training intervention and quantitative analysis of veterinarian-farmer communication interactions. An overview of this research process will offer insight on how qualitative methodologies can support and inform effective interventions and/or associated quantitative work in the dairy sciences, adding strength to research endeavors within this field. (1) FAWC (2011) Education, communication and knowledge application in relation to farm animal welfare; (2) Cannas da Silva et al. (2006) Vet. Quarterly. 28(1):23–32; (3) Mee (2007) Theriogenology 68S:S257-S265; (4) Ruston et al. (2016) Prev. Vet. Med. 127(1): 84–93. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86159 |
|
1161 |
Evaluating how interventions work on dairy farms. |
4 |
K. E. Koralesky |
behavioral change employee goal setting |
K. E. Koralesky1, K. E. Mills1, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk1, D. M. Weary1 |
1University of British Columbia Animal Welfare Program, Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Interventions that aim to help farmers change practices recommend that advisors communicate effectively, work collaboratively to set goals, and provide farmers with resources that are applicable to the farm context. We developed an intervention that aimed to help farmers modify and use a standard operating procedure (SOP) for colostrum management; failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins is common on many dairy farms and SOPs are increasingly required by animal welfare assurance programs. We used a multiple case study on 11 farms over 8 mo, collecting data through interviews, participant observation, document analysis and field notes. Six farms chose to work with herd veterinarians and 5 chose to work with researchers and farm staff but not veterinarians. For farms working with veterinarians, we evaluated whether and how farmers used advice provided by veterinarians. For farms working without veterinarians, we used Realistic Evaluation (RE) to evaluate whether, how and why our intervention facilitated change. Using RE, we identified mechanisms that influenced whether participants modified and used their SOP. The purpose mechanism distinguished between participants who thought the SOP was useful to teach farm staff tasks versus those who thought that the SOP was useful for assurance program compliance. The utility mechanism distinguished between participants who thought that the SOP could be used daily, versus those who did not. The physical text mechanism distinguished between participants who used the templates we provided, versus those who did not. A key contextual factor was participant belief of having capable and engaged staff on their farm; modification and use of the SOP did not occur unless this was the case. To facilitate change, intervention developers should actively participate in the intervention to develop an understanding of farmer needs, understand the purpose behind different goals set by farmers and integrate tools, advice and resource demonstrations when possible. RE is a useful framework for evaluating how, and in which contexts, complex interventions facilitate change on farms. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86690 |
|
1162 |
Using qualitative research methods to inform policy and practice: Perspective of a dairy consultant. |
6 |
S. Roche |
qualitative mixed-methods consulting |
S. Roche1,2, J. Saraceni1, D. Renaud2,1 |
1ACER Consulting, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The quality and scope of dairy research today is truly remarkable. Interestingly, the impact of much of this work is challenged by adoption. How do we get our work adopted by those that stand to benefit from its application? Why won’t some farmers implement evidence-based recommendations? Why is program uptake inconsistent? What prevents producers from engaging advisors? What policies, programs, and practices are needed to address public concerns? Answering these questions requires a deeper understanding of factors that are not easily quantified, such as emotions, attitudes, values, beliefs, and experiences. Qualitative methods allow us to explore these factors in a structured way, are key to understanding barriers to adoption, and are essential to developing more effective programs, policies, practices, and interventions. Qualitative methods provide added depth to scientific research that often cannot be obtained quantitatively. Typically, scientific research disciplines focus on explaining phenomena, establishing facts, and proving (or dis-proving) hypotheses. While these approaches are critical, they often do not allow for deeper understanding through contextualizing individual situations. As a research and scientific communications consultant in the dairy industry, I strive to understand, inform, and influence dairy cattle health and welfare. This often requires qualitative and mixed-methods to understand complex problems. In this presentation I will showcase how ACER Consulting employs qualitative methods to support dairy farmers, advisors, and associations in developing, implementing, and evaluating new programs, policies, and practices to improve dairy cattle health and welfare. I will discuss projects related to the development of provincial milk quality policies in Ontario, producer attitudes on new pre-weaned housing requirements in Canada, stakeholder perspectives on high priority animal welfare issues for the US dairy industry, farmer case studies to improving lameness, informing calf health monitoring programs for veterinarians, and producer attitudes and practices toward disbudding calves with pain mitigation. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86772 |
Watch |
1163 |
Understanding the human factors affecting disease control on dairy farms. |
7 |
P. A. Robinson |
social factors disease control qualitative research |
P. A. Robinson1 |
1Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom |
Farmers, private veterinarians and state veterinary authorities often become frustrated by the lack of progress in controlling or eradicating disease at farm, regional or national level. Despite adequate, and even in-depth, scientific understanding of disease pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment and appropriate preventive control measures for diseases in dairy cattle, progress can often be much slower than the aspirations and targets demonstrating success. Over time, this can lead to disillusionment and a lack of active and constructive engagement between the different stakeholders involved in control programs. While there are often undoubted biological challenges in controlling particular pathogens and diseases, there is an increasing awareness and appreciation in veterinary epidemiology of the human factors influencing disease control. Dairy farmers and their advisors and regulators can have profound affects on the success or otherwise of ambitions to control disease, and there is a fundamental need to explore the social dimensions of these endeavors. This involves taking the time to actively listen and seek to understand the multiple perspectives on disease, and the control of disease, by engaging with key stakeholders most influencing outcomes. Using examples from qualitative research on dealing with 2 endemic mycobacterial diseases of dairy cattle in the United Kingdom - bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis - this study demonstrates the value of social science research in helping to unravel the complexity of the human dimensions of disease control. The study illustrates the importance of examining disease control on dairy farms through the particular perspectives of farmers and veterinarians, and how a more holistic appreciation of the competing priorities and differences in understanding can identify factors which hinder progress, but which can be addressed to shift the outcome more toward success. |
| Production Division Symposium: Qualitative Research Methods in Dairy Science |
Hybrid Symposium |
Production Division Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86060 |
|
1164 |
Experiencing qualitative research: Focus group sessions. |
9 |
B. A. Ventura |
participatory community research |
B. A. Ventura1, L. Morgans2 |
1University of Lincoln, School of Life Sciences, Lincoln, UK, 2Innovation for Agriculture, Kenilworth, UK |
Focus groups are a qualitative social science research method that can yield a rich data set consisting of multiple perspectives on a particular issue. They can also help define and clarify research questions and agendas when little is known on a subject or when there are polarized views. This session will highlight the role and usefulness of this qualitative method for dairy science research. Simultaneously, we aim to provide a space for current qualitative researchers to connect and share experiences of conducting focus groups, highlighting the benefits as well as pitfalls for those who are newer to this approach. After introductions by facilitators, participants will be invited to join smaller groups (5–8 participants per group). The session will begin with a series of explorative, open-ended questions designed to encourage participants to reflect on their learning from the symposium’s previous sessions (e.g., most valuable take-aways, remaining concerns or questions). Next, in lieu of a more traditional speaker panel, we will run a widely used tool from participatory community-based research known as a ‘fishbowl.’ Briefly, participants will be invited to sit in a large circle, with several previously identified, experienced qualitative researchers sitting in a smaller circle in the center. The centered group will discuss a series of prompts (e.g., types of research questions they have explored with focus groups and their perceptions of benefits and challenges to their use) before opening up discussion with the wider audience. We anticipate this session to be highly interactive, allowing participants the chance to voice their perspectives in a welcoming environment; to listen to practical experiences of overcoming common challenges when planning, conducting, and analyzing focus groups; and to network with those using or interested in qualitative research applications to dairy science research questions. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9815 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87083 |
Watch |
1165 |
Effects of weaning strategies on health, hematology, and productivity in Holstein dairy calves. |
1 |
A Wolfe |
calf health weaning pace weaning age |
A Wolfe1, P Rezamand2, B Agustinho2, D Konetchy2, A Laarman1,2 |
1University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CA, 2University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Weaning strategies in dairy calves vary considerably, though the impact on animal health is unclear. This study examined the effects of calf weaning age (6 vs. 8 wk) and pace (abrupt vs. gradual) on health parameters in dairy calves. Holstein calves (n = 72), blocked by gender and birth weight, were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (n = 18 per): Early-Abrupt (EA), Early-Gradual (EG), Late-Abrupt (LA), and Late-Gradual (LG). Milk replacer (24% CP, 17% fat; up to 1,200 g/d) was fed twice daily; water, calf starter (18% CP), and chopped alfalfa hay were fed ad libitum. Daily intakes of milk replacer, calf starter, and forage were recorded. Body weight, health measures, blood hematology, and fecal scores were obtained pre- and post-weaning. Calves were orally bolused with a rumen pH logger for the last 3 d of the weaning transition and rumen pH was measured continuously. Data were analyzed with age and pace as fixed effects. Age at weaning increased respiration (P = 0.02), while gradual weaning groups had lower respiration rate (P = 0.01). Heartrate was lower in gradual than in abrupt groups (P = 0.01). Fecal score tended to increase in late-weaned groups (P = 0.06) and gradually weaned groups (P = 0.04). No difference was detected in body core temperature by age or pace. During the weaning transition, average daily gain was lower in LA than EA (0.62 vs. 0.11 Kg/d, P < 0.01) and gradually weaned groups had increased ADG (0.65 kg/d, P = 0.02). Change in grain intake, but not forage intake, was greater in gradually weaned groups (P < 0.01). Mean rumen pH tended to increase from EG to LG (7.65 vs. 8.84, P = 0.1) and from LA to LG (7.89 vs. 8.84, P = 0.1). No difference was detected among treatments in red or white blood cell counts, and hemoglobin. Procalcitonin tended to be different depending on the age × pace interaction with the LA group having the highest percentage of procalcitonin (0.18%, P = 0.07). Blood hematocrit increased in abruptly weaned groups (41.3 %, P = 0.01). Overall, calf health is affected by both age and pace of weaning, though the health parameters impacted by age and pace differ. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86921 |
Watch |
1166 |
Effect of a phytogenic compound, a functional mineral compound and a monoglyceride product on calf growth and health. |
2 |
S. E. Schuling |
dairy calf phytogenic compound growth |
S. E. Schuling1, D. E. Schimek1 |
1NutriQuest, Mason City, IA |
Two hundred female Holstein calves housed in a commercial facility were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of 3 proprietary products on growth and health. Calves arrived at 1–2 d of age and were allocated to one of 4 lines of individual hutches. Each line was randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments 1) control (CON), 2) CON + 100 mg/d phytogenic compound PC), 3) CON + 5 g/d functional mineral compound (FV), and 4) CON + 15 g/d monoglyceride product (MGP). All treatments were supplemented in milk from arrival to weaning (55 d). Calves were fed whole milk reconstituted to a 14% solids level with 26/21 (d1–26) or 26/19 (d27–55) milk replacers. Calves were fed 0.34 and 0.45 kg of solids twice daily from 1 to 3 d, and 4–45 d, respectively, and 0.36 kg of solids once daily from 46 to 55 d. Calf starter (19% CP) and water were offered ad libitum. Body weights were measured at d 1, 14, 28, 42, and 56, and ADG was calculated from arrival and by weighing period. Scour events were recorded by calf managers. Intake of calf starter was measured once weekly. Performance data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Health data were analyzed using the LOGISTICS procedure of SAS. There was a treatment*week interaction for BW, period ADG, and starter intake. At weaning, calves fed PC weighed 4.5 kg more than calves fed CON (76.7 vs. 81.2 ± 0.86 kg; P < 0.01). Body weight of calves fed FV was similar to PC and CON (80.3 kg), and calves fed MGP had similar BW to CON at weaning (79.4 kg). From wk 6–8, calves fed PC and FV had increased ADG compared with CON and MGP (0.87, 0.92, 0.74, and 0.81 ± 0.04 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Intake of starter was greater at weaning for calves fed PC and FV compared with CON and MGP (2.0, 2.0, 1.7, and 1.7 ± 0.03 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Fewer treatments for calf scours were recorded for calves fed PC compared with CON, FV, and MGP (40, 65, 69, and 63 ± 6.90% of calves, respectively; P = 0.01). Feeding PC from birth to weaning reduced scours treatments and increased BW, ADG from wk 6–8, and starter intake at weaning. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86318 |
Watch |
1167 |
The effect of weather on drinking speed and milk consumption on female dairy calves in an automated milk feeder system. |
3 |
M. E. Montes |
automatic milk feeder temperature-humidity index feeding behavior |
M. E. Montes1, J. Doucette2, J. Graham1, L. F. Brito1, J. P. Boerman1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2Agriculture Data Services, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN |
Automated milk feeders (AMF) continuously provide producers with individual intake and behavior measurements. Research has focused on deviations in milk consumption, visits, and drinking speed as indicators of illness. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental and animal characteristics on feeding behavior when calves are fed ad libitum. The second objective was to evaluate feeding behavior relative to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) treatment. We integrated data from the AMF and herd management software from a commercial farm in Plymouth, IN, with nearby weather station data. We analyzed daily data from 10,019 Holstein female calves (BW 41.1 ± 5.1 kg, mean ± SD) born between July 2015 and August 2021. Calves were fed up to 24 L/d of non-saleable milk for the first 32 d. We used linear mixed models (lmerTest 3.1–3, R software 4.1.2) to analyze daily milk consumption, visits, and drinking speed. We included parity (1, 2 and 3+), day relative to BRD treatment (−5 to 5), temperature and humidity index (THI), birth weight (BW), feeding day (FD), and 2 and 3-way interactions of THI, BW and FD as the fixed effects and calf within feeder as the random effects. The final models for milk consumption (all P < 0.05, R2 = 0.57) and drinking speed (all P < 0.05, R2 = 0.48) were selected with backward stepwise elimination to include all significant variables. Calves born from primiparous cows had the lowest milk consumption (8.61 vs. 8.99 ± 0.05 L/d, mean ± SE; P < 0.05) and the greatest drinking speed (501 vs. 479 ± 6.6 mL/min, mean ± SE; P < 0.05) compared with calves born from multiparous cows. Relative to BRD treatment, milk consumption decreased by 1.7% compared with baseline 3 d before BRD treatment (P < 0.05), and drinking speed decreased 3.1% 1 d before BRD treatment (P < 0.05). Both measures were not different from baseline the day after calves were treated. Our model showed that changes in drinking speed were associated with THI and the interaction of THI with FD and BW. Future predictive models for BRD should consider integrated data and account for environmental stressors. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86922 |
Watch |
1168 |
Effect of 4 product combinations on calf growth and health from birth to weaning. |
4 |
S. E. Schuling |
dairy calf phytogenic compound functional bentonite |
S. E. Schuling1, D. E. Schimek1 |
1NutriQuest, Mason City, IA |
Two hundred fifty female Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of 4 product combinations on growth and health from birth to weaning (54 d) in a commercial calf facility. Four individual products were evaluated in 4 different combinations. Propietary products were functional bentonite (FV, 5 g), phytogenic compound (PC, 100 mg), yeast cell wall (YCW, 2 g), and mung bean (MB, 1.8 g). Calves were 1–2 d old at arrival and allocated to one of 5 lines of individual hutches. Each line was randomly assigned to one of 5 treatments 1) control (CON), 2) CON + FV, PC, and YCW, 3) CON + MB, PC, and YCW, 4) CON + MB and PC, and 5) CON + FV and PC. Calves were fed whole milk reconstituted to a 14% solids level. Calves were fed 2x/d from d 1–51 and 1x/d from d 52–54. Solids feeding rate ranged from 0.34 – 1 kg/d from d 1–54. A 19% CP calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Body weights were measured every other week. Average daily gain was calculated from arrival and by weighing period. Scour, pneumonia, and other health events were recorded by calf managers. Intake of calf starter was measured one day per week. Performance data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Health data were analyzed using the LOGISTICS procedure of SAS. There was no effect of treatment on starter intake. There was a treatment*week interaction for BW, ADG, and period ADG. At weaning calves fed FV+PC+YCW weighed 2.27 kg more than calves fed CON (71.23 vs. 73.50 ± 0.59 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). From wk 6–8, calves fed FV+ PC+YCW and PC+MB had increased ADG compared with CON (0.55, 0.57, and 0.44 ± 0.03 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Fewer treatments for calf scours were recorded for calves fed FV+PC+YCW and PC+MB compared with CON (54, 58, and 82 ± 6.91% of calves, respectively; P = 0.03). Feeding PC+MB from birth to weaning had some beneficial effects on ADG and calf health. Feeding FV+PC+YCW from birth to weaning improved calf health by reducing scours treatments which resulted in improved ADG from 6 to 8 weeks and greater BW at weaning. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86889 |
Watch |
1169 |
Transcriptome and metatranscriptome analysis on the rumen epithelium and liver in young calves with feed-induced acidosis. |
5 |
W. Li |
ruminal acidosis transcriptome microbial community |
W. Li1, A. Larsen2, B. Murphy2 |
1US Dairy Forage Research Cener, Madison, WI, 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN |
The objectives were to investigate the changes in the transcriptome and associated microbial community in the rumen and the liver in young calves with diet-induced, prolonged acidosis after weaning. Beginning at birth, 8 calves were enrolled, with 4 of them receiving a starch-rich, acidosis-inducing diet (pelleted, 42.7% starch, 15.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 57.8% nonfiber carbohydrates (NC)), and the rest on a control diet (texturized; 35.3% starch, 25.3% NDF, and 48.1% NC). Rumen epithelial tissues were collected at 8 and 17 weeks of age. Liver tissues were also collected at 17 weeks of age. Transcriptome analyses on the rumen epithelium and liver, and their associated microbial communities were carried out. Calves with induced ruminal acidosis showed significantly less weight gain over the course of the experiment, in addition to substantially lower ruminal pH in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). A total of 100 genes was identified as uniquely, upregulated at 17 weeks of age in the acidotic calves. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified these genes as being involved primarily in the molecular pathways of cell signaling and morphogenesis, indicating the impact of ruminal acidosis on rumen epithelium development. At the genus level, 37 genera showed a significant increase in expression at 17 weeks in the rumen. Notably, 10 of these genera were also significantly increased in the liver (P < 0.05, fold change > 2), including Fibrobacter, Treponema, Lactobacillus, and Olsenella. Our study sheds light into host rumen transcriptome and gut microbial community changes associated with prolonged acidosis in post weaning calves. The concurrent shifts in microbial genus abundance in both the liver and rumen indicate potential crosstalk between the liver and rumen epithelial microbial communities. Given the important role of the liver as a metabolic organ, our findings warrant further investigation into the role of the liver microbiome in the progression of ruminal acidosis and the specific molecular events that facilitate the interactions between the gut and the liver. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86413 |
|
1170 |
Impact of bovine-derived direct-fed microbials and transition milk on growth and immune development of Holstein dairy calves. |
6 |
A. H. Laarman |
calf direct-fed microbials transition milk |
M. N. Degenshein1, M. G. Gaenzle1, M. A. Steele2, L. L. Guan1, A. H. Laarman1 |
1University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2University of Guelph, Guelph, AB, Canada |
This study investigated the role of transition milk and bovine-derived direct-fed microbials (DFM) on growth and immunological parameters in young Holstein calves. Holstein calves (n = 40) were blocked by body weight and allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial of milk type (100% milk replacer vs. 50% milk replacer, 50% colostrum replacer) and bovine-derived DFM consisting of 4 Lactobacillus spp., dosed at 1 × 109 cfu (control vs. treatment). The 4 treatments were: Milk replacer, DFM control (MR-C), milk replacer, DFM treatment (MR-T), transition milk, DFM control (TM-C), and transition milk, DFM treatment (TM-T). Transition milk and DFM were fed daily from d 1 until 7, after which all calves received high plane of nutrition milk replacer, and calf starter and water ad libitum. Calves were individually housed until d 21, then group-housed. Weaning was a gradual reduction in milk replacer allotment from d 49 until d 63. Body weight was measured weekly; blood and feces were sampled on wk 1, 4, 6, and 9. Blood was analyzed for immunoglobulins (Ig) A and G, cortisol, haptoglobin, glucose and BHBA; feces were analyzed for VFA and total E. coli content. Average daily gain was unaffected by milk type (P = 0.86) or DFM treatment (P = 0.38). Feed conversion ratio from d 1 until 7 was greater in TM-T than other groups (P = 0.05). Fecal VFA concentrations were higher in DFM treatment groups; plasma glucose and BHB were affected by week (P < 0.01) but not by milk type (P = 0.79 and 0.43). Fecal total E. coli was decreased in wk 1 by TM treatments (P < 0.01) and TM-T showed decreased total E. coli until wk 4 (P = 0.01). Serum haptoglobin was affected by milk type, DFM treatment, and their interaction (P < 0.01 for all). Cortisol concentration was affected by week (P < 0.01) but not by milk type (P = 0.75) or DFM treatment (P = 0.14). Serum IgG was affected by week (P < 0.01) but not milk type (P = 0.38) or DFM treatment (P = 0.55); IgA was unaffected by milk type (P = 0.32) or DFM treatment (P = 0.44). Bovine-derived DFM appear to improve feed conversion in early life and decrease E. coli shedding. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86220 |
Watch |
1171 |
Feeding colostrum and transition milk facilitate digestive tract functionality of dairy calves after a feed restriction and fasting period. |
8 |
M. Tortadès |
colostrum transition milk calf recovery |
M. Tortadès1, S. Martí1, M. Devant1, F. Fàbregas1, M. Terré1 |
1Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain |
We aimed to evaluate the digestive tract recovery and metabolism of feeding either bovine colostrum (BC), transition milk (TM), or milk replacer (MR) after an episode of feed restriction (FR) and fasting. Thirty-five Holstein male calves (22 ± 4.8 d old) were involved in a 50-d study. After 3 d of feeding 2L of rehydration solution twice daily (FR) and 19 h of fasting, calves were randomly assigned to 5 treatments (n = 7): feeding either pooled BC during 4 (C4) or 10 (C10) days, pooled TM during 4 (TM4) or 10 (TM10) days, or MR for 10 d (CTRL) at the rate of 720 g/d DM content. Then, all calves were fed the same feeding program, decreasing MR gradually from 3L twice daily to 2L once daily at 12.5% DM until weaning (d 42), and concentrate feed, water, and straw were offered ad libitum until d 50. Citrulline, β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in serum were determined on −3, 1, 2, 5 and 11, and IgA in feces on 5 and 11 d relative to fasting before the morning feeding. Feed concentrate, MR, and straw intake were recorded daily, and body weight on d −3, 1, 2, 5 and 11, and weekly afterward. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effect model accounting for the random effects of animal and the fixed effect of treatment, time, and its interaction. Calf performance, intake, serum NEFA concentrations were similar among treatments throughout the study. Serum BHB concentrations were greater in C4, C10, TM4 and TM10 than in CTRL (0.18 vs 0.12 ± 0.012 mmol/L, respectively) calves throughout the study. Serum citrulline concentrations were similar on d −3 and 1 in all treatments, but they were greater in C4, C10, TM4, and TM10 on d 2 and 5 (65 vs 29 ± 7.3 µmol/L, respectively), and in C10 and TM10 on d 11 than CTRL (55 vs 31 ± 7.0 µmol/L, respectively) calves. Fecal IgA concentrations were greater in C10 than in CTRL, TM4, and TM10 (698 vs 266 ± 188.8 ng/mL, respectively) calves, and in C4 and TM10 than in CTRL (448 vs 149 ± 188.8 ng/mL, respectively) animals. Results showed that TM and BC may help to recover intestinal absorptive function, provide gut immune protection, and increase liver fatty acid oxidation in calves after a FR and fasting episode. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85885 |
Watch |
1172 |
Impact of adding lipids sources to milk replacers on rumen microbiome of young bull calves. |
9 |
E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez |
beef calf fatty acids |
P. P. K. Petersen1, P. F. Lomar1, N. C. Pedersen1, S. S. Abdullah2, H. H. Hansen1, R. A. M. Vieira3, A. L. Alves Neves1, E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 2Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 3Laboratório de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil |
The aim of this study was to characterize the ruminal bacterial community in bull calves fed different lipid sources added to milk replacers (MR). Eighteen Holstein × Belgian Blue bull calves were balanced according to body weight (70 ± 12, 69 ± 12, and 70 ± 12kg) and assigned to 3 treatments (control and 2 lipid source groups). For 21 d, all calves received a control MR (16% fat) with no lipid supplementation. Thereafter, 2 groups of animals were each fed a lipid, with differential saturation (BoviLM and Bovi85 from NLM Vantinge, Denmark) added as 5% of the dry matter (DM) of the MR. BoviLM fatty acid contents (g/100g) were 40 of C16:0 and 40 C18:0, while Bovi85 had 45 of C16:0 and 40 of C18:1 cis-9. Animals assigned to the control group continued to receive the MR with no added lipid sources. Fecal samples (n = 71) were taken from the rectum during the experimental period and stored at −80°C. DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Multivariate discriminant analysis (sparse partial least square discriminant analysis; sPLS-DA) was conducted to identify microbial signatures in the fecal samples in each group of animals. Fifteen bacterial phyla, 64 families and 143 genera were identified. Although unsupervised analysis with principal component (PCA) revealed no difference in bacteria community across groups, sPLS-DA identified differential microbial signatures. Our analyses revealed 30 bacterial taxa that differentiated rumen microbial signatures characterizing each group of lipid supplementation. The rumen microbiome is critical for feed breakdown, fermentation to useful products, and nutrient utilization. These parameters are associated with feed efficiency and therefore cost of production. Information from long-term studies is necessary to understand the influence of diet on early-life establishment of the microbiome and effects on animal health. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87056 |
Watch |
1174 |
Effects of post-day one colostrum supplementation on growth and health of preweaning dairy heifers. |
10 |
H. R. McCarthy |
calf colostrum supplementation growth performance |
H. R. McCarthy1, A. J. Lopez1, A. Pineda1, D. L. Renaud1, M. Nagorske2, M. A. Steele1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
The preweaning period of calves is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, leading to financial losses for producers. Research regarding ways to improve the health of calves to reduce antimicrobial use continues to be crucial to the success of the dairy industry. The study aimed to explore the effects of supplementing colostrum replacer (CR) post-day one to calves on health and growth. Holstein heifer calves (n = 200; 50/TRT) were enrolled at birth, fed CR (205g IgG/feeding) at 0 and 12h, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 100% milk replacer (MR) from d 2–49 (control; C); 50% CR + 50% MR d 2–3 and 100% MR d 4–49 (transition; T); 100% MR + 10% CR d2–14 and 100% MR d 15–49 (extended; E); or 50% CR + 50% MR d 2–3, 100% MR + 10%CR d 4–14, and 100% MR d 15–49 (extended + transition; ET). Body weight was recorded at birth and weekly until wk 7. Blood serum samples were taken daily (d 0–7) and weekly until wk 7. In addition, a health assessment was completed daily. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and are reported as least squared means with standard errors. Calves fed T had higher overall average daily gain (ADG) compared with C (0.47 vs 0.42 ± 0.02 kg; P = 0.03). The E and ET groups had higher (P ≤ 0.05) ADG at wk 2 (0.45 vs 0.42 ± 0.05kg, respectively) compared with C (0.29 ± 0.05kg). The incidence and length of diarrhea, respiratory illness and therapies did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). Calves fed T (8.2 ± 0.01%) and E (6.1 ± 0.00%) tended to have lower mortality (P = 0.08) compared with C (20.0 ± 0.01%). Serum IgG levels did not differ by treatment (P = 0.80). Considering the positive effects of treatments T and E on ADG and mortality, more research is needed to determine the impact of colostrum supplementation and its mechanism of action. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86077 |
Watch |
1175 |
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen-protected choline: Effects of in utero exposure on Angus × Holstein beef calves. |
11 |
H. T. Holdorf |
beef cross methylation feed efficiency |
H. T. Holdorf1, W. E. Brown1, S. J. Erb1, G. J Combs1, S. J. Henisz1, M. J. Martin1, K. E. Ruh1, K. A. Estes2, H. M. White1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY |
Feeding pregnant cows rumen-protected choline (RPC) has potential to impact the growth and health of offspring. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of late-gestation RPC dose on growth and health in beef x dairy calves. Multiparous Holstein cows pregnant with Angus x Holstein beef calves (n = 17 male, 30 female) were randomly assigned to 0g (control; CTL), 15g (recommended dose; RD), or 22g (high dose; HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2; Balchem Corp.) or the RD of choline ion from an established product (RPC1; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control). Treatments (trt) were mixed into the TMR and cows had ad libitum access via Insentec feeders (Hokofarm Group; 4 feeders/trt) which allowed quantification of individual intake. Calves were fed one gallon of colostrum after birth from dams within the same trt and thereafter fed a traditional milk replacer program and offered ad libitum access to calf starter. Jugular vein blood samples were collected and BW was measured at 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56d. Whole blood DNA methylation at 7d and metabolites at all d were quantified. Feed efficiency (FE) was calculated as (56d BW – birth weight) / total study Mcal intake. Mixed models analyzing categorical trt effects and continuous effects of actual dam RPC2 intake were performed in PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. Differences were significant at P < 0.05, and tendencies at 0.05 < P < 0.1. Birth weight was greater (P < 0.01; 45.6 vs. 40.3kg) and 56d BW tended to be greater (P = 0.08; 90.4 vs. 86.3kg) in male vs. female calves. Increasing RPC2 linearly increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain and tended to linearly increase (P = 0.07) 56d BW in male, but not female, calves. Across sexes, increasing RPC2 tended to linearly increase (P = 0.1) FE. Male, but not female, calves with RPC exposure in utero had a greater (P = 0.04) proportion of methylated whole blood DNA. In utero RPC2 supplementation increased growth and FE in male calves which may be modulated through increased DNA methylation. The sex-specific influence of in utero choline exposure on methylation and growth warrants further investigation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 3: Calf Development |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86872 |
Watch |
1176 |
Transcriptome changes in the caecum and its associated microbial communities in young calves with early inoculation of adult rumen content. |
12 |
A. Larsen |
early inoculation caecum transcriptome microbial community |
W. Li1, A. Larsen2, B. Murphy2 |
1US Dairy Forage Research Cener, Madison, WI, 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN |
Born without a functional rumen, ruminants were thought to acquire the functional ruminal microbes from the environment as the rumen develops. The role of early rumen microbial colonization on gut development or host health in young calves remains largely understudied. This study aimed at investigating the molecular changes associated with early ruminal bacterial colonization in the lower gut. Specifically, we examined cecum transcriptome changes in response to dosing with exogenous rumen fluid in the early life of the calf. Eight calves fed a standard herd diet were included in this study. Four of them received rumen fluid dosing and the rest was dosed with sterilized rumen content as the control. The rumen fluid used for dosing was collected from one an adult cow. The dosing started at birth and repeated every other week until 6 weeks of age. At 8 weeks of age, cecum tissues were collected and subjected to host transcriptome and microbial meta-transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. A total of 1,074 genes showed significantly differential expression (DE) between the dosed and control calves (fold change > = 2; P < 0.01, mean read-count > = 10). For the upregulated genes, gene ontology analysis indicated that these DE genes were predominantly enriched in the molecular pathways involving immunity response (P < 0.0001). The association analysis between the DE genes and the microbial genus-level abundance identified 30 genes with significant correlation with the cecum microbial genera (Pearson’s r > 0.8, P < 0.001). Among these, 3 genes showed significant correlation with the highest number of microbial genera: SLC16A11 (32 genera), ITIH4 (27 genera) and UBD (10 genera). Functionally, SLC16A11 promotes the transport of pyruvate across the plasma membrane. This study sheds light on the molecular processes in the cecum due to early introduction of an adult rumen microbial community into young calves. Further, this study provides a foundation for the development of probiotic treatments aimed at improving rumen development and lower gut health. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
s9819 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85960 |
Watch |
1177 |
Effect of adding Capsicum spp. extract to high and low efficiency lactating cows’ diet on intake, production, and efficiency. |
1 |
Y. A. Ben-Meir |
production efficiency Capsicum spp. flavor additives |
Y. A. Ben-Meir1, F. Salhab1,2, A. Irits1,2, D. Espinoza1,2, S. J. Mavbjeesh2 |
1Department of Ruminant Research, Institute of Animal Research, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Center, Reashon Lezion, Israel, 2Department of Animal Science, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel |
Previous studies revealed that low efficient (LE) cows differ from high efficient (HE) cows by higher dry matter intake (DMI) reflected with higher eating rate, while milk yield, BW, ADG, and eating time remain similar. Therefore, we hypothesized that HE cows better adjust their intake to their energy needs while LE cows consume feed behind their metabolic needs, and the excess energy is lost. Based on preliminary trial, showing reduced eating rate when feed was supplemented with natural extract of Capsicum spp. (Xtract Caps XL, Pancosma S.A., Switzerland), the objective of this study was to measure the effect of adding capsicum extract to LE and HE lactating cows feed on intake, yield, and efficiency. Forty multiparous high-yielding Holstein (average ECM = 44.4 kg/d) lactating cows fed low roughages diet (~30% roughages) housed in the Agricultural Research Organization research barn, capable of recording individual DMI. Following 30 d of observation, cows classified into LE and HE, modeled based on their intake, body weight, days in lactation, and yield according to their residual feed intake. Each group was further divided into 2 groups that received either control or treatment diet, supplemented with 150 mg/ kgDM of capsicum extract. After 16 d, we doubled to 300 mg/ kgDM for an additional 20 d. Data of intake, milk, and milk components yield and efficiency summed daily. We used JMP 16 mixed model including group (LE or HE Trt., and LE or HE control) as a fixed effect, cow nested within treatment as a random effect, and day served as a repeated-measures factor modeled as AR(1). However, there was a slight decrease in LE DMI during the first week of treatment, overall Trt. LE did not differ from control LE in their yield and efficiency. The LE (ECM/DMI = 1.66) cows consume more DMI than HE (ECM/DMI = 1.66) cows (31.2 vs 27.8 kg/d, P < 0.001) while producing the same amount of ECM (45.6 vs 45.8 kg/d, respectively). The results of this study do not support the method of reducing DMI to improve LE cows' efficiency and encourage further study of the causes for the variation in efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86426 |
Watch |
1178 |
The effects of early post-harvest feeding of α-amylase enhanced corn silage and different starch concentrations on milk production and blood metabolites of Holstein cows. |
2 |
K. C. Krogstad |
forage carbohydrates metabolism |
K. C. Krogstad1, B. J. Bradford1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Corn silage is one of the most common ingredients fed to dairy cattle and a corn silage hybrid with enhanced endogenous α-amylase activity (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds LLC, Downers Grove, IL) may improve milk production efficiency of lactating dairy cows by increasing ruminal starch availability and digestibility. To test this trait’s effects on milk production, plasma metabolites, and acute phase proteins, we conducted an 8-wk randomized complete block experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement using 44 cows who were 151 ± 42 DIM. Treatment factors were Enogen (ENO) or control (CON; same background hybrid) corn silage included at 40% of diet DM and 25% (LO) or 30% dietary starch (HI). The experimental feeding period began 41d after silage harvest. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model approach with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Corn silage, starch, week, and their interactions were included as fixed effects; baseline covariates and their interactions with corn silage and starch were also tested. Block served as the random effect. DMI was unaffected by corn silage (P = 0.66) but starch interacted with wk (P = 0.01); by wk 6, cows being fed HI had 1.8 ± 0.93 kg/d less DMI than cows receiving LO (P = 0.05). ΔBCS was affected by a 3-way interaction between starch, corn silage and week; ENO-HI lost more BCS than ENO-LO in wk 4 (P = 0.06) but no other comparisons within wk were significant (P > 0.23). ΔBW was affected by starch (P = 0.05) such that LO had greater BW gain. Plasma glucose, insulin, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A were unaffected by either starch or corn silage. Fecal pH was 0.07 ± 0.033 units greater for ENO (P = 0.04) but was unaffected by starch. Milk and ECM yields were 1.7 ± 0.94 and 1.3 ± 0.70 kg/d greater for HI, respectively (P < 0.07). Milk fat yield was unaffected, but milk protein yield increased by 65 ± 27.8 g/d for HI (P = 0.01). Silage source had negligible effects on milk yield, component yield or DMI, whereas increasing dietary starch improved milk production and feed efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t85897 |
Watch |
1179 |
Association between eating rate and residual feed intake differs by time of day in mid-lactation dairy cows. |
3 |
W. E. Brown |
feeding behavior feed efficiency |
W. E. Brown1, L. Cavani1, F. Peñagaricano1, K. A. Weigel1, H. M. White1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Data evaluating the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and feeding behaviors (FB) are limited in dairy cattle; therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the association of RFI and FB in mid-lactation Holstein cows. Cows (n = 592 multiparous; 304 primiparous) in 17 studies from 2012 to 2019 were enrolled at 97 ± 26 d in milk, and all cows within a study were fed a common diet using automated feeding bins. Cow RFI was calculated as the difference between predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) after accounting for parity, milk energy, metabolic body weight and change, and study. The association between FB and RFI was determined using mixed models in SAS with the fixed effect of RFI and the random effect of cow and study. Daily temporal FB analysis was conducted using 2h blocks and analyzed in mixed models (SAS) with the fixed effects of RFI, time, RFI*time, and study, and the random effect of cow(study). As expected, there was a positive linear association between RFI and DMI in multiparous cows (P < 0.001), and a positive quadratic relationship in primiparous cows (P = 0.04) where the rate of increase was less at greater RFI. Eating rate, DMI/meal, and the largest daily meal were positively associated with RFI (P < 0.001) in both parity groups. For temporal FB analysis, RFI and time interacted for eating rate in multi- and primiparous cows (P = 0.01). The eating rate increased with greater RFI at 11 of 12 time points throughout the day (P < 0.05), and eating rate differed across RFI between multiple time points (P < 0.05). There tended to be an interaction between RFI and eating time (P = 0.07) and bunk visits (P = 0.09) in multiparous cows, but not primiparous cows. Overall, there was a time effect (P < 0.001), where DMI, eating time, and bunk visits were greatest at 1200 h (after the initial daily feeding), increased slightly after each milking, and reached a nadir at 0600 h (6h before feeding). Further investigation is needed to determine the mechanistic relationship between FB and RFI, and if FB can be used as a selection tool for selection of more efficient cattle. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86272 |
Watch |
1180 |
Hepatic metabolome of grazing dairy cows supplemented with a total mixed ration or concentrate. |
4 |
M. Garcia-Roche |
liver grazing metabolomics |
M. Garcia-Roche1,2, A. L. Astessiano1, D. Talmon1, A. Mendoza3, A. Cassina2, C. Quijano2, M. Carriquiry1 |
1Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2CEINBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 3Programa de Producción de Leche, INIA, La Estanzuela, Uruguay |
Multiparous Holstein grazing dairy cows (563 ± 29 kg body weight, 3.1 ± 0.1 body condition score; fall calving 05/05/18 ± 21 d) were used to study the hepatic metabolome. Twelve cows were assigned at calving to either a feeding strategy in which they grazed a mixed pasture of Medicago sativa and Dactylis glomerata in one (9.1 kg DM/cow/d, FixP, n = 7) or 2 sessions (16.4 kg DM/d, MaxP, n = 5) and supplemented with a total mixed ration ration (15.3 kg DM/cow/d, 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio dry basis, FixP) or a concentrate (7.4 DM/cow/d at milking, MaxP) until the dry period. Liver biopsies were collected at 176 ± 21 d in milk and analyzed using a targeted metabolomic approach through a gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. Milk yield and components were analyzed using a model which included treatment as fixed effect and metabolomic data analysis including metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA) was done using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Energy-corrected milk yield tended to be greater while protein percentage was lower for MaxP than FixP (28.3 vs. 25.5 ± 1.0 kg/d, P = 0.06 and 3.46 vs. 3.23 ± 0.06 %, P < 0.05) and no differences were found in fat percentage (4.34 vs. 4.00 ± 0.17 %, P = 0.18 for FixP and MaxP respectively). According to the variable importance projection (VIP) scores using the plots of partial least squares discriminant analysis model, there were 14 metabolites with VIP >1.5. Differentially abundant metabolites were determined using a volcano plot with a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P-value <0.10. Relative concentrations of myo-inositol and phosphoenolpyruvate (fold change ≥1.5) were increased in FixP when compared with MaxP cows. Results of MSEA showed that phosphatidylinositol signaling system, gluconeogenesis, purine metabolism and pentose phosphate metabolism were enriched in FixP cows (FDR <0.10) while urea cycle was enriched in MaxP cows (FDR <0.10). Our results suggest that cows in the FixP treatment shifted their hepatic metabolome toward anabolic pathways during mid lactation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86892 |
Watch |
1181 |
Production effects of extruded soybean meal in comparison with canola meal in lactating dairy cows. |
5 |
S. F. Cueva |
extruded soybean meal canola meal dairy cow |
S. F. Cueva1, S. E. Räisänen1, D. E. Wasson1, C. F. A. Lage1,2, T. Silvestre1, D. M. Kniffen1, R. A. Fabin3, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY, 3Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA |
This study investigated the effects of extruded soybean meal (ESBM) in comparison with canola meal (CM) fed on an equivalent crude protein (CP) basis on lactational performance and rumen fermentation of dairy cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, 48 Holstein cows averaging (±SD): 125 ± 45 d in milk (DIM) and 47 ± 9 kg/d milk yield (MY) were assigned to treatments in a 9-wk randomized complete block design experiment. Cows were blocked based on parity, DIM and MY. Treatments were diets containing 15.9% CM (41.2% CP) and 13.2% ESBM (48.8% CP) of total mixed ration dry matter (DM), with similar inclusion of all other feed ingredients. Canola oil was added to the CM diet to match ether extract content of the ESBM diet. Rumen-protected Met and Lys were added to both diets to meet or exceed requirements (NRC, 2001). Rumen samples were collected from 10 ruminally cannulated cows. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Block and block × treatment were random effects. Treatment did not affect DM intake (DMI; 26 kg/d; SEM = 0.49) or energy-corrected MY (ECM; 36 kg/d; SEM = 0.68) and efficiency. Milk urea N and fat concentration (3.95 vs 3.55%; SEM = 0.099) and yield (1.47 vs 1.33 kg/d; SEM = 0.050) were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for ESBM compared with CM. In multiparous cows only, milk true protein yield was greater (P = 0.05) for CM compared with ESBM (1.22 vs 1.14 kg/d; SEM = 0.04). Compared with ESBM, total volatile fatty acids concentration (129.8 vs 110.8 mM; SEM = 4.20) and the molar proportion of acetate were decreased (P ≤ 0.05), but propionate and valerate were increased (P ≤ 0.03) in ruminal contents of cows fed CM. Acetate to propionate ratio was increased (P < 0.01) for ESBM vs CM. Compared with CM, ESBM increased (P ≤ 0.03) plasma concentrations of Ile, Leu and Phe but not the sum of essential amino acids. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM and acid detergent fiber were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for ESBM. In this experiment, CM and ESBM included on an equal CP basis in the diet of dairy cows, resulted in similar DMI and ECM yield and efficiency, but the ESBM diet increased milk fat content and yield. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86752 |
Watch |
1182 |
Effects of feeding method and frequency on lactational performance and enteric methane emission in dairy cows. |
6 |
L. F. Martins |
feeding method dry matter intake enteric methane |
L. F. Martins1, S. E. Crater1, S. F. Cueva1, T. Silvestre1, N. Stepanchenko1, D. E. Wasson1, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Objective was to evaluate separate offering of feed ingredients and concentrate feeding frequency vs. feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) on lactational performance and methane (CH4) emission in dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (12 primi- and 12 multiparous) averaging (±SD) 141 ± 35 d in milk (DIM) and 43 ± 6 kg/d of milk yield (MY) at the beginning of the study were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 28-d each (18 d for adaptation and 10 d for data and samples collection). Cows were grouped based on parity, DIM, and MY, and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: TMR fed ad libitum (TMR); partial mixed ration fed ad libitum (PMR) + concentrates fed 3 times/d (PMR3); or PMR + concentrates fed 6 times/d (PMR6). The TMR and PMR diets were mixed once and delivered twice daily (0800 and 1600 h). Concentrates for PMR3 and PMR6 were fed at 0830, 1230, and 1630 h, with additional feeding times for PMR6 at 1030, 1430, and 1830 h. Enteric CH4 emission was measured using the GreenFeed system. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS as repeated measures with the fixed effects of treatment, day, period, and treatment × day in the model. Square and cow within square were considered random effects. Compared with TMR, the PMR diets decreased (P < 0.001) overall dry matter intake (DMI) by 1.2 kg/d. Treatments did not affect MY (33.6 kg/d; SEM = 1.99), energy-corrected milk yield (ECM; 34.8 kg/d; SEM = 1.21), or milk components (P ≥ 0.29). Feed efficiency (per MY) was greater (P < 0.001) for the PMR diets than TMR (1.60 vs 1.50 kg/kg; SEM = 0.069, respectively). Enteric CH4 yield (i.e., CH4 per DMI) and intensity (i.e., CH4 per MY or ECM) were not affected by treatments; however, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for decreased daily CH4 emission by PMR6 compared with TMR (−11%; 348 vs. 392 g/d; SEM = 14.6, respectively). Overall, feeding method did not affect cow performance, whereas DMI was decreased for the PMR diets. When fed separately from forages, increasing frequency of concentrate feeding from 3 to 6 times may decrease enteric CH4 emission in dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86897 |
Watch |
1183 |
Effects of feeding nontoxigenic clostridia and Bacillus on performance during the prepartum period in Holstein cows. |
8 |
F. F. Cardoso |
C. beijerinckii direct-fed microbial |
F. F. Cardoso1, L Garcia1, J. S. Thompson2, M. N. Jesus2, A. H Smith2, T. G. Rehberger2, F. C. Cardoso2 |
1University of Illinois Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, IL, 2Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI |
There is scarce evidence on the effects of nontoxigenic clostridia (Clostridium beijerinckii) and the combination of nontoxigenic clostridia and Bacillus (Certillus, Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Waukesha, WI) on animal performance. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding nontoxigenic clostridia (0.001%DM of TMR) and Bacillus (20g/cow/d) from −25 ± 5 d prepartum to calving on performance of Holstein cows. Seventy-one multiparous Holstein cows, blocked by parity, previous 305-d mature-equivalent milk production and expected calving date, were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized, complete block design. Treatments consisted of TMR top-dressed prepartum with Bacillus (CER), C. beijerinckii (BJE), C. beijerinckii plus Bacillus (CBJ), and neither C. beijerinckii or Bacillus (CON). During the first week on experiment, cows were fed a basal diet and observations were used as a covariate. Dry matter intake (DMI) was obtained daily; and BW and BCS weekly. Colostrum was obtained at the first milking after calving and IgG concentration were recorded using a refractometer (BRIX, MISCO PA202x-400, Solon, OH). Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There were no difference for cows in CON, BJE, CER, and CBJ for DMI (12.9, 13.6, 12.4 and 13.0 ± 0.4 kg/d, respectively), DMI as a percentage of BW (1.62, 1.72, 1.64 and 1.56 ± 0.1 %, respectively), BW (819, 828, 830 and 83 ± 7.5 kg, respectively), BCS (3.2, 3.3, 3.2 and 3.2 ± 0.04, respectively) BW change (week −3 to −1) (34.3, 4.72, 42.9 and 7.6 ± 0.4 kg, respectively), colostrum yield (6.0, 6.0, 7.7 and 7.2 ± 1.0 kg, respectively) or colostrum IgG concentration (7,670, 7,080, 7,631 and 6,930 ± 4.2 mg/dL, respectively). There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a treatment by week interaction for DMI. In week −1 cows in BJE tended to have greater DMI of (13.01 ± 0.5 kg/d) than cows in CER (10.72 ± 0.5 kg/d). In conclusion, C. beijerinckii or Bacillus did not seem to neither harm or improve dairy cow`s performance prepartum even though, on week −1, cows receiving Bacillus had lower DMI than cows receiving C. beijerinckii. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86594 |
Watch |
1184 |
Effects of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product to Holstein cows during a feed restriction challenge on milk production, plasma biomarkers and immune function. |
9 |
D. N. Coleman |
feed restriction lactation Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product |
D. N. Coleman1, M. G. Lopes1,2, L. A. Ritt1,3, Y. Liang1, A. Aboragah1, E. Trevisi4, I. Yoon5, J. J. Loor1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2NUPEEC (Núcleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensão em Pecuária), Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil, 3Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 4Deparment of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy, 5Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA |
During periods of decreased feed intake, function of the intestinal barrier may be disrupted. Previously, feeding NutriTek (NTK; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA), a postbiotic from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation, improved health and supported anti-inflammatory functions of cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding NTK to cows during a period of feed restriction (FR). Sixteen multiparous cows (97.1 ± 7.6 DIM; n = 8/group) were fed a control diet (CON) or CON supplemented with 19 g/d NTK for 9 wk (phase 1; P1) and then were subjected to a FR challenge for 5 d, during which they were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake from the 7 d before FR. Milk yield (MY) and DMI were collected daily. During FR, milk was collected daily for composition, blood daily to measure plasma biomarkers and to measure monocyte and neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst on d 1, 3 and 5. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS 9.4. During P1, NTK cows tended to have greater DMI (P = 0.07) and had greater fat (P = 0.05), ECM, and FCM yields (P = 0.01 for both). Protein yield tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in NTK compared with CON cows. A tendency for greater monocyte phagocytosis was detected with NTK (P = 0.12). However, during FR, feeding NTK led to lower MY (P = 0.04) and lactose yield (P = 0.02) and tended to lower solids percentage (P = 0.09). While NTK cows tended to have reduced neutrophil phagocytosis than CON cows during FR (NTK: 5.40%, CON: 8.04%; P = 0.07), there was no difference in oxidative burst (NTK: 26.20%, CON: 36.93%; P = 0.15). Monocyte phagocytosis or oxidative burst, or plasma biomarkers of energy metabolism, liver function, inflammation, and oxidative stress during the FR period did not differ (P > 0.10). Overall, preliminary analyses suggest feeding NTK increased yield of FCM, ECM and milk components before FR. However, during a period of abrupt feed restriction to 40% ad lib, NTK did not alter ECM, FCM, protein or fat, or ex vivo innate immune function. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86787 |
Watch |
1185 |
Effect of the red seaweed Chondrus crispus on nutrient digestibility and iodine metabolism in lactating dairy cows. |
10 |
D. C. Reyes |
seaweed milk nutrient utilization |
D. C. Reyes1, J. P. Sacramento1, Y. Geng1, L. H. P. Silva1,2, B. Twining3, B. Honisch3, N. Price3, A. F. Brito1 |
1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 3Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Boothbay, ME |
There is a growing interest to include algae-based feeds in dairy diets, but little is known about the metabolism of iodine (I) in cows fed high levels of seaweed. Twelve multiparous and 6 primiparous organic Jersey cows (94 ± 45 DIM) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to investigate the effect of incremental amounts of the red seaweed Chondrus crispus (0, 3, and 6%; diet DM basis) on nutrient digestibility and I metabolism. Experimental periods lasted 24 d, with 14 d for diet adaptation and 10 d for data and sample collection. Diets were fed as TMR, with the control treatment (0% C. crispus) consisting of (DM basis) 60% grass-legume baleage and 40% concentrate mix; baleage was replaced with 3 or 6% C. crispus in their respective diets. Diets averaged (DM basis) 16% CP and 35% NDF, and C.crispus I concentration was 395 mg/kg. Milk was collected during 2 consecutive milkings, and fecal grab and spot urinary samples were taken 5 times over 3 d. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects. Apparent total-tract digestibilities of DM (67.5, 69.2, and 69.7%), OM (70.4, 71.5, and 72.5%), and CP (58.1, 62.0, and 61.7%) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with feeding incremental amounts of C. crispus. In contrast, digestibilities of NDF and ADF did not differ between diets. Total I intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) in cows fed increasing levels of C. crispus (61.5, 262, and 483 mg/d). Similarly, milk I concentration (56.5, 421, and 891 µg/L) and yield (2.39, 7.60, and 15.4 mg/d; P < 0.01) increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to elevated I intake. Contrarily, milk expressed as % of total I intake, decreased (5.5, 2.87, and 2.13%) linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P = 0.05), indicating less I transfer from diet to milk with increased I intake. Iodine excretion in feces increased linearly (22.0, 131, and 245 mg/d; P < 0.01), and that of I in urine increased (13.9, 61.5, and 72.6 mg/d; P ≤ 0.01) linearly and quadratically. In summary, feeding incremental amounts of C. crispus improved digestibilities of DM, OM, and CP, with feces as the major route for I excretion. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86918 |
Watch |
1186 |
Production effects of feeding soybean meal versus canola meal to dairy cows with low versus high residual feed intake. |
11 |
J. Kuehnl |
canola meal residual feed intake |
J. Kuehnl1, K. Kalscheur2 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Madison, WI, 2U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI |
Increased milk production is often observed when replacing soybean meal (SBM) with canola meal (CM) in diets fed to dairy cows. Our objective was to determine the production effects of feeding isonitrogenous diets formulated with SBM or CM as the primary protein source to mid-lactation dairy cows determined to have low or high residual feed intake (RFI). Holstein cows (115 total – 40 primiparous, 75 multiparous) were screened for 4 wk during early lactation to assess RFI and used in the experiment if RFI was less or greater than 0.5 standard deviations from expected intake. Cows (72 total - 24 primiparous and 48 multiparous) were blocked into groups of 4 by parity and days in milk (DIM). Each block contained 2 low and 2 high RFI cows, with one of each assigned to the SBM or CM diet. Cows remained on diet for 10 wk beginning at 86.5 ± 6.7 DIM. Soybean meal and CM were included in diets at 11.7% and 15.5% [dry matter (DM) basis]. Milk yield, components, DM intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE), and body weight (BW) were determined weekly. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS using the fixed effects and all 2-, 3-, and 4-way interactions of parity, wk, RFI, and protein source and the random effect of cow within treatment. Low RFI cows decreased DMI (25.2 vs. 27.2 ± 0.3 kg/d; P < 0.01), increased FE (1.83 vs. 1.76 ± 0.02; P = 0.03), and tended to decrease energy-corrected milk (ECM; 45.8 vs. 47.6 ± 0.8 kg/d; P = 0.10) and milk protein yield (1.34 vs. 1.40 ± 0.02 kg/d; P = 0.06) compared with high RFI cows. Cows fed CM increased total solids yield (5.79 vs. 5.45 ± 0.10 kg/d; P = 0.02) and tended to increase BW (642.7 vs. 633.2 ± 3.8 kg/d; P = 0.08), ECM (47.8 vs. 45.6 ± 0.8 kg/d; P = 0.054), and fat-corrected milk (44.5 vs. 42.7 ± 0.8 kg/d; P = 0.10) compared with cows fed SBM. The diet and wk interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for DMI, milk yield, milk fat percent, milk protein percent and yield, total solids percent, and milk lactose yield. These interactions were largely due to increased persistency for cows fed the CM diet versus SBM. Altogether, our data demonstrated that dairy cows increased production when fed a diet with CM as the primary protein source versus SBM. However, responses for cows fed the CM diet were unaffected by RFI status. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t86132 |
Watch |
1187 |
A comparison of ionophore sources showed differences in volatile fatty acid changes but equal effects on digestibility in continuous cultures of ruminal microorganisms. |
12 |
C. Compton |
volatile fatty acids monensin dairy |
C. Compton1, O. M. Peña1, C. Velasquez1, G. J. Lascano1, G. D. Mechor2, T. C. Jenkins1, M. J. Aguerre1 |
1Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 2Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN |
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 2 sources of monensin (Rumensin and Monovet) on fermentation profile, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch digestibility in continuous cultures fermenters. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design. Treatments were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 fermenters for 4 periods of 10 d, with 7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. All fermenters were fed 56 g of a TMR (16.7% CP, 30.0% NDF, 26.6% starch, and 4.23% fatty acids, DM basis) divided equally between 2 feedings at 0800 and 2000 h. Ionophore treatments were added to the TMR (expressed as the equivalent mg dosage per cow per day) at 0 (Control), 300 Rumensin (R300), 500 Rumensin (R500), 300 Monovet (M300), and 500 Monovet (M500). Treatment effects were evaluated using the following contrasts: (1) Control vs. monensin, (2) Rumensin vs. Monovet, (3) R300 vs. M300, and (4) R500 vs. M500. Only the Rumensin vs Monovet contrast differed (P ≤ 0.10). Rumensin produced more total volatile fatty acids (105.1 vs. 95.4 mM, P = 0.07) and had a greater concentration of propionate (29.8 vs. 26.4 mM, P = 0.10) compared with Monovet. Regardless of monensin dose level, adding Rumensin or Monovet to the diet had no effect on culture pH. For all treatments, highest pH was measured at time 0 (before feeding), declined to a nadir at 4 h after feeding, and returned to the pH values observed at time 0 by 12 h after feeding. Dietary treatments had no impact on DM (49.1 ± 8.8), OM (52.3 ± 8.2), NDF (43.3 ± 13.8), and starch (93.2 ± 3.3) digestibility. In this study, Rumensin was more effective than Monovet in shifting VFA patterns toward propionate production. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 4: Applied Nutrition 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/20/2022 14:00 |
t87079 |
Watch |
1188 |
Feeding spent hemp biomass to late-lactating dairy cows: effects on performance, milk production, milk quality, and methane emission. |
13 |
A. Irawan |
dairy cow feed alternative hemp |
A. Irawan1, G. Puerto-Hernandez1, C. Pearce1, J. N. Eng1, M. A. Torres1, B. Grismer1, S. Ates1, J. Cruickshank1, J. Ranches1, M. Bionaz1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon |
The legalization of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) by the 2018 Farm Bill has driven a sharp increase in its cultivation, including for cannabidiol (CBD) extraction. Spent hemp biomass (SHB) generated from the extraction process of CDB can be an economically and nutritional promising feed resource for dairy cows. The study investigated the effect of SHB inclusion on performance, milk production and quality, and methane emission of lactating Jersey cows. Eighteen late-lactating cows (mean ± SD; 2.0 ± 1.1 parity, 245 ± 37 DIM, 19.9 ± 3.5 kg milk/d, and 483 ± 38 kg BW) were randomly enrolled to receive isonitrogenous and isoenergetic TMR diets containing either 13% alfalfa pellet (CTR) or 13% pelleted SHB (TRT) for 4 weeks of intervention period (IP) followed by 4 weeks of SHB withdrawal period (WP). Residual feed intake, body weight, body condition score, milk production, milk components, and methane emission were measured. For each period, data were analyzed using GLIMMIX model in SAS following a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (group × time). Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower in TRT than CTR group in the IP (P = 0.008) but it did not differ in the WP (P = 0.982). Milk yield was not affected by feeding SHB (P = 0.84) but tended to be higher in the withdrawal period for TRT vs. CTR group (15.8 vs 17.6; P = 0.09). The lower DMI with similar milk yield led to higher feed efficiency in TRT vs. CTR both in IP (1.06 vs 0.98; P = 0.01) and WP (1.08 vs 0.97; P = 0.02). Milk quality was affected by SHB, with lower % butterfat, total solid, C16:0, and de novo fat in TRT vs. CON (P < 0.05) although the yield of protein and lactose was not affected (P > 0.05) while butterfat (g/d) tended to be higher in CTR in WP (P = 0.09). Enteric methane production (g/d, g/DMI, g/milk yield) was comparable in both SHB and control cows (P > 0.05). The data indicated that SHB has low palatability but can be used as feed for lactating dairy cows with no effects on production performance, except lower butterfat. The data revealed an interesting carryover effect of feeding SHB, especially considering the improved feed efficiency during the withdrawal period. Project was funded by USDA-NIFA CARE, project# ORE01002. |
| Live from Kansas City Hybrid Round Table–Nutrition |
Hybrid Roundtable |
NULL |
6/20/2022 20:30 |
s10056 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Live from Kansas City Hybrid Round Table–Physiology |
Hybrid Roundtable |
NULL |
6/20/2022 20:30 |
s10057 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9920 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86360 |
Watch |
2151T |
Using an automated tail movement sensor device to predict calving time in dairy cow. |
1 |
S.G. U. Sedó |
precision technologyparturition |
S.G. U. Sedó1, C. B. Winder1, J. Morrison1, D. L. Renaud1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective of this diagnostic test accuracy study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an automated tail movement sensor device (Moocall Calving Sensor, Moocall, Ireland) to predict the time of calving in dairy cows. At a dairy farm in southern Ontario, Moocall devices (MD) were fitted and attached with an elastic wrap to the cow’s tail approximately 3 d before the expected calving date. Using existing MD software, if increased tail movements persisted for one hour, an alarm was generated. In addition, if tail movements continued during the subsequent hour, a second alarm was generated. If the alarms were consecutive (e.g., first alarm at 12:00 and second alarm at 13:00), the cows were classified as having 2 consecutive alarms (2A) otherwise they were classified as having one alarm (1A). Dairy cows were video recorded to determine the exact date and time of the stage II of calving, starting with the presence of the amniotic sac visible at the vulva and finishing with the total expulsion of the calf. Although 49 cows were enrolled, the sample size was reduced to 36 animals due to having 2 or more MD drops (n = 10) from the tail and tail injuries (n = 3). The average number of alarms per cow before the start of the stage II of calving was 2.7 ± 2.3. For the analysis, 8 animals were removed for not having an alert (n = 3) and for having the first alert after calving (n = 5), leaving a total of 28 cows. When comparing 2A to 1A to predict calving within 24 h, a sensitivity of 78% (14/18) and a specificity of 60% (6/10) was found, whereas to predict calving within 12 h, 2A had a sensitivity of 76% (13/17) and a specificity of 55% (6/11). Receiver operating characteristic curves were 69% and 66% for 2A animals that calved within 24 and 12h, respectively. Although the MD could be a useful tool to predict calvings after multiple alarms, the relatively high number of false positives and device drops compromise the applicability of the MD. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86002 |
Watch |
2152T |
Patterns of habituation to early lactation milking in primiparous and multiparous cows. |
2 |
D. Kness |
heifer habituation milking |
D. Kness1, J. Velez2, J. Godoy2, D. Manriquez1, T. Grandin1, P. Pinedo1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 2Aurora Organic Farms, Platteville, CO |
Patterns of habituation to early lactation milking in primiparous and multiparous cows. The onset of lactation and the subsequent habituation to the milking routine is a stressful period, particularly for primiparous cows. The objective was to compare the dynamics of specific milking measurements and cow behaviors in primiparous (PRI) and multiparous (MUL) cows during the first 3 months of lactation. A total of 869 cows (PRI=199; MUL=670) in a dairy farm in CO were included in the analysis. Study cows calved between Aug. and Nov. 2020 and were milked 3x in a 60-unit rotary parlor (DeLaval International AB). Data from each milking session between 3 DIM and 90 DIM were downloaded from DelPro Farm Manager software. Variables of interest included liner slip (LS; categorized as yes or no), identified by an abrupt drop in milking vacuum and considered as a proxy for kicking, percentage of milk yield within the initial 2 minutes of milking (2M), and average milk flow (MFL; kg/min). The LS data were analyzed by grouping the 3 consecutive milking sessions in each day, while 2M and MFL were analyzed considering each individual milking session. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA and logistic regression, including parity category, calving season, and occurrence of dystocia and their potential interactions in the model. Overall, the odds of LS were greater for PRI vs MUL cows (OR [95% CI] = 2.07 [1.58-2.73]). When LS was analyzed by DIM, the proportions of LS in PRI and MUL were similar at the beginning of lactation, but LS increased from 0.05/d to 0.15/d in PRI between 5 DIM and 14 DIM, while LS in MUL remained close to 0.05/d during the whole monitoring period. LS in PRI started to decrease around 40 DIM but stayed above MUL up to 90 DIM. Overall, least squares means (LSM) for 2MM were 49.3% and 49.9% for PRI and MUL, respectively (P =0.14), while LSM for MFL was 1.21 kg/min, and 2.03 kg/min for PRI and MUL, respectively (P<0.001). Primiparous cows evidenced greater levels of liner slip and lower milk flow than multiparous cows, which may be associated with the process of habituation to milking during their first lactation. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86343 |
Watch |
2154T |
Validation of an indoor positioning system using ultra-wide band technology in a freestall environment housing dairy cattle. |
3 |
A. E. Pape |
location behavior cow |
A. E. Pape1, J. W. Darrah1, R. J. Grant1, S. Y. Morrison1 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY |
The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of using a real time location system (Noldus Information Technology Inc., VA) with ultra-wide band radio signal system (Ubisense GMBH, Germany) in identifying the location (x, y, and z coordinates) of a static tag (a tag at rest) at various locations and heights within a freestall pen environment housing dairy cattle. Moving through the pen, a technician stopped at 20 prespecified locations and held each tag at 4 heights (70, 100, 130, and 160 cm above floor surface) for > 30 s. This was repeated for 10 tags. A single measuring point test was used by determining the distance to the true measuring point by Euclidean distance (cm). The locations and heights were selected to represent different areas of the cow environment and positions of the cow (i.e., standing and lying). Data were processed and analyzed in R version 3.6.3. Although the specified recording frequency of 1 Hz would have yielded approximately 30 observations per stop, the actual recording frequency was irregular, and averaged well below 1 Hz. The median number of observations per stop was 4, and the maximum was 14; approximately 2.5% of stops had no observations. The mean of all observations at each stop was used to measure error from known location and height. The overall median horizontal error of Euclidean distances between reported location and actual was 27.3 cm. All tags and heights had approximately the same horizontal Euclidean error but error did appear to vary among locations; the median horizontal error within each location ranged from 14.7 to 107.6 cm. Although we found the location system to have reasonably low horizontal error, the vertical error was relatively large. Not only was the median vertical error much larger (72.5 cm), but the vertical location according to the IPS was not correlated with actual vertical location. This may be due to fact that the base stations are all located at the same height above the floor. Overall, the horizontal accuracy was reasonable for determining location within a freestall pen; however, vertical positioning was not possible. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86346 |
Watch |
2155T |
Evaluating the accuracy of time budgets estimated from an indoor positioning system. |
4 |
A. E. Pape |
behavior location time budget |
A. E. Pape1, J. R. Green1, R. J. Grant1, S. Y. Morrison1 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY |
A cow’s time budget is an important aspect of her behavior. Indoor positioning systems (IPS) offer a means of collecting location data with high temporal resolution over long durations and for a large population of cows. The objective was to test the accuracy of an IPS using an ultra-wide band radio signal (Tracklab, Noldus Information Technology Inc., VA) in estimating the amount of time 10 selected focal lactating Holstein cows (159 ± 26 d in milk and producing 42.7 ± 6.9 kg/d milk) spent in 5 areas of interest (feed bunk, alley, stalls, water trough, and out of the pen) in a freestall pen over 3 d (30 paired observations). The data set from the IPS consisted of locations for each cow recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz, from which the time budget was calculated using manually-coded rules based on known measurements. A single observer recorded location data for each cow continuously from video recordings. This was used as the reference to compare the time budget to locations identified by the IPS. Pearson correlation (with associated P-value), mean of absolute differences (MAE), and bias (mean of signed differences) were calculated in R version 3.6.3 to compare location methods. Overall, there was good agreement. The areas for which IPS was most limited were the feed bunk and alley. One possible explanation for this is that the cows tend to stand in the alley directly adjacent to the feed bunk and also go back and forth frequently, which leads to misclassification of time spent in one as time spent in the other. Manually specified rules, such as the dividing line between the alley and the feed bunk, could be reconsidered in future work. Future work should also focus on a more detailed taxonomy of areas of interest (e.g., specific stalls, specific sections of the feed bunk, specific parts of the alley, etc.). Table 1.
| Location |
Video (min) |
Correlation |
P-value |
MAE (min) |
Bias |
|
| Min |
Mean |
Max |
| Stall |
615 |
825 |
1018 |
0.98 |
<0.001 |
15.6 |
1.5 |
IPS higher |
| Feed bunk |
193 |
249 |
338 |
0.83 |
<0.001 |
22.4 |
13.6 |
IPS higher |
| Alley |
24 |
161 |
413 |
0.94 |
<0.001 |
26.1 |
18.8 |
Video higher |
| Water |
9 |
52 |
143 |
0.98 |
<0.001 |
6.2 |
5.1 |
IPS higher |
| Out of pen |
101 |
153 |
188 |
0.97 |
<0.001 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
Video higher |
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86430 |
Watch |
2156T |
Interactions of cold stress and social contact in outdoor-housed dairy calves. |
5 |
K. J. Reuscher |
pair housing growth welfare |
K. J. Reuscher1, R. S. Salter1, J. M. C. Van Os1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of social contact on calves’ responses to cold stress. We hypothesized that, due to the opportunity to share body heat, pair-housed calves would direct more energy for growth. Forty-eight Holstein-Friesian heifers were assigned to individual (IND; n = 16 calves) or pair (PR; n = 16 pairs) housing. Calves were step-down weaned across 11 d (42 ± 1 to 53 ± 1 d of age, mean ± SD). Body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) of starter were measured weekly (for PR, averaged within each pair). Calves were restricted inside the hutch (for PR calves, together in 1 hutch) with fencing once from 1100 to 1200 h in wk 4, 6, and 9 of life (24 ± 1, 38 ± 1, and 55 ± 1 d of age). Air temperature (T) was recorded in the hutch at 5-min intervals with data loggers. Rectal temperature (RT) was recorded before and after restriction. Linear mixed-effcts models were used for all analysis; all models included a random term for hutch. To evaluate ΔT and RT after 1 h, fixed effects of housing, wk of life (4, 6, 9), and their interaction were included. For BW at the end of weaning, housing was the fixed effect, with birth BW as a covariate. For DMI and average daily gain (ADG), fixed effects were housing, period (preweaning, weaning, and weaned), and their interaction. No interactions were found for any model (P ≥ 0.17). After 1 h, T increased more for PR vs. IND calves (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 1.4 ± 0.3°C, respectively, P < 0.02). Regardless of housing, as calves aged, ΔT tended to increase (wk 4, 6, 9: 1.4 ± 0.3, 2.1 ± 0.3, 2.0 ± 0.3°C, respectively, P < 0.07). For ΔRT, there were no effects of housing (PR and IND: 0.1 ± 0.1°C, P = 0.75) or wk of life (4, 6, 9: 0.0 ± 0.1, 0.1 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.1°C, P = 0.57). There were no housing differences in DMI (P = 0.88) or ADG (P = 0.10), but both measures increased across the preweaning, weaning, and weaned periods (DMI: 0.3 ± 0.0, 1.2 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.1 kg/d; ADG: 0.7 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.1, 1.2 ± 0.1 kg/d; P < 0.001). Pairs tended to have greater final BW (85.3 ± 2.0 vs. 80.4 ± 1.9 kg; P = 0.08). We found some support for our hypothesis that pair-housed calves in outdoor hutches may cope better with cold stress than their individually housed counterparts. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86654 |
Watch |
2157T |
The effects of heat stress and diet on time budgets of lactating cows housed in tie-stalls. |
6 |
A. Boucher |
behavior housing system hyperthermia |
A. Boucher1, V. Ouellet1, A. R. Gonzalez1,2, D. E. Rico2 |
1Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, 2Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, Canada |
Cows adapt their behavior to cope with heat stress (HS). While adaptations are established in cows housed in freestalls, information on the behavior changes in cows under HS housed in tie-stalls is limited. Our objective was to evaluate the associations between behavior and animal-based indicators of HS to characterize time budgets of dairy cows housed in tie-stalls while fed dietary antioxidants and immune modulators, previously shown to alleviate inflammation and hyperthermia. Twelve Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kgmilk/d ; 83.4 ± 27.1 DIM) were used in a split-plot design. The main plot was the level of dietary vit.E and Se (HESe: 200 IU/kg and 1.2 ppm; LESe: 20 IU/kg and 0.3 ppm; respectively). Within each plot, cows were randomly assigned to 1) HS (cyclical THI: 75 to 82), 2) thermoneutral pair-feeding (TNPF; cyclical THI: 61 to 63), or 3) HS with vit.D and Ca supplementation (HS+DCa: 1820 IU/kg vit.D and 1.5% Ca; cyclical THI: 75 to 82) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 14 d periods. All cows were fitted with automated devices to record lying (LT) time and bouts (LB). Cows’ respiratory rate (RR), rectal (RT), and skin temperature (ST), dry matter (DMI) and water intakes (WI), milk yield was measured, and components were analyzed in milk samples from d 0,3,7,10 and 14. Correlation analysis between behavior parameters and animal-based indicators of heat stress were performed. Difference between treatments were analyzed in a mixed-effects model including the random effects of cow and period, and the fixed effects of plot, treatment, day, and their interactions. There were positive correlations between LT and the yields of milk (r = 0.47; P = 0.004), fat (r = 0.49; P = 0.003), and protein (r = 0.44; P = 0.008) in HS cows, LT and RR ( = 0.36 ; P = 0.004) in both HS groups (HS and HS+DCa), and between LB and RT (r from 0.18 to 0.36; P < 0.05) in HS and TNPF groups. Lying time and RT were negatively associated in all treatments (r from −0.40 to −0.50; P < 0.0001). Relative to TNPF cows, both HS groups spent on average 2 h less time lying per day (P ≤ 0.001) and performed more LB (P < 0.01). These data suggest that dairy cows housed in tie-stalls suffering HS adapt their behavior to dissipate heat regardless of diet. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86655 |
Watch |
2158T |
Preference for competing against same- and mixed-parity cows and relationship to feed efficiency. |
7 |
F. S. Reyes |
competition feeding behavior |
F. S. Reyes1, K. A. Weigel1, H. M. White1, J. M. C. Van Os1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Our objective was to evaluate cows’ preferences for feeding from same vs. mixed-parity bins and associations with feed efficiency. We hypothesized primiparous (PR) vs. multiparous (MU) cows would prefer same- vs. mixed-parity dynamics, respectively. Lactating Holsteins (28 PR, 28 MU; 159 ± 24 mid-trial DIM, mean ± SD) were housed in a freestall pen with a Roughage Intake Control system with 28 bins and randomly assigned to share 2 bins with cows of the same (SM) or mixed (MX, 50% of each parity) parities (4 cows/bin). Daily (DMI, visits, eating time) and visit (length, DMI, eating rate) metrics were calculated per bin. Residual feed intake (RFI) was calculated by regressing DMI on milk energy output, median DIM, metabolic BW, and ΔBW, each nested within parity. For each cow, the proportion of daily metrics were used to evaluate preference for MX, compared with 0.5 (no preference) with one-sample t-tests in R (3.6.3), separately by parity. t-tests were used to compare daily metrics for PR vs. MU (independent) and visit metrics for SM vs. MX (paired) separately by parity. Spearman rank correlations were performed between RFI and preference for MX (proportion of DMI/d). MU cows ate more than PR (29.6 ± 0.6 vs. 24.9 ± 0.4 kg/d DMI, P < 0.001) in fewer visits (25.1 ± 1.8 vs. 33.0 ± 2.0 visits/d, P = 0.005) and spent less time eating (3.1 vs. 3.5 ± 0.1 h/d, P = 0.009). Regardless of parity, cows showed no preference for MX for DMI/d (PR: 0.48 ± 0.02; MU: 0.52 ± 0.03; P ≥ 0.52), visits/d (PR: 0.50 ± 0.02; MU: 0.52 ± 0.03, P ≥ 0.58), or eating time/d (PR: 0.49 ± 0.02; MU: 0.51 ± 0.03, P ≥ 0.64). MU cows showed no difference between bin types in DMI/visit, visit length, or eating rate (P ≥ 0.37), but PR cows ate more DMI/visit in SM vs. MX (0.882 ± 0.059 vs. 0.825 ± 0.048 kg, P = 0.03) with similar visit length and eating rate (P ≥ 0.17). Bin preference was not correlated with RFI (rs: overall = 0.03, MU = 0.14, PR = −0.12; P ≥ 0.47). Although cows had no daily preference between bin types, primiparous cows consumed more per visit at same-parity bins, suggesting an adaptive strategy to maintain intake and avoid competition with multiparous cows. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86667 |
Watch |
2159T |
Feeding patterns and efficiency in same- and mixed-parity groups. |
8 |
F. S. Reyes |
competition social dynamics |
F. S. Reyes1, K. A. Weigel1, H. M. White1, J. M. C. Van Os1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of parity and social grouping on feeding patterns and feed efficiency. Fifty-nine Holstein cows (144 ± 22 initial DIM, mean ± SD; 45 d trial) were housed in a freestall pen with 30 Roughage Intake Control bins. We evaluated the effects of parity [primiparous (PR, n = 29) vs. multiparous (MU, n = 30)] and group composition [same-parity (SM, n = 39) vs. mixed-parity (MX, n = 20, 50% of each parity)] with a 2 × 2 factorial design (SM-MU: n = 20; SM-PR: n = 19; MX-MU: n = 10; MX-PR: n = 10). Groups of 9–10 cows shared sets of 5 bins. Feeding metrics evaluated were DMI/d, DMI/meal, DMI of largest meal/d, meals/d, visits/meal, meal length, eating time/d, and eating rate. Residual feed intake (RFI) was calculated by regressing DMI on milk energy output, median DIM, metabolic BW, and change in BW, each nested within parity. Non-normal variables (visits/meal, largest meal/d) were logn transformed; back-transformed means and 95% CI are reported. Linear models in R (3.6.3) were used to evaluate fixed effects of parity, group composition, and the interactions (none found, P ≥ 0.39). MU cows had greater DMI/d (MU vs. PR: 29.4 vs. 25.6 ± 0.5 kg, P = 0.06), largest meal/d [7.9 (7.5,8.2) vs. 6.6 (6.3,6.9) kg, P < 0.001], and DMI/meal (4.4 vs. 3.5 ± 0.1 kg, P < 0.001), faster eating rates (0.15 vs. 0.12 ± 0.004 kg/min, P < 0.001), fewer meals/d (7.0 vs. 7.6 ± 0.2, P < 0.02), and a tendency for fewer visits/meal [3.9 (3.5,4.2) vs. 4.4 (4.0,4.8), P = 0.06] than PR cows; meal length and eating time were similar (P ≥ 0.21). Cows in MX groups had more visits/meal [4.4 (4.0,5.0) vs. 3.8 (3.5,4.1), P = 0.02], longer meals (31.8 ± 1.1 vs. 28.2 ± 0.8 min, P = 0.01), a tendency for longer eating time (3.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.1 h/d, P = 0.06), and greater largest meal/d [MX vs. SM: 7.39 (7.0,7.9) vs. 6.96 (6.7,7.2) kg, P = 0.04]; all other feeding metrics were similar (P ≥ 0.14). Cows in MX groups had a tendency for higher RFI (less efficient) than SM (0.41 ± 0.3 vs. −0.21 ± 0.2, P = 0.08), regardless of parity (P = 0.95). Differences in visits/meal, meal length and meal size, coupled with tendencies in eating time and RFI, suggest that mixed-parity competition may impact feeding behavior and feed efficiency. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86734 |
Watch |
2160T |
Interactive effect of stage of lactation, stocking density, and cow personality on the feeding behavior and production of dairy cows. |
9 |
A. J. Schwanke |
competition feeding behavior personality |
A. J. Schwanke1, G. B. Penner2, R. Bergeron1, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
Fresh cows are often housed in smaller groups of lower stocking density compared with cows in later lactation. As such, cows in early lactation may experience less competition for feed. The objective of this study was to determine the interactive effect of lactation stage, feed space allowance, and individual cow personality on feeding behavior and production. Forty Holstein cows (average parity = 2.4 ± 1.5) were assigned to 1 feed bin per cow from 15 to 28 DIM (Period 1; P1), and 2 feed bins per 3 cows from 63 to 76 DIM (Period 2; P2) and fed a TMR. Cow personality traits were assessed at 70 DIM using a combined arena test measuring behavioral responses to a novel environment, novel object, and novel person. The behaviors observed were analyzed using principal component analysis, which identified 2 traits: Fearfulness and Active-Explorative, together accounting for 68% of the observed variance. Cows were assigned a score for each trait, ranging from −2.50 to +2.50. Feeding behavior data were summarized by cow and period, and the within-cow difference over the 2 periods (Difference = P2 – P1) was computed. Linear regression was performed to determine associations between within-cow differences and personality traits. Cows who were more fearful had lesser difference in eating rate across periods (Difference in eating rate [kg/min] = −0.01 × Fearfulness Score + 0.02; P = 0.05), suggesting they had a lesser increase in eating rate with advanced DIM and feed bin competition compared with less fearful cows. Cows who were more Active-Exploratory had greater difference in milk yield across periods (Difference in milk yield [kg/d] = +1.23 × Active-Exploratory Score + 1.96; P < 0.01) and were more at risk of successfully stealing food (from feed bins which they were not assigned to eat from) during P2 (2.65 times increase in risk for every 1 unit increase in Active-Exploratory score; P = 0.04). Based on the results of this study, there are limited effects of advancing DIM, greater stocking density, and cow personality on feeding behavior from 63 to 76 DIM compared with 15 to 28 DIM, however these factors may have a greater effect on milk production. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9925 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86648 |
Watch |
2161T |
Patterns of Fourier-transform infrared estimated milk constituents in early lactation Holstein cows. |
1 |
K. R. Callero |
milk constituents parity Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
K. R. Callero1, E. M. Teplitz1, D. M. Barbano1, C. R. Seely1, J. A. Seminara1, I. R. Frost1, H. A. McCray1, R. M. Martinez1, A. M. Reid1, J. A. A. McArt1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Cows undergo immense physiological stress to produce milk during early lactation. Monitoring early lactation milk through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy might offer an understanding of which cows transition successfully. Daily patterns of milk constituents in early lactation cows have yet to be reported continuously thus our objective was to describe these patterns for cows of varying parity groups from 3 to 10 d postpartum. We enrolled 1,024 Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm in Cayuga County, NY with a total of 306 parity 1, 274 parity 2, and 444 parity ≥3 cows. Cows were sampled once daily, Monday through Friday, via proportional milk samplers and stored at 4°C until analysis using FTIR. Estimated constituents included % lactose, protein, and fat; relative % (rel %) and yield of de novo, mixed, and preformed fatty acids (FA); the individual fatty acids C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 cis:9; milk urea nitrogen (MUN), milk acetone (mACE), milk β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB), and milk predicted blood nonesterified fatty acids (mpbNEFA). Differences between parity groups were assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Milk yield per milking differed over time between 3 and 10 DIM (P < 0.001) and averaged 8.7, 13.3, and 13.3 kg for parity 1, 2, and ≥3 cows, respectively. Parity differences were found for % lactose (P = 0.008), % fat (P < 0.001), and preformed FA g/100 g milk (P < 0.001). Parity differed across DIM for % protein (P < 0.001), de novo FA rel % (P < 0.001) and g/100 g milk (P = 0. 004), mixed FA rel % (P < 0.001) and g/100 g milk (P < 0.001), preformed FA rel % (P = 0.001), C16:0 (P < 0.001), C18:0 (P < 0.001), C18:1 cis:9 (P < 0.001), MUN (P < 0.001), mACE (P < 0.001), mBHB (P < 0.001), and mpbNEFA (P = 0.003). It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study as it was conducted on a single farm. If FTIR technology is to be used as a method of identifying cows maladapted to lactation, understanding variations in early lactation milk constituents is a crucial first step in the practical adoption of this technology. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86647 |
Watch |
2162T |
Assessing differences in early lactation milk constituent estimates between Holstein cows of varying health outcomes. |
2 |
J. A. A. McArt |
milk constituents early lactation Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
J. A. A. McArt1, E. M. Teplitz1, K. R. Callero1, J. A. Seminara1, I. R. Frost1, H. A. McCray1, R. M. Martinez1, A. M. Reid1, D. M. Barbano1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Cows have an increased risk of disease shortly after parturition due to the energy and macromineral demands that occur secondary to the initiation of lactation. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of identifying a healthy or maladaptive transition using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of milk. We collected proportional milk samples once daily on all cows in the early lactation pen of a commercial dairy farm in Cayuga County, NY. Milk was stored at 4°C until analysis via FTIR; estimated constituents included % lactose, protein, and fat; relative % and yield of de novo, mixed, and preformed fatty acids; the individual fatty acids C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 cis:9; milk urea nitrogen, milk acetone, milk β-hydroxybutyrate, and milk predicted blood nonesterified fatty acids. Cows (n = 1,024) were followed through 14 DIM and classified as healthy (n = 881; no adverse health events) or sick (n = 143; diagnosis of clinical ketosis, metritis, and/or displaced abomasum). We used partial least squares regression to model the response variable (healthy vs. sick) separately for each DIM from 3 to 10 as a function of the 16 predictor estimated milk constituents and parity group (parity 1, parity ≥ 2). All models included 3 components and were cross validated using a 100-repetition bootstrap method. Predicted response probabilities were used in receiver operating characteristic curves; areas under the curve ranged from 0.80 at 3 DIM to 0.61 at 10 DIM. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value ranged from 18 to 69%, 77 to 85%, 2 to 44%, and 91 to 98%, respectively, with sensitivity and positive predictive value decreasing from 3 to 10 DIM and specificity and negative predictive value increasing from 3 to 10 DIM. Although conducted in only one herd, our results suggest that FTIR estimates from a single proportional milk sample collected between 3 and 10 DIM can identify healthy cows with good accuracy. This finding could have beneficial implications for management of cows in early lactation. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86307 |
Watch |
2163T |
Use of milk components to assess mammary gland health in the first 22 days postpartum. |
3 |
H. K. Peterson |
dairy cow milk quality milk composition |
H. K. Peterson1, R. M. Pace2, J. E. Williams1, M. K. McGuire2, M. A. McGuire1 |
1Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 2Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Somatic cells, lactose, and protein are milk components of interest because they influence milk quality and reflect animal health. Mastitis alters milk composition and negatively affects milk quality and animal health. Understanding changes in milk components could prove useful in monitoring mammary gland health of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to identify relationships of selected milk components and gauge their suitability as markers of milk quality and animal health in the first 22 d postpartum. Postmilking quarter-milk samples (n = 8,888) were collected daily from 107 cows on 4 dairies. Somatic cell count (SCC), lactose, and protein were assessed by near infrared analysis. Linear relationships between milk components were tested via Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of milk components in distinguishing between milk from cows with clinical mastitis (clinical signs of abnormal milk) and milk from healthy cows (no clinical signs of abnormal milk). Thresholds with the highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for each milk component were identified using Youden’s index. Lactose and SCC were negatively correlated (r = −0.5; P < 0.0001) whereas SCC was positively correlated (r = 0.18; P < 0.0001) with protein. Lactose and protein were also negatively correlated (r = −0.21; P < 0.0001). ROC curve analysis revealed SCC (66% Se, 84% Sp; AUC 0.79; P < 0.0001), protein (67% Se, 76% Sp; AUC 0.72; P < 0.0001), and lactose (47% Se, 91% Sp; AUC 0.70; P < 0.0001) were able to distinguish between healthy cows and those with clinical mastitis. Dairy producers could use the knowledge of how SCC, protein, and lactose relate to each other to more closely monitor their milk quality and animal health rather than relying on SCC alone. Thresholds of protein and lactose to identify mastitis have not been proposed before. Overall, utilizing these results would strengthen surveillance of mammary gland health. Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health grant number 1R01HD092297–01A1. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86288 |
Watch |
2164T |
Association of markers of energy balance and liver health for transition dairy cows on northern New York State farms. |
4 |
C. Havekes |
transition cow health energy status |
C. Havekes1, A. Kerwin1, T. DeVries2, T. Overton1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective was to evaluate the relationships between postpartum energy balance, liver health, and health events for dairy herds (n = 10) in Northern NY. Each herd was visited twice for data collection. Blood samples were collected from Holstein cows (n = 297) between 3 and 15 DIM and analyzed cow-side for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and plasma was analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), bilirubin, cholesterol, and albumin. A liver health index (LHI) was calculated using bilirubin, cholesterol, and albumin concentrations. Greater LHI values indicate better health status. Plasma from a separate cohort of prepartum cows within 16 d of expected calving (n = 293) was analyzed for NEFA. Participating herds recorded metritis and retained placenta, or both, and milk fever. Health events that occurred within 60 DIM were included in analysis. Mixed-effect and linear regression models were used to analyze the data at a cow and herd level, depending on the variable of interest. Cows with hyperketonemia (BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L) had a lower LHI than cows without hyperketonemia (−1.71 vs. 0.36 ± 0.34; P < 0.001). Cows that had milk fever had a lower LHI (−2.19 vs. 0.05 ± 0.93; P = 0.01) compared with cows without milk fever, and cows that had metritis or a retained placenta also had a lower LHI compared with cows without a retained placenta or metritis (−1.14 vs. 0.08 ± 0.55; P = 0.01). At a cow level, as postpartum NEFA concentrations increased, LHI values decreased (R2 = 0.11, P < 0.001). Likewise, as postpartum BHB concentrations increased, LHI values decreased (R2 = 0.14, P < 0.001). At a herd level, herds that had higher average prepartum NEFA concentrations also had lower average postpartum LHI values (R2 = 0.27, P < 0.001). In agreement with previous research, our results indicate cows that experienced greater negative energy balance, as measured through energy biomarkers, also had poorer liver health. Given that greater LHI values have been associated with better health, milk production, and reproductive performance, there is an opportunity to evaluate these relationships further. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86184 |
Watch |
2165T |
Prediction of liver triglyceride accumulation in early lactation dairy cows using blood biomarkers. |
5 |
R. S. Pralle |
metabolic health transition cow predictive analytics |
R. S. Pralle1,2, H. T. Holdorf2, R. C. Oliveira2, S. M. Edwards2, C. R. Seely2, S. J. Erb2, H. M. White2 |
1School of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
We hypothesized that a blood biomarker (BB) panel can be validated as a less-invasive method of liver triglyceride (TG) quantification and subclinical bovine fatty liver (BFL) diagnosis. Our objective was to predict liver TG using BB concentrations across DIM (longitudinal, LT) or at a single time point (ST; 3 or 14 DIM). Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 65) were enrolled in 2 experiments with 2 treatments each. Liver biopsies from 1 and 14 DIM were analyzed for TG, %DM. Max liver TG (17% on 1 DIM) was used to classify cows into binary response variables: low TG (TG < 13.3%DM, 33rd percentile), median TG (TG > 17.1%DM, median), high TG (TG > 22.0%DM, 66th percentile). Blood samples from 1, 3, and 14 DIM were analyzed for glucose, fatty acid (FA), BHB, BUN, albumin, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, haptoglobin, cholesterol, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca). Blood glucose, FA, BHB, Mg, P, and Ca were also quantified at 5 and 7 DIM. Sparse partial least squares (mixOmics, v.6.16; R, v.4.1) methods were used to predict max TG (sPLS) or the liver classifications (sPLSDA), using LT or ST concentrations. After explanatory variable screening on a complete data set (n = 44 cows; retained variables if VIP > 1), a filtered data set was used for ST (n = 52) and LT (n = 47) modeling. Random split cross-validation (1,000 iterations, 4 folds) was used to exhaustively search for sPLS and sPLSDA models that minimized mean squared error (MSECV) and balanced error rate (BERCV), respectively. Block cross-validation (BCV) of optimal models was performed with treatments as blocks. The sPLS models did not predict liver TG well; with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.24 to 0.51 during BCV. Low TG and median TG were poorly predicted by ST-sPLSDA models (BERCV > 33%). Median TG had fair prediction accuracy by LT-sPLSDA (BERCV = 24 ± 4%), but LT-sPLSDA was poor for low TG (BERCV = 34 ± 6%). Both LT-sPLSDA and ST14-sPLSDA predicted high TG well (BERCV = 15 ± 5%) with balanced accuracy of 94% and 84% during BCV, respectively. Blood panels using LT or 14 DIM BB may be a useful diagnostic for BFL in research and field settings. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86144 |
Watch |
2166T |
Impact of oral calcium bolus timing on milk production and health events in early lactation Holstein cows. |
6 |
C. R. Seely |
subclinical hypocalcemia calcium calcium supplementation |
C. R. Seely1, C. N. Wilbur2, K. M. Fang2, J. A. A. McArt1 |
1Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Treatment of subclinical hypocalcemia by administration of an oral Ca bolus at 0 and 24 h postcalving has shown limited success in increasing production and minimizing adverse health events. Our objective was to explore the effect of delayed oral Ca bolus supplementation on milk production and disease incidence and the impact of delayed oral Ca bolus supplementation on postpartum blood Ca dynamics. We conducted a randomized controlled trial on multiparous Holstein cows (n = 998) from 4 herds in NY. At calving, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) no supplemental Ca at or around parturition (CON; n = 343), 2) an oral Ca bolus containing 43 g Ca at calving and 24 h later (BOL-C; n = 330), or 3) an oral Ca bolus containing 43 g Ca at 48 and 72 h postcalving (BOL-D; n = 325). We created generalized linear mixed models to analyze differences in serum total Ca (tCa) at 1 and 4 DIM and milk yield for the first 10 wk of lactation between treatment groups and multivariable Poisson regression models to analyze adverse event outcomes (metritis, displaced abomasum, died or sold, or a combination of the above) in the first 30 DIM. Serum tCa was lower at 1 than 4 DIM (P < 0.001; 1.91 [95% CI = 1.90, 1.93] mmol/L and 2.26 [95% CI = 2.24, 2.28] mmol/L, respectively), and there was no difference in tCa between treatment groups (P = 0.16). Milk yield increased by week (P < 0.001) and was not affected by treatment (P = 0.18; CON: 48.9 [95% CI = 48.1, 49.8] kg, BOL-C: 48.3 [95% CI = 47.5, 49.1] kg, BOL-D: 49.3 [95% CI = 48.5, 50.1] kg). A treatment by parity group interaction for milk yield (P = 0.005) showed that BOL-D parity 3 cows produced more milk than BOL-D cows in parity group 2 or 4+ as well as CON and BOL-C cows in parity groups 2, 3, or 4+. Incidence of adverse events did not differ between treatments (P = 0.39; CON: 9.5%, BOL-C: 8.1%, BOL-D: 11.5%). Our findings suggest that delaying oral Ca bolus supplementation has limited impact on blood Ca concentrations but may be beneficial to cohorts of cows as a targeted prophylactic supplement to support milk production. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86064 |
Watch |
2167T |
Associations of a novel liver health index with health, milk production, and reproductive performance in large dairy herds in the northeastern United States. |
7 |
T. R. Overton |
transition cow liver health index performance |
A. L. Kerwin1, M. M. McCarthy2, W. S. Burhans3, D. V. Nydam4, S. K. Wall5, K. M. Schoenberg5, K. L. Perfield5, T. R. Overton1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN, 3Dairy-Tech Group, South Albany, VT, 4Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 5Elanco US Inc, Greenfield, IN |
The objective was to evaluate a novel liver health index (LHI) by evaluating the association with negative health events, milk yield, and risk of pregnancy within 150 d in milk (DIM). In a retrospective cohort study, an LHI was calculated based on plasma albumin, cholesterol, and bilirubin concentrations for 265 primiparous and 611 multiparous cows 3 to 12 DIM enrolled across 72 farms in the Northeastern US. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to evaluate if 1) metritis (MET), 2) displaced abomasum (DA), 3) clinical ketosis (CK), 4) 1 or more of the 3 disorders (MET, DA, or CK), or 5) culling within 30 DIM was associated with LHI. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to evaluate if LHI was associated with 305-d mature equivalent milk at the 4th test-day (ME305; mean ± standard deviation: 114 ± 13 DIM) and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate if LHI was associated with pregnancy within 150 DIM. Cows that were diagnosed with MET, DA, CK, 1 or more of the disorders, or were culled within 30 DIM had a lower LHI than cows that were not diagnosed with a disorder or culled (Table 1). A 1-unit increase in LHI resulted in a 154 ± 38 kg increase in ME305 (P < 0.001) and a 7% increased risk of pregnancy within 150 DIM [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13); P = 0.007] for multiparous cows; however, we did not identify a relationship between LHI and ME305 (P = 0.90) or pregnancy within 150 DIM (P = 0.74) for primiparous cows. These results suggest that the LHI is associated with health, milk production, and pregnancy within 150 DIM for multiparous cows and health for primiparous cows; therefore, the LHI can be used to evaluate liver function and transition cow success. Table 1. Least squares means and SEM of the liver health index for 5 linear mixed models for cows diagnosed or not diagnosed with the negative health event of interest
| Variable |
n |
Event |
No event |
SEM |
P-value |
| MET |
793 |
−1.79 |
−0.54 |
0.27 |
<0.001 |
| DA |
841 |
−3.23 |
−0.57 |
0.42 |
<0.001 |
| CK |
833 |
−2.22 |
−0.50 |
0.26 |
<0.001 |
| Culling |
841 |
−3.55 |
−0.55 |
0.38 |
<0.001 |
| Any 3 |
785 |
−1.97 |
−0.35 |
0.21 |
<0.001 |
|
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85983 |
Watch |
2168T |
Subclinical hypocalcemia on Dutch dairy farms: Incidence and associated factors. |
8 |
J. B. Veneman |
subclinical hypocalcemia |
J. B. Veneman1, N. E. G. C. van Dooren1, P. Dobbelaar2, J. O. Goelema1 |
1De Heus Animal Nutrition, Ede, the Netherlands, 2Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands |
Little is known about the incidence of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCHC) on Dutch dairy farms and its relation with the wide range of diets that is fed to dry cows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the association between various dry cow (dietary) factors and the incidence of SCHC on Dutch dairy farms. In total, 37 dairy farms were selected based on number of expected calvings and the ability to determine the intake and composition of the dry cow diet fed. Ten to 15 dry cows per farm, entering their second lactation or higher and calving within a 2 mo period were enrolled in the study. Per cow, one prepartum (−15 to −1d) and one postpartum (24 to 72h) blood sample was taken from the coccygeal vessels for serum analysis of β-hydroxy butyrate (BHBA), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, haptoglobin, Mg and Ca. Clinical signs and use of prophylactic treatments for hypocalcemia were recorded. Diet intake and composition per farm was determined on 3 to 4 consecutive days during the 2 mo period. SCHC was defined as postpartum serum Ca ≤2.12 mmol/L excluding cows with clinical hypocalcemia signs or receiving an intravenous calcium infusion. Data from 364 animals were used for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the likelihood of being diagnosed with SCHC and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Overall incidence of SCHC was 56%. Parity 3 (OR = 1.77; CI 0.93–3.36), 4 (OR = 2.72; CI 1.30–5.67) and ≥ 5 (OR = 1.78; CI 0.85–3.72) had increased odds for SCHC incidence compared with parity 2 cows. Prepartum serum Mg (OR 0.66 per 0.1 mmol/L; CI 0.51–0.85) and postpartum sampling time (OR 0.51 per 10h, CI 0.37–0.70) decreased, whereas close-up diet K (OR 1.10 per g/kg DM; CI 1.00–1.21) and P (OR 2.18 per g/kg DM, CI [1.14–4.15]) increased the odds of having SCHC. The current study confirms that cows of parity 3 and higher are at increased risk for SCHC compared with parity 2 cows. In addition, it highlights the association of dry cow dietary P and K level and prepartum serum Mg status with SCHC incidence. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85948 |
Watch |
2169T |
Early lactation changes in body condition score and subsequent incidence of disease. |
9 |
P. Pinedo |
body condition score health |
P. Pinedo1, D. Manriquez1, P. Melendez3, C. Hernandez-Gotelli1, J. Azocar2, A. De Vries4 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 2DeLaval Inc, Bannockburn, IL, 3School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 4Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
The objective of this retrospective observational study was to test the associations between changes in body condition score (ΔBCS) during the postpartum and subsequent incidence of early lactation diseases. Data were collected from 11,393 lactations in 7,928 Holstein cows calving between April 2019 and March 2021 in a commercial dairy located in Colorado, USA. Scores generated by BCS cameras at 1 d in milk (DIM), 7 DIM, and 14 DIM were selected for the analyses. Changes in BCS were calculated by periods of interest as change from calving to 7 DIM (ΔBCS7) and change from calving to 14 DIM (ΔBCS14) and assigned into categories as large loss of BCS (top 25% of cows losing BCS); moderate loss (bottom 75% of cows losing BCS); no change (ΔBCS = 0); or gain of BCS (ΔBCS > 0). Health disorders (≤60 DIM) included metritis, left displacement of abomasum, pyometra, digestive problems, lameness, mastitis, and pneumonia. Associations between ΔBCS and disease were examined using logistic regression. Models considered parity category (1; ≥ 2) calving season, BCS at calving, and milk yield up to 60 DIM as covariables. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. A significant effect of ΔBCS7 category was only established for incidence of pyometra and lameness, while ΔBCS14 was associated with pyometra, lameness, and pneumonia (Table 1). Loss in BCS during early lactation had a partial effect on the subsequent health of Holstein cows. Table 1. Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for disease (7 DIM to 60 DIM and 14 DIM to 60 DIM) by category of ΔBCS (calving to 7 DIM and calving to 14 DIM). Interactions were not significant and removed from the models. Large loss was considered as the reference category
| Disease ≥7 DIM |
ΔBCS7 category |
Odds ratio |
95% CI |
P-value |
| Pyometra |
Gain |
0.52 |
0.42-0.65 |
<0.0001 |
| |
No loss |
0.53 |
0.44-0.64 |
<0.0001 |
| |
Moderate loss |
0.71 |
0.59-0.87 |
<0.001 |
| Lameness |
Gain |
0.85 |
0.62-1.17 |
0.31 |
| |
No loss |
0.72 |
0.55-0.96 |
0.02 |
| |
Moderate |
1.03 |
0.78-1.36 |
0.84 |
| Disease ≥14 DIM |
ΔBCS14 category |
|
|
|
| Pyometra |
Gain |
0.55 |
0.44-0.70 |
<0.0001 |
| |
No loss |
0.55 |
0.45-0.67 |
<0.0001 |
| |
Moderate loss |
0.66 |
0.56-0.78 |
<0.0001 |
| Lameness |
Gain |
0.85 |
0.62-1.17 |
0.31 |
| |
No loss |
0.72 |
0.55-0.96 |
0.02 |
| |
Moderate loss |
1.03 |
0.78-1.36 |
0.84 |
| Pneumonia |
Gain |
0.28 |
0.09-0.94 |
0.03 |
| |
No loss |
0.21 |
0.06-0.80 |
0.02 |
| |
Moderate loss |
0.47 |
0.22-1.03 |
0.06 |
|
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86818 |
Watch |
2170T |
Associations between clinical metritis and type 1/type 2 immunity in postpartum Holstein dairy cows. |
10 |
E. Jimenez |
periparturient cows clinical metritis type 1/type 2 immunity ratio |
E. Jimenez1, J. Spring1, Q. Hun2, C. Y. Tsai3, H. H. Hung3, T. Weber3, P. Rezamand3, M. Martinez1, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Department of Chemistry and NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 3Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Clinical metritis is a prevalent and costly disease in dairy cattle. Preventive treatments can help decrease losses associated with this disease; however, identifying high risk animals should be prioritized to decrease costs of implementing these treatments. The objective of this study was to assess the association between clinical metritis (CM) and postcalving type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test in Holstein dairy cows. A total of 211 cows from 2 conventional dairy farms were enrolled in this observational study. Within 24 h after calving, a blood sample was collected for assessment of type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test, D2Dx immunity test (Nano Discovery Inc., Orlando, FL). A higher D2Dx score corresponds to a higher type 1/type 2 ratio. Cows were screened by farm personnel for CM during the first 21 DIM, defined as fetid watery red-brownish vaginal discharge with or without fever. On-farm records were used to assess clinical disease events in study cows. Only healthy cows (absence of recorded clinical disease event in the first 30 d in milk; HLT = 122) and cows with only clinical metritis (CM = 59) were kept in the study. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. The incidence of clinical metritis in this cohort of animals was 27.96%. There was no detectable difference on type 1/type 2 ratio between study farms. Cows that developed clinical metritis in the first 21 d postpartum had lower type 1/type 2 ratio compared with that for cows that remained healthy (HLT = 0.062 ± 0.001; CM = 0.056 ± 0.002; P = 0.02). These results suggests that cows with a higher type 1/type 2 immunity ratio within 24 h after calving may be at lower risk of developing clinical metritis. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t87009 |
Watch |
2171T |
Comparison of meters to predict somatic cell count. |
11 |
L. Jacobsen |
mastitis intramammary infection milk |
L. Jacobsen1, A. Niesen1, H. Rossow1 |
1UC Davis, Davis, CA |
Intramammary infections, such as mastitis, can increase treatment and labor costs, decrease milk production, and affect milk quality. Meters that predict quarter somatic cell count (SCC) could be used to make more informed dry cow therapy decisions. The objective of this study was to compare the RT-10 iPhone adapter (RT-10; Dairy Quality Inc., Newmarket, Canada), DeLaval Cell Counter (DCC; DeLaval, Graiguecullen, Carlow), Porta Check Quick Test (PortaCheck, NJ), California Mastitis Test (ImmuCell, Portland, ME), pH meter (Hanna Instruments, RI), electrical conductivity meter (OHAUS, NJ), and the dual laser infrared temperature thermometer (Klein Tools, IL) to predict SCC in individual quarters in comparison to a gold standard, the FTS 600 Combi System (DHIA; Bentley Instruments, MN). Meters were evaluated using individual cow quarter samples and bulk-tank samples to predict SCC. To test individual quarter SCC, individual quarter milk samples from 160 cows from 4 commercial dairy herds (40 cows per herd) were collected just before cessation of milking and tested within 4 h of collection. To test bulk-tank SCC, 100 bulk-tank milk samples (25 mL) were collected from UC Davis VMTRC Milk Quality Lab. The SCC DHIA were regressed on meter predictions of SCC using PROC GLM (SAS Institute, 2021 v. 9.4). Then goodness of fit was evaluated by partitioning of the mean square predicted error (MSPE). For individual quarter SCC, RT-10 had the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.86), the lowest % error of MSPE due to unequal variance (model error 4%) and highest % error of MSPE due to random variation (data error 96%). For bulk-tank SCC, DCC had the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.45) the lowest % error due to unequal variance (20%) and the highest % error due to random variation (80%). Both RT-10 and DCC had % error of MSPE due to error of central tendency of 0%. The RT-10 and DCC could be used to predict individual quarter SCC and bulk-tank SCC, respectively, to determine which cows to treat at cessation of lactation potentially reducing antibiotic use. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85916 |
Watch |
2172T |
Associations of dry period housing and management practices with early-lactation udder health in automated milking herds. |
12 |
C. A. Wagemann-Fluxá |
automated milking udder health management |
C. A. Wagemann-Fluxá1, B. J. Van Soest1, D. F. Kelton2, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
This study aimed to identify associations between dry period housing and management practices and udder health in early-lactation cows on automated milking system (AMS) farms. Data were collected from 10/2018–09/2020 from 166 Canadian AMS farms (mean = 116 ± 111 milking cows). Producers were surveyed on housing and management practices. We selected all cows (n = 14,007) across farms that had available DHI SCC data for their last milk test before dry-off (>250 DIM) and their first milk test after calving (5–45 DIM). We calculated the somatic cell score (SCS) for each cow for the first test after calving (PostSCS) and the herd-average PostSCS (2.43 ± 0.60). Subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) was estimated using cow SCC data; cows with SCC < 200,000 cells/mL in the last test before dry-off and with SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL on the first test after calving were categorized as “new IMI.” Incidence risk of new IMI (16.5 ± 9.3%) was calculated for each herd. Mixed-effect linear regression models were used to analyze the association of herd-level explanatory variables with herd-average PostSCS and incidence of new IMI. Higher herd-average PostSCS was associated with not using teat sealants (+0.19; P = 0.01), not using blanket antibiotic dry cow therapy (+0.31; P < 0.001), and not leaving cows in the same group during the entire dry period (+0.19; P = 0.01). PostSCS also tended to be associated with placing cows onto the AMS immediately after calving (+0.14; P = 0.09) and not separating cows into a different pen as preparation for dry-off (+0.15; P = 0.06), which also tended to be associated with a higher incidence of new IMI (+2.65 percentage points [p.p.]; P = 0.08). A lower incidence of new IMI was associated with housing dry cows in pack pens and stalls (−3.89 p.p.; P = 0.02) as compared with only pack pens and with higher herd-average 305-d milk yield (−1.2 p.p./1000 kg; P = 0.02). In conclusion, udder health in early-lactation cows in AMS herds is associated with housing and management practices during the dry period, indicating that producers may be able to implement practices that improve udder health of their cows. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86143 |
Watch |
2173T |
Mediators of calcium homeostasis in cows with differing postparturient calcium dynamics. |
13 |
C. R. Seely |
subclinical hypocalcemia parathyroid hormone serotonin |
C. R. Seely1, J. A. A. McArt1 |
1Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Many multiparous dairy cows experience subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) in the postpartum period as they adapt to lactation. Furthermore, differing dynamics of SCH in the days after parturition are associated with varied health and production outcomes, with cows experiencing transient SCH producing more milk and facing fewer negative health events than cows with delayed or persistent SCH. Our objectives were to describe differences in mediators of Ca homeostasis between cows experiencing different dynamics of SCH. A prospective cohort of 89 multiparous Holstein cows from 2 herds in NY were blood sampled at 1–5, 7, and 10 DIM and classified into 1 of 4 SCH groups based on mean serum total Ca (tCa) at 1 and 4 DIM: normocalcemic (NC; [tCa] > 1.89 mmol/L at 1 DIM and > 2.25 mmol/L at 4 DIM, n = 30); transient SCH (tSCH; [tCa] ≤ 1.89 mmol/L at 1 DIM and > 2.25 mmol/L at 4 DIM, n = 12); delayed SCH (dSCH; [tCa] > 1.89 mmol/L at 1 DIM and ≤ 2.25 mmol/L at 4 DIM, n = 23); and persistent SCH (pSCH; [tCa] ≤ 1.89 mmol at 1 DIM and ≤ 2.25 mmol/L at 4 DIM, n = 24). Serum was analyzed for tCa and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and whole blood will be analyzed for serotonin (ST). Repeated-measures ANOVA models were used to analyze differences between SCH groups and changes over time for tCa and PTH for the first 10 DIM. Serum tCa was different between SCH group (P < 0.001) and was greatest in the NC cows compared with the tSCH, pSCH, and dSCH cows (2.36 ± 0.03 mmol/L vs 2.20 ± 0.05, 2.02 ± 0.04, and 2.18 ± 0.04 mmol/L, respectively). Concentrations of PTH changed over time (P < 0.001) and were greatest for all cows at 1 DIM. There was a statistical tendency for a difference in PTH between SCH groups (P = 0.1) with dSCH and pSCH cows having greater concentrations of PTH than NC and tSCH cows (742.4 [95% CI = 691.6, 801.9] and 718.9 [95% CI = 673.9, 770.4] pg/mL vs 667.1 [95% CI = 631.7, 706.7] and 684.0 [95% CI = 628.1, 750.8] pg/mL). Our results suggest that mediators of Ca homeostasis vary between cows experiencing different dynamics of SCH. Understanding these modulatory differences may aid in the prevention, management, and treatment of SCH. |
| Animal Health Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t87157 |
Watch |
2529T |
Calcium dynamics and associated patterns of milk constituents in early lactation multiparous Holsteins. |
14 |
J. A. Seminara |
subclinical hypocalcemia calcium Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
J. A. Seminara1, K. R. Callero1, I. R. Frost1, R. M. Martinez1, H. A. McCray1, A. M. Reid1, D. M. Barbano1, J. A. A. McArt1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
At the onset of lactation, increased physiological demand for calcium creates a homeostatic challenge for transitioning dairy cows. Dynamic responses to this challenge classify cows into 4 groups based on serum total calcium concentrations (tCa) at 1 and 4 DIM. Cows with subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) at 1 and 4 DIM or 4 DIM only, classified as persistent (pSCH) or delayed SCH (dSCH), respectively, are at a greater risk of adverse health events and suboptimal production than cows experiencing SCH at 1 DIM only or not at all, classified as transient SCH (tSCH) and normocalcemic (NC), respectively. Our prospective cohort study objectives were to 1) characterize milk constituent profiles for cows in each calcium group using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of milk samples and 2) investigate the potential of these methods for classifying cows into groups at a clinically useful time point. We collected blood from 345 multiparous Holsteins on a dairy farm in Cayuga County, NY at 1 and 4 DIM, with proportional milk samples collected from 3 through 10 DIM. Diagnostic tCa cut-points were derived using receiver operating characteristic curves based on health and production outcomes and were 2.03 mmol/L at 1 DIM and 2.25 mmol/L at 4 DIM. Individual milk constituents at 3 DIM were compared between calcium groups using linear regression with the fixed effect of parity and a parity-group interaction. Calcium group differences were found for daily milk yield (P < 0.001), lactose % (P < 0.001), protein % (P < 0.001), milk urea nitrogen (P = 0.03), de novo fatty acid (FA) g/100 g milk (P < 0.001), mixed FA relative % (rel%, P = 0.04), preformed FA g/100 g milk (P = 0.03), and preformed FA rel% (P < 0.001). Calcium groups differed by parity for de novo FA rel% (P = 0.03) and milk predicted blood nonesterified FA (P = 0.02). Though further work is needed to overcome the limitation of measurement on a single farm, our conclusions provide evidence that calcium dynamic groups may be differentiated using milk FTIR methods. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9935 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Chemistry |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86946 |
Watch |
2174T |
Preliminary studies on tailoring protein interactions to modify functionality of milk protein concentrate. |
1 |
K. Dileep |
milk protein concentrate (MPC) heat treatment preheating pH |
K. Dileep1, S. Beckman2, H. Meletharayil3, J. K. Amamcharla1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL |
Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is widely used as a food ingredient due to its functional and nutritional benefits. Depending on the application, bringing desirable changes in its functional properties would further expand the possibilities for MPC as an ingredient. Functionality of MPC is dependent on the type of protein interactions (casein-whey protein vs whey protein-whey protein). It was already established that whey proteins preferentially interact with other whey proteins when milk is heated at pH 6.6–6.9. On the other hand, whey proteins associate with casein micelles when milk is heated below pH 6.6. The objective of the study was to manufacture and evaluate the functionality of MPC made from skim milk (SM) preheated at different pH levels to influence the protein interactions. The pH of SM was adjusted to 6.5, 6.8, or 7.1 and subsequently divided into 2 parts. The first part was heated at 90°C for 15 min and the remaining part was used as control. After heating, the pH of SM was readjusted to 6.8. The SM was ultrafiltered (10 KDa) to 5x concentration with 120% diafiltration water to manufacture MPC. The MPC was subsequently spray dried in a pilot scale spray dryer (inlet temperature 184°C and outlet temperature 104°C). The experiment was conducted in duplicate from 2 independent lots of SM. The average protein content in the MPC was 84.4%. The MPC was reconstituted to 5% protein solution and characterized in terms of particle size and apparent viscosity. An increase in apparent viscosity was observed in preheated samples at all pH levels. At a shear rate of 50 s−1, the apparent viscosity of unheated and heated samples at pH 6.5 increased from 2.59 mPa.s to 4.65 mPa.s, respectively. Similarly, unheated and heated samples at pH 7.1 increased from 2.21 mPa.s to 3.34 mPa.s. However, the apparent viscosity (at 50s−1) of heated samples at pH 6.5, 6.8, and 7.1 are not significantly (P > 0.05) different. Unheated and preheated at pH 6.5 MPC resulted in a mean particle size of 242.80 and 194.53 nm, respectively. The results show indication of casein-whey protein interaction or whey protein-whey protein interaction depending on the preheating pH. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Chemistry |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86958 |
Watch |
2177T |
Whey protein concentrate with improved foam stability via Pickering stabilization. |
2 |
B. Vardhanabhuti |
whey protein concentrate foam Pickering stabilization |
A. Kotchabhakdi1, B. Vardhanabhuti1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Studies have shown the roles of protein particles in Pickering emulsion. Much less focus has been on Pickering foam. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is used in food foams; however, the roles of WPC as Pickering stabilizer in foam has not been fully studied. Our objective was to investigate the foaming properties of WPC particles formed by heating. The effects of heating and foaming pH were investigated. WPC gel particles (WPC-P) were formed by heating 12% (wt/wt) WPC (pH 5.5 or 7.0) at 85°C for 20 min followed by shearing at 400 rpm for 1 h. Pre-foamed solutions were prepared by diluting WPC-P to 5% (w/w) at pH 4 to 7.0. Characterization of pre-foamed solutions included particle size, zeta potential, and rheological measurements using the Mastersizer 3000, Zetasizer NanoZS and Kinexus Pro, respectively. Foams were generated by whipping the solutions with a milk frother. Foaming properties were determined by measuring the overrun and foam drainage. All measurements were repeated at least twice. The zeta potentials ranged from 7.1 (pH 4.0) to −24.8 mV (pH 7.0). At the same pH, no significant differences in zeta potential were found between WPC-P heated at pH 5.5 or 7 (WPC-P55 or WPC-P7). All WPC-P55 had mean diameters of 0.1 µm. The n and k values of WPC-P55 ranged from 0.765 to 0.949 and 1.9 to 3.1 mPa sn, respectively. On the contrary, pH adjustment led to a drastic change in mean diameters of WPC-P7 from 0.1 µm (pH 7.0) to 18.3 µm (pH 5.5). The final pH also influenced the rheological properties of WPC-P7 with the n value ranging from 0.848 at pH 7 to 0.415 at pH 5.0 and k value ranging from 5.3 at pH 7.0 to 739.1 mPa sn at pH 5.5. Comparable to unheated WPC, the overrun of WPC-P55 ranged from 403% to 516%; however, foams were not stable and drained within 5 min after foaming. At the same pH, WPC-P7 foams had significantly lower overrun (p < 0.05) than WPC-P55 and unheated WPC. Interestingly, WPC-P7 formed more stable foam at pH 4.0, 5.0 or 5.5 with no observable drainage even after 1 h. In conclusion, WPC particles can be created to have improved foam stability via Pickering stabilization. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Chemistry |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86131 |
Watch |
2178T |
Partial purification of β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus helveticus with transglycosylation activity on acid whey. |
3 |
S. Ruiz-Ramirez |
beta-galactosidase acid whey oligosaccharides |
S. Ruiz-Ramirez1, I. Garcia-Cano1, R. Jimenez-Flores1 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio |
β-galactosidase (β-Gal) is an enzyme of great importance in the food industry due to its many applications where lactose-free and other nutritional products can be obtained. During the past decade, β-gal has been of great interest for its transglycosylation activity and production of oligosaccharides as the lactose concentration increases. Our laboratory recently reported that out of 24 lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus helveticus OSU-PECh-4A had the highest specific activity when grown on the rich-lactose by-product, acid whey (AW). The present study aims, as a first step, to purify and characterize the β-gal from L. helveticus. L. helveticus was grown in modified De Man Rogosa Sharpe (mMRS) using lactose as a carbon source and the intracellular enzyme was obtained through sonication. Partial purification was performed by ultrafiltration using a 100 kDa cut-off membrane and a size exclusion column (ENrich SEC 650) using NGC Chromatography System. Specific activity was measured after each purification step using O-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (oNPG) and its relative purity was determined by Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) using Image Lab Software. PAGE in native and denatured (SDS) conditions were performed, to determine the molecular mass and possible subunits of the purified protein. The production of oligosaccharides was detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Using genomic approaches, the enzyme was identified as a heterodimer from the LacLM family, consisting of a large subunit of 73kDa and a small of 36kDa similar to those found on other Lactobacillus species. The enzyme was partially purified to a 70% of relative purity, with a specific activity and fold purification of 4.5umol*min−1*mg−1 and 3, respectively. A final yield of 28% (SD 3) was obtained. Molecules with higher molecular weight than glucose and lactose were detected on TLC providing evidence of possible oligosaccharides. With these results, this study presents a new and highly functional β-Gal with activity for the future utilization and valorization of acid whey. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Chemistry |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86501 |
Watch |
2179T |
Dairy waste protein valorization potential: A comparative investigation into sustainable protein recovery and multifunctional bioactive peptides generation via liquid biphasic flotation and enzymatic assisted extraction models. |
4 |
H. Kamal |
liquid biphasic floatation simulated gastrointestinal digestion expired milk |
H. Kamal1,2, A. Ali1,2, C. F. Le1 |
1School of Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semeniyh, Selengor, Malaysia, 2Future Food Beacon of Excellence, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Nottingham, United Kingdom |
Dairy waste has become a major global concern, especially at the retail and household levels. It is estimated approximately as third highest group in terms of dollar value of food wasted, equaling to 17–20% of total value food waste. Markedly known, milk is an important source of high-quality protein. This study aims to investigate and compare the novel approach of using liquid biphasic flotation (LBF) with enzymatic assisted extraction (EAE) models for optimal protein extraction, alongwith studying the antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties of extracted protein upon simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID). The study also aims in highlighting the valorization potential by up scaling to industrial use on the appliance of LBF for overall protein recovery. Expired dairy milk samples were analyzed on OFAT (one factor at a time) model validating the effect of alcohol (50, 75 and 100%, food-grade methanol and ethanol) and salt (50, 100 and 150g/L of ammonium sulfate, dipotassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate) concentrations, keeping the pH (4.5) and floatation time (20 min) constant. Protein recovery (composite) was recorded as high as 76.14% ± 0.09 in LBF and 59.72% ± 0.12 in EAE models (ethanol 50%, ammonium suplhate 50g/L). LBF extraction model has been scaled up by 40 times to ensure it can be commercialized, and the protein recovery yield and separation efficiency were found to be 88.94% ± 0.21 and 85.12% ± 0.06, respectively. Further, effect of SGID on inhibitory potential of generated extracted protein hydrolysates was also explored. Both LBF and EAE hydrolysates displayed potent inhibitory properties as antidiabetic, α-glucocosidase (AG) (IC50 value- 0.58 and 0.59 mg/mL) and dipeptidly peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) (IC50 value- 0.62 and 0.66 mg/mL), respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that α-lactalbumin underwent complete degradation in EAE samples and newer shorter peptides showing promiment ACE inhibition. Commercial valorization potential of recycled dairy protein as co-products is one way to reduce food waste. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86748 |
Watch |
2180T |
The stability of fucoxanthin and its effect on the physicochemical characteristics of goat milk yogurt. |
5 |
R. Attaie |
yogurt fucoxanthin stability |
R. Attaie1, M. Nunez1, A. Mora-Gutierrez1, Y. Jung1 |
1Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX |
Considering the increasing demand of consumers for healthy diet, fucoxanthin that is a marine carotenoid with anti-obesity activity was used as a supplement in goat milk yogurt. The objectives of this research were to study the stability characteristics of this anti-obesity biofunctional compound in goat milk yogurt during processing and storage. Additionally, the effect of fucoxanthin supplementation in yogurt was evaluated on the color, pH, acidity, texture, and lipid oxidation of yogurt during the 4-week storage period. Fresh goat whole milk (82.85%, wt/wt), powdered goat milk (10.68%, wt/wt), sugar (6.47%, wt/wt), and fucoxanthin with 20% purity (0.026%, wt/wt) were combined to make the yogurt mix. The concentration of fucoxanthin was 51.5 µg/g of yogurt mix. The mix was heated at 80°C for 30 min and then cooled to inoculate (YF-L812, Chr Hansen). The inoculated mix was incubated for 5 h at a temperature of 42°C. The quantification of fucoxanthin in yogurt mix before heating, after heating, and in the freshly prepared yogurt was carried out by a HPLC method. For determination of the storage stability of fucoxanthin in yogurt, the quantification of this compound was performed every week. Additionally, the effect of supplementation of fucoxanthin on the color of yogurt was evaluated by reflectance using a HunterLab colorimeter. The effect of fucoxanthin supplementation on texture, pH, acidity, and lactic acid was also studied. Data were analyzed by a complete randomized design using PROC GLM procedure of SAS. The recoveries of supplemented focuxanthin, which is based on its concentration in the mix before heating and after heating were 99.0% and 99.41%, respectively. However, the recovery of focuxanthin in freshly prepared yogurt was 92.37% that is different (P < 0.05) than the yogurt mix. This indicates that heating of yogurt mix did not affect the concentration of added focuxanthin; however, addition of inoculum to the mix reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of focuxanthin during fermentation. The concentration of focuxanthin during the storage period at 4°C for 4 weeks gradually decreased with time. Based on literature findings, one serving of our fucoxanthin supplemented yogurt per day (170 g/serving) has health benefits for humans. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85836 |
|
2181T |
Utilization of microencapsulated olive oil powder for the production of functional (MUFA) ice cream. |
6 |
C Ashokkumar |
olive oil microencapsulation ice cream |
C Ashokkumar1, B Murugan1 |
1Department of Food Safety and Quality Assurance, College of Food and Dairy Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India |
Ice cream is a delicious dairy product and provides source of energy via milk fat. It is generally poor in functional ingredients, and it consumed moderately due to its high lipids and sugars. Olive oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds which are highly beneficial to consumers on providing unsaturated fats and healthy food products. Oxidative changes during storage are the major problem in olive oil, encapsulation is one of the way to retard oxidative deterioration of oil. The present research work is aimed to develop a functional dairy product by incorporation of spray dried microencapsulated olive oil powder (MOOP) in the production process of ice cream. A total of 4 formulations were developed by substituting wall materials (casein, maltodextrin and guargum) with olive oil. The stability of wall material mixture blends (micro emulsion) are examined and stable emulsion were sprayed at an inlet air temperature of 160°C and outlet temperature of 80°C with 2 bar air pressure. The MOOP was incorporated at different levels in ice cream, viz., 1%, 3% and 5% level, a total of 6 replicates were performed on each levels of inclusions. Final products of ice creams were stored at −18°C and analyzed for quality as well as shelf life. Oxidative stability of MOOP incorporated ice cream was examined in terms of peroxide value and anisidine values, the greatest values were found 5.98 and 3.77mEq O2/kg respectively which indicates significant differences (P < 0.01) during storage. Total phenolic content of ice cream significantly decreased as the storage period extended. The shelf life of developed product was analyzed by sensory scores using Nine-point hedonic scale and microbial characterization viz., total plate count, coliform count, yeast and mold. Out of different level of MOOP incorporation in ice cream 3% inclusion found higher acceptability score, which increases the monounsaturated fatty acid content as well as enhances the oxidative stability of ice cream. The spray drying of olive oil into MOOP is better method of preserving olive quality and conversion of MOOP into dairy product provides unsaturated fats as an alternative to saturated fats, which promotes healthy diet choices for consumers. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t87037 |
Watch |
2182T |
Impact of hyaluronic acid on rheological properties and protein stability of skim milk. |
7 |
A. Aditya |
skim milk hyaluronic acid rheological properties |
R. Joshi1, A. Aditya1, S. G. Sutariya1, P. Salunke1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is known for its health benefits and functional food ingredients. HA is approved as a food additive and health supplement in many countries. HA is a naturally occurring polysaccharide and microbiologically derived for use in the food industry. However, its use in dairy and milk products has not yet been explored. The HA is available in various molecular weights (MW), and it affects physicochemical and functional properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HA with different MW on the rheological properties and the gravimetric protein stability of skim milk (SM). For the experiment, food-grade microbiologically derived HA with varying MW of 8 kDa, 320 kDa, and 980 kDa were used. Pasteurized SM was divided into 3 lots of 500 mL, and 0.25% of different MW HA was added to each of them separately. Each treatment was mixed in shear homogenizer at 25,000 rpm for 3 min, and the solutions were stored overnight at 4°C. These solutions were used for analyzing frequency sweep and viscosity at 10°C using a rheometer. The protein stability of skim milk was assessed using the gravimetric protein phase separation method. All studies were replicated twice. Statistical analysis of the data were performed using one-way ANOVA and mean comparison was done using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). The rheological results showed an increase in viscosity as the MW of HA samples increased. As the shear rate increased, the higher MW (980 kDa) HA sample displayed shear thinning behavior with a decrease in viscosity from 219.63 to 49.4 mPa.s, however, this viscosity was still higher than the other 2 samples. In the frequency sweep test, the higher G” value over G’ values for all 3 HA samples indicated the absence of interparticle interactions between HA particles. The inclusion of HA impacted the protein stability of the SM solutions, and as the MW of HA increased, so did the amount of protein phase separation. The % protein phase separation in the 980 kDa (72.11 ± 0.34%) and 320 kDa (71.52 ± 0.59%) HA samples was similar but were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the 8 kDa sample (27.98 ± 0.17%). In conclusion, the addition of HA with different MW impacted skim milk's rheological properties and protein stability. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86574 |
Watch |
2183T |
Transfer of beta lactam and tetracycline antibiotics from bovine spiked milk to cream, butter, and buttermilk. |
8 |
D. V. Escobar Gianni |
dairy products tetracyclines penicillins |
D. V. Escobar Gianni1, R. Pelaggio1, E. De Torres3, F. Rey1, I. Martinez1, M. Perez1, G. S. Veirano3, L. Olazabal1 |
1Latitud, Fundación LATU, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay (LATU), Montevideo, Uruguay, 3Campo experimental Nº2, Facultad de Veterinaria (UdelaR), San José, Uruguay |
Antibiotics are chemical compounds used for fighting infectious diseases in dairy cattle. The residues of veterinary drugs in milk are considered a chemical hazard and potential risk to public health, industrialization processes and the environment. According to regulations (Codex Alimentarius, 2018), raw milk can be processed industrially when veterinary drug residues do not exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL). Butter is a dairy product made using the churning process of pasteurized cream. The possible distributions of antibiotics in butter during manufacture are very important, especially since no MRLs have been set for dairy products. The aim of this work was to investigate the transfer of residues of β-lactam and tetracyclines antibiotics from raw bovine milk to cream, butter and buttermilk in butter manufacture. Antibiotic-free raw milk was spiked with (ampicillin, penicillin G, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline) at an equivalent concentration of the regulation MRL admitted. Raw spiked milk was skimmed at 38°C and standardized to produce a cream containing 40 ± 2% fat. The cream was churned until the “break” and butter grains were formed. Buttermilk was separated from the butter grains, and butter was washed with ice water. The butter was packed with parchment paper and stored at −18°C. The antibiotic concentration was determined using HPLC-MS/MS in all products. Statsitical analysis was carried out using mixed models (n = 6). Ampicillin and penicillin G residues were found in buttermilk and cream, its value was equal to milk MRL or less, and they were not detected in butter. A similar behavior was found in cloxacillin and dicloxacillin. In tetracycline and oxytetracycline, the concentration values found in cream were the same as those added in milk (64 ± 5 µg/kg and 114 ± 11 µg/kg respectively). These concentrations of antibiotic residues were found in butter and buttermilk: 34 ± 3 µg/kg and 40 ± 6 µg/kg (tetracycline) and 36 ± 2 µg/kg and 68 ± 11 µg/kg (oxytetracycline). Knowledge of the transfer of antibiotic residues in butter process and their final disposal is a valuable input for the risk assessment of their consumption. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86593 |
|
2185T |
The Sicilian whey: Utilization of Ricotta whey in the production of value-added artisanal beers. |
9 |
S. D. Alcaine |
whey beer waste |
C. Pasta1, M. Caccamo1, R. Petriglieri1, A. Difalco1, G. Farina1, G. Belvedere1, G. Marino1, A. Garavaldi2, V. Musi2, S. D. Alcaine3 |
1CoRFiLaC, Ragusa, Italy, 2CRPA, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 3Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Scotta is the whey by-product of Ricotta, a traditional Sicilian cheese. Scotta is high in lactose and salt, but currently disposed of. The ever increasing need to reduce waste and improve the profitability of cheesemaking has created an interest in developing value-added alternatives for scotta utilization. In this study, we investigate the utilization of scotta in beer production. To understand the quality of scotta available, samples from 7 Sicilian ricotta makers were analyzed for pH, total protein, fat, lactose, titratable acidity, % salt, total plate count, and lactic acid bacteria counts. Overall, samples had low amounts of residual protein and fat. Average lactose content was 4.67 g/100 mL ± 0.50g, TA of 4.71% ± 0.76 lactic acid, pH of 6.11 ± 0.19, and a salt content of 1.01% ± 0.27. Not surprisingly due to the ricotta making process, the lactic acid bacteria counts on MRS for the majority of sample collected were below the limit of detection of 10 cfu/mL, with a few with counts of <103 cfu/mL. Total plate counts were more variable, with many in the 102 to 103 cfu/mL range and others below the limit of detection, suggesting some occasional postprocessing contamination during whey handling. Scotta was then sourced from a local producer and used by a local brewer to replace some of the water in the production of 2 beer styles thought to be complimentary to scotta and whey. The first was a Gose, a German beer style that contains salt and is acidified using lactic acid bacteria, in which lactase was added so that Saccharomyces cerevisiae could ferment all the sugar resulting in a beer that was 4.64% ABV. The second was sweet milk stout, in which no lactase was added to allow for residual sweetness, resulting in a beer that was 4.04% ABV with 16 g/L residual lactose. A trained panel was used for sensory analysis of these whey containing beers and comparison to commercial examples of the styles. The panel found that the whey beers fit within the sensory profiles of these styles. This work highlights the opportunities for dairy producers to upcycle dairy by-product into novel beverages with flavor profiles that would be appealing consumers. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86019 |
Watch |
2186T |
Similarity of organic and conventional milk from Italian Holstein-Friesian herds. |
10 |
M. Rovai |
amino acids fatty acid organic milk |
C. L. Manuelian1, V. Vigolo1, M. Rovai2, M. De Marchi1 |
1Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy, 2Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Differences reported between organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) dairy milk is usually a reflection of factors such as breed and management (i.e., feed ingredients). This study aimed to compare detailed composition (gross composition, vitamin E, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids) of ORG and CON bulk-tank milk from Holstein-Friesian (HF) cow farms located in the same area and fed a diet composed of corn meal and/or silage. A total of 225 bulk milk samples from 12 ORG and 12 CON farms in Northern Italy were collected from September 2019 to August 2020. All ORG herds grazed, whereas only half of the CON herds have access to outdoor areas. Data were analyzed with a linear mixed model with month of sampling, farming system (ORG and CON), and their interactions as fixed effects, and farm nested within farming system as random effect. Results revealed very few differences between ORG and CON farms, where month of sampling effect was significant except for Mo, Sr, Zn, medium-chain FA, and C16:0, and the first-order interaction was only significant for Fe, K, Mg, S, and cis-FA. Total fat, lactose, vitamin E, and amino acids were similar between both farming systems. Lower (P < 0.05) total protein and casein content was observed in ORG than CON herds, and a greater SCS in ORG than CON (P = 0.009). Concerning minerals, K, Mg, and S were lower (P < 0.05) in ORG during specific months, and Fe was either greater or lower (P < 0.05) in ORG also depending on the month of sampling. In fatty acids (FA) groups, only cis-FA was greater in ORG than CON in October (P < 0.001), and polyunsaturated FA and n-3 tended to be greater in ORG than CON (P < 0.09) throughout the sampling period The only individual FA that differed between groups was C16:1n9, being lower in ORG than CON (P = 0.049). In conclusion, milk composition of studied HF cow dairy farms was quite similar probably because of the similarities between both farming systems. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86010 |
|
2530T |
Hyaluronic acid: Impact on milk properties. |
11 |
Suresh Sutariya |
Hyaluronic acid milk rheology |
Suresh Sutariya1, Prafulla Salunke1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA |
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural linear unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides units of β4-glucuronic acid and β3-N-acetylglucosamine. HA is gradually gaining popularity and recognition as a food additive. HA is approved as a food additive and healthy functional food in many countries. The ability of HA to form a viscoelastic network and higher water-binding capability would be of great functional benefit in dairy food formulations. However, there is no research on the impact of HA treatment on milk properties. The objective of this study was to see the impact of different concentrations of HA (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%) on the viscoelastic properties, protein stability during heating and storage, and gelation properties (acid and rennet gels) of milk (skim and whole milk). A one-way ANOVA was used to examine the statistical differences between the samples with different concentrations of HA treatments. Whole milk treated with HA showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in viscosity as a function of HA concentration in both cold and pasteurized milk samples. According to the frequency sweep study (10 to 150 rad/s range), only a higher HA concentration (0.5%) was able to achieve viscoelastic solid behavior (G' > G") among all the HA concentrations. The heat stability of skim milk was significantly (P < 0.05) impacted by the HA concentration. HA concentrations up to 0.25% impacted the gravimetric protein phase separation during skim milk storage, however, 0.5% HA concentration resulted in less phase separation. The rennet and acid gelation studies showed that gelation characteristics and gel structure were severely influenced by the level of HA. The unfavorable effect of HA on rennet and acid gelation qualities could be due to a depletion-flocculation mechanism that interferes with the creation of a continuous protein gel network by the HA polymer. In conclusion, it can be said that HA significantly affected the viscoelastic properties, heat stability, protein stability during storage, and acid and rennet gelation properties. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 2: Chemistry & Dairy Products |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86716 |
Watch |
1478T |
Fabrication of nanofiber film via electrospinning of casein micelle and polyvinyl alcohol. |
12 |
W. Wei |
electrospinning nanofiber casein micelle |
W. Wei1, J. Amamcharla1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences and Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS |
Electrospinning is a novel technique to produce long fibers with diameters in the range of a few nanometers to few micrometers by utilizing high-voltage electric field. In this study, food grade electrospun nanofibers were fabricated from micellar casein concentrate (MCC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of MCC and PVA concentrations on the spinnability of electrospun nanofibers. For this purpose, MCC was reconstituted to 8, 10, and 12% (wt/wt) in distilled water at 50°C and stored overnight for rehydration. The following day, PVA was added to the MCC solution at 3 different levels (1, 2, 3% (wt/wt)) at 95? under constant stirring for 2 h. The MCC and PVA mixtures were analyzed for viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension. All the experiments were conducted in triplicate. As expected, the apparent viscosity of MCC and PVA mixtures increased significantly with an increase in MCC and PVA. In the mixtures 8% MCC:1% PVA, the apparent viscosity was 8.43 mPa/s and it increased to 76.49 mPa/s for the 8%MCC:3%PVA. Similarly, conductivity also increased significantly as the MCC content increased in the mixture. The MCC:PVA mixture was electrospun into fibers by placing in a 10 mL plastic syringe with a 18-gauge blunt-tipped stainless steel needle at 13kV high voltage power with a flow rate of 1.3 mL/h flow rate. The nanofibers were collected on aluminum foil, and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From the SEM images, the average diameter of nanofibers was 315 ± 41 nm and the bead quantity was highly affected by the composition and concentration of both protein and polymer. With an increase in PVA concentration, the morphological appearance of nanofibers contained less number of beads. The MCC: PVA blend nanofiber exhibited nanofiber quality improvement and the ability to form orientationally nonwovens nanofibers which can collect as edible film. The solution with 12% MCC and 2% PVA was considered as the optimal ratio to fabricate the nanofibers. |
| Extension Education Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9984 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Extension Education Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85918 |
Watch |
2187T |
Dairy personnel calving and newborn calf management training: An impactful resource for dairy producers. |
1 |
J. Spencer |
dairy personnel training calving management colostrum management |
J. Spencer1, J. Pineiro2, M. Berry1, L. Jenschke1, B. Boyd1 |
1Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Stephenville, TX, 2Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Amarillo, TX |
Farm personnel performance affects the profitability of dairy operations and is determined by their knowledge, skills, attitude, and resources to do daily tasks. Training programs can increase personnel knowledge and skills. Dystocia and stillbirths have a substantial economic impact on dairy operations. Therefore, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension has developed a calving management and neonatal care training for dairy farm employees. The objective of this study was to increase the knowledge of dairy farm employees regarding best calving management and newborn calf practices. This training was presented in English and Spanish to 184 employees. There were 7 main concepts presented during these trainings: stages of parturition, identifying dystocia and when to intervene, safety and personal protective equipment, obstetrical procedures for different types of dystocia, best colostrum management practices, the importance of record-keeping and communication, and cleanliness and sanitation of maternity and calf facilities. Training programs were held in New Mexico, Northwest Texas, and Central Texas. All data were analyzed using ANOVA and significance was declared at P < 0.05. Trainings in New Mexico and Northwest Texas were delivered to 141 employees, and pre-and post-tests were completed by a subset of 23 employees. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in employee knowledge gained and ranged from 2 to 12% across different dairies. In Central Texas, 43 employees attended this training program. A retrospective post-survey was completed by a subset of 35 employees after the training and analyzed for the change in employees' perceived understanding. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in employees’ perceived knowledge gained and ranged from 19 to 45%. Surveys also indicated that 92% of employees intended to make changes based on what they learned, and 64% believed there would be an economic benefit for the dairy farm because of this employee training. Training dairy employees on maternity and newborn calf management increased employee knowledge and may positively impact dairy producers’ profitability. |
| Extension Education Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86327 |
Watch |
2188T |
Assessing heat abatement on 12 Wisconsin dairy facilities. |
2 |
K. J. Reuscher |
ventilation airspeed |
K. J. Reuscher1, N. B. Cook2, C. Halbach3, M. R. Mondaca4, J. M. C. Van Os1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University ofWisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 3The Dairyland Initiative, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 4Honorary Fellow, The Dairyland Initiative, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
To best evaluate cooling system effectiveness, both the environment and the cows’ responses should be characterized. Our aim was to evaluate the summer ventilation system performance on WI farms and refine the assessment method for knowledge transfer to the industry. Twelve facilities were each visited twice in 1 wk [n = 6 mechanically cross-ventilated (CV), n = 6 naturally ventilated (NV) barns]. At each facility, a focal pen of high-producing cows was selected, and temperature-humidity index (THI) was measured at 5-min intervals for 3 d with loggers. Airspeeds (AS) were collected with anemometers on tripods from sequential locations in the focal pen and the holding area of the parlor to characterize AS distributions at cow lying (0.5 m, focal pen) and standing (1.5 m, both locations) heights. Thirty focal cows were selected in the focal pen to record vaginal temperature (VT) with indwelling loggers and lying time (LT) with leg accelerometers (both at 1-min intervals for 3 d). Descriptive results (mean ± SD) are presented. AS in holding pens with vs. without fans was 2.3 ± 1.3 vs. 0.5 ± 0.5 m/s. AS in stalls for NV vs. CV barns was 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.7 m/s (facility ranges: 0.9–1.7 vs. 1.4–3.1 m/s) at lying and 2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.5 m/s (1.7–2.8 vs. 1.7–3.1 m/s) at standing height. Maximum air changes per hour (ACH) in all CV barns exceeded the minimum recommended summer threshold of 40 ACH (range: 45–101). In the focal NV vs. CV pens, maximum THI was 79.2 vs. 78.2 ± 3.4, respectively. Among focal cows, maximum VT was 38.9 ± 2.8°C regardless of barn type, whereas LT in NV vs. CV barns was 12.0 ± 2.2 vs. 12.3 ± 2.1 h/d. On average, both barn types in our sample appeared to provide effective heat abatement, with all CV barns maintaining AS above the recommended 1 m/s at cow resting height. Feedback reports are being prepared for participants comparing summary data from their facility and anonymized data from the other 5 facilities of the same ventilation type, and suggested solutions for troubleshooting (e.g., additional baffles, adjustments to fan placement). The assessment methods, including report creation, will be incorporated into hands-on ventilation assessment workshops for knowledge transfer. |
| Extension Education Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86547 |
Watch |
2189T |
Veterinarians’ opinions on calf housing and feeding management. |
3 |
F. Silva |
survey calf care |
F. Silva1, J. Van Os1, C. Winder2, M. Akins1, T. Kohlman1, T. Ollivett1, H. Schlesser1, B. Schley1, S. Stuttgen1, J. Versweyveld1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objective was to assess US bovine veterinary practitioners’ opinions on calf housing and feeding management. An online survey was distributed, with n = 129 responses from 16 states. Descriptive results are presented. Respondents reported spending 73 ± 29% (mean ± SD) of their veterinary hours with dairy cattle (based on n = 128 responses) and 21 ± 11 h/yr on bovine-related continuing education. Respondents’ clinics served 63 ± 13 dairy farms (n = 125), representing 18,709 ± 157 lactating cows (n = 122). Over half (57%, 73) of respondents prefer calves to be housed only individually, 17% (22) prefer calves to be housed socially (in pairs or groups), and 26% (33) accepted both. Among those accepting social housing (n = 55), 80% (44) preferred a maximum age range within groups of < 1 wk, and 64% (35) preferred calves to enter groups when ≤ 14 d old. Regardless of housing, most respondents reported their clients commenting about cross sucking at least occasionally both before (78%, 99) and after (92%, 119) weaning. Previous research has shown cross sucking to be reduced by increasing milk volume, feeding through a nipple, and using step-down weaning. Respondents thought 4-week-old calves should be fed a minimum of 6 quarts/d (5.8 kg/d) of milk or milk replacer (median; Q1–Q3: 6–8 quarts/d, 5.8–7.8 kg/d; n = 128). Half of respondents (51%, 66) prefer calves to be fed milk through a nipple (bottle, teat bucket, or automatic feeder) for the majority of the milk-feeding stage, 23% (30) prefer no nipple (open pail, mob feeder, or trough), and 26% (33) accepted both methods. Nearly all (98%, 126) respondents thought producers should use a step-down weaning process, with 78% (101) preferring a final weaning target based only on age, 18% (23) based on starter intake, and 4% (5) based on body weight (BW) or BW and starter intake. These results demonstrate that many veterinarians accept or prefer housing and feeding strategies that promote calf welfare, such as pair or group housing, feeding milk through nipples, and weaning using step-down methods. This information can be used in future research and extension education programs to promote producers’ adoption of calf care practices that improve welfare. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9940 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86256 |
Watch |
2190T |
Energy expenditure for eating, grazing and walking of dairy cows on different feeding strategies. |
1 |
M. Carriquiry |
dairy cattle pasture cow activity |
A. Jasinsky2, D. A. Mattiauda2, M. Ceriani2, A. Casal2, M. Carriquiry1 |
1Department of Animal Production and Pastures, School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2Department of Animal Production and Pastures, M. Cassinoni Experimental Station, School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay |
The aim was to estimate energy expenditure (EE) for eating or grazing and walking of Holstein cows fed pasture plus partial total mixed ration (TMR) or 100% TMR. At calving, multiparous cows (n = 24) were assigned to a randomized complete-block design with 3 replicates (4 cows/replicate) and 2 feeding strategies: confined, nongrazing cows (non-GRZ) fed a TMR (40:60 forage-to-concentrate ratio; 13% crude protein, CP and 34% neutral detergent fiber, NDF) ad libitum or cows grazing (GRZ) alfalfa in 7-d rotational system (1,320 kgDM/ha, 20 kgDM/cow/d, 23% CP, 30% NDF; one grazing session from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) and supplemented with TMR (offered in confinement at 50% of TMR intake of non-GRZ cows). During mid-lactation (150 and 180 ± 11 d postpartum), total heat production was determined using the heart rate-O2 pulse technique and animal activity was monitored using a collar equipped with a 3-axis accelerometer. Data were analyzed on a mixed model including feeding strategy as fixed effect and block and day postpartum as random effects. On average, GRZ cows spent less time resting (956 vs. 1,073 ± 14 min/d; P < 0.01) but more (439 vs. 323 ± 10 min/d; P < 0.01) time eating than non-GRZ cows; differences due to resting and eating times during session 1 (5:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) when GRZ cows were on pasture as animal activity did not differ during session 2 (7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.) when both groups of cows were in confinement eating TMR. Walking time did not differ between treatments and averaged 64 ± 4 min. The EE expressed in kJ/kgBW0.75 per h whether resting, eating or walking was 15% higher for GRZ cows than non-GRZ cows. The increment of EE for eating above resting tended (P = 0.09) to increase for GRZ than non-GRZ cows and this increment was greater (P < 0.01) during session 1 (9 vs. 3% for GRZ and non-GRZ cows, respectively) with no differences between treatments during session 2 (4 vs. 3% for GRZ and non-GRZ cows, respectively). The increment of EE for walking above resting was approximately 10% regardless of the feeding strategy. The inclusion of grazing in the diet of dairy cows increased EE mainly due to the increase in eating time when cows were at pasture. This would impact on maintenance energy cost and energy efficiency of grazing cows. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86331 |
Watch |
2191T |
Effect of a cocktail silage mix on lactation performance of Holstein dairy cows. |
2 |
H. Gumus |
cocktail forage silage lactating dairy cow |
H. Gumus1, L. F. Ferraretto1, M. S. Akins1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of feeding TMR containing either a cocktail forage mix silage (Cocktail; sorghum-sudangrass, Italian ryegrass, clovers), or an alfalfa-grass silage (Control) as the haylage portion of the TMR on feed intake and milk production by lactating cows. The TMR forage (DM basis) included 29.2% corn silage and 18.3% haylage from either treatment silage. The diets had similar ingredient composition except soybean meal and dry ground corn were varied to balance dietary protein concentration. Thirty-two primiparous Holstein cows at 96 ± 36 DIM were housed in 2 pens (one for each treatment due to issues with competition at feeding) with 32 Calan feeding gates to deliver the TMR treatments and measure individual DMI. Cows were stratified by DIM, and randomly assigned to treatments. Cows were then randomly assigned to gates in the pens. A 2-wk covariate period with all cows fed the Control TMR was followed by an 8-wk treatment period with cows fed their assigned treatment TMR. The TMR nutrient content (DM basis) for Control and Cocktail were 16.7 and 16.5% CP, 25.6 and 26.8% NDFom, and 26.4 and 24.8% starch, respectively. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with the model including treatment, week, and their interaction as fixed effects, and cow within treatment as a random effect. No differences in DMI were observed with a mean of 25.9 kg/d. Cows fed Control had greater milk yield than Cocktail (38.0 vs. 36.9 kg/d; P = 0.03), however energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields were similar across treatments (40.8 vs. 40.2 kg/d; P = 0.41). Milk production efficiency was lower (P = 0.03) for cows fed Cocktail. Efficiency of ECM production was similar during the first 6 weeks of study; however, cows fed Control had improved ECM/DMI the last 2 weeks. Milk fat percentage was similar between diets (4.73 vs. 4.83% fat for Control and Cocktail, respectively), however milk protein percentage was greater for Cocktail than Control (3.45 vs. 3.37% protein; P = 0.02). Yield of fat and protein were similar between treatments, however lactose yield was greater for Control (P < 0.01). Overall, cows fed a diet with alfalfa-grass silage had slightly improved performance compared with cows fed a diet with a cocktail mix silage. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86417 |
Watch |
2192T |
A natural compound as an additive to improve fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. |
3 |
L. Pereira |
essential oil isothiocyanates silage fermentation |
L. Pereira1,2, P. Rezamand2, B. Agustinho2, G. Vigne1, D. Volpi1, Q. Tavares1, N. Mello1, P. Schmidt1, M. Zopollatto1 |
1Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 2University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Allyl Isothiocyanate (AIT) is a natural additive and antimicrobial agent that plays an important role in mitigating the growth of microorganisms that cause food spoilage. Undesirable microorganisms can proliferate during the ensiling, storage, and aerobic phase of silage, thus reducing nutritional quality and increasing the fermentative losses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of AIT inclusion on the fermentative losses, microbiology, and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. Four AIT levels were tested in a completely randomized block design: 0, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg of fresh matter of whole-plant corn [37.25% of dry matter (DM) and pH 6.3], with 5 replicates per treatment, totaling 20 experimental units. The AIT was applied and mixed with the material at ensiling. Each experimental unit consisted of one 8-L plastic bucket with an average density of 468 kg/m3. The silos were opened 90 d after ensiling. Data were analyzed using a MIXED model procedure of SAS with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05 and the tendency at P < 0.10. Effluent production and homolactic account were not affected by treatment. The AIT inclusion decreased linear total DM losses, and molds (P < 0.01; 0.01; 0.03, respectively). Although aerobic stability linearly increased (P = 0.02), DM losses showed a quadratic increase (P = 0.02) with the AIT levels during aerobic deterioration. Furthermore, pH and heterolactic account tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.06 for both) and pH averaged 3.7 indicating a good fermentation whereas DM content and yeast account tended to linearly increase (P = 0.09; 0.08, respectively). Overall, the inclusion of AIT at ensiling decrease the fermentative losses, microbiology, and improve the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage even with the smallest dose. More studies are needed to examine the palatability of treated silage and its effects on animal performance. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86570 |
Watch |
2193T |
Conversion of benzoxazinoids during ensiling of maize. |
4 |
J. J. Gross |
benzoxazinoids maize silage plant secondary metabolism |
J. J. Gross1, K. Schlaeppi2,3, U. Wyss4, E. Kramer5, D. Ramhold5, P. Mateo2, C. A. M. Robert2, M. Erb2 |
1Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, 4Agroscope, Ruminant Research Unit, Posieux, Switzerland, 5ISF GmbH, Pinneberg, Germany |
The fate of plant secondary metabolites during crop harvest, fermentation, and storage remains poorly understood. We investigated the conversion of benzoxazinoids (BXs) in a wild type maize genotype (W22) and in a Ds insertion mutant line bx1::Ds (bx1) during ensiling and storage. Laboratory scale silage experiments were performed in 2 consecutive years, where chopped maize of both genotypes was ensiled for either 0h, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 72h, 4d, 5d, 7d, 14d, 21d, 28d, 2mo, 3mo, 4mo, 5mo, or 6 mo in glass containers and vacuum sealed bags, resp. At all time points, up to 5 replicates were sampled and frozen until analysis (silage pH, nutrient composition, DM loss, BX concentrations). Statistical analysis was carried out with a mixed model with genotype, duration of ensiling, and the genotype x time interaction as fixed effects. In both experiments, silage pH dropped rapidly within the first 2 d of ensiling and remained stable at rather constant pH values < 4. DM loss was less than 10% during the experiments. In the first year experiment, bx1 silage contained more crude fiber, ADF, NDF, and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), but less starch, than W22. In the second year, the chemical composition of bx1 and W22 was very similar. BX contents were lower in the mutant line bx1 than in W22 silage in both years. Despite greater BX concentrations in the first experiment, the degradation kinetics of BXs during ensiling was comparable between the 2 genotypes: Within 3 d of ensiling, concentrations benzoxazinone glucosides (e.g., DIMBOA-Glc, HMBOA-Glc) decreased to concentrations close or below the detection limit. Concomitantly, the concentrations of benzoxazinone aglycones (DIMBOA, HMBOA) increased after 1 d of ensiling, reaching a plateau between d 2 and 21 of ensiling, and declined thereafter. Concentrations of benzoxazolinones (MBOA, BOA) began to rise after 1 wk and remained elevated until the end of the experiments. In conclusion, BX contents changed during the silage fermentation process. While benzoxazinone glucosides decreased in parallel to the decline of silage pH, MBOA and BOA were the stable end products of BX metabolism under anaerobic conditions. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86571 |
Watch |
2194T |
Effect of an improved grazing management system on dairy heifer performance. |
5 |
S. B. Potts |
pasture replacements grazing |
S. B. Potts1, A. M. Grev1, J. W. Semler2 |
1University of Maryland Extension, Keedysville, MD, 2University of Maryland Extension, Boonsboro, MD |
The replacement program often represents a significant expense on dairy farms and thus, approaches to reduce costs without compromising performance are important for economic sustainability. The objective of this multi-year study is to evaluate the effect of an intensive grazing management system on pregnant dairy heifer performance. From April to December 2021 pregnant Holstein heifers (n = 60) from the University of Maryland Dairy were enrolled in the study after confirmation of pregnancy and remained on the study until 3 weeks before expected calving. Heifers were blocked by due date and assigned randomly to one of 2 treatments: rotational grazing (ROT) or control (CON). Due to rolling enrollment, the size of the treatment groups varied throughout the season (15 to 22 per group) but were kept consistent between treatments at any given time. The CON heifers were managed on a 2-ha continuous perennial grass pasture and received a TMR (11 kg/head/d). The ROT heifers were rotationally grazed on 7.7 ha of perennial and annual pastures subdivided into 0.25-ha paddocks (1–2 d rotation) and received a daily mineral/corn grain mix (0.6 kg/head/d). Body weight (BW), hip height (HH), and body condition score (BCS) were recorded every 14 d. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated by linear regression and data were analyzed using a mixed model which included the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. Mean days on study was 140 and was similar for both treatments. Initial BW (509 kg), BCS (3.7), and HH (145 cm) did not differ between ROT and CON heifers (P > 0.05). However, ADG (0.63 vs. 0.75 kg/d); P = 0.03) and final BCS (3.5 vs. 3.7; P = 0.01) were significantly lower, and final BW (597 vs. 626 kg; P = 0.08) tended to be lower for ROT heifers. Despite this, ROT heifers were still able to achieve acceptable gains to reach > 85% of mature BW before calving. These results demonstrate that pregnant heifers managed in an intensive grazing system can achieve satisfactory growth relative to TMR-fed counterparts. Future work will continue to evaluate the economic implications of this system and investigate potential carryover effects on first-lactation performance. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86578 |
Watch |
2195T |
Changes of benzoxazinoids during aerobic deterioration of maize silage. |
6 |
J. J. Gross |
benzoxazinoids aerobic exposure maize silage |
J. J. Gross1, P. Mateo2, D. Ramhold3, E. Kramer3, C. A. M. Robert2, M. Erb2 |
1Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3ISF GmbH, Pinneberg, Germany |
While plant specialized metabolites can affect mammal health, their fate during aerobic deterioration of crop silage remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the changes in the benzoxazinoid (BX) profiles in silages of 2 maize genotypes (wild type W22 and Ds insertion mutant line bx1::W22 (referred to as bx1)) during aerobic deterioration. Silages were loosely filled into 2-L polyethylene containers covered with a laboratory towel. The silage temperature was recorded with data loggers every 15 min. Three silage samples per genotype and per sampling point were obtained at d 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 of aerobic exposure. We measured the dry matter loss by weighing the containers, the silage chemical composition by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS), and BX profiles through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The fermentation products of silages were analyzed by HPLC. In addition, we recorded silage pH, yeast and mold counts. Aerobic stability was considered as long as silage temperatures did not exceed ambient temperature by more than 2°C. Data were analyzed in SAS using a mixed model with genotype, time, and genotype x time as fixed effects, and replicate (3 per sampling point and genotype) as random factor. Significant effects were considered at P < 0.05. The chemical composition of the silages of the 2 genotypes was similar (W22 vs. bx1; DM: 211 vs. 227 g/kg, NDF: 422 vs. 420, ADF 237 vs 230 g/kg DM) except for BX contents that were lower in bx1 compared with W22 (2.1 vs. 32.2 μg/g; P < 0.05). The aerobic stability was shorter in W22 compared with bx1 maize (54.0 vs. 60.6 h, P = 0.003). Similarly, the time to the peak temperature was shorter in W22 compared with bx1 maize (70.3 vs. 75.7 h, P = 0.0301). The silage pH increased to a greater extent in W22 compared with bx1 silage (6.7 vs. 5.8, P = 0.026). A greater proliferation of yeasts and molds (12.3 vs. 9.5 log10cfu/g) was detected in W22 compared with bx1 silage at d 5 and 7 of aerobic exposure, respectively (P < 0.05). The BX profiles of the bx1 silage did not change during 5 d of aerobic exposure. In W22, DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and HMBOA (2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) concentrations started to decline from 10.3 ± 1.4 μg/g at d 3 close to the detection limit, MBOA (6-methoxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one) and BOA (1,3-benzoxazol-2-one) contents were increased at d 5 (15.5 ± 3.9 and 0.22 ± 0.06 μg/g) compared with d 1–3 (7.0 ± 0.7 and 0.00 ± 0.00 μg/g) of aerobic exposure in W22. In conclusion, concentrations of BX aglycons (DIMBOA, HMBOA) decreased and concentrations of benzoxazolinones (MBOA, BOA) increased in W22 maize silage during aerobic deterioration, but no changes were observed in bx1. |
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86637 |
Watch |
2196T |
Alfalfa and corn forage quality is related to soil analysis and plant tissue mineral content. |
7 |
K. Felton |
forage quality soil fertility plant tissue |
K. Felton3, J. Slosarczyk3, H. Soldner3, D. Sawyer1,2, J. Goeser1,2 |
1Rock River Laboratory Inc, Watertown, WI, 2University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 3ALCIVIA, Cottage Grove, WI |
Forage quality is a substantial influencing factor for dairy cattle performance and feed conversion efficiency. However, dairy farmers and crop growers would benefit from further understanding the relationships between agronomic practices and forage quality. The objective of this field study was to determine if correlations exist between agronomic and forage quality measures. Three growers were enrolled in an intensive sampling study from April through September 2021, in Southern WI, USA. Alfalfa and corn fields, 3 to 5 and 4 to 6 per grower, respectively, were enrolled based upon soil analysis P (Bray-1) and K (Bray-1) results of samples collected within the previous 4 years. Plant tissue (PT) samples were collected at VT stage. Freshly chopped alfalfa (ALF) and corn samples (CS), 189 and 89 for each crop, respectively, were collected at harvest for nutrition analysis by NIR, using commercial models developed by Rock River Laboratory, Inc. Observational data analysis was conducted using the Generalized Regression procedure with elastic net option in SAS JMP Pro v15.0. Grower was included as a fixed effect and data were analyzed separately for each forage. Significant correlations were identified at P < 0.05, trends at P < 0.15. Forage TDN, RFV, NDF, starch, starchD and TTNDFD were related to plant tissue and soil mineral concentrations. Following data analysis, many significant relationships and trends in correlations were identified. Not all are presented here. Intriguing significant (*) or trend (**) - or + parameter estimates are presented in the table below. While correlation does not imply causation, these observations warrant further research in the future and may provide direction for researchers to improve forage quality. Table 1.
| Item |
Alf |
CS |
| Soil OM |
+RFV*, −NDF* |
−TDN**, −TTNDFD* |
| Soil P |
−TDN* |
+StarchD* |
| PT S |
−TDN** |
|
| PT P |
+RFV, −NDF* |
−Starch*, +TTNDFD* |
| PT Mg |
|
+Starch*, −TTNDFD* |
| PT Cu |
|
−Starch*, +TTNDFD** |
|
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86192 |
|
2197T |
Effect of ensiling on in vitro dry matter and fiber degradability of sorghum and corn varieties in El Salvador. |
8 |
E. E. C. Guillen |
corn ensiling sorghum |
E. E. C. Guillen1, M. V. Mendoza1, K. G. Arriola2, D. Vyas2, J. M. Castro-Montoya3 |
1Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador, 2Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 3Programa de posgrado y educación continua, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador |
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of ensiling on in vitro nutrient digestibility of corn and sorghum varieties. Each of 5 varieties of corn and sorghum were established in 4 replications using 40 plots (4 m × 6 m) and harvested after 74 and 85 d, respectively. Forages were chopped (20 mm) and 1 kg fresh forage was ensiled in vacuum plastic bags and stored for 60 d. Fresh and ensiled samples were dried and ground (60°C; 1 mm) and weighed (0.5 g) in triplicate in F57 filter bags and incubated at 39°C with 52 mL of buffered rumen fluid for 24 h for the estimation of apparent in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) and NDF degradability (IVNDFD). Rumen fluid was collected from 3 ruminally cannulated lactating dairy cows. Pooled rumen inoculum was added to pre-warmed (39°C) buffered-medium in a 1:2 ratio. Filter bags with residue samples were analyzed postincubation for the estimation of IVDMD and IVNDFD. The effect of ensiling on nutrient degradability was evaluated with a general linear model using R software. Ensiling decreased IVDMD for C-H-59, C-HCAS, and PIONEER-4226 corn; however, IVNDFD was decreased for ensiled C-H-59 and C-HCAS. On the contrary, IVDMD tended to increase for C-LIBERAL while IVNDFD was greater for C-LIBERAL and C-CF sorghum varieties (Table 1). In conclusion, ensiling lowered DM and fiber degradability in corn while increased nutrient degradability in sorghum; however, the effects are not independent of the varieties used. Table 1. Effect of ensiling on IVDMD and IVNDFD of corn and sorghum varieties
| Corn |
IVDMD |
SEM |
P |
Sorghum |
IVDMD |
SEM |
P |
| Fresh |
Ensiled |
Fresh |
Ensiled |
| CB-HS5G |
45.6 |
43.4 |
1.03 |
0.35 |
C-RCV |
39.0 |
41.7 |
2.00 |
0.54 |
| C-H-59 |
44.9 |
41.3 |
0.82 |
0.01 |
DUWEST-85P20 |
35.0 |
35.5 |
2.03 |
0.91 |
| C-HCAS |
45.5 |
40.9 |
1.19 |
0.04 |
C-LIBERAL |
39.6 |
43.1 |
0.97 |
0.06 |
| C-PASAQUINA |
44.4 |
44.0 |
1.19 |
0.87 |
C-CF |
35.7 |
36.7 |
0.87 |
0.59 |
| PIONEER-4226 |
44.0 |
41.1 |
0.69 |
0.02 |
C-S3-BMR |
40.2 |
40.2 |
1.28 |
0.99 |
| |
IVNDFD |
|
|
|
IVNDFD |
|
|
| CB-HS5G |
38.4 |
36.0 |
3.23 |
0.73 |
C-RCV |
23.6 |
23.0 |
1.68 |
0.86 |
| C-H-59 |
37.8 |
32.0 |
1.41 |
0.03 |
DUWEST-85P20 |
21.6 |
18.3 |
2.24 |
0.51 |
| C-HCAS |
41.7 |
32.3 |
2.79 |
0.04 |
C-LIBERAL |
13.1 |
27.5 |
2.85 |
<0.01 |
| C-PASAQUINA |
33.8 |
36.6 |
2.25 |
0.17 |
C-CF |
12.2 |
16.7 |
1.14 |
0.02 |
| PIONEER-4226 |
31.3 |
31.1 |
1.94 |
0.96 |
C-S3-BMR |
18.6 |
22.9 |
2.01 |
0.31 |
|
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86761 |
|
2198T |
Yield and nutritional value of 5 sorghum and 5 corn varieties for cattle feeding in El Salvador. |
9 |
E. E. C. Guillen |
corn sorghum forage |
E. E. C. Guillen1,2, M. V. Mendoza1, E. A. Perez1, J. C. Angeles2, J. M. Castro-Montoya3 |
1Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador, 2Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico, 3Programa de posgrado y educación continua, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador |
Corn and sorghum are the most important crops used as livestock feed in the world. Varieties have been developed to enhance nutritional value, therefore the evaluation of their nutritional properties is fundamental. The aim of the current work was to determine the nutrient yield of 5 corn and 5 sorghum varieties used to feed cattle. The field trial lasted from May to August of 2018 during the rainy season at the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences of the University of El Salvador. In an area of 0.5 ha, 40 plots (4 × 6 m) with a 2 m spacing between plots were set to stablish sorghum and corn varieties in 4 replications each. Seeding was done manually, plants were thinned to 10 per linear m (125,000 plants/ha) and all plots received an equivalent of 62 kg of N/ha. All plants in the 3 rows of the plot were cut at a 5 cm height when grains reached dough stage (74 d in corn and 85 d in sorghum), they were weighted and chopped to a 2 cm particle size. Samples of 4 hundred grams were dried at 60°C for 48 h in a fan oven and ground to a 1 mm particle size and sent to Dairy One laboratory Cornell, USA for NIR nutritional analysis. The effects of the variety over the nutrient yield was evaluated with a general linear model using the software R version 4.1.1. Significance was declared at P < 0.05. The post-hoc test was carried out using Tukey test. Starch yield differed among sorghum varieties with higher values in the 2 grain varieties included (Table 1). It is concluded that a similar amount of nutrients can be produced among corn varieties but sorghum starch varies with variety. Table 1. Nutrient yield in 5 corn and sorghum varieties in El Salvador
| Corn |
CB HS5G |
C H59 |
C H CAS |
C PASAQUINA |
PIONEER 2642 |
SEM |
P |
| DM t/ha |
10.4 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
9.41 |
11.3 |
0.39 |
0.72 |
| CP kg/ha |
781 |
785 |
774 |
713 |
817 |
26.3 |
0.83 |
| ME Mcal/ha |
22,493 |
22,715 |
22,951 |
21,425 |
24,798 |
822 |
0.81 |
| Starch kg/ha |
473 |
674 |
702 |
803 |
682 |
57.1 |
0.51 |
| Sorghum |
C RCV |
DUWEST 85P20 |
C LIBERAL |
C CF |
C S3 BMR |
SEM |
P |
| DM t/ha |
12.29 |
12.85 |
16.73 |
13.39 |
14.61 |
0.79 |
0.44 |
| CP kg/ha |
968 |
948 |
934 |
932 |
1052 |
50.3 |
0.95 |
| ME Mcal/ha |
28,390 |
27,760 |
37,226 |
30,076 |
34,207 |
1,896 |
0.49 |
| Starch kg/ha |
1,498a |
1838a |
674b |
444b |
847ab |
150 |
<0.01 |
|
| Forages & Pastures Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86090 |
|
2487T |
Effects of curing extent and storage time on dry matter loss, nutritive value, microbial counts, and heating of aerobically exposed red clover silage. |
10 |
D. Z. Ayala |
red clover silage aerobic stability |
D. Z. Ayala1, M. Killerby1, G. Oppong1, C. Knight1, K. Dean1, J. R. Gomez1 |
1University of Maine, Orono, ME |
Our objective was to assess the effects of insufficient (WET) or optimal (CUR) curing on aerobically exposed red clover silage (29.4 and 45.3% DM) dry matter losses, nutritive value, microbial populations, and heating measures. Silage was packed into mini-silos (19.5 L; ~214 kg fresh/m3) and stored for 14 (MID) and 78 d (LATE) at 22°C. Right after opening, a silo subsample of 3.0 kg (fresh basis) was aerobically exposed for 7 d to measure effects on spoilage variables. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete-block design (5 blocks) with a 2 (curing) x 2 (storage phases) factorial, and differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. The data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. After aerobic exposure, the DM was lower for WET vs. CUR silage (28.9 vs. 44.5 ± 1.15%). The DM losses during aerobic exposure were the same for both storage phases in WET silage (x¯ = 0.10 ± 0.74%), but were higher in MID vs. LATE CUR silage (4.43 vs. 0.40). Molds were not affected by treatments (x¯ = 0.22 ± 0.32 log cfu/fresh g) and yeast counts were higher in WET vs. CUR aerobically exposed silage (1.66 vs. 0.23 ± 0.47 log cfu/fresh g), across storage phases. The pH of WET was lower compared with CUR (4.30 vs. 4.74 ± 0.04), across storage phases. The aerobic stability of WET was no different across storage phases (x¯ = 338.9 ± 25.6 h), but it was shorter for CUR silage at MID vs. LATE (45.4 vs. 423.2). In WET aerobically exposed silage, the silage heating degree days (HDD) (above room temperature) and maximum temperature were no different across stages (x¯ = 0 ± 0.19°C-day and x¯ = 22.01 ± 0.21°C) but CUR had a higher HDD and maximum temperature for MID vs. LATE (3.65 vs. 0.04 and 25.9 vs. 23.0, respectively). In conclusion, a 14-d ensiled red clover is more susceptible to aerobic spoilage when cured to 45.3% DM, relative to 29.4. However, when ensiled for 78 d, curing does not have an impact on aerobic spoilage. |
| Lactation Biology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9945 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactation Biology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86788 |
Watch |
2199T |
Development of a high-throughput screening method to evaluate lipid droplet accumulation in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. |
1 |
M. A. Guesthier |
high-throughput screening nutrigenomic BMEC |
M. A. Guesthier1,2, T. Kustova1, P. Piantoni2, G. Schroeder2, S. Burgos1 |
1Department of Animal Science, McGill University, St-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC Canada, 2Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Innovation Campus, Elk River, MN |
Bioactive molecules regulate lipid metabolism in the bovine mammary gland but nutrigenomic approaches to identify these compounds are lacking. The objective of this experiment was to develop a high-throughput screening (HTS) method to evaluate the effect of bioactive compounds on lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in lactogenic differentiated primary bovine mammary epithelial cell (BMEC). Cells isolated from mammary tissue of 3 multiparous lactating Holstein cows using enzymatic digestion were expanded and induced to lactogenic differentiation. BMEC were fed on day zero and on d 2 with 1 µg/mL of lactogenic hormones (insulin, prolactin and hydrocortisone) containing media in collagen-coated optical-grade plastic 96 well plates. On d 4 of differentiation, BMEC were treated with 10 uM of each treatment diluted in DMSO and incubated for 16 h. Each plate was treated with DMSO as vehicle control, linoleic-oleic-acid bound to bovine serum albumin (LOA) as a positive control and rapamycin (RAP), a mTORC1 inhibitor, as negative control. BMEC were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized using a 0.1% Triton solution, and stained with BODIPY, a specific fluorescent probe for LD, as well as the nuclear and cytoskeletal stains DAPI and Phalloidin-TRITC, respectively. BMEC were imaged using a Cytation 5 high-content cell imaging microscope. Image cellular analyses identified LD accumulation per cell, total fluorescence intensity, and total LD formation. Data from the HTS were analyzed using HiTSeekR software which determines positive hits based on a threshold (±k median absolute deviation). A k factor of 1 was used for the hit detection. As expected, LOA increased by 36% whereas RAP decreased by 8% LD accumulation compared with vehicle control. Results suggest that the use of cellular staining combined with high-content microscopy is a suitable model to determine the effect of bioactive compounds on LD accumulation in primary BMEC. Further research to characterize the effect of these compounds on metabolic regulation of milk fat synthesis in BMEC is warranted. |
| Lactation Biology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86694 |
Watch |
2200T |
Cellular proliferation in Staphylococcus aureus-infected heifer mammary glands that were hormonally stimulated to rapidly grow. |
2 |
P. H. Baker |
mastitis springer heifer mammary growth |
P. H. Baker1, K. M. Enger1, S. K. Jacobi2, R. M. Akers3, B. D. Enger1 |
1The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA |
Intramammary infections (IMI) in lactating mammary glands can decrease the number and secretory activity of mammary epithelial cells (MEC), subsequently reducing milk production. Nonlactating dairy heifer mammary glands can also acquire IMI during periods of MEC accumulation which may ultimately reduce total MEC numbers. Reduced MEC numbers, resulting from impaired MEC proliferation, are expected to reduce future milk yields. The objective of this study was to quantify MEC, myoepithelial, and stromal cell proliferation in uninfected and Staphylococcus aureus-infected mammary glands that were hormonally induced to rapidly grow. Nonpregnant heifers (n = 8) between 11 – 14 mo of age were administered supraphysiological injections of estradiol and progesterone for 14 d. One mammary gland of each heifer was randomly selected and infused with Staph. aureus (CHALL) while another mammary gland was designated as an uninfected control (UNINF) on d 8 of injections. Mammary tissues were collected on the last day of hormonal injections from center and edge parenchymal regions and subject to proliferation assessment via Ki-67 staining. The percentage of proliferating MEC, myoepithelial, and stromal cells were analyzed separately using PROC MIXED with quarter treatment and parenchyma region as fixed effects, and heifer as a random effect. The percentage of proliferating MEC did not differ between quarter treatments (P = 0.59), however, was marginally greater in edge parenchyma than center parenchyma tissue (P = 0.14). For myoepithelial cells, the percentage of proliferating myoepithelial cells did not differ between CHALL and UNINF quarters (P = 0.95) or by parenchyma region (P = 0.56). Similarly, the percentage of proliferating stromal cells did not differ between quarter treatments (P = 0.89) or by parenchyma region (P = 0.92). These results indicate that while the effects of IMI on cellular proliferation in growing mammary glands are not substantial, an evaluation into cellular apoptosis is warranted to determine whether IMI reduces MEC numbers via apoptosis in the growing mammary gland. |
| Lactation Biology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85902 |
Watch |
2201T |
Milk yield, components, and lactation persistency improvement due to increased milking frequency during early and mid-lactation in multiparous cows. |
3 |
G. Perez-Hernandez |
increased milking frequency mid-lactation lactation persistency |
G. Perez-Hernandez1, H. H. Hanling1, B. A. Corl1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Milking frequency is a tool used by dairy farmers to increase milk production efficiency and farm profitability. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of increased milking frequency (IMF) at mid-lactation following early lactation IMF on milk, protein, and fat yields and lactation persistency. Fourteen multiparous Holstein cows were subjected to IMF using the unilateral frequent milking method from 3 to 24 DIM. At mid-lactation, cows were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatments, control (C) or repeated (R). Subsequently, on d 150 of the lactation, IMF was imposed for the R group once more for 20 d. During IMF 2 × udder halves were milked at a 12 h interval and 4 × halves were milked at a 6 h interval. Milk samples and milk yield from individual udder halves were collected on d 150, 170, 200, 230, 260, and 290 of lactation. Statistical analysis for milk, protein, fat yields, and cumulative yields was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Udder half difference yields were calculated by subtracting left half yield (2 ×) from right half yield (4 ×). Milk yield difference between udder halves was similar for the R and C treatments across the experimental period (P = 0.18). At 170 DIM, the udder half difference in R was 2.27 kg greater than the udder half difference in C (P = 0.02). Udder halves milked 4 × produced more milk and protein than 2 × udder halves in the R group at 170, 200, 230, and 260 DIM (P < 0.05). Cumulative udder half difference in milk yield (d 150–290) was similar between the C and R groups (P = 0.66). Likewise, the cumulative carryover udder half difference in milk yield (d 200–290) was similar between C and R groups (P = 0.88). IMF at early and mid-lactation enhances milk and protein yield only during the differential milking frequency period. The lack of enhancement in milk yield after IMF might be associated with a different response to IMF in the mammary gland at early vs. mid-lactation. |
| Lactation Biology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86695 |
Watch |
2203T |
Mammary gland inflammation and development around dry-off and calving of dairy cows. |
4 |
J. Gao |
inflammation mammary gland milking cessation |
J. Gao1, T. N. Marins1, J. O. S. Calix1, Z. Qi2, J. K. Bernard1, S. Tao1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China |
To evaluate inflammatory markers and developmental pattern of the mammary gland, 2 groups of Holstein dairy cows were enrolled at dry-off (n = 6) or at calving (n = 7). At enrollment, all cows were healthy and free of mastitis. Cows had ad libitum access feed (dry or lactating rations, respectively) and water. Mammary biopsies, milk or mammary secretion were collected on d −7, 3, 7, and 15 relative to dry-off (RTD), and on d −8, 3, 7, and 21 relative to calving (RTC). Skim milk concentrations of hepatoglobin (Hp), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interlukin (IL)-10 were determined by ELISA. The mRNA abundance of TNF and IL10 in mammary tissues were measured by qRT-PCR. Labeling with Ki67 antigen and TUNEL were used to evaluate mammary cell proliferation and apoptosis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. The skim milk concentrations of TNF-a and IL-10 increased (P ≤ 0.03) following dry-off and peaked at d 15 RTD. Consistently, skim milk concentration of Hp was greater (P < 0.01) in early dry period than late lactation. Skim milk collected at d 3 RTC had greater (P < 0.01) TNF-a concentration but samples collected at d 21 RTC had lower (P ≤ 0.04) Hp concentration compared with other time points. Mammary gland expression of TNF did not differ (P = 0.17) around dry-off, but peaked at d 21 RTC around calving (P = 0.02). Mammary gland expression of IL10 was upregulated on d 15 RTD (P = 0.06), but remained unchanged around calving (P = 0.95). Around dry-off, more (P < 0.01) apoptotic cells appeared in the alveolar lumen at d 3 RTD, but the apoptotic rate of epithelial and stromal cells remianed unchanged (P > 0.30). The mammary epithelial cell apoptosis was greater (P < 0.01) at d 3 and 7 RTC around calving. Around dry-off, the proliferation rates of mammary epithelial and stromal cells peaked at d 7 RTD (P < 0.01). The mammary tissue collected at d −8 RTC had greater (P < 0.01) cell proliferation than early lacatation. In conclusion, our results indicated that the mammary gland of dairy cows experienced upregulated inflammatory responses following milking cessation. |
| Lactation Biology Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86816 |
Watch |
2204T |
Relationship between glucose infusion and milk protein concentration and yield in dairy cows: A mixed-effects meta-analysis. |
5 |
G. C. Reyes |
meta-analysis glucose infusion dairy cow |
G. C. Reyes1, J. Ellis1, M. K. Fox1, J. P. Cant1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Milk protein yield is correlated with essential amino acids and dietary energy supplies. The stimulatory effect of dietary energy on milk protein yield may be mediated, in part, by the anabolic effects of elevated glucose entry into circulation. However, postruminal glucose infusion into dairy cows has increased milk protein yield in some experiments, but not others. Reasons for these mixed responses have not been clarified and may be related to factors such as glucose infusion rate, base diet composition, and stage of lactation. Therefore, a meta-analysis of previously published data were performed to quantify the relationship between postruminal glucose supplementation rate and milk protein yield/content in dairy cattle. The data set was built using different search engines from which 23 scientific publications met eligibility criteria. The effect of infused glucose on milk protein yield and percentage was estimated using a mixed-effects model (SAS Proc MIXED) with study treated as a random effect. Fixed effects were tested using a stepwise inclusion/removal method where the full model included lactation stage (early, mid, and late), glucose infusion site (abomasum, rumen, duodenum, and jugular vein) and the glucose infusion rate in grams per day. Outlier detection was carried out using Cook’s distance test and multiple comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni correction method. Results of the meta-regression indicated that exogenous glucose infusion increased milk protein yield by 16.2 ± 5.89 SEM g/d per each kg/d of glucose infused (P = 0.01). No differences were observed in milk protein yield response to glucose for the different lactation stages or infusion sites, and thus these factors were removed from the regression. Exogenous glucose infusion did not affect milk protein content (P = 0.40). The present meta-analysis supports the idea that changes in milk protein yield can be made based on altering glucose supply and may be further explored to investigate potential interfering factors such as the basal diet. |
| Live from Kansas City Hybrid Round Table–Dairy Foods |
Hybrid Roundtable |
NULL |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s10058 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Live from Kansas City Hybrid Round Table–Health |
Hybrid Roundtable |
NULL |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s10059 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9949 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86611 |
Watch |
2205T |
Association between vitamin A, D, and E status with acute-phase proteins, minerals, energy markers, and immune cells in preweaned dairy calves. |
1 |
D. C. Ramos |
acute-phase proteins vitamins dairy calf |
D. C. Ramos1, M. L. Celestino2, L. Fernandes2, P. R. Menta2, S. Jersey3, V. S. Machado2, C. D. Nelson3, A. Vieira-Neto1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 3University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to evaluate the association between vitamin A, D, and E status in pre-weaned dairy calves with blood parameters. A total of 265 pre-weaned dairy calves from a large calf ranch in New Mexico were used in this retrospective study. Calves originated from 13 different farms in Minnesota. Blood samples were collected at 7 d of age. Plasma concentrations of β carotene, retinol, α-tocopherol, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were measured. Calves with concentration of each vitamin in the bottom third range scored 0 point, in the middle third range scored 1 point, and in the top third range scored 2 points. Calves that sum to a total of 3 points or less were classified as having a low vitamin status (LowADE; n = 114), whereas those with a sum greater than 3 points were classified as having a high vitamin status (HighADE; n = 151). Plasma was analyzed for total protein, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, albumin, globulin, Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl, Zn, insulin, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, red blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with the MIXED procedure of SAS and included the fixed effects of vitamin status, season, and the interaction between vitamin status and season, and the random effect of farm of origin. Calves classified as LowADE had lower (P < 0.001) concentration of β carotene (0.048 vs. 0.084), retinol (173.2 vs. 258.5), α-tocopherol (3.0 vs. 5.3), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (14.7 vs. 19.0) than HighADE. Calves with LowADE had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of acute-phase proteins, haptoglobin (117.1 vs. 78.0) and serum amyloid A (4.8. vs. 3.3) when compared with HighADE. Protein metabolism markers, including blood urea nitrogen (11.0 vs. 10.0) and bilirubin (0.27 vs. 0.24) were increased (P < 0.05) in LowADE compared with HighADE calves. All other variables were not associated with vitamin ADE status. In summary, a low vitamin ADE status in pre-weaned calves is associated with increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins and with altered nitrogen metabolism. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86324 |
Watch |
2207T |
Lipidome profiling of epithelium from the gastrointestinal tract of lactating Holstein cows. |
2 |
Q. Jiang |
lipidomics gastrointestinal tract lactation |
Q. Jiang1, D. N. Coleman1, A. Aboragah1, D. Hernandez-Saavedra1, J. J. Loor1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is continually exposed to microorganisms, products of digestion, including potentially noxius molecules. Our goal was to study the composition of lipid species in ruminal papillae (RUM) and epithelium from duodenum (DUO), jejunum (JEJ), and ileum (ILE) harvested at slaughter from 5 lactating Holstein cows (~136 ± 3 DIM, 37 ± 6 kg milk/d) on a corn silage and alfalfa hay-based diet. Lipids were extracted with methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether. Profiling was performed via LC/MS/MS using Lipidsearch (Thermo Fisher Sci.) for identification of lipid species. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was performed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0 using log2-transformed raw data normalized by signal counts. Total lipid content for each section of the GIT was calculated as the sum of signal counts for individual molecular species. The lipid content data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (OnDemand for Academics). A total of 1,259 lipid species were identified of which 387, 565, 193, 86, and 28 were neutral lipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, derivatized lipids (biotinylation, diazomethane), and lipids in other classes, respectively. Fifteen of these were unique to RUM. Among the 1,223 lipid species common to the 4 sections of the GIT, PLS-DA analysis revealed similar profiles for JEJ and ILE. There were 717 lipid species among the 1,223 that differed (P < 0.05) across GIT sections. The Variable Importance in Projection scores mean of compoment1 and compoment2 for triglyceride (46:3), ceramide (d43:3), phosphatidylglycerol (40:4), cardiolipin (80:4), and triglyceride (60:12) were greater than 5, underscoring their importance for differences detected with the PLS-DA analysis. Relative content of 12 out of 28 lipid classes had significant differences (P < 0.05) among the 4 sections. Cholesterol esters, ceramides, and ceramide phosphate content in RUM was lower (P < 0.01) compared with small intestine. Preliminary analyses indicated that differences in profiles of lipid species across these 4 sections of the GIT confer unique structural and functional characteristics. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86281 |
Watch |
2208T |
Effect of pH and lipopolysaccharide concentration in vitro on tight junction regulators and inflammatory markers. |
3 |
B. C. Agustinho |
inflammation gene expression |
B. C. Agustinho1, A. E. Mark2, A. H. Laarman1,2, D. E. Konetchy1, P. Rezamand1 |
1Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 2Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada |
Dairy calves present with a lower rumen pH than lactating dairy cows. Low rumen pH can increase lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the gastrointestinal tract, which can damage epithelial tight junctions and lead to inflammation. However, the interactive effect of pH and LPS in epithelial cells is not well studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of combinations of various pH and LPS concentrations on epithelial tight junction regulators (ETJR) and selected proinflammatory markers. The experimental design consisted of a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (pH: 6 and 7.4; LPS: 0, 0.05, 10 ng/mL). Human colon carcinoma Caco-2 line was cultured in 6-well plates and exposed to the treatments for 3 h. A pellet was collected to determine protein abundance (Toll-Like Receptor 4, TLR4; Myosin Light Chain Kinase, MYLK; and β-actin as housekeeping) using western blot and gene expression using RT-qPCR. The target genes included interleukin 8 (IL-8), MYLK, Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB), and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ). Cycle threshold (Ct) of target genes corrected by Ct of housekeeping genes (RPLP and PPIA) were used (ΔCt) for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05, and tendency at P ≤ 0.10. Protein abundance of TLR4 tended to reduce at pH 6 compared with pH 7.4 (P = 0.09). Cells cultured at pH 6 showed a greater gene expression of MYLK than pH 7.4 (P < 0.01). Protein abundance of MYLK was reduced by pH 6 compared with pH 7.4 (P = 0.01) and tended to reduce when LPS concentration was increased (P = 0.07). The gene expression of IL-8 was increased in cells cultured at pH 7.4 compared with pH 6 (P < 0.01). In addition, there was a pH × LPS interaction for NF-κB expression (P = 0.04), which was greater in cells cultured at pH 6 combined with 0 or 10 ng/mL of LPS than the same LPS doses at pH 7.4. The gene expression of PPARγ was not affected by the treatments (P > 0.11). In summary, gene expression of the inflammatory markers and MYLK, and protein abundance of ETJR were affected by the pH, LPS concentration, or pH × LPS interaction. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86312 |
Watch |
2209T |
Effect of feed restriction and an immunomodulatory feed additive in performance, immune markers, and gut barrier integrity in wethers. |
4 |
M. Garcia |
OmniGen gut barrier integrity feed restriction |
M. Garcia1, Y. Jiang2, J. D. Chapman1, B. D. Humphrey1 |
1Phibro Animal Health Coorporation, Teaneck, NJ, 2Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY |
OmniGen AF (OG; Phibro Animal Health) is an immunomodulatory feed additive with demonstrated effects in supporting the immune system of dairy cows. Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to study the impact of OG on performance, immune markers, and gut barrier integrity in feed-restricted wethers. EXP1 was a randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. Wethers (n = 20) were fed control (CON) or OG (6 g/hd/d) for 21 d (period 1; P1). On d 22, wethers were fed ad libitum (AL) or 40% of P1 intake (FR) for 6 d (period 2; P2). Both CON and OG were fed AL from 27 to 33 d (period 3; P3). On d 2 and 5 of P2, 180 mM Cr-EDTA was orally dosed into the rumen, and blood was collected at 0, 6, and 24 h after dosing. Blood immune markers and NEFA were measured at d 2 and 6 of P2 and d 2 of P3. Diets did not affect DMI, ADG, or FE in P1. ADG and FE relative to AL was reduced in P2 (P < 0.05). On d 2 of P2, the Cr area under the curve (AUC) tended to be larger (P < 0.10) for CON-FR, lowest for CON-AL and OG-AL, and intermediate for OG-FR. There were no treatment effects on plasma Cr on d 5 of P2. Plasma haptoglobin, LPS binding protein, and cortisol were not affected by diet or period. During P2, FR increased (P < 0.01) NEFA and RBC numbers, CON-FR reduced (P < 0.05) monocyte numbers, and OG-FR increased platelet numbers (P < 0.05). During P3, FR reduced DMI, increased ADG and improved FE relative to AL (P < 0.05). In EXP2, 20 wethers were randomly assigned to diets (CON or OG, as in EXP1). Diets were fed AL for 28 d (P1), followed by 3 d of FR (40% of AL; P2), and then 4 d AL (P3). On d 27 (P2), d 2 of P2, and d 3 of P3, Cr-EDTA was orally dosed into the rumen, and blood was collected at 0, 4, 8, 24 and 32 h after dosing. Diets did not affect DMI or ADG. The Cr AUC in P1, tended to be lower for wethers fed OG (P = 0.09, 83.4% of CON). On d 2 of P2, the Cr AUC was numerically lower for OG (P = 0.22, 86% of CON). On 3 d of P3, the Cr AUC did not differ between diets. These results suggest OmniGen AF supplementation helps to support gut barrier integrity in wethers fed ad libitum or during short-term feed restriction conditions. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85951 |
Watch |
2210T |
The influence of body weight and feed intake on the oral chromium EDTA technique to assess gastrointestinal permeability in dairy cattle. |
5 |
J. Opgenorth |
methods Cr-EDTA gut permeability |
J. Opgenorth1, B. M. Goetz1, M. A. Abeyta1, S. Rodriguez-Jimenez1, E. A. Horst1, E. J. Mayorga1, S. Lei1, A. D. Freestone1, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
In cattle, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barrier function has previously been evaluated in vivo using the paracellular permeability marker chromium (Cr)-EDTA at a constant dose of 1.5 L of 180 mM solution/cow, regardless of body weight (BW) or dry matter intake (DMI). Objectives were to evaluate if blood Cr-appearance (calculated as 24 h area under the curve; AUC) following a constant 1.5 L dose is influenced by individual BW and/or DMI. A retrospective analysis was conducted with data compiled from 3 different experiments in which Cr-EDTA (1.5 L) was administered orally in mid-lactation dairy cows (159 ± 66 DIM; n = 71). Correlations between Cr AUC, BW, and previous days’ DMI were analyzed using PROC CORR of SAS in both ad libitum (n = 56) and feed-restricted (40% of ad libitum) animals. During ad libitum feeding, Cr AUC was negatively correlated with BW (r = −0.36; P < 0.01) and tended to be negatively correlated with DMI (r = −0.24; P = 0.08). However, BW and DMI were not correlated with Cr AUC during a 2 d (n = 34) or 5 d (n = 32) feed restriction (P > 0.22). Results indicate that the accuracy of using Cr-EDTA as a permeability marker may be improved if the dose of Cr-EDTA is adjusted for BW and DMI during ad libitum feeding. Because BW and DMI are typically correlated, adjusting Cr-EDTA dose relative to BW (i.e., 0.1 g per kg BW) instead of administering 1.5 L to each cow may reduce variability for this procedure. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86296 |
Watch |
2211T |
The SLICK1 mutation in PRLR affects regulation of body temperature and causes small-scale changes in global gene expression in liver. |
6 |
F. Sosa |
SLICK1 prolactin prolactin receptor |
F. Sosa1, J. E. P Santos1, D. O. Rae1, C. C. Larson2, M. Macchietto3, J. E. Abrahante3, T. F. Amaral1, A. C Denicol4, T. Sonstegard5, P. J Hansen1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Okeechobee, FL, 3University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 4University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, 5Acceligen, Eagan, MN |
The SLICK1 mutation in the bovine PRLR results in a truncated protein. Heterozygous (SL+/−) and homozygous (SL+/+) animals have short-hair coat and increased ability to regulate body temperature during heat stress compared with wildtype (SL−/−) animals. Objectives were to determine whether the mutation affects liver gene expression (experiment 1) and if animals SL+/+ for the SLICK1 allele differ from SL+/− (experiment 2). In the first experiment, ruminal temperatures of 18 Holstein heifers (8 SL−/− and 10 SL+/−), 37–42 wk old were recorded at 15 min intervals for 17 d (September 14 to September 30, 2020); liver biopsy was performed 3 d later. Ruminal temperature (measured hourly) was affected by genotype (P = 0.079), time (P < 0.0001) and genotype by time (P < 0.0001). The SL+/− heifers had lower ruminal temperatures except during morning feeding. Genotype affected expression of 71 genes in liver (false discovery rate <0.05). Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that several functions, including those associated with fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and biotransformation, were elevated in SL+/− while functions associated with immune function were reduced. In the second experiment, differences between SL+/− and SL+/+ were evaluated in 18 adult Senepol cattle, including 16 bulls (6 SL+/− and 10 SL+/+) and 2 cows (1 SL+/− and 1 SL+/+) for 48 d. Neither genotype (P = 0.641) nor genotype by time (P = 0.798) affected ruminal temperature. Rectal temperature (measured on one day) was higher (P = 0.031) in SL+/+ (39.4 ± 0.1) compared with SL+/− (39.1 ± 0.1). Respiration rate did not differ (P = 0.541) between SL+/− (52.8 ± 2.8) and SL+/+ (54.9 ± 2.2). No effect on gene expression was observed between genotypes. In conclusion, the SLICK1 mutation causes some changes in hepatic mRNA and functions as a dominant mutation. Observed changes in hepatic gene expression are consistent with the idea that some functions regulated by prolactin (biotransformation, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation) were enhanced in SL+/− whereas others were reduced (immune function). |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86885 |
Watch |
2212T |
Heat exposure increases digestive tract epithelial barrier permeability. |
7 |
J. Fenwick |
heat stress gut permeability epithelium |
J. Fenwick1, B. J. Renquist1 |
1University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ |
Heat stress causes a decrease in feed intake and milk production in dairy cattle. Mice accurately model the heat-induced decrease in feed intake and milk production. Heat exposure decreases intestinal epithelial barrier function in cattle. However, the large size of cattle has prevented a direct in vivo measure of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. We set out to test the effect of heat exposure (35°C) on fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-D) intestinal epithelium permeability in mice. Mice (n = 9–19) were exposed to either 24°C or 35°C for 24 h. At 20 h, the onset of the light cycle, we removed the food, which was withheld throughout the remainder of the study. The removal of food ensures that the FITC-D absorption is not affected by treatment induced differences in intestinal or stomach fill. At 24 h of exposure to the assigned temperature, we collected a baseline blood sample from the tail vein and orally gavaged each mouse with 300 µL of FITC-D (40 mg/ml; 3–5 KDa). Four h after FITC-D gavage, 28 h after initiation of treatment initiation (35°C or 24°C), we again collected blood. Plasma was isolated immediately after each blood collection by centrifugation at 3,000 X g for 30 min. Plasma from both collections was diluted 1:10 in PBS and fluorescence was measured on a SpectraMax M5 fluorescent plate reader (excitation 485 nm, emission 530 nm). The change in relative fluorescent units (RFU) from baseline to 4h after gavage indicated FITC-D gut epithelium permeability. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA in SAS. Plasma fluorescence increased 330% more in mice exposed to 35°C than in mice exposed to 24°C (P = 0.007; 38.99 ± 6.29 RFU in mice exposed to 35°C, 11.76 ± 1.84 RFU in mice housed at 24°C). This indicates that heat exposure increases gut permeability. Future studies will aim to understand if this loss in gut epithelium integrity is essential for heat stress to limit feed intake and milk production. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86056 |
Watch |
2213T |
Effect of glucose infusion dose and stage of lactation on urinary glucose excretion in dairy cows. |
8 |
V. M. R. Malacco |
IVGTT metabolism |
V. M. R. Malacco1,2, M. R. Savage1, L. Beckett1, S. Hilger1, L. F. Martins3, R. C. Neves3, B. Funnell3, S. S. Donkin1 |
1Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, US, 2Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing, MI, US, 3Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, US |
A high glucose dose (GD) may overwhelm glucose resorption during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), resulting in glucose excretion in urine and misinterpretation of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. This study evaluated the effect of GD and lactation stage (LS) on urine glucose (UG) excretion during an IVGTT. Nine multiparous Holstein cows, 6 lactating and 3 nonlactating were used in a Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 1d of IVGTT and 6d washout. Cows were grouped by LS in early (64 ± 0.5 d in milk; DIM), mid (183 ± 4.6 DIM), and nonlactating (46 ± 4 d before calving date) and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: infusion of 9.2, 15, or 30 g of glucose/100 kg of BW during the IVGTT. Indwelling catheters were placed in each jugular vein of the cows, and blood samples were collected at −10, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to the glucose infusion. A Foley catheter was placed in the bladder and connected to a 4-L collection bag. Urine samples were collected 10 min before (i.e., pre), during and 120 min after (i.e., post) IVGTT. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed for glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models and contrasts used to evaluate linear and quadratic effects of GD. Pre IVGTT UG was 0.03 ± 0.001 g/L with no effects of GD or LS. A linear effect (P < 0.01) of GD was observed on maximum plasma glucose (PG) concentration (6.2, 7.3, 11.2 ± 0.45 mM, for 9.2, 15, and 30, respectively) with no effect of LS. The UG excreted during the IVGTT increased linearly (P < 0.01) with GD (0.03, 0.11 and 0.41 ± 0.2879 g of glucose/100 kg BW for 9.2, 15, or 30, respectively) with no effect of LS. GD tended (P = 0.08) to increase UG excreted post IVGTT (0.002, 0.017, 0.072 ± 0.5420 g of glucose/100 kg BW for 9.2, 15, or 30, respectively). Our data indicate that GD of 30 g/100 kg BW resulted in PG concentration greater than the threshold (i.e., 8.3 mM) for renal glucose excretion, and effects of GD on UG excretion were independent of LS. Based on these findings, 9.2 g of glucose/100 kg of BW is the preferred dose for the IVGTT in lactating and nonlactating dairy cows. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86124 |
Watch |
2214T |
Metabolic-endocrine changes during the grazing evening event by dairy cows. |
9 |
A. I. Trujillo |
metabolic state defoliation pasture |
A. I. Trujillo1, M. Oborsky1, P. Chilibroste1 |
1Facultad de Agronomía, UDELAR, Uruguay, |
Grazing is a process where ingestive-digestive-metabolic behaviors interact with forage resource in time and space. Our objective was to study the metabolic-endocrine state in response to the evening grazing meal (EGM) by dairy cows grazing at different defoliation intensities (DI, treatments) on a fescue (Festuca arundinacea) pasture (Lax, Medium and Control, with residual sward height of 15, 12 and 9 cm, respectively). Thirty-six Holstein mid lactation dairy cows (224 ± 7 DIM) were blocked by parity (2.6 ± 0.8), BW (618 ± 48) kg and BCS (2.8 ± 0.2) and randomly assigned to treatments. Cows were milked twice a day. The length and herbage intake (HI) of the EGM was measured after the pm milking and 3 h of fasting. The HI (kg DM) during EGM was estimated by weighing animals before and after EGM with correction for insensible loss. In a subsample of 18 cows (6 cows/treatment), glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and insulin concentration were measured: before (S0) and after (S1) the EGM. Data were analyzed as ANOVA and as repeated measures in time, when appropriate, using PROC MIXED of SAS. Differences were declared significant when P < 0.05 and trend when P < 0.1. The length and the HI of EGM did not differ between DI and averaged 130 ± 21 min and 5.43 ± 1.1 kg DM, respectively. However, metabolic status associated to EGM was different between DI. Glucose concentration at S0 was lower (P < 0.05) in Medium and Control compared with Lax cows and when compared vs S1, Medium cows increased (P = 0.008) and Lax cows tended to increase (P = 0.060). The NEFA concentration at S0 was greater (P = 0.034) and tended to be greater (P = 0.059) in Control and Medium cows, respectively, compared with Lax cows. In addition, this metabolite did not change between S0 and S1 in Lax cows, while decreased (P < 0.05) in Medium and Control cows. Insulin and BHB concentrations did not differ between DI nor at sampling times. Results suggest that the studied metabolites would not participate in the regulation of HI and length of EGM, but lower DI would allow for a better selectivity of the forage as reflected in the metabolic state of the Lax cows. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9954 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86200 |
Watch |
2215T |
Enogen corn hybrids can improve feed efficiency and reduce environmental impact in dairy production. |
1 |
T. J. Koehler |
Enogen corn silage dairy cow environmental impact |
T. J. Koehler1, J. T. Axtell1, J. P. Goeser2,4, M. M. Miller3, R. D. Shaver4, E. D. Watson1 |
1Syngenta Seeds LLC, Downers Grove, IL, 2Rock River Laboratory Inc, Watertown, WI, 3Sustainable Solutions Corporation, Royersford, PA, 4University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI |
Agricultural production systems have been implicated as significant sources of environmental impacts, including increased global warming potential due to methane and other greenhouse gases generated by livestock, particularly dairy and beef cattle. Global dairy production, estimated at 852 Mt in 2019, is projected to grow by 1.6% per year through 2029, as demand for high-quality protein increases in developing regions. In parallel, the imperative to manage climate change has risen to worldwide attention and international calls to action, with a strong focus on reducing methane emissions. Development and adoption of sustainable intensification technologies is critical to balancing these conflicting societal demands. Enogen corn hybrids are genetically modified to express a robust α-amylase enzyme in the starchy endosperm of corn kernels. University research trials have documented feed efficiency improvements of approximately 5% when Enogen corn is fed to beef or dairy cattle, as the amylase renders the starch more readily digestible. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) based on these controlled studies have been completed for Enogen in beef and dairy production systems. Each LCA was conducted in conformance with the ISO 14040:2016, ISO 14044:2006, and ISO/TS 14071:2006 Life Cycle Assessment standards, including an independent review. In a dairy study comparing the impact of diets containing Enogen silage vs conventional silage (40% of DM), feed efficiency was improved by 5.4% (P < 0.001) and enteric methane intensity was reduced by 7% (P < 0.01). The LCA quantified environmental impact reductions of 4.6%, 6.3%, 4.2%, and 4.3% for global warming potential, fossil fuel depletion, land use, and water consumption, respectively, with significance confirmed via Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis (n = 1,000, CI = 95%). Similar environmental impact reductions were seen for Enogen in the beef LCA, confirming that use of Enogen corn in cattle diets can yield significant benefits in the sustainability metrics of primary interest, and can assist the livestock sector in meeting sustainability targets. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86600 |
Watch |
2216T |
Effects of corn hybrids differing in flavonoid content on rumen fermentation and enteric methane emission in vitro. |
2 |
S. F. Cueva |
enteric methane flavonoid in vitro |
S. F. Cueva1, D. E. Wasson1, L. F. Martins1, N. Stepanchenko1, D. Chatterjee1, T. Lesko1, C. Surinder1, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of corn hybrids, with varying flavonoid content, on rumen in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis. Hybrids were analyzed for their effect on cumulative gas production and composition, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) in an automated gas production system. Incubations were carried out for 72 h at 39°C and replicated. Rumen inoculum was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard 52% forage (corn silage based) and 48% concentrate feeds diet. Incubations included the following substrate (dried and ground through a 1-mm sieve) treatments: 1.5 g/vessel of the total mixed ration fed to the donor cows (TMR), direct replacement of TMR with a corn hybrid bred to not accumulate flavonoids (CON), and direct replacement of TMR with hybrids varying in flavonoid content (FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, and FF). Flavonoid content of the plants was determined using an acid-butanol extraction method. Relative to CON, hybrids FC, FF, FA, FB, FD, and FE had 8.9, 5.9, 5.0, 2.6, 2.0 and 1.4 times greater flavonoid content, respectively. Headspace gas samples were collected at 24 h and analyzed for CH4 concentration. Concentration of VFA and NDFD were analyzed at 72 h. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment in the model. Treatments did not affect pH, total gas production and CH4 emission per unit of substrate (P ≥ 0.25). Compared with CON, total VFA concentration was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by FD. Molar proportion (mol%) of acetate was decreased by FA, FE and FD and was lowest (P ≤ 0.01) for TMR relative to CON. Propionate mol% was highest (P ≤ 0.01) for TMR, followed by CON, and was lowest for FC. Concentration of NH3 was decreased and acetate-to-propionate ratio was increased (P ≤ 0.01) by all treatments relative to TMR. Compared with TMR and CON, NDFD was decreased (P ≤ 0.01) in hybrids with increased flavonoid concentration. In this experiment, flavonoid-rich corn hybrids did not affect total gas and CH4 production but decreased NDFD when compared with the control hybrid. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86976 |
Watch |
2217T |
Effects of total mixed ration moisture content on its temperature stability. |
3 |
L. Garcia |
TMR temperature water |
L. Garcia1, F. F. Cardoso1, K. Alexander1, F. C. Cardoso1 |
1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL |
Total mixed rations (TMR) with high moisture content are known to spoil more frequently during increased environmental temperatures. High temperatures are indicative of spoilage and decreased nutritional value of feeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of water inclusion on feed temperature of a dry cow diet with inclusion of wheat straw (37% of total dietary DM). A total of 6 (n = 6) gallon size buckets were randomly allocated into 2 treatment groups: NW (with no water added; 49% DM) and WW (with 7.3 kg of water added to the mixture; 43% DM). Feed temperature recording began once buckets were filled with their corresponding treatments using data loggers (n = 3 per bucket; Thermochron iButtons, iButtonLink, Whitewater, WI), that were placed in the bottom, middle and top of each bucket. The average temperature for all locations was used. Data loggers were set to 5-min increments and the hourly average for 24 h (24 time points). In addition, data loggers (n = 3) were placed outside of the buckets to register ambient temperature. Following the 24-h period, data were collected and analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. There was no treatment effect (P = 0.21); for feed temperature (NW = 29.11 ± 0.76°C and WW = 30.55 ± 0.76°C). A main effect of time point (h) was observed (P < 0.0001). There was a tendency for a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.10) where feed temperature tended to be higher for WW (34 ± 1.57, 34 ± 1.49, 34 ± 1.41, 34 ± 1.39, 34 ± 1.43, 34 ± 1.50, 34 ± 1.56°C) than NW (30 ± 1.57, 30 ± 1.49, 30 ± 1.41, 31 ± 1.39, 31 ± 1.43, 32 ± 1.50, 33 ± 1.56°C) at 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 h, respectively. In conclusion, water added to a dry cow TMR seem to impact feed temperature after 18 h of its preparation. During warmer days, 2-times a day feeding should be beneficial. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86295 |
Watch |
2218T |
Effect of a plant extract-based functional feed additive on dairy cow performance and nitrogen efficiency. |
4 |
G. Desrousseaux |
plant extracts milk yield nitrogen efficiency |
G. Desrousseaux1, S. Palmans2, D.. Fremaut3, J. F. Gabarrou1 |
1Laboratoires Phodé, Terssac, France, 2PVL, Bocholt, Belgium, 3University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium |
The objective of this study was to determine if feeding a plant extract-based functional feed additive improves lactating dairy cow performance and nitrogen (N) efficiency. Forty-six (parity 2.85 ± 1.35) Holstein dairy cows (DIM 140 ± 55) received a mixed ration (in DM: 40.5% corn silage, 31.3% grass silage, 11% sugar beet pulp, 8.5% protein concentrate, 6.3% wheat, 2.1% potatoes, 0.2% mineral and vitamins) without (CTL) or with 2 g/d of a plant extract-based feed additive (PE) mixed to the ration. PE is a blend of essential oils (oregano, thyme, clove, lemon) and oleoresins of spices. The experiment was divided into 4 3-wk periods where all cows received one of the 2 experimental diets. Individual milk yield was monitored every day and milk composition as protein, fat, urea and SCC the third week of each period. Ration intake was assessed every day. Balance of N utilization was calculated as the ratio between protein output in milk and dietary crude protein intake. A mixed model (GLM) with repeated measurements with cow as experimental unit was used to analyze the effect of PE on individual milk composition and yield with lactation rank, day in milk, period, temperature and previous production rate as covariates. Significant results were defined at P < 0.05 and tendency at P < 0.1 (SAS). Cows fed PE showed a higher milk yield (PE: 31.50 ± 0.38 vs CTL: 29.85 ± 0.39 kg/d, P = 0.0002) with similar fat and protein production (PE: 1.30 ± 0.02 vs CTL: 1.32 ± 0.02 kg/day and PE: 1.08 ± 0.02 vs CTL: 1.06 ± 0.02 kg/day respectively, P > 0.1). Milk response tended to be even greater with PE when temperature rose (P = 0.09). DMI of mixed ration was 17.80 kg and 18.06 kg/d and N intake was 2.91 kg and 3.05 kg/d for PE and CTL respectively. Urea content in milk was higher (PE: 0.261 ± 0.01 vs CTL: 0.188 ± 0.01 mg/l, P < 0.0001) and lactose content tended to be improved (PE: 4.48 ± 0.02 vs CTL: 4.41 ± 0.02%, P = 0.08). N efficiency as N output in milk/N intake was better when cows received PE in the diet (PE: 37% vs CTL: 35%). The results indicate that feeding PE feed additive may improve dairy cow performance while enhancing N efficiency. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86792 |
Watch |
2219T |
Effect of supplementation with Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation and enteric methane production in vitro. |
5 |
D. E. Wasson |
enteric methane Bacillus subtilis in vitro |
D. E. Wasson1, S. F. Cueva1, L. Martins1, S. Räisänen1, N. Stepenchenko1, Y. Chen2, L. W. Rottman2, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2Locus Fermentation Solutions, Solon, OH |
Enteric methane emitted from animal agriculture has been identified as a contributor to climate change, prompting the investigation of a variety of feed supplements aimed at decreasing methanogenesis in ruminants. This experiment investigated the effect of an environmental isolate of Bacillus subtilis, Amplio (AMP), on methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in vitro. Increasing concentrations of lyophilized B. subtilis were incubated with buffered rumen inoculum for 24 h and analyzed for gas production and composition, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFd). Treatments were incubated in triplicate and incubations were replicated. Rumen inoculum was collected from 2 rumen-cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard 51% forage (corn silage-based) and 49% concentrate feeds diet. The donor cows total mixed ration (TMR) was dried, ground, and used as fermentation substrate at 0.01% (wt/vol) of the incubation medium. Bacillus subtilis was administered at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 × 109 cfu/incubation vessel. Blank (no substrate) and Control (CON, TMR only) vessels were included within each incubation. Gas production was continuously recorded with an automated gas production system and headspace samples were collected at 12 and 24 h and analyzed for methane concentration. Both VFA concentration and NDFd were analyzed at 24 h. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, incubation, and treatment × incubation in the model. Final pH of the incubation medium was linearly decreased (P = 0.04) by increasing AMP inclusion from 6.46 to 6.39 (0 and 10 × 109 cfu, respectively). Overall, inclusion of AMP decreased total gas production (P = 0.01) 8% but had no effect on VFA molar proportions or NDFd. There was a trend (P = 0.06) for a linear decrease in total VFA concentration (by 4%) with increasing AMP dose. Overall methane production (mL/g of TMR) at 24 h was decreased (P = 0.01) 25% by AMP. These data suggest that this proprietary strain of B. subitilis may hold potential to inhibit methanogenesis in vivo and should be investigated further. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86674 |
Watch |
2220T |
Optimizing diets for metabolizable methionine may reduce dairy environmental impact. |
6 |
D. Militello |
environment impact life cycle assessment (LCA) amino acids |
D. Militello1,2, N. Draijer3, L. Thiaucourt4, A. Hocini2 |
1Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy, 2Adisseo France S.A.S, Antony, France, 3Blonk Consultants, Gouda, the Netherlands, 4Animal Nutrition Consultant, Molsheim, France |
The cradle-to-farmgate environmental performance of dairy production was evaluated using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) by comparing a standard commercial diet in French system (Control; CP: 16.5%, NEL: 1.67 Mcal/kg DM, MP: 100 g/kg DM, Met: 1.8% MP and Lys: 6.9% MP) with a theoretical Met balanced diet formulated by substituting mainly soybean meal (SBM) with cereal (Treatment; CP: 15.8%, NEL: 1.66 Mcal/kg DM, MP: 97 g/kg DM of, Met: 2.3% MP and Lys: 6.9% MP). The control diet was evaluated using INRA (2007) based on a mean BW of 650 kg, a DMI of 24.3 kg/d, a milk yield of 37.3 kg/d, a milk fat content of 3.99%, and a milk true protein concentration of 3.35% in mid-lactation Holstein cow. LCA calculations were done in the dairy module of the Animal Production Systems (APS) tool from Blonk Sustainability Tools following the methodological approach of Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR). Climate change impact, in kg CO2 equivalent per kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM), was evaluated considering inputs, outputs, and direct farm emissions. Associated GHG emissions, including CH4, N2O and CO2, were classified and characterized with the JRC Environmental Footprint impact assessment method (EF 3.0). The predicted DMI from the optimized Met balanced diet increased by 1.0 kg DM compared with the control. The predicted milk yield and composition increased by 0.5 kg of milk/d/cow, 3.6% of milk protein content and 0.5% of milk fat content with optimized Met balanced diet. Consequently, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) parameters are affected. Optimized Met balanced diet decreased the impact on climate change, acidification, eutrophication and land use (Table 1). Met balanced diet improved cow performance and may reduce environmental impacts. Table 1. Impact assessment results, /kg of FPCM)
| Impact Category |
Unit |
Control |
Treatment |
| Climate change |
kg CO2 eq |
2.06E+00 |
−14% |
| Climate change-land use and transform |
kg CO2 eq |
5.08E-01 |
−49% |
| Acidification terrestrial and freshwater |
mol H+ eq |
3.55E-02 |
−3% |
| Eutrophication terrestrial |
mol N eq |
1.58E-01 |
−3% |
| Eutrophication marine |
kg N eq |
1.58E-02 |
−3% |
| Eutrophication freshwater |
kg P eq |
1.42E-04 |
−22% |
| Land use |
Pt |
2.27E+02 |
−11% |
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86741 |
Watch |
2221T |
In vitro evaluation of enteric methane mitigation strategies: A meta-analysis. |
7 |
L. F. Martins |
in vitro rumen enteric methane |
L. F. Martins1, G. F. S. Congio2, S. F. Cueva1, C. F. A. Lage1,3, M. Ramin4, T. Silvestre1, J. Tricarico5, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 3Cornell Cooperative Extension, Bath, NY, 4Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden, 5Dairy Management Inc, Des Plaines, IL |
A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the efficacy of enteric methane (CH4) mitigation strategies in vitro. The database for the analysis consisted of 362 studies published in peer- reviewed journals between 1981 and 2018. A total of 76 CH4 mitigation strategies were identified, 17 of which were included in the current meta-analysis. Response variables were: CH4 emission, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, and digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD). Data were analyzed using the comprehensive meta-analysis (version 3) software. Means, standard deviations and number of observations were used to compute the effect sizes (i.e., difference between treatment and control) utilizing random-effects models. The pooled effect size was expressed as percentage of the control where positive and negative values indicate percentual increment and reduction of the response, respectively. Methane production was decreased (P ≤ 0.03) to a different extent by 15 of the 17 mitigation strategies studied. Chemical inhibitors [CHEM; −15.7% (effect size), n (number of comparisons) = 55], flavonoids (−12.1%, n = 49), bacteriocins (−10.0%, n = 8), and tannins (TAN; −9.6%, n = 357) were the most effective CH4 mitigation strategies (P < 0.001). Total VFA concentration was increased (P < 0.001) by bacteriocins (13.9%, n = 6) and defaunation (11.2%, n = 23) but was decreased (P < 0.01) by essential oils (EO; −10.5%, n = 119), antibodies (−7.4%, n = 8), CHEM (- 7.1%, n = 52), ionophores (−5.1%, n = 52), TAN (−4.2%, n = 302), and flavonoids (−2.9%, n = 43). Compared with controls, DMD was increased (P < 0.001) by bacteriocin (3.0%, n = 7) and enzymes (ENZ; 1.7%, n = 63) but decreased (−3.0 to −7.0%; P < 0.001) to a different extent by all other mitigation strategies. Moreover, NDF digestibility was increased (P < 0.001) by ENZ (3.7%, n = 55) but decreased (P < 0.001) by electron sinks (−4.1%, n = 10) and lipids (−4.6%, n = 48). Bacteriocins was the only strategy that mitigated CH4 emission while increased VFA concentration and DMD in vitro. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86857 |
Watch |
2222T |
Screening of tropical macroalgae for enteric methane mitigation effect in vitro. |
8 |
D. E. Wasson |
enteric methane macroalgae in vitro |
D. E. Wasson1, L. F. Martins1, N. Stepenchenko1, S. F. Cueva1, C. F. García2, R. Radulovich2, C. Yarish3 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, San Pedro, Costa Rica, 3The University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT |
Methanogenesis and mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants have been the focus of ongoing research to address livestock contribution to climate change. This experiment investigated the effects of 14 macroalgae specimen (8 distinct species) on methane and gas production in vitro. Macroalgae were collected over the span of 6 mo from the Caribbean. Species were analyzed for their effect on pH, total gas production, and gas composition in an automated gas production system. Incubations were carried out for 24 h and replicated. Rumen inoculum was collected from 2 rumen-cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard 52% forage (corn silage based) and 48% concentrate feeds diet. Dried and ground total mixed ration (TMR) fed to the donor cows was used as substrate in the incubations at 0.01% (wt/vol) and macroalgae were included at 2.0% (substrate dry matter basis) for a total of 1.5 g substrate per bottle. Blank and Control (CON, TMR only) treatments were also included in each incubation. All treatments were triplicated. Gas headspace samples were collected at 24 h and analyzed for methane concentration. Inoculum pH was measured at the beginning and at termination of the incubation. Data were analyzed within duplicated incubations using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, incubation, and treatment × incubation in the model. Compared with CON, final pH was decreased (P < 0.05) by Hypnea sp. and Padina sp. from 6.46 to 6.39 and 6.41, respectively. Total gas production (mL/g of dry matter) was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by Gelidellia acerosa, Padina sp. and Sargassum acinarium 15 to 21% compared with CON. Compared with CON, methane production (mL/g of substrate dry matter) was increased (P ≤ 0.05) 13 to 27% by Bryothamnion triquetrum, Dichotomaria marginata, Padina sp., Cladophora sp., Chaetomorpha sp., and Sargassum acinarium. No macroalgae in this set of in vitro experiments decreased enteric methane production. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86954 |
Watch |
2223T |
Effect of feeding a body-cooling feed additive (ICE) on body temperature, milk production, milk components and inflammation in lactating dairy cows. |
9 |
R. O. Rodrigues |
heat stress nutrition osmolyte |
G. A. Bruni1, G. O. Sousa1, L. N. Silva1, T. C. Santos1, D. Langwinski2, M. Luchesi2, A. H. Souza2, R. O. Rodrigues3, J. L. M. Vasconcelos1 |
1São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 2Cargill Animal Nutrition, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 3Cargill Animal Nutrition, Lewisburg, OH |
The objective was to evaluate efficacy of an osmolyte-mineral feed additive (ICE, Cargill Animal Nutrition) in reducing body temperature (BT), and its effects on production-related variables and inflammation markers of lactating dairy cows during the summer in tropical climate. The study was performed from December to February 2021, in a commercial herd located in Passos, MG, Brazil. Throughout the trial, daily max temperature averaged 30.2°C and, relative humidity, 56.7%. Forty lactating Holstein cows averaging 131 ± 10 DIM and 29.1 ± 0.9 kg/d of milk were adapted for 2 weeks, and then blocked by parity and assigned to treatments as: ICE (50 g/d; n = 20) and Control (no supplement; n = 20). All cows were kept on the same pen, and treatments were fed as top-dress onto TMR once daily immediately after morning milking on individual bins for 56 d. Cows were actively cooled twice daily during 2-h sessions using fans and sprinklers. BT was recorded with temperature loggers (Ibutton DS1922L, Maxim Technologies) attached to an intravaginal device inserted for 4 consecutive days, for a total of 5 rounds with 15-d intervals, that were set to collect data every 10 min at 0.0625°C accuracy. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS; fixed effects of treatment, time and interaction. Statistical significancy was declared at P < 0.05. Cows supplemented with ICE had reduced BT. More specifically, ICE reduced BT daily from 6am to 8am, and from 1pm to 12am. Consequently, cows fed ICE remained a higher proportion of the day with BT below 39.1°C (37.6 vs 49.5 ± 1.5%). There was no interaction between effects of active cooling and treatment on BT. Furthermore, ICE increased milk fat content (4.0 vs 4.9 ± 0.3%) and energy-corrected milk yield (26.5 vs 30.0 ± 1.7 kg/d) on d 56. There were no effects of ICE on other milk components, SCC, or BCS. Moreover, ICE reduced circulating concentrations of haptoglobin on d 56 (1.50 vs 1.16 ± 0.14 mg/mL). In conclusion, feeding ICE during summer lowered body temperature, increased milk fat content and energy-corrected milk yield, and reduced inflammation markers. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85999 |
|
2224T |
Changes in milk production and estimated income over feed cost of group-housed dairy cows when moved from a high- to a low-production ration. |
10 |
A. Bach |
economics grouping profitability |
A. Bach1,2 |
1Marlex Research and Education, Barcelona, Spain, 2Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanças (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain |
Studies have shown theoretical advantages of feeding cows in groups according to their nutrient requirements. There are concerns about losing milk when cows change from a high- to a low-nutrient diet. Data from 710 cows from 2 herds were analyzed to assess the impact on milk yield and estimated income over feed cost (IOFC) when moved from a high- to a low-production ration. Pen feed and nutrient intake, and individual milk yield were recorded daily using algoMilk (www.algomilk.com). Individual DMI was estimated using NASEM (2021) and IOFC calculated. Within farm, group, and cow, milk yield during the 21 d preceding a pen movement was used predict milk yield for the subsequent 21 d using linear regression. Differences between actual and predicted milk yield and IOFC during the 21 d following a movement were determined and contrasted against zero using t-tests. There were 972 pen movements: A) from 1.75 ± 0.01 Mcal of NEL/kg, 15.5 ± 0.45% CP, and 249 ± 0.01 €/t to 1.67 ± 0.03 Mcal of NEL/kg, 14.8 ± 0.54% CP, and 237 ± 0.01 €/t; B) from 1.75 ± 0.01 Mcal of NEL/kg, 16.6 ± 0.37% CP and 269 ± 0.01 €/t to 1.66 ± 0.01 Mcal of NEL/kg, 15.1 ± 0.36% CP, and 236 ± 0.01 €/t; C) from 1.71 ± 0.03 Mcal of NEL/kg, 15.1 ± 0.38% CP, and 246 ± 0.01 €/t to 1.66 ± 0.03 Mcal of NEL/kg, 14.8 ± 0.56% CP, and 236 ± 0.02 €/t; and D) from 1.66 ± 0.04 Mcal of NEL/kg, 14.8 ± 0.45% CP, and 233 €/t to 1.59 ± 0.03 Mcal of NEL/kg, 14.0 ± 0.69% CP, and 224 ± 0.01 €/t. Cows undergoing movement A lost (P < 0.05) 0.55 ± 0.27 kg of milk/d but IOFC tended (P = 0.06) to increase 0.13 ± 0.08 €/d. Cows in movement B lost 1.58 ± 0.25 kg of milk/d (P < 0.05) but IOFC increased by 0.33 ± 0.08 €/d (P < 0.05). Cows in movement C lost 0.76 ± 0.20 kg of milk/d (P = 0.01) but IOFC did not change (0.04 ± 0.07 €/d). However, cows in movement D lost (P < 0.01) both 1.55 ± 0.16 kg of milk/d and 0.25 ± 0.05 €/d of IOFC. Moving cows from a high- to a low-production ration does not always result in economic advantages. However, when cows are moved at the right time and the cost and nutrient difference between the diets offset potential loses in milk, making groups according to production is clearly advantageous. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86023 |
|
2225T |
Association between income over feed cost, milk production, and dietary factors in Southern European dairy farms. |
11 |
A. Bach |
economics efficiency profit |
A. Bach1,2, B. Sales3 |
1Marlex Research and Education, Barcelona, Spain, 2Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain, 3algoMilk, Barcelona, Spain |
Income over feed cost (IOFC) is the most important economic target in dairy production. The dairy industry is still mainly focused on maximizing milk yield as it is assumed it maximizes IOFC. This assumption is not always true, especially when feed costs are high and milk price is low. In Europe, between January 2021 and December 2021, average feed costs of barley increased from ~200 to ~280 €/t, corn from ~230 to ~285 €/t, and soybean meal went from ~420 to ~490 €/t. For the same time period, milk price barely changed (difference < 0.03 €/l). The objective of this study was to identify key nutritional factors that may help improving IOFC under Southern European production conditions and high-volatility markets. Data from 11 herds from Spain, Italy, and Portugal were collected on a daily basis using algoMilk (www.algomilk.com) for the year 2021. This system records every ingredient (and its nutrients and price) delivered to every pen and combines it with the milk produced by every cow in every pen along with milk price (accounting for its composition) to monitor IOFC and make suggestions for improvement using artificial intelligence. For a fair comparison of IOFC across farms, in this study, milk price was set to 0.36 €/kg. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effects model with the fixed effects of dietary ADF, NDF, CP, NEL, NFC, and forage contents, and a dichotomous variable for feeding single or multiple rations, and the random effect of herd. Six herds fed one common ration for all cows, whereas 5 herds fed different rations according to production. The herd with the greatest milk production (47.5 kg/d) had an IOFC of 5.59 €/d, which was lower than in herds with a milk yield of 39 kg/d and an IOFC of 6.48€/d, or a milk yield of 36.5 kg/d and an IOFC of 6.42€/d, or a milk yield of 38.5 kg/d and an IOFC of 6.13€/d. Dietary NEL and NFC contents were positively associated, forage content tended (P = 0.6) to be positively associated, and ADF content was negatively associated with IOFC. Furthermore, on average, IOFC of herds with a single ration (4.73 ± 0.27 €/d) was much lower (P < 0.05) than that of herds that fed mor than one ration (6.12 ± 0.22 €/d). |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9957 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85947 |
Watch |
2226T |
Body condition score fluctuations and pregnancy loss in Holstein cows. |
1 |
P. Pinedo |
body condition automated pregnancy loss |
P. Pinedo1, D. Manriquez1, C. Ciarletta1, J. Azocar2, A. De Vries3 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 2DeLaval Inc, Bannockburn, IL, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
The objective of this study was to characterize the associations between body condition score (BCS) and BCS change, determined by an automated camera system during early lactation and close to AI, and the subsequent pregnancy loss (PL) in Holstein cows. A retrospective observational study was completed using data collected from 9,430 lactations in 6,884 Holstein cows calving between April 2019 and March 2021 in a commercial dairy operation located in Colorado, USA. Cows were subject to first AI at about 80 DIM (primiparous) and 60 DIM (multiparous), following a double OvSynch protocol. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed via transrectal ultrasonography on d 32 ± 3 after AI and reconfirmed at d 80 ± 3 of gestation. Cameras that were mounted on the sorting-gate at each exit (n = 2) of the milking parlor generated BCS in a 5-point scale with 0.1 increments. BCS at calving, 21 DIM, 56 DIM, AI resulting in pregnancy, and 90 d post AI were selected for the analyses and subsequently categorized as low (≤lower quartile), moderate (interquartile range), and high (≥upper quartile). Changes in BCS were calculated by periods of interest as change from calving to 21 DIM; change from calving to 56 DIM; change from 56 DIM to AI; and change from AI to 90 d post AI and assigned into categories to facilitate the analysis. Data were examined using logistic regression by univariable models that were followed by multivariable models considering parity category, season at AI, occurrence of disease, DIM at AI, and average milk yield up to 60 DIM as covariables. The logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of PL were greater in cows in the low BCS category relative to cows in the high BCS category at 56 DIM (OR [95% CI] = 1.41 [1.12–1.79]), AI (1.31 [1.05–1.65]), and 90 d post AI (1.38 [1.10–1.74]). Likewise, cows with large loss in BCS between calving and 21 DIM (1.46 [1.10–1.94]) and with BCS loss between AI and 90 d post AI (1.44 [1.15–1.81]) had greater odds of PL compared with no loss of BCS within the same period. In agreement, differences in the dynamics of the average daily BCS within 90 d post AI were evident when cows were grouped by PL outcome. Cows that lost their pregnancy showed lower BCS within 90 d post AI. Overall, low BCS and more pronounced reductions in BCS occurring closer to AI resulted in greater pregnancy loss. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85949 |
Watch |
2227T |
Impact of early lactation administration of a nonspecific immune stimulant on fertility and health of Holstein cows. |
2 |
C. Hernandez-Gotelli |
immune stimulant fertility health |
C. Hernandez-Gotelli1, H. Bothe2, J. Velez2, S. Else1, D. Manriquez1, L. Caixeta3, P. Pinedo1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 2Aurora Organic Farms, Platteville, CO, 3Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul |
The objective of this field trial was to assess the impact of a commercially available nonspecific immune stimulant (IS; mycobacterium cell wall fraction [Amplimune, NovaVive Inc., Napanee, ON, Canada]) administered at parturition and 2 weeks after calving on fertility and incidence of disease during early lactation of Holstein cows. Cows in an USDA organic-certified dairy were blocked by parity and based on sequential calving dates, randomly assigned to a control group (CON; n = 328, no treatment) or to receive 2 injections (5 mL s.c.) of IS (n = 328) at calving and at 14 ± 3 DIM. Cows were bred at detected estrus, with no use of any type of estrus or ovulation synchronization protocol. Main outcome variables included pregnancy at first AI (PAI1), pregnancy at 100 DIM, and incidence early lactation (<30 DIM) health disorders (clinical hypocalcemia, metritis, ketosis, mastitis, pneumonia, and digestive problems) recorded by farm personnel. In addition, death and live culling before 150 DIM were compared. Treatment effects were assessed using Chi-squared, multivariable logistic regression, and time-to-event analyses. No effect for treatment was identified on PAI1 (IS = 18.8%, CON = 14.2%; P = 0.12). The univariable analysis indicated greater pregnancy at 150 DIM in IS (55.2% vs. 47.0%; P = 0.039), while the adjusted odds (95% CI) of P150 for IS were 1.25 (0.79–1.97) times the odds of P150 for CON. Overall, median intervals from calving to pregnancy were 97.2 d vs. 120.9 d in IS and CON cows, respectively (P < 0.001). The only health disorder associated with treatment was digestive problems (IS = 3.35%, CON = 6.71%; P = 0.049). No differences for the proportion of cows that remained in the herd up to 60 DIM were determined, but lower mortality at 150 DIM in the IS group (2.74%) compared with the CON group (5.18%) was established (P = 0.10). In conclusion, cows receiving IS had reduced time to pregnancy, while incidence of most of the health disorders in analysis was not affected by IS treatment. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86013 |
Watch |
2228T |
Characterization of semen type allocation in Holstein females in the United States. |
3 |
M. R. Lauber |
sexed semen beef semen Holstein |
M. R. Lauber1, F. Peñagaricano1, R. H. Fourdraine2, J. S. Clay2, P. M. Fricke1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC |
Our objective was to characterize semen type allocation in US Holsteins by year, parity, service number, and herd size. A total of 8,284,770 inseminations from July 2019 to October 2021 that included 3,115,224 Holstein females from 9,196 herds were provided by Dairy Records Management Systems. Holstein service sire codes were classified as conventional or sexed based on NAAB marketing codes, and service sire breeds were classified as Holstein or other dairy (one of 6 recognized US dairy breeds) or beef sires. Logistic regression models that included all 2-way interactions were used to analyze each semen type. From 2019 to 2021, inseminations with beef semen (<100 cows, 7.2 vs. 8.2 vs. 10.1%; 100–249 cows, 9.1 vs. 11.0 vs. 12.9%; 250–499 cows, 11.8 vs. 14.5 vs. 18.0%; 500–999 cows, 16.6 vs. 21.0 vs. 24.6%; > 1,000 cows, 27.3 vs. 31.0 vs. 36.6%) and sexed semen (<100 cows, 5.1 vs. 5.9 vs. 6.9%; 100–249 cows, 7.1 vs. 8.7 vs. 10.3%; 250–499 cows, 9.2 vs. 10.8 vs. 13.3%; 500–999 cows, 11.4 vs. 13.8 vs. 16.9%; > 1,000 cows, 14.4 vs. 21.3 vs. 24.1%) increased (P < 0.001) as herd size increased. From 2019 to 2021, beef semen allocation increased (P < 0.001) with increasing service (S) number (S1, 11.7 vs. 15.0 vs. 18.1%; S2, 17.9 vs. 20.4 vs. 24.2%; S3+, 29.0 vs. 33.4 vs. 40.1%), whereas sexed semen allocation decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing service number (S1, 17.7 vs. 21.3 vs. 25.0%; S2, 7.0 vs. 14.3 vs. 17.6%; S3+, 2.5 vs. 5.1 vs. 5.9%). Beef semen allocation increased (P < 0.001) as service number (1, 2, 3+) and parity (P) increased (P0, 4.0 vs. 6.1 vs. 23.7%; P1, 10.3 vs. 15.0 vs. 30.4%; P2, 19.5 vs. 24.0 vs. 36.0%; P3+, 29.2 vs. 32.9 vs. 41.2%), whereas sexed semen allocation decreased (P < 0.001) as service number and parity increased (P0, 47.2 vs. 46.0 vs. 22.1%; P1, 21.0 vs. 14.6 vs. 4.8%; P2, 11.4 vs. 7.4 vs. 2.6%; P3+, 5.9 vs. 3.8 vs. 1.8%). In conclusion, allocation of sexed and beef semen to inseminate US Holsteins has increased over the past 3 years particularly in larger herds that allocate semen type differentially based on parity and service number. Supported by NIFA USDA CARE project 2021–68008–34105. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86027 |
Watch |
2229T |
Characterization of semen type allocation in Jersey females in the United States. |
4 |
M. R. Lauber |
sexed semen beef semen Jersey |
M. R. Lauber1, F. Peñagaricano1, R. H. Fourdraine2, J. S. Clay2, P. M. Fricke1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC |
Our objective was to characterize semen type allocation in US Jerseys by year, parity, service number, and herd size. A total of 437,081 inseminations from July 2019 to October 2021 that included 176,742 Jersey females from 2,780 herds were provided by Dairy Records Management Systems. Jersey service sire codes were classified as conventional or sexed semen based on National Association of Animal Breeders marketing codes, and service sire breeds were classified as Jersey or other dairy (other 6 US recognized dairy breeds) or beef sires. Logistic regression that included all 2-way interactions were used to analyze each semen type. From 2019 to 2021, as herd size increased (P < 0.001) allocation of beef semen (<100 cows, 3.9 vs. 5.3 vs. 7.6%; 100–249 cows, 6.1 vs. 7.9 vs. 9.2%; 250–499 cows, 14.1 vs. 15.8 vs. 16.4%; 500–999 cows, 12.3 vs. 14.1 vs. 19.1%; > 1,000 cows, 17.3 vs. 26.3 vs. 34.9%) and sexed semen (<100 cows, 15.0 vs. 18.6 vs. 21.6%; 100–249 cows, 23.0 vs. 27.2 vs. 29.8%; 250–499 cows, 26.2 vs. 28.5 vs. 36.6%; 500–999 cows, 32.0 vs. 35.4 vs. 39.3%; > 1,000 cows, 26.9 vs. 31.6 vs. 32.4%) increased (P < 0.001). From 2019 to 2021, beef semen allocation increased (P < 0.001) with increasing service (S) number (S1, 6.7 vs. 9.5 vs. 12.9%; S2, 10.8 vs. 15.3 vs. 20.0%; S3+, 21.1 vs. 29.2 vs. 36.6%), whereas sexed semen allocation decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing service number (S1, 31.6 vs. 35.3 vs. 40.3%; S2, 22.8 vs. 29.2 vs. 32.7%; S3+, 11.5 vs. 15.8 vs. 16.7%). Beef semen allocation increased (P < 0.001) as service number (1, 2, 3+) and parity (P) increased (P0, 3.8 vs. 6.7 vs. 34.1%; P1, 7.5 vs. 15.6 vs. 29.6%; P2, 11.5 vs. 18.4 vs. 30.7%; P3+, 17.5 vs. 20.4 vs. 29.7%), whereas sexed semen allocation decreased (P < 0.001) as service number and parity increased (P0, 51.7 vs. 50.4 vs. 25.4%; P1, 35.3 vs. 28.6 vs. 15.2%; P2, 31.9 vs. 26.0 vs. 14.2%; P3+, 27.1 vs. 22.0 vs. 13.0%). Thus, allocation of sexed and beef semen to inseminate US Jerseys has increased over the past 3 years particularly in larger herds that allocate semen type differentially based on parity and service number. Supported by NIFA USDA CARE project 2021–68008–34105. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86632 |
Watch |
2230T |
Associations between postpartum health and incidence of early pregnancy loss after first insemination in dairy cows. |
5 |
T. C. Bruinjé |
embryonic loss fertility transition health |
T. C. Bruinjé1, E. I. Morrison1, E. S. Ribeiro2, D. L. Renaud1, S. J. LeBlanc1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective was to investigate associations between postpartum health and early pregnancy loss after first artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows. In 385 Holstein cows from 2 commercial herds in Ontario, total Ca, haptoglobin (Hp), and NEFA were measured in serum at 2 and 6 (±2) DIM. At 4, 8, 11, and 15 (±2) DIM, blood β-hydroxybutyrate and the occurrence of metritis (fetid, watery vaginal discharge observed at any of those time points) were assesesd, and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) and endometritis by endometrial cytology were examined at 35 (±3) DIM. Body condition and lameness were evaluated throughout the study, and additional disease data obtained from farm records. First AI was based on detection of estrus until 75 DIM, or synchronization for timed AI subsequently. Pregnancy status at d 19 after first AI was determined based on the expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in blood leukocytes. Pregnancy at 29, 33, and 40 d after first AI were determined by serum pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG). Using a positive PAG test at d 29 as the reference, the cut-point of ISG15 based on ROC analysis had 90% sensitivity and 68% specificity to predict pregnancy, and false positives were assumed to be potential pregnancy losses. The proportions of cows considered pregnant at d 19, 29, 33 and 40 were 58, 46, 46 and 41%, respectively. Data were analyzed using univariable mixed logistic regression models including herd as a random effect, and comparisons presented as cows with vs. without the health disorder. The risk of apparent pregnancy loss from d 19 to 29 was greater in cows with elevated Hp (≥1.0 g/L) at 2 DIM (42 vs. 27%; P = 0.04), metritis (54 vs. 28%; P = 0.01), or PVD (46 vs. 28%; P = 0.04). From d 29 to 40, the risk of pregnancy loss was greater in cows that had hypocalcemia (≤2.1 mM) at 6 DIM (30 vs. 14%; P = 0.01), metritis (47 vs. 15%; P < 0.01), and low body condition (≤2.75 on a 1–5 scale) at 63 (±3) DIM (33 vs. 15%; P = 0.03). Markers of early postpartum systemic inflammation and reproductive tract diseases were associated with greater incidence of pregnancy losses between d 19 and 29, while hypocalcemia and metritis were associated with pregnancy losses from d 29 to 40 after first AI. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86651 |
Watch |
2231T |
Associations of postpartum health with luteal function after insemination and endocrine signaling in early pregnancy in dairy cows. |
6 |
T. C. Bruinjé |
fertility reproduction transition health |
T. C. Bruinjé1, E. I. Morrison1, E. S. Ribeiro2, D. L. Renaud1, S. J. LeBlanc1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective was to investigate associations of postpartum health with serum progesterone (P4) after first artificial insemination (AI), expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and serum pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) in early pregnancy. In 464 postpartum Holstein cows from 2 commercial herds, total Ca, haptoglobin, and NEFA were measured in serum at 2 and 6 (±2) DIM. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and metritis were assessed in wk 1 and 2, and purulent vaginal discharge and endometritis by endometrial cytology were examined at wk 5. Onset of cyclicity was assessed by biweekly P4 measurements, and body condition and lameness were evaluated throughout the study. First AI occurred based on estrus detection until 75 DIM, or synchronization for timed AI thereafter. Serum P4 was measured at d 8 and 12 (±1) after first AI, expression of ISGs (ISG15 and RTP4) in blood leukocytes was assessed on d 19 (±1), and PAG in serum was measured on d 29, 33, and 40 (±1) after first AI. Multivariable mixed linear regression models were used including the fixed effects of each categorized health variable, the time component with repeated measures (P4 and PAG models only), and the random effect of farm. Results (LSM ± SE) are reported comparing cows that had vs. did not have the health disorder. Concentration of P4 was lower in cows that had hypocalcemia (Ca ≤2.1 mM) at 6 DIM (4.0 vs. 4.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL; P = 0.01) and in cows with delayed cyclicity beyond wk 3 (4.1 vs. 4.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL; P = 0.10). In pregnant cows, expression of RTP4 (relative fold change; 95% CI) was lower in cows that had hypocalcemia at 2 DIM [2.2 (1.9–2.5) vs. 2.5 (2.2–2.9); P = 0.05] or BHB ≥0.7 mM at wk 2 [2.1 (1.9–2.4) vs. 2.6 (2.2–2.9); P = 0.01]. Sample-to-positive ratio of PAG was lower in pregnant cows that had prepartum body condition ≥3.75 (1–5 scale; 3.7 vs. 4.1 ± 0.2; P = 0.01) or NEFA ≥0.6 mM at 2 DIM (3.7 vs. 4.1 ± 0.2; P = 0.02). These associations suggest long-term effects of metabolic disorders on luteal function after breeding, pregnancy recognition signaling, and placental function during early pregnancy. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86737 |
Watch |
2232T |
Induced endometrial inflammation impacts production and reproduction in dairy cows. |
7 |
A. Husnain |
dairy cow endometritis performance |
A. Husnain1, U. Arshad1, M. B. Poindexter1, R. Zimpel1, M. N. Marinho1, M. C. Perdomo1, P. Fan1, K. C. C. Jeong1, C. D. Nelson1, J. J. Bromfield1, J. E. P. Santos1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to explore the impact of induced endometritis on productive performance in early lactation and subsequent reproduction. We hypothesized that induced endometritis results in localized and systemic inflammatory responses that depress production and compromise reproduction. Holstein cows without clinical disease in the first 30 d postpartum and < 18% polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology had estrous cycle synchronized. Cows were blocked by parity and genomic breeding value for fertility and, within block, assigned randomly to remain as controls (CON; n = 37) or to receive an intrauterine infusion of 5 × 108 colony-forming units (cfu) of Escherichia coli and 5 × 108 cfu of Trueperella pyogenes on d 6 of an estrous cycle (INF; n = 48). Endometrial cytology was performed on d 2 and 7 after treatment. Rectal temperature, dry matter intake (DMI), and yields of milk and components were measured in the first 7 d after treatment. Reproduction was evaluated for 300 d postpartum. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects models that included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Days in milk at infusion did not differ between treatments (CON = 37.6 vs. INF = 38.1 ± 1.7, P = 0.68). Proportion of PMN, risk of subclinical endometritis (SCE, > 10% PMN), and serum concentrations of haptoglobin increased in INF cows. Yields of milk, protein and lactose, and DMI decreased in INF cows. Pregnancy per AI and the hazard of pregnancy were reduced in INF cows, extending days open. Induced endometrial inflammation caused a transient reduction in DMI and compromised productive performance concurrent with long-term negative effects on reproduction in lactating dairy cows. Table 1.
| Measure |
CON |
INF |
SEM |
P-value |
| PMN, % |
7.0 |
21.5 |
1.8 |
0.01 |
| SCE, % |
23.3 |
80.9 |
5.2 |
0.01 |
| Rectal temperature, °C |
38.6 |
38.6 |
0.1 |
0.78 |
| Haptoglobin, μg/mL |
70.7 |
102.5 |
6.30 |
0.03 |
| DMI, kg/d |
20.7 |
19.4 |
0.5 |
0.07 |
| Milk, kg/d |
44.9 |
41.6 |
0.8 |
0.01 |
| ECM, kg/d |
43.1 |
41.6 |
0.8 |
0.16 |
| Fat, kg/d |
1.56 |
1.58 |
0.05 |
0.72 |
| Protein, kg/d |
1.19 |
1.12 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| Lactose, kg/d |
2.17 |
2.03 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
| Pregnancy at all AI, % |
33.4 |
21.6 |
4.4 |
0.06 |
| Pregnancy by 300 DIM, % |
88.2 |
62.0 |
6.9 |
0.02 |
| Hazard of pregnancy (95% CI) |
1.64 (0.96-2.79) |
Referent |
— |
0.07 |
| Median days open (95% CI) |
150 (115-163) |
174 (146-223) |
— |
— |
|
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86820 |
Watch |
2233T |
Uterine microbiome and inflammation at one month postpartum in cows diagnosed as healthy or metritic and treated or not treated with antibiotic at 7 d postpartum. |
8 |
M. C. Lucy |
metritis inflammation antibiotics |
M. C. Lucy1, T. J. Evans1, J. G. N. Moraes1, T. Gull1, A. C. Ericsson1, M. O. Caldeira1, S. E. Poock1, T. E. Spencer1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Postpartum metritis is associated with microbial dysbiosis, chronic uterine inflammation and subfertility. Antibiotic (AB) is used to treat infections associated with metritis. We hypothesized that AB early postpartum would change the microbiome and reduce uterine inflammation in metritic (M) cows. At 7 d postpartum (dpp), cows were diagnosed with M (fetid red-brown vaginal discharge; n = 18) or were healthy (H; normal discharge; n = 17) and were either AB-treated (M, n = 9 and H, n = 9) with ceftiofur hydrochloride (i.m.; 2.2 mg/kg for 3d) or not treated (NT; M, n = 9 and H, n = 8). Cows were slaughtered at 29.1 ± 1.7 dpp, the uterus was removed and the uterine lumen was accessed by sterile dissection. Bacteria within the uterine lumen were cultured under aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic conditions and isolates identified. Uterine samples were also sequenced for the 16S rRNA V4 hypervariable region of bacteria (metagenomics). Samples were collected for histological scoring of endometrial inflammation [total number of eosinophils (EO), neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells counted in 10 400X fields from 2 sections and scored from 0.5 (<10 cells/field) to 3 (>50 cells/field)]. The number of lymphocytic foci (LF) per 5 mm was also counted. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of AB on cultured bacteria or sequenced microbiome. Cows that were previously diagnosed with M had a greater inflammation score in epithelium (1.15 ± 0.09 vs. 0.89 ± 0.09; P < 0.05) but the inflammation score in the stroma was similar (2.71 ± 0.03 vs. 2.65 ± 0.03) (M vs. H, respectively). The score for EO (1.63 ± 0.14 vs. 0.93 ± 0.14; P < 0.002) and the number of LF/5 mm (4.85 ± 0.36 vs. 3.53 ± 0.37) were greater for M vs. H cows, respectively. Cows treated with AB were similar to NT for inflammation score, EO, and LF. Conclusions were that early postpartum M was associated with increased uterine inflammation at one month postpartum, especially that associated with EO and LF. Treatment with AB early postpartum did not change the microbiome or reduce inflammation. Supported by the NICHD of the NIH under award no. R01HD092254. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86915 |
Watch |
2234T |
Impact of uterine disease on the reestablishment of uterine glands in early postpartum dairy cows. |
9 |
I. Sellmer |
metritis uterus glands |
I. Sellmer1, J. G. N. Moraes1, M. O. Caldeira1, S. E. Poock1, T. E. Spencer1, M. C. Lucy1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Dairy cattle are AI at approximately 2 mo after calving to maintain a yearly calving interval. Before first AI, the uterus must undergo involution, a process that includes the restoration of functional uterine glands (UG). The process that gives rise to UG within the glandular endometrium (GE) is unclear and the impact of postpartum uterine disease (metritis; M) and antibiotic (AB) treatment is unknown. We studied UG development by using histological analysis of uterine cross sections. At d 7 postpartum, primiparous cows were diagnosed with M (fetid red-brown watery vaginal discharge; n = 18) or were deemed Healthy (H; normal discharge; n = 17) and were either AB-treated (H, n = 9 and M, n = 9) with ceftiofur hydrochloride (i.m.; 1.25 g/d for 3 d) or not treated (H, n = 8 and M, n = 9). Cows were slaughtered at 29.1 ± 1.7 d postpartum. A cross section of the uterus was collected ipsilateral to the previous pregnancy and sectioned (5 µm) for histological analysis. The number of UG cross sections per microscopic field (0.33 mm2) was counted and the area of the UG in cross section (× 103 µm2) was measured in the deep, middle, and superficial GE using ImageJ (2 fields per section). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (Cary, NC). UG were smaller (P < 0.01) but more numerous (P < 0.001) from deep to superficial GE [UG area: 19.7, 22.9, and 38.9 × 103 µm2 (SEM = 4.5) and UG number: 17.3, 13.7, and 7.5 UG per field (SEM = 1.0) for deep, middle, and superficial GE, respectively]. Cows previously diagnosed with M had lesser (P < 0.022) cross-sectional UG area compared with H cows (21.2 ± 3.6 vs. 33.2 ± 3.7 × 103 µm2; M vs. H). There was an interaction (P < 0.01) for number of UG per field because, compared with H cows, the M cows had fewer UG in the deep (13.5 ± 1.4 vs. 21.1 ± 1.4) and middle GE (11.6 ± 1.4 vs. 15.8 ± 1.4) but similar numbers of UG in the superficial GE (8.1 ± 1.4 vs. 6.8 ± 1.4) (M vs. H). There was no effect of AB on the number of UG. We conclude that uterine disease early postpartum may delay fertility in postpartum dairy cows by slowing the regeneration of UG. Supported by the NICHD of the National Institutes of Health under award no. R01HD092254. |
| Reproduction Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86933 |
Watch |
2235T |
Endometrial epithelial cells from virgin heifers respond differently to lipopolysaccharide compared with d 30 and d 75 postpartum cows. |
10 |
M. O. Caldeira |
heifers metritis endometrium |
M. O. Caldeira1, J. G. N. Moraes1,2, I. Sellmer-Ramos1, S. E. Poock1, T. E. Spencer1, M. C. Lucy1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 2Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK |
Postpartum uterine disease creates chronic inflammation that compromises uterine function leading to infertility. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used to activate the NFκB pathway, which controls the regulation and production of proinflammatory cytokines involved in host defense. We hypothesized that bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEEC) carry an immunological and cellular memory after inflammation. Thus, bEEC isolated from heifers’ uteri would respond differently to LPS compared with the bEEC from diseased or healthy primiparous cows. Primary bEEC were isolated from the uteri of virgin heifers in the luteal phase (d14 cycle, n = 3) and cows diagnosed at d7 postpartum as healthy (H) or with metritis (M) that were slaughtered at d30 (H, n = 3; M, n = 3) or d75 (H, n = 5; M, n = 5) postpartum. The bEEC were seeded in 12-well cell culture plates with a growth medium and incubated at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 until 90% confluency. Treatments were CON (medium only) or LPS (E. coli, O111:B4 1 µg/mL), and cells were harvested after 24h. The mRNA was extracted, and RT-PCR was performed to measure mRNA fold change (CON – LPS) of GAPDH (housekeeping control), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), CXCL8, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase2 (PTGS2), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), and heat shock protein70 (HSP70), which are factors involved in inflammation. The GLM procedure on SAS was used to identify the disease (H vs M) and bEEC origin (heifer, primiparous d30 or d75) effects. Cells with different days postpartum (d30 vs d75) and initial diagnosis (H vs M) responded similarly to the fold change in all mRNAs analyzed. bEEC from heifers had a greater fold change in CXCL8 (36.9 ± 6.9, P < 0.05), TNF (83.2 ± 8.7 P < 0.001) and SAA3 (2,875.6 ± 330.8 P < 0.001) compared with d30 (15.5 ± 4.9, 13.9 ± 6.2 and 335.2 ± 233.9, respectively) and d75 (15.2 ± 4.2, 16.2 ± 5.0 and 330.9 ± 191.0, respectively) in response to the LPS treatment. The bEEC derived from heifers’ naïve uteri challenged with LPS responded with a greater increase in proinflammatory factors critical to an immune response when compared with cows at d30 and d75 postpartum. Supported by the NICHD of the NIH under award no. R01HD092254. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9965 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t87072 |
Watch |
2254T |
Effects of enriching maternal colostrum with bovine dried colostrum replacer on IgG absorption in newborn male calves. |
1 |
A. J. Lopez |
calf colostrum IgG enrichment |
A. J. Lopez1, H. McCarthy1, T. T. Yohe1, J. Echeverry-Munera1, M. Nagorske2, D. L. Renaud3, M. A. Steele1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada, 3Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Increased serum IgG levels in newborns require ingestion of a higher total IgG mass. This could be achieved by adding colostrum replacer (CR) to maternal colostrum (MC). The objective of this study was to investigate if low and medium-quality MC can be enriched with bovine dried CR to achieve adequate serum IgG levels. Male Holstein calves (n = 80;16/TRT) with a birth BW of 40–52 kg were randomly enrolled to be fed 3.8L of: 30 g/L IgG MC (C1), 60 g/L IgG MC (C2), 90 g/L IgG MC (C3), C1 enriched with 551 g of CR (60 g/L; 30–60CR), or C2 enriched with 620 g of CR (90 g/L: 60–90CR). All MC and CR were provided by the Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd. (Saskatoon, SK, Canada). A subset of 40 calves (8/TRT) had a catheter placed and were fed colostrum with acetaminophen to estimate abomasal emptying rate per h (ABh). Baseline blood samples were taken followed by samples at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h relative to initial colostrum feeding. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS v9.4. Results for all measurements are presented in the following order: C1, C2, C3, 30–60CR, and 60–90CR, unless otherwise stated. Serum IgG levels at 24 h were different (P < 0.01): 11.8, 24.3, 35.7, 19.9, and 26.9 mg/mL ± 1.02, respectively. Serum IgG at 24 h increased when enriching C1 to 30–60CR (P < 0.01) but not from C2 to 60–90CR (P = 0.40). Apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) values were different (P < 0.01): 42.4, 45.1, 43.2, 36.3, and 33.4% ± 1.93, respectively. Enriching C1 to 30–60CR tended to decrease AEA (P = 0.06), but it was reduced by enriching C2 to 60–90CR (P < 0.01). The ABh values were also different (P < 0.01): 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.1 ± 0.00; respectively. Enriching C1 to 30–60CR or C2 to 60–90CR reduced AB (P < 0.01). However, 30–60CR and 60–90CR have a similar AB as the reference meal of C3 (P > 0.05). Even though AB was reduced for 30–60CR, results indicate that C1 has the potential to be enriched and achieve acceptable serum IgG levels at 24 h without affecting AEA. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86873 |
Watch |
2256T |
Performance and health of calves fed milk replacer supplemented with varying levels of lactoferrin from birth to 8 weeks of age. |
2 |
E. Dufour |
calf performance lactoferrin milk replacer |
E. Dufour1, M. Klejeski2, D. Ziegler3, B. Ziegler1, M. Scott3, A. Golombeski1, I. Salfer4 |
1Hubbard Feeds, Mankato, MN, 2University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center, Waseca, MN, 3Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie, MN, 4University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN |
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of lactoferrin (LF) supplementation in milk replacer (MR) on growth, feed efficiency, and health in dairy calves. Before rumen development, calves are highly susceptible to a variety of respiratory and digestive diseases. Lactoferrin is an antimicrobial glycoprotein found in bovine colostrum and milk, but is low in MR. Previous studies testing effects of LF on calf growth and health are inconsistent. Holstein heifer calves (n = 103) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete-block design from birth to d 56 of age. Treatments included 680.25 g/d of 24% protein, 20% fat MR (12.5% wt/vol in water) supplemented with either 0 (L0), 1 (L1), 2 (L2) or 4 (L4) g/d of LF (45% purity). Body weight was measured at d 0, 14, 28, 42, 49 and 56 of age. Fecal scores were measured weekly. Feed intake was measured daily and calculated biweekly. The experiment ran from Oct 2021 to Feb 2022. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment, source, barn, and initial body weight. Biweekly body weight, calf intake and fecal scores and were analyzed as repeated measures with repeated effect of day using the heterogeneous regressive covariance structure. MR intake during the entire preweaning period (d 1 to 49) tended to be affected by treatment (P = 0.05) with a decrease in L2 compared with L0, L1, and L4. Starter Intake was not affected by treatment (P = 0.45) Lactoferrin inclusion tended to increase growth during d 1 to 14 of life (P = 0.06), with L4 increasing ADG by 16% and 24% compared with L1 and L2, respectively. However, ADG was not affected during any other interval of the study. Gain to feed ratio (G:F) was affected by treatment from d 1 to 14 (P = 0.02) with L4 increasing G:F by 15% compared with L1 and 24% compared with L2, but was not affected during the rest of the study. Treatment affected average fecal score during the experiment (P = 0.02), with L2 increasing average fecal score compared with L0, L1, and L4. Overall, LF supplementation at the inclusion levels provided had no biologically significant effects on feed intake, growth rate, or calf health. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86282 |
Watch |
2257T |
Effect of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on performance of milk-fed calves. |
3 |
K. J. Hazlewood |
guanidinoacetic acid cattle growth |
K. J. Hazlewood1, C. A. Zumbaugh1, C. K. Jones1, E. M. Atkinson1, H. L. R. Tingler1, V. K. Inhuber2, M. J. Brouk1, E. C. Titgemeyer1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2Alzchem Trostberg GmbH, Trostberg, Germany |
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor to creatine, an energy reserve in the body. Supplementation of GAA can increase creatine supply and promote growth performance of animals. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of GAA supplementation on performance of milk-fed calves. Forty-five (5 to 9 d old) Holstein-Angus steer calves (40.9 ± 3.6 kg) were blocked by body weight and total serum protein and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments to assess growth performance. Treatments, provided for 42 d, included milk replacer supplemented with 1) no GAA, 2) 1 g/d GAA (Creamino; Alzchem Trostberg GmbH), or 3) 2 g/d GAA. Daily treatments were divided into 2 feedings. Calves were housed individually and fed 2.84 L milk replacer (25% protein, 24% fat) twice daily with ad libitum starter feed access. No treatment was fed during the 17-d weaning period. During weaning, calves received 1.89 L twice daily from d 42 to 48, 1.89 L once daily from d 49 to 55, and no milk replacer after d 55. Due to death loss, performance data of 41 calves were analyzed using the mixed procedure in SAS with treatment as a fixed effect and block as a random effect. Contrasts tested linear and quadratic effects of treatment. There was a tendency for linearly increased body weight with increasing GAA by d 59. There was a numerical increase in average daily gain (ADG) from d 0–42 and 42–59 with both 1 and 2 g/d GAA being greater than control. From d 0–59, ADG tended to increase with increasing GAA with similar increases for 1 and 2 g/d GAA. During all time periods, starter feed dry matter intake (DMI) tended to linearly increase with similar increases for 1 and 2 g/d GAA. Inclusion of GAA in milk replacer increased gain of calves, and this was associated with elevated starter intake. Table 1. Performance of milk-fed calves supplemented GAA
| Item |
GAA, g/d |
SEM |
P-value |
| 0 |
1 |
2 |
Linear |
Quad |
| ADG, kg/d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Days 0-42 |
0.69 |
0.77 |
0.79 |
0.050 |
0.15 |
0.58 |
| Days 0-59 |
0.86 |
0.97 |
0.98 |
0.051 |
0.09 |
0.45 |
| Milk DMI, kg/d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Days 0-42 |
0.81 |
0.81 |
0.82 |
0.013 |
0.72 |
0.97 |
| Days 0-59 |
0.68 |
0.69 |
0.69 |
0.009 |
0.71 |
0.99 |
| Starter DMI, kg/d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Days 0-42 |
0.20 |
0.28 |
0.29 |
0.035 |
0.06 |
0.36 |
| Days 0-59 |
0.63 |
0.77 |
0.79 |
0.062 |
0.06 |
0.36 |
| Gain:Feed, g/g |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Days 0-42 |
0.68 |
0.70 |
0.71 |
0.027 |
0.38 |
0.89 |
| Days 0-59 |
0.65 |
0.66 |
0.66 |
0.012 |
0.55 |
0.83 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86139 |
|
2258T |
BRIX does not accurately estimate immunoglobulin content in colostrum. |
4 |
D. A. Vermeire |
colostrum Brix calf |
D. A. Vermeire1, D. A. DeKlyen2 |
1Nouriche Nutrition LLC, McMurray, PA, 2La Belle Colostrum, Phoenix, AZ |
New guidelines have been established for transfer of passive immunity (Lombard et al., 2020). While only 35.5% of calves had excellent serum IgG levels, Hare et al. (2020) showed that it was possible for 100% of calves to achieve levels > 25.0 g/L when given adequate Ig within the first 12 h after birth. Morrill et al. (2012) identified inadequate IgG levels in colostrum (<50 g/L) as a primary reason why calves do not achieve adequate serum IgG levels. On-farm methods used to estimate Ig content of colostrum includes Brix refractometer which is a proxy for Ig content in colostrum. This study was undertaken to determine accuracy of Brix estimates in colostrum samples compared with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (fTIR). Bovine colostrum samples (n=997) were analyzed with digital Brix refractometer and compared with analysis for IgG and moisture using fTIR. Colostrum was either pooled collections from single diaries (n=137) or pooled collections from multiple dairies (n=142). IgG content in whole colostrum (n=441) ranged from 1.2 to 63.8 with a mean of 23.66 ± 0.42 g/L. Based on IgG levels (g/L) analyzed with fTIR, samples were assigned IgG Scores of 0-6. IgG levels (fTIR) and Brix were compared with IgG Score using ANOVA and Tukey means separation. While each category was different (P<.05) when comparing IgG levels, Brix underestimated IgG level in samples with IgG >40 g/L, which is the most critical range for colostrum. Brix was highly correlated (0.74) to solids content and to IgG content on an as is basis (0.70) but poorly correlated to actual IgG content on dry matter basis (0.40). Regression equations of IgG Score: IgG Score = −0.89685 + Brix × 0.18523 (R2=0.42, P < 0.0001); IgG Score = −0.51232 + IgG (as is) × 0.99981 (R2=0.95, P < 0.0001). Table 1.
| Item |
IgG Score |
| 0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
| IgG, g/L |
6.0±0.26a |
15.8±0.16b |
24.5±0.18c |
34.6±0.24d |
44.4±0.34e |
54.2±0.45f |
62.0±1.61g |
| Brix |
9.9±0.33a |
13.3±0.20b |
15.1±0.22c |
17.8±0.30d |
19.4±0.43e |
21.5±0.56e |
23.8±2.00e |
a,bMeans within rows with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86074 |
Watch |
2259T |
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen-protected choline: Effects of in utero exposure on growth and feed efficiency in Holstein dairy calves. |
5 |
H. T. Holdorf |
inflammation methyl donor glucose |
H. T. Holdorf1, S. J. Henisz1, G. J. Combs1, W. E. Brown1, S. J. Erb1, M. J. Martin1, K. E. Ruh1, K. A. Estes2, H. M. White1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY |
Feeding pregnant cows rumen-protected choline (RPC) has potential to impact the growth and health of their calves. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of late gestation RPC dose on growth and health in calves. Multiparous Holstein cows pregnant with female Holstein calves (n = 50) were randomly assigned to 0g (control; CTL), 15g (recommended dose; RD), or 22g (high dose; HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2; Balchem Corp.) or the RD of choline ion from an established product (RPC1; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control). Treatments (trt) were mixed into the TMR and cows had ad libitum access via Insentec feeders (Hokofarm Group; 4 feeders/trt) which allowed quantification of individual intake. Calves were fed colostrum after birth from dams within the same trt and then fed an accelerated milk replacer (MR) program and offered ad libitum access to calf starter. Jugular vein blood samples were collected and BW was measured at 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56d. Mixed models analyzing categorical trt effects and continuous effects of actual dam RPC2 intake were performed in PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. Differences were significant at P < 0.05, and tendencies at 0.05 < P < 0.1. No differences (P > 0.12) in measures of health were observed across trt; however, some calves across trt experienced abomasal bloat (36%). Increasing RPC2 dose linearly increased (P < 0.03) average daily gain (ADG: β = 0.0059kg/d per g choline ion) and feed efficiency (FE: +0.032% per g choline ion) during the first 2wk of life. No effects of RPC were observed (P > 0.16) on blood fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, or blood urea nitrogen concentrations. All RPC trt increased (P < 0.03) blood glucose. Blood lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) was quantified at 7d in CTL and RPC2RD calves and tended to be decreased (P < 0.09) by feeding RPC2RD. The increased ADG and FE, taken together with the LBP and glucose responses, suggest that in utero exposure to RPC2 may have reduced inflammation and spared glucose for growth and should be further examined. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86608 |
Watch |
2260T |
Preweaning pair and individual housing effects on subsequent heifer feed efficiency. |
6 |
K. A. Riesgraf |
isolation stress feed efficiency |
K. A. Riesgraf1, M. S. Akins1, J. M. C. Van Os1, K. A. Weigel1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison, WI, |
Early life stressors, such as isolation stress, may have a lasting impact on animal performance and feed efficiency, potentially inflating the cost of raising heifers and reducing farm profitability. Previous studies have demonstrated growth benefits pre- and immediately postweaning for pair-housed calves over their individually housed counterparts. Our objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of social isolation stress in pre-weaned Holstein calves on subsequent heifer growth and feed efficiency. A total of 41 heifers had been subjected to paired (n = 13 pairs; 26 heifers) or individual (n = 15) housing as pre-weaned calves. The pairs and individual heifers were randomly assigned to 6 pens (6 to 8 heifers per pen) with Calan gates at 17 to 18 mo of age. Body weights (BW) were measured on 3 consecutive days and averaged to obtain one beginning and one end value. Hip height (HH), hip width (HW), and heart girth (HG) were recorded on a single day at the beginning and end of the study. All heifers were fed the same diet with 62.3% corn silage, 36.0% haylage, 0.7% urea, and 1.0% mineral (DM basis) for the duration of the 9-week study. Daily TMR weights and refusals were used to calculate as-fed intakes. Feed samples were gathered daily, composited by week, and dried to calculate DMI, which was divided by average daily gain (ADG) to compute feed efficiency. Statistical analyses were performed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Paired and individual DMI (11.69 ± 0.15 and 11.73 ± 0.2 kg, respectively) were not statistically different, P = 0.87. No differences were observed in ADG (P = 0.24) between paired (0.90 ± 0.04 kg/day) and individual (0.98 ± 0.05 kg/day) treatments. Consequently, feed efficiency did not differ between treatments (14.0 ± 0.8 for pairs versus 12.2 ± 1.0 kg DMI / kg ADG for individuals; P = 0.15), nor did HH, HW, or HG differ (P > 0.16). In conclusion, social isolation stress does not seem to have long-term effects on dairy heifer growth or feed efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9968 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86723 |
Watch |
2262T |
Effect of glycerol supplementation across transition period on feed intake and milking performance in multiparous dairy cows milked with automated systems. |
1 |
B. J. Van Soest |
glycerol transition cows automated milking system |
B. J. Van Soest1, M. N. Pereira3, T. F. Duffield2, M. A. Steele1, T. J. DeVries1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavra, Lavras, MG, Brazil |
The objective of this study was to quantify the effect supplementing transition dairy cows with dry glycerol in the prepartum and postpartum period would have on DMI and milking performance. Multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 60) were enrolled in a 2x2 factorial study design. From d 21 to calving cows received a dry cow diet with: 1) 250 g/d glycerol product (66% pure glycerol), or 2) no supplementation. After calving, cows were assigned to: 1) 250 g/d glycerol product (66% pure glycerol), or 2) no supplementation to their partial mixed ration (PMR) for the first 21 DIM. All cows were milked and offered a target of 5.4 kg/d pellet by an automated milking system (AMS). Individual automated feeding bins recorded feed intake. Treatment factors were analyzed using mixed-effect linear regression models. Far-off feed intake (from d 42 to 21 to calving), initial dry cow BW and month of calving were tested as covariates for milking and feeding data. Daily milk yield (MY) was recorded on a 3 d rolling average, while DMI was calculated as a %BW, accounting for a lower initial dry cow BW for prepartum glycerol supplemented cows (758 vs 813 ± 15.1 kg; P = 0.01). Cows supplemented with glycerol prepartum had greater DMI both prepartum (2.13 vs 1.93 ± 0.03%BW; P < 0.001) and postpartum (2.90 vs 2.75 ± 0.04%BW; P = 0.003). Cows supplemented postpartum had reduced PMR intake (16.9 vs 17.7 kg DM/d, P = 0.02), with no differences detected in AMS pellet consumption (3.34 kg DM/d; P < 0.3). No differences were observed in milking frequency (2.8 ± 0.17 milkings/d; P = 0.4). Prepartum only glycerol supplemented cows had increased (P = 0.04) MY in the first 21 DIM (41.3 kg/d) compared with other treatments, which did not differ (36.5 kg/d). Similarly, glycerol supplemented cows prepartum only had the highest cumulative MY over 21 DIM, while cows supplemented in both periods had the lowest (900 vs 776 ± 35 kg, respectively; P = 0.05). The results suggest supplementing glycerol in the 21d before calving increased DMI and milk production in early lactation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86499 |
Watch |
2263T |
Effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on fat yield and fatty acid profile of milk in dairy cows. |
2 |
I. A. M. A. Teixeira |
fatty acid milk fat dairy cattle |
W. B. Gallardo1, I. A. M. A. Teixeira1,2 |
1Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, 2Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Twin Falls, ID |
Our objective was to investigate how dietary fatty acids (FA) affect milk fat production and milk FA profile in dairy cows using a meta-analytical approach. We used a database composed of 230 peer-review papers in dairy cows (n = 12,892), comprising 515 treatment means. The effect size was evaluated using the raw mean differences (RMD) between FA sources and control treatment. Means were weighted by inverse variance in a model mixed, and analysis of heterogeneity we analyzed by subgroups of FA sources (diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids; MUFA), diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and PUFA) and days in milk. Irrespective of FA source, FA supplementation, increased milk production (RMD = 0.48 kg/d [0.30, 0.65]); however, the proportion of milk fat and milk protein decreased (RMD = −2.19 g/kg [-2.58, −1.80] and −0.43 g/kg [-0.53, −0.32], respectively). Cows supplemented with FA increased the concentrations of preformed milk FA (RMD = 3.91 g/100g FA [2.44, 5.37] and reduced de novo and mixed milk FA (RMD = −3.98 g/100g FA [-4.61, −3.36] and −1.1 g/100g FA [-2.15, −0.05], respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that diets rich in PUFA did not affect milk production and the proportion of milk protein (P > 0.10) and diets rich in SFA increased milk fat concentration (RMD = 0.713 g/kg [0.40, 1.03]. Also, diets rich in MUFA and diets rich in SFA did not affect mixed milk FA (P > 0.10), and diets rich in SFA did not affect preformed milk FA (P > 0.10). Likewise, it is observed that diets rich in PUFA reduced de novo and mixed milk FA (RMD = −7.43 g/100g FA [-9.06, −5.81] and −5.21 g/100g FA [-6.55, −3.87], respectively) and increased preformed milk FA to a greater extent (RMD = 11.92 g/100g FA [8.97, 15.06]. Finally, we observed that FA supplementation decreased milk production in cows with more than 180 DIM (RMD = −0.62 kg/d [-1.15, −0.90]. In conclusion, diets rich in SFA increase the proportion of milk fat. Diets rich in MUFA and PUFA decrease the proportion of milk fat and altered milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86454 |
Watch |
2264T |
Abomasal infusion of increasing doses of lecithin does not affect nutrient digestibility or production responses in post-peak dairy cows. |
3 |
A. M. Burch |
emulsification fatty acid absorption milk fat |
A. M. Burch1, J. de Souza2, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
In ruminants, lecithin is secreted into the abomasum aiding emulsification and micelle formation which are necessary for fatty acid (FA) absorption. To evaluate if supplemental lecithin could improve FA absorption, we determined the effects of abomasal infusions of increasing doses of lecithin on digestibility and production of dairy cows. Eight multiparous cows (76 ± 9 DIM; 51.2 ± 6.15 kg/d of milk) were assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design with 18-d periods (7-d of washout and 11-d of infusion). Treatments were abomasal infusions of water (0G), 15 g/d lecithin (15G), 30 g/d lecithin (30G), or 45 g/d lecithin (45G). The product was de-oiled soybean lecithin containing 94% DM phosphatidylcholine and 52% DM total FA (18.5% C16:0, 3.5% C18:0, 7.3% C18:1, 62.5% C18:2, and 6.6% C18:3). Cows were fed the same diet of (%DM) 29% NDF, 17% CP, 27% starch, and 3.62% FA. The statistical model included the random effect of cow within square and the fixed effects of period, treatment, and their interaction. Pre-planned linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts of increasing lecithin levels were tested. Results are presented in the following order: 0G, 15G, 30G, and 45G. Increasing lecithin dose increased 18-carbon FA intake (linear; 767, 778, 809, 800 g/d; P = 0.04) and tended to increase 16-carbon (linear; 253, 256, 266, 262 g/d; P = 0.09) and total FA intake (linear; 1,074, 1,088, 1,132, 1,117 g/d; P = 0.06). There were no effects on DMI and NDF intake (P > 0.14), or digestibility of DM, NDF, 16-carbon FA, or total FA (P > 0.32). Increasing lecithin dose affected 18-carbon FA digestibility (quadratic; 63.5, 60.4, 61.5, 62.5%; P = 0.09). There were no effects of infusing lecithin on production responses (P > 0.25). In summary, abomasal infusions of up to 45 g/d of de-oiled lecithin did not impact digestibility or production responses. Lack of response could be due to the phospholipid profile of the lecithin, negative feedback from lecithin infusions reducing lecithin secretion by the cow, and a possible requirement for the conversion of lecithin to lysolecithin. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86902 |
Watch |
2265T |
The effect of dietary fat level on mammary arteriovenous fatty acid difference and milk fat yield in Holstein cows. |
4 |
A. N. Staffin |
lactation nutrition fatty acid |
A. N. Staffin1, K. J. Harvatine1 |
1Penn State University, University Park, PA |
US dairy farmers invest in fatty acid (FA) supplements in attempts to increase energy intake and maximize milk fat yield, but the effect of dietary fat level on mammary FA uptake and metabolism are not well described. The objective was to characterize mammary FA arteriovenous (AV) difference and uptake efficiency (arterial concentration / AV difference) of plasma triglycerides (TG) and nonesterified FA (NEFA) at 2 levels of dietary fat. The hypothesis was that mammary AV difference of TG and NEFA would be greater in cows fed a high-fat diet compared with a low-fat diet. A secondary hypothesis was that as arterial concentration of TG and NEFA increased, efficiency of mammary extraction of FA would increase. Nine multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a crossover design with 2, 14 d periods. Treatments were a low-fat diet (LF; ether extract formulated at 2.9% DM) or a high fat diet containing whole cottonseed and a prilled fatty acid supplement (HF; ether extract formulated at 5.4% DM). Data were analyzed in a mixed model that included the random effect of cow and period and fixed effect of treatment in JMP Pro 15. For plasma analysis, the fixed effect of time and interaction of treatment by time was added to the model. There was no effect of treatment on milk or milk protein yield. HF increased milk fat yield 88 g/d (P = 0.02) through an increase in preformed (P < 0.001) and mixed (P = 0.04) source FA. HF also increased milk fat percent (P = 0.02) and increased the percent of preformed FA (P < 0.001) while decreasing the percent of de novo FA (P < 0.001). There was no effect of treatment or time on mammary AV difference of TG or NEFA. There was a positive linear relationship (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.582) between arterial TG concentration and mammary TG AV difference. In conclusion, treatment influenced milk fat yield, fat percent, and FA composition but did not influence mammary TG or NEFA AV differences. However, higher arterial TG concentrations resulted in a greater TG AV difference, indicating greater mammary TG uptake efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86093 |
|
2266T |
Physical effectiveness of corn silage fractions segregated with the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) for lactating cows. |
5 |
F. A. P. Filho |
bioassay particle size physical effectiveness factor |
F. A. P. Filho1, C. S. Parra1, J. M. Bragatto1, S. M. S. da Silva1, A. Moraes1, P. J. Rocco1, L. F. Ferraretto2, J. L. P. Daniel1 |
1Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI |
The aim of this study was to examine the physical effectiveness of corn silage (CS) particles segregated with the PSPS for lactating cows. Eight lactating Holstein cows (611 ± 74 kg BW; 152 ± 83 DIM) were allocated in 2 4 × 4 balanced-Latin squares. Four rumen-cannulated cows composed one Latin square and 4 intact cows composed the other. The 4 experimental diets were as follows: 1) Negative control: 17% forage NDF (fNDF) from whole-plant corn silage (WPCS); 2) < 8: 17% fNDF from WPCS + 9% NDF from CS particles < 8 mm; 3) 8–19: 17% fNDF from WPCS + 9% NDF from CS particles within 8–19 mm; 4) > 19: 17% fNDF from WPCS + 9% NDF from CS particles > 19 mm. Data were analyzed with a model including a random effect of cow(square), and fixed effects of square, period, and treatment. Ruminal fermentation data were analyzed as repeated measures over time. Among CS fractions, shorter chewing time (669 vs 725 min/d), lower milk fat yield (0.901 vs 0.962 kg/d) and higher blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration (0.173 vs 0.031 EU/mL) were found for CS < 8 mm compared with CS with 8–19 mm. The CS with 8–19 mm had greater DM intake (22.4 vs 21.2 kg/d), chewing time (725 vs 663 min/d), rumen VFA (104 vs 91.7 mM), milk yield (26.8 vs 24.8 kg/d), milk fat (0.962 vs 0.889 kg/d) and protein (0.873 vs 0.798 kg/d) yields than the CS > 19 mm. Blood concentrations of D-lactate and serum amyloid A were similar among CS fractions. Physical effectiveness factors (pef) based on different animal responses (i.e., chewing, mat ascension rate, rumen lactate, area under curve of pH < 5.8, blood LPS, and milk fat %) were on average 0.44 for CS particles < 8 mm, and 0.75 for CS particles > 19 mm, in comparison with CS particles with 8–19 mm (pef = 1). Our results demonstrate that NDF of CS particles < 8 mm should not be neglected in diet formulation. On the other hand, NDF of CS particles > 19 mm was less effective than CS retained on the 8 mm sieve, due to the sorting behavior against particles > 19 mm, and therefore, this fraction should be considered with caution when estimating peNDF for dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9962 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86008 |
Watch |
2236T |
Effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol alone and in combination with essential oils on rumen methane emissions and milking performance in dairy cows. |
1 |
N. Walker |
efficiency greenhouse rumen fermentation |
N. Walker1, A. Bach2,3, G. Elcoso4, M. Escartín1, A. Karagianni1, M. Kindermann1, L. Tamassia1 |
1DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland, 2Marlex Research and Education, Barcelona, Spain, 3nstitució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain, 4Blanca from the Pyrenees, Lleida, Spain |
The effect on methane emissions and milking performance of lactating cows supplemented with 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP, Bovaer 10) alone or combined with a blend of essential oils (BEO, Crina Ruminants) was investigated over an 84-d study involving 60 multiparous cows (BW: 606 ± 70 kg, milk yield: 40.7 ± 9.8 kg/d, DIM: 80 ± 32). Cows were divided into 3 treatments (Control; 3-NOP: 60 mg 3-NOP/kg DM and COMBO: 60 mg 3-NOP/kg DM + 1.5 g BEO/d). Individual feed intake of a TMR (15% CP, 31.1% NDF, 1.70 Mcal of NEL/kg, DM basis) was monitored daily. Also, milk production was recorded individually on a daily basis using electronic meters. In addition, cows had free access to GreenFeeds (C-Lock Inc., USA) to measure rumen methane emissions and were also brought to feed bins equipped with sniffers (Guardian NG Edinburgh Instruments Ltd., UK) to recorded methane emissions at the exit of the milking parlor for 15-min bouts. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures accounting for the fixed effects of treatment, time and their interaction, and the random effect of cow. Methane emissions recorded using GreenFeeds were 27.4% and 34.2% lower (P < 0.05) in 3-NOP (262.0 ± 11.72 g/d) and COMBO cows (238 ± 11.72 g/d) than Control cows (361 ± 11.72 g/d), respectively, indicating potential synergy with the combination. Methane emissions recorded with sniffers were 15.2% and 19.5% lower (P < 0.05) from 3-NOP (422 ± 17.6 l/d) and COMBO cows (401 ± 17.6 l/d) than Control cows (498 ± 17.6 l/d). Inhibiting methane resulted in an increase in H2 emissions, which were greatest for 3-NOP (5.24 ± 0.44 g/d), followed by COMBO (4.85 ± 0.44 g/d), and Control (2.56 ± 0.44 g/d) cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield were unaffected by dietary treatments; however, DMI increased (P < 0.05) in 3-NOP and COMBO cows over time, resulting in a reduction in feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/DMI). In conclusion, both GreenFeeds and sniffer techniques can be used to assess potential effects of feed additives on methane emissions. Both, 3-NOP and its combination with BEO are effective to reduce methane emissions from cows without affecting milk yield but decreasing feed efficiency over time. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86641 |
Watch |
2237T |
Effect of methane inhibitors on in vitro fermentation and CH4 production using rumen inoculum from cows with high and low methane yield phenotype. |
2 |
N. Stepanchenko |
enteric methane ruminal fermentation methane phenotype |
N. Stepanchenko1, D. E. Wasson1, S. Welchez1, L. Martins1, T. Silvestre1, D. W. Pitta2, A. N. Hristov1 |
1Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2University Of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA |
The contribution of dairy cattle to global methane (CH4) emissions has been a topic of intensive discussion in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical inhibitors (bromoform, CHBr3, and chloroform, CHCl3) inclusion on ruminal fermentation and CH4 production using rumen inoculum collected from phenotypically high- and low-CH4 emitting cows in vitro. Two lactating Holstein cows selected from a pool of 48 cows were designated as phenotypically high-CH4 emitters [HM; 24.74 and 24.81 g CH4/kg of dry matter intake (DMI)], and 2 as low-CH4 emitters (LM; 14.51 and 15.14 g CH4/kg DMI). Repeated in vitro incubations were carried out for 24 h at 39°C using an automated gas production system. Treatments were incubated in triplicates at 72.5 mg/kg of CHBr3 (substrate dry matter basis) and 43.2 mg/kg of CHCl3; blanks and control (CON, basal total mixed ration) were also included. Total gas and CH4 production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations were analyzed at incubation endpoint. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, CH4 phenotype, and treatment × phenotype included in the model. Regardless of phenotype, CHBr3 and CHCl3 decreased CH4 production by 95%, molar proportions of acetate and propionate were increased by 7.8% and 12.1%, respectively, and acetate-to-propionate ratio was decreased by 18.1% (P < 0.001). Regardless of treatment, LM inoculum had higher (P = 0.009) total gas production, likely indicating enhanced fermentation, and 20% higher (P < 0.001) CH4 concentration when compared with HM. The molar proportion of acetate was 3.7% higher (P < 0.001) and acetate-to-propionate ratio was 4.7% higher for HM, when compared with LM. Propionate and butyrate concentrations were not different between the 2 phenotypes, but concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and ammonia were greater (P < 0.03) for LM vs. HM. Overall, inhibitors did not differentially affect in vitro CH4 production and ruminal fermentation for LM and HM dairy cow phenotypes in the current study. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86049 |
|
2238T |
Long-term effects of feeding a mixture of essential oils on methane emissions and milking performance of dairy cows. |
3 |
A. Bach |
greenhouse emissions fermentation rumen |
A. Bach1,2, G. Elcoso3, M. Escartin3, K. Spengler4, A. Jouve4 |
1Marlex Research and Education, Barcelona, Spain, 2Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain, 3Blanca from the Pyrenees, Hostalets de Tost, Spain, 4Agolin SA, Bière, Switzerland |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect on CH4 emissions and milking performance of a mixture of essential oils (Agolin Ruminant, Switzerland) incorporated daily in the ration of dairy cattle. Forty Holstein cows (644 ± 63.5 kg of BW producing 41.2 ± 6.44 kg/d of milk with 190 ± 28.3 DIM) were divided into 2 treatments (n = 20) for 14 wk and housed in a single pen equipped with electronic feeding gates to control access to feed and monitor individual DMI on a daily basis. Treatments consisted of no supplementation (CTRL) or supplementation of 1 g/d of a mixture of essential oils (AGL) fed in the TMR. Individual milk production was recorded using electronic milk meters on a daily basis. Methane emissions were recorded using 5 sniffers (NDIR, Guardian NG Edinburg Instruments Ltd., UK). Air was sampled continuously at a rate of 1 l/min. Methane concentration was recorded at 1-s intervals and persisted in a database. Baseline ambient CH4 and CO2 concentrations were calculated as mean CH4 and CO2 concentrations before starting the measurements and subtracted from the measured data. Cows were brought to the sniffers twice weekly at 0800 h and 1500 h (alternating the time within week) for a visit duration of 15.7 ± 2.2 min, to obtain about 35 measures for every cow per week. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures. There were no differences in DMI, milk yield or milk composition between the 2 treatments. However, cows on AGL exhaled less (P = 0.05) CH4 (444 ± 12.5 l/d) than cows on Control (479 ± 12.5 l/d), and exhaled less (P < 0.05) CH4/kg of DM consumed (17.6 vs 20.1 ± 0.53 l/kg, respectively) from the first week of study, with no interaction with time, which suggests a fast action of AGL of CH4 emissions. Supplementing 1 g/head/d of AGL decreases CH4 emissions on absolute terms (l/d) and reduces the amount of CH4 produced by kilogram of DM consumed by cows relatively soon after first supplementation, and the effect is sustained over time, without impacting intake or milking performance. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86055 |
Watch |
2239T |
Effect of Rumensin level on milk production efficiency and milk fat in mid-lactation cows fed modern diets. |
4 |
S. Kvidera |
monensin feed efficiency milk fat |
S. Kvidera1, P. French2, D. Carlson1, S. Hagerty2, J. Mechor1, P. Jardon1, K. Dhuyvetter1, A. Holloway1 |
1Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN, 2phdR&D, Fort Atkinson, WI |
Since the FDA’s approval of Rumensin in 2004, significant nutritional advances have been made to increase feed efficiency and milk fat production. This study objective was to evaluate the effect of Rumensin level on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk composition, and efficiency of high-producing cows fed diets formulated to maximize milk fat. Ninety-six lactating Holstein cows (36 primiparous, 60 multiparous; 106 ± 17 DIM) were balanced by parity, DIM, and milk production and randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens with 8 cows per pen. All cows received 11 g/ton Rumensin for a 5-week covariate period after which pens received 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 3) formulated to provide 0 (CON), 11 (R11), 14.5 (R14.5), or 18 (R18) g/ton Rumensin for 9 weeks. Basal diet was 54% forage and 27% NDF, 29% starch, and 2.3% RUFAL. Pen was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using the Fit Model Procedure of JMP with treatment as a fixed effect and pen as a random effect. LS-means were determined and contrasts of CON vs. R11, CON vs. R14.5, CON vs. R18, and linear and quadratic effects were tested. Milk yield (44 kg/d), fat percentage (4.0%), and protein percentage (3.2%) and yield (1.4 kg/d) were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.36). Milk fat yield was quadratic (P = 0.01) and R11 increased yield 0.08 kg/d vs. CON (P = 0.04). Rumensin quadratically affected energy-corrected milk (ECM; P = 0.02) and R11 tended to increase ECM 1.3 kg/d vs CON (P = 0.09). De novo fatty acid yield was quadratic (P = 0.05) with R11 numerically highest vs. CON (0.99 vs 0.93 g/100 g milk; P = 0.15). DMI tended to decrease linearly with increasing Rumensin level (P = 0.09) and R18 cows ate less than CON (26.4 vs. 27.3 kg/d; P = 0.05). Rumensin linearly increased ECM/DMI (P = 0.03) with R11 and R14.5 cows increasing 2.9 (P = 0.05) and 3.5% (P = 0.02), respectively, and R18 tending to increase 2.3% (P = 0.09) vs. CON. Estimated dietary energy tended to increase linearly with increasing Rumensin level (P = 0.06) and was increased 3.0% in R18 vs. CON (P = 0.01). These data suggest Rumensin improves ECM/DMI, estimated dietary energy, and does not negatively impact milk fat percentage. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86285 |
Watch |
2240T |
Effect of dietary α-amylase supplementation on productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows fed a rich-starch diet. |
5 |
E. Medina |
dietary amylase milk yield |
J. J. Olmos1, J. Hidalgo2, D. Mayorga3, E. Medina3, C. S. Cortinhas4, T. S. Acedo4, J. D. Orozco5, M. Franco5, O. I. Santana3 |
1Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 3Escuela Nacional de Lechería Sustentable S de PR de RL, San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco, México, 4DSM Produtos Nutricionais Brasil SA, São Paulo, Brazil, 5DSM Nutritional Products México SA de CV, El Salto, Jalisco, México |
The objective was to evaluate the effect of α-amylase supplementation on productive performance of lactating Holsteins. Two hundred and 80 cows were used in a randomized complete-block design; block (pen with 35 cows) grouped cows by lactation, days in pregnancy, DIM, and milk yield. There were 4 pens by treatment; control (CO) was a high-starch diet, and amylase (AM) was CO supplemented with 12 g/cow/d of α-amylase (Ronozyme RumiStar, DSM Nutritional Products). There was a 3-wk covariate period, followed by 9-wk in which the cows received their assigned treatment. Data were analyzed using data from covariate period as covariate and week as repeated measures using Autoregressive Moving Average covariate structure; pen was the experimental unit. Dry matter intake, body weight gain (BWG), FCM, feed efficiency, fat and protein yield, BUN, and total-tract apparent digestibility of DM and starch did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.18). The treatment x week interaction was significant (P = 0.04) for milk yield. Milk yield for cows fed AM tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.06; 0.7 kg/d) on wk 2, and it was greater (P < 0.01; 1.0 kg/d) on wk 4 and was consistently numerically higher for AM through the 9 experimental weeks. The treatment x week interaction and main effect of treatment were significant (P < 0.01) for MUN; pens fed AM had lower values (P ≤ 0.01) on d 41 (27.27 vs. 20.43), 62 (12.37 vs. 10.18), and 63 (12.79 vs. 9.79), suggesting a more efficient use of dietary nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.01) main treatment effect for total-tract apparent digestibility of NDF; it was higher (P < 0.01) for CO diet (48.8 vs. 46.8%). Dietary exogenous α-amylase offers an alternative for increasing productivity in dairy herds. Table 1.
| Item |
LSM |
SE |
P > F |
| CO |
RS |
Treatment |
Treatment × Week |
| DMI, kg/d |
21.1 |
21.3 |
1.30 |
0.93 |
<0.01 |
| BWG, kg/d |
0.06 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.76 |
0.32 |
| Milk yield, kg/d |
39.4 |
39.9 |
0.20 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
| FCM, kg/d |
36.2 |
35.9 |
0.60 |
0.63 |
0.26 |
| Feed efficiency |
1.88 |
1.96 |
0.09 |
0.54 |
0.04 |
| Fat yield, kg/d |
1.17 |
1.15 |
0.03 |
0.61 |
0.06 |
| Protein yield, kg/d |
1.22 |
1.24 |
0.02 |
0.18 |
0.45 |
| BUN, mg/dL |
10.1 |
10.0 |
0.20 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
| MUN, mg/dL |
14.0 |
11.9 |
0.30 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
| DM digestibility, % |
71.2 |
70.5 |
0.40 |
0.29 |
0.20 |
| NDF digestibility, % |
48.8 |
46.8 |
0.40 |
0.01 |
0.67 |
| Starch digestibility, % |
98.5 |
98.6 |
0.10 |
0.68 |
0.10 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86389 |
|
2241T |
Meta-analysis of the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations on performance, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows. |
6 |
A. A. Pech-Cervantes |
alpha-amylase starch milk |
A. A. Pech-Cervantes1, L. F. Ferrarretto2, I. M. Ogunade3 |
1Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 3Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV |
Several studies have evaluated the effects of the dietary application of exogenous α-amylase preparations (AMA) as a strategy to increase total-tract starch digestibility (TTSD) and milk production (MY) in dairy cows, but the results have been equivocal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary application of AMA on performance, digestibility, and, rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows following a meta-analytic method. A total of 18 peer-reviewed manuscripts (n = 1,552 dairy cows) from 2003 to 2019 were systematically selected following the PRISMA method and the weighted raw mean differences between dietary AMA and control treatments were compared with a robust variance estimation. Diet characteristics like crude protein (CP) content, NDF content, and starch content, as well as days in milk (DIM) and AMA dose (0 to 732 Kilo Novo units (KNU)/ kg TMR), were used as covariates in a meta-regression, subgrouping, and dose-response analysis. Compared with the control, dietary AMA increased (P < 0.05) DM digestibility (69.32 vs. 68.30%), TTSD (94.62 vs. 94.09%), FCM (35.96 vs. 35.10 kg/d), MY (35.6 vs. 34.90 kg/d), milk protein yield (1.14 vs. 1.10 kg/d) but no effects were observed on DM intake (22.99 vs. 22.90 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.50 vs. 1.47). Dietary AMA tended to (P = 0.10) reduce rumen pH (6.27 vs 6.30). Both AMA dose and DIM strongly influenced (P < 0.05) the effects on digestibility, performance, and rumen fermentation. The dose-response analysis revealed that early lactation cows (0 to 70 DIM) benefit from high doses of AMA (600 KNU) in terms of TTSD, MY, FCM, and rumen fermentation compared with mid and late lactation cows (>70 DIM). Compared with lower and higher doses of AMA, the effect size in MY, FCM, and TTSD was higher with doses of 600 KNU/ kg of AMA. Collectively, dietary application of AMA to early lactation cows (<70 DIM) increased digestibility and milk production. This meta-analysis suggests the use of 600 KNU/ kg of dietary AMA for early lactation cows but not for late or mid-lactation dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86033 |
Watch |
2242T |
Effects of choline chloride on milk yield and composition of transition cows. |
7 |
L. R. Royo |
milk production choline transition |
L. R. Royo1, M. Puyalto1, J. H. Sanchez2, J. J. Mallo1 |
1Norel SA, Madrid, Spain, 2Dairy Professionals, Bañolas, Spain |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of coated choline chloride on the milk yield and composition of dairy cows in the transition period. Fifty-eight Holstein cows (6 primiparous and 52 multiparous) were randomly distributed in 2 groups (n = 29) and exposed for 60 d to 2 treatments following a complete randomized design. Treatments consisted of supplementation with 60 g/d of BYCHOL (25% choline chloride, CLN) for 4 wk before and after calving, or no supplementation in the group control (CTR). Cows were fed a TMR during the dry period (12.2% CP, 49.9% NDF, 1.26 Mcal of NEl/kg; DM basis) and other TMR during the fresh period (16.5% CP, 28.8% NDF, 1.68 Mcal of NEl/kg; DM basis), twice daily. On a daily basis, milk yield, milk fat, protein and lactose content were determined individually. Animal was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures. Treatment and week were used as fixed effects and cow within treatment as a random effect. Milk yield was not affected (P = 0.74) by treatment, CLN cows produced 34.66 kg/d and CTR ones 34.12 kg/d. However, treatment affected (P < 0.01) milk composition. Milk fat content (%) and yield (kg/d) were higher (P < 0.01) in CLN animals (5.3% and 1.81 kg/d) than in CTR ones (4.1% and 1.44 kg/d), respectively. Milk protein content (%) was also affected (P < 0.01) by treatment, CLN group showed a higher (3.4%) level than CTR one (3.1%). Milk protein yield showed a tendency (P < 0.1) to be higher in CLN cows (1.14 kg/d) than in CTR ones (1.05 kg/d). The lactose content (%) was lower (P < 0.01) in CLN animals (4.8%), comparing with CTR animals (5.0%). It is concluded that the supplementation with coated choline chloride during the transition period has the potential to improve milk composition. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86092 |
Watch |
2243T |
Effects of stabilized liquid propionic acid supplementation on production, metabolism, and inflammation in lactating Holstein cows. |
8 |
C. Sousa |
propionate inflammation |
E. A. Horst1, C. Sousa1, D. Warmka1, L. Rodriguez1 |
1Innovative Liquids LLC, |
Study objectives were to evaluate effects of stabilized liquid propionic acid (PA; Innovative Liquids LLC.) supplementation on milk production, metabolism, and inflammation in postpartum Holstein cows. Cows (n = 213) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment pens following parturition: (1) control diet (CON; n = 102) or (2) a diet containing PA (2.3% dry matter of diet as liquid propionic acid; n = 111). Cows received their respective dietary treatments for 11 weeks and the study was conducted in 2 replicates (Rep 1: May–July; Rep 2: July to September). Milk yield was recorded daily and samples for composition analysis were obtained weekly. Blood samples were collected via coccygeal venipuncture at 7 and 14 ± 1 DIM and submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory for analysis. Fixed effects of treatment, DIM, treatment × DIM, and replicate were assessed as a completely randomized design using PROC MIXED. The repeated effect was DIM and cow was included as a random effect. Data are reported as LSmeans and considered significant if P ≤ 0.05 and a tendency if 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Overall, PA supplementation increased milk yield (1.67 kg; P = 0.06) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield (2.32 kg; P < 0.01) relative to controls. Overall, milk protein, fat, and solids-nonfat yields increased (0.05, 0.09, and 0.24 kg, respectively; P ≤ 0.03) in PA compared with control cows, however, protein and fat percentage did not differ. Supplementing PA tended to decrease SCC (23%; P = 0.10) relative to control cows. Relative to controls, blood urea nitrogen and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations decreased (17 and 26%, respectively; P ≤ 0.07) with PA supplementation. Glucose, BHBA, and insulin concentrations did not differ between treatments. Supplementing PA decreased bilirubin (18%; P = 0.01) concentrations and the NEFA-to-cholesterol ratio (21%; P = 0.08) at 7 DIM relative to controls. Haptoglobin concentrations did not differ between treatments. In summary, supplementing dietary PA increased milk and ECM yield and improved energetic status and liver health. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85896 |
Watch |
2244T |
Effects of dietary stabilized liquid propionic acid on energetic and inflammatory metrics in postpartum dairy cows. |
9 |
E. A. Horst |
propionate inflammation |
E. A. Horst1, C. Sousa1, T. DeVries1, L. A. Rodriguez1 |
1Innovative Liquids LLC, El Dorado Hills, CA |
Study objectives were to evaluate effects of stabilized liquid propionic acid (PA; Innovative Liquids LLC.) on energetics and inflammation in postpartum Holstein and Crossbred cows. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON) or (2) PA (2% dry matter of diet as stabilized propionic acid). Cows received their respective dietary treatments for 14 d and data were obtained from all calvings over a one-month period to assess dead/sold percentage in the first 30 DIM (CON n = 775; PA n = 722). Blood samples were obtained from a subset of cows (50/treatment) at 7 and 14 ± 1 DIM and were submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory for analysis. A metabolic health index (MHI) was calculated at 7 and 14 DIM using previously described methods (Gallagher et al., 2019). Effects of treatment, day, and their interactions were assessed using PROC MIXED. Overall, PA supplementation decreased percentage of cows sold/dead (2.1 vs. 4.8% in PA and controls, respectively; P < 0.01) in the first 30 DIM relative to controls. Supplementing PA increased glucose (8%; P < 0.01) and decreased blood urea nitrogen and BHBA concentrations postpartum (12 and 17%, respectively; P ≤ 0.04). Nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were numerically decreased in PA supplemented cows at 7 DIM (13%). No treatment differences were observed for cholesterol or bilirubin concentrations. Relative to controls, the NEFA to cholesterol ratio was decreased (17%; P = 0.08) at 7 DIM in PA cows. Dietary PA supplementation increased circulating albumin concentrations postpartum (4%; P < 0.01). Fibrinogen concentrations did not differ between treatments at 7 DIM, but were increased in PA relative to control cows at 14 DIM (19%; P < 0.01). Relative to controls, PA supplementation tended to increase the MHI, with the most pronounced effects observed at 7 DIM (P = 0.09). In summary, supplementing PA improved energetics (i.e., increased glucose and decreased BUN and BHBA) and health (i.e., increased albumin and MHI and decreased dead/sold) in the early postpartum period. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86254 |
Watch |
2245T |
Comparison of zinc sources on increased tissue zinc enrichment with dietary antagonism. |
10 |
H. Tucker |
absorption stable isotope zinc |
H. Tucker1, S. Bettis1, T. Rode1, D. Hancock1, M. Vázquez-Añón1 |
1Novus International, St. Charles, MO |
To expand knowledge of Zn metabolism in dairy nutrition, comparing tissue enrichment in the presence of Zn antagonisms is warranted. The objective was to determine the effect of a Zn antagonism, high S, on bioavailability of Zn from Zn-methionine complex (Zn-MC) and Zn-methionine hydroxy analog chelate (Zn-MHAC). Thirty weaned male Holstein calves (BW = 63.5 ± 2 kg [mean ± SE]) were fed a starter for 32 d formulated to meet nutrient requirements but varied in sodium sulfate level. On d 30, calves were orally administered 8 mg of Zn from each of 2 sources: 67Zn-MC and 70Zn-MHAC at 0h. Before and over a 48-h period following isotope administration, blood, feces, and urine were collected. Following euthanasia at 48 h, tissues samples were collected. All samples were assayed for Zn enrichment via ICP-MS. Data were analyzed with MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, and significance declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Area under the curve for plasma Zn enrichment demonstrated the effect of diet was not significant (P = 0. 83); however, a trend (P = 0.06) was observed for Zn-MHAC (0.067 ± 0.005 ppm·h) to be greater than Zn-MC (0.052 ± 0.005 ppm·h). Low S resulted in greater (0.01 < P < 0.07) Zn enrichment for rumen, reticulum, omasum, ileum, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung, heart, spleen, hoof, and testes. For abomasum, Zn-MHAC resulted in greater (0.36 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20%; P = 0.10) Zn enrichment, while for liver (0.36 vs. 0.28 ± 0.02%; P = 0.03), lung (0.37 vs. 0.15 ± 0.03%; P < 0.01), bone (0.13 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01%; P < 0.01), and hoof (0.16 vs. 0.06 ± 0.01% P < 0.01), Zn-MC was greater. For all other tissues, enrichment did not differ (0.17 < P < 0.98) between Zn sources. Fecal Zn AUC was greater with high S (3.13 vs. 2.54 ± 0.10 ppm·h; P < 0.01), and not different (P = 0.55) with Zn source. Urinary Zn AUC was greater (P < 0.01) with low S (0.02 vs. −0.57 ± 0.12 ppm·h) and with Zn-MC (0.17 vs. −0.73 ± 0.12 ppm·h). Overall high S alters tissue Zn enrichment suggesting it limits bioavailability. Moreover, altering Zn source resulted in few differences in tissue Zn enrichment while Zn-MHAC demonstrates greater gastric stability and absorption, as indicated by plasma Zn enrichment. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85903 |
Watch |
2247T |
Prediction of prepartum dry matter intake using linear regression of sensor, blood metabolite, and body size variables in Holstein cows. |
11 |
M. J. Martin |
predictive model transition period |
M. J. Martin1, H. T. Holdorf1, S. J. Erb1, K. A. Weigel1, H. M. White1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Development of prediction models for individual cow prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) could be beneficial for diet formulation and identifying cows with reduced intake around calving. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate prepartum DMI prediction models using body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), sensor, and blood metabolite data. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 83) fitted with behavior sensors were housed in a bedded pack with Insentec feeders and assigned to one of 4 diets differing in rumen-protected choline content from −21 d relative to calving (DRTC) until calving. Sensor data included time spent lying, ruminating (RT), standing at the feedbunk (FT), and activity (classifications: highly active, active, inactive). Blood samples, BW, and BCS were taken weekly. Blood samples were analyzed for fatty acids (FA), glucose, triglyceride, β-hydroxybutyrate, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Models were developed using single time point or averaged metabolite and body size data and averaged DMI and sensor data from −8 to −1 DRTC (P1), −16 to −9 DRTC (P2), and −16 to −1 DRTC (P3). A multiple linear regression model search was performed (MuMIN, R v. 4.0.4) and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to evaluate models based on root mean squared error (RMSE), r2, and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Within subject daily variation in DMI was high (average CV = 0.16). Variables with the highest correlations with DMI were RT (r = 0.53), FT (r = 0.52), and FA (r = −0.57) and were retained in all models. All models performed similarly, although P2 had the best fit (RMSE = 1.53 kg/d; r2 = 0.56; CCC = 0.74) and included parity, BW, FT, RT, highly active time, glucose, FA, and AST:ALT ratio. Predicting DMI as a % of BW only slightly improved performance. Models predicting DMI % change across the last week performed poorly (RMSE = 11%; r2 = 0.28; CCC = 0.48). Models of prepartum DMI are moderately predictive and not as robust as models of DMI during lactation. Future work should explore additional explanatory variables to improve performance. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86044 |
Watch |
2248T |
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen-protected choline: Effects on energy and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein dairy cows. |
12 |
H. T. Holdorf |
fatty acid beta-hydroxybutyrate blood urea nitrogen |
H. T. Holdorf1, K. E. Ruh1, S. J. Erb1, S. J. Henisz1, G. J. Combs1, T. Bresolin1, R. E. P. Ferreira1, W. E. Brown1, S. M. Edwards1, J. C. Rule3, F. P. Zhou1, M. J. Martin1, K. E. Estes2, J. R. R. Dorea1, H. M. White1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY, 3University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI |
In vivo and in vitro supplementation of choline has been demonstrated to modulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and methyl donor metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum rumen-protected choline (RPC) dose on nitrogen and energy metabolism in peripartum dairy cows. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 106) were randomly assigned to 0g (control; CTL), 15g (recommended dose; RD) of choline ion from an established RPC product (RPC1; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control), or 15g or 22g (high dose; HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2; Balchem Corp.). Treatments (trt) were mixed into a methionine supplemented TMR and cows had ad libitum access via Insentec feeders (Hokofarm Group; 4 feeders/trt) which allowed for the quantification of individual feed intake. Postpartum, cows were fed a CTL lactating diet or diet with the RD of their respective RPC product for 21d and a common lactating diet (0g RPC) thereafter until 100d (post-supplementation). Weekly BW and BCS were determined. Blood samples were obtained via tail vessel upon enrollment, approximately every other day from −7 to +21, and at +56 and +100 d relative to calving (DRTC). Mixed models analyzing categorical trt effects and continuous effects of actual RPC2 intake were performed in PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. Differences were significant at P ≤ 0.05, and tendencies at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Upon enrollment, cows were 3.78 ± 0.40 BCS units and weighed 843.4 ± 87.7 kg on average. No trt differences (P ≥ 0.16) were observed for maximum BW, BCS loss, or transition cow health disorders. At +3 DRTC, RPC2RD increased (P < 0.01) blood FA compared with CTL. Either RPC supplied at the RD increased (P = 0.04) average blood BHB and tended to increase (P = 0.09) maximum blood BHB (0.88, 1.02, 1.03mM; CTL, RPC1, RPC2). Feeding either RPC at RD also reduced (P = 0.02) postpartum BUN. Taken together with the observed improvements in post-supplementation energy-corrected milk production (in companion abstract), increases in FA and BHB and reduced BUN during early lactation with RPC2RD may have shifted nutrient partitioning to support production while preserving animal health. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86416 |
Watch |
2249T |
The association between hyperketonemia and blood and rumen parameters in the first 2 weeks postpartum. |
13 |
A. D. Ravelo |
hyperketonemia ruminal fluid ruminal NH3 |
A. D. Ravelo1, D. M. Moreira1, M. Ruch1, E. Shepley1, I. J. Salfer2, L. S. Caixeta1 |
1Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 2Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN |
After parturition cows enter a state of negative energy balance where their bodies mobilize reserves as more energy is required for lactation than can be obtained from the diet alone. Little is known about changes in rumen metabolites during hyperketonemia (HYK), thus the aim of this pilot project is to investigate if there is a difference in the blood parameters and rumen environment of cows with and without naturally occurring HYK. Twelve cannulated cows were fed a diet containing 65% forage and 35% concentrate. Blood samples from the caudal vessels were collected at d 2, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 14 postpartum for the measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose (GLU). BHB was measured in whole blood using a hand-held device and NEFA and GLU were measured in plasma using colorimetric assays. Ruminal fluid samples were collected on d 5, 10, and 14 from the central, ventral and dorsal rumen sites. Samples were filtered through 4 layers of cheesecloth into a 50 mL tube and ruminal pH and BHBA were measured using hand-held devices. Ruminal ammonia (NH3) was analyzed using a phenol-hypochlorite assay. Cows with blood BHB >1.0 mmol/L at any time within the study period were considered to have hyperketonemia (HYK+, n = 3) and all other cows were considered as controls (HYK-, n = 9). Blood NEFA and GLU concentrations as well as ruminal pH, BHBA, and NH3 concentration were analyzed through mixed repeated measures with the fixed effects of group, day, and their interaction and the random effect of cow. No differences were observed for plasma GLU or ruminal pH or BHBA between the groups across collection days. A difference was observed in the NEFA concentration (P = 0.07) on d 5 in HYK+ cows (0.63 ± 0.16 mmol/L) compared with HYK- cows on d 10 (0.30 ± 0.10 mmol/L) and 14 (0.28 ± 0.10 mmol/L). Ruminal NH3 concentration was greater in HYK+ (25.6 ± 3.9 mg/dL) compared with HYK- cows (21.3 ± 2.3 mg/dL; P = 0.06). Overall, differences were noted in HYK+ cows having greater blood NEFA concentration closer to parturition and greater ruminal NH3 concentrations compared with HYK- cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86836 |
Watch |
2250T |
Partitioning among-animal variance of energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows. |
14 |
A. L. Carroll |
efficiency energy balance selection |
A. L. Carroll1, M. L. Spangler1, D. L. Morris2, P. J. Kononoff1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2Perdue Agribusiness, Salisbury, MD |
Animals vary in the way in which energy is utilized. Energy consumed by the animal supports milk production, but considerable variation among animals in utilization is thought to exist. The objective of this study was to estimate the among-animal variance in energy utilization in data collected on Jersey cows using indirect calorimetry. Individual animal-period data from 15 studies (n = 560) were used. The data set included 115 animals from 44 to 410 DIM producing 11.5 to 39.1 kg/d of milk. On average, the 63 treatments in the data set contained 17.1 ± 1.04% CP, 31.6 ± 3.14% NDF, 25.7 ± 3.33% starch, and 4.25 ± 0.87% crude fat. Data were analyzed with the Mixed procedure of SAS (9.4) with random effects of cow, experiment, and treatment nested period, square and experiment. Animal variance explained approximately 53.1–70.6% of the total variance in intake of DM, gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy of lactation (NEL) in Mcal/d. Energetic components of feces, urine, heat, and lactation were expressed per unit of DMI and among-animal variance was reduced relative to Mcal/d values by 19.6, 6.10, 9.54, and 5.01, respectively. However, among-animal variance explained 4.80% more of the variance for methane energy losses when expressed per unit of DMI. Variance in energetic efficiencies of DE/GE, ME/GE, and ME/DE were explained to a lesser extent by among-animal variance averaging 17.8 ± 2.39%, respectively. The among-animal variance explained 29.0% of total variation in milk production, as such, the among-animal contribution to total variance in milk energy was lower (23.7%), contributing to the 23.3% of total variance in feed efficiency explained by differences among animals. Results indicate that among-animal variance explains a large proportion of the total variance in DMI contributing to the variance observed for energy fractions as well as energy components when expressed in Mcal/d. Variance in energetic loss associated with methane was primarily explained by differences among animals and was increased with the removal of DMI highlighting the role of inherent animal differences in these losses. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86852 |
Watch |
2251T |
The effect of supplementing a high-protein corn coproduct on milk production in lactating Jersey cows fed different proportions of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. |
15 |
K. Buse |
corn fermented protein corn silage alfalfa haylage |
K. Buse1, M. Jolly-Breithaupt2, K. Herrick2, P. Kononoff1 |
1University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2POET Nutrition, Sioux Falls, SD |
Advancements in dry-milling corn ethanol production processes have resulted in the development of a high-protein corn coproduct (HPCoP) that has a higher concentration of CP and NDF (39 and 37.6%, respectively) yet lower total fatty acids (6.56%) than traditional DDGS. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of feeding elevated corn silage (CS) or alfalfa haylage (AH) diets containing either non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (NBSM) or HPCoP on milk production and composition in mid-lactation dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Jersey cows (97 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 4 periods of 28 d. Cows were randomly assigned to 4 different diets with the following factorial arrangement: high CS and HPCoP (CSCP), high CS and NBSM (CSSP), high AH and HPCoP (AHCP), and high AH and NBSM (AHSP). Diets high in CS contained 39% DM CS and 18% AH; these proportions were reversed in diets high in AH. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4) with the random effect of cow nested in square. No interaction effects were observed for any estimates (P > 0.20). Neither forage type (P = 0.91) or protein source (P = 0.79) were observed to affect DMI, which averaged 19.7 ± 0.44 kg/d across treatments. Milk yield increased (P = 0.052) with diets containing more corn silage (P = 0.05; 28.9 vs 28.0 ± 0.42 kg/d), but no difference (P = 0.30) was observed for protein source (28.7 ± 0.28 kg/d). Milk fat concentration was affected by forage type (P = 0.03) and highest in high AH diets, but milk fat yield did not differ (P = 0.23) across treatments (averaging 1.50 ± 0.03 kg/d). No difference (P = 0.11) was observed for milk protein concentration (3.48 ± 0.06%). However, milk protein yield increased (P = 0.01) with increasing the inclusion of corn silage (1.01 vs 0.97 ± 0.06 kg/d). The same response was observed for MUN (P < 0.01; 17.1 vs 15.9 ± 0.59 mg/dL). The data indicate that milk production and milk composition were similar when HPCoP replaced NBSM in diets containing elevated CS or AH. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86583 |
Watch |
2252T |
Relationship between silage attributes and performance of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis. |
16 |
K. G. Arriola |
dairy cow milk yield silage |
K. G. Arriola1, A. S. Oliveira2, C. A. N. de Guzman1, K. V. Almeida1, I. Fernandez-Marenchino1, L. P. Marroquin1, F. X. Amaro1, L. Mu1, S. Lee1, P. Singh1, G. Hao1, H. Sultana1, B. A. Rajo1, A. T. Adesogan1, D. Vyas1 |
1University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, Gainesville, FL, 2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Dairy Cattle Research Laboratory, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil |
Forages fed as silage are integral component of dairy production systems. Silage attributes including fermentation end products, fiber characteristics, starch, and protein levels influence intake and performance of lactating dairy cows. The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-regression to evaluate relationship between silage attributes with dry matter intake (DMI) and yields of milk and milk components. The analysis included peer-reviewed articles published from 1990 to 2021 and 204 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were selected when silage was included in the experimental diets and silage chemical composition and fermentation profile was provided. Corn, sorghum, tropical grasses, temperate grasses, sugar cane, alfalfa, other legumes, BMR sorghum, BMR corn and other forages were included in the lactation diets with average milk yield of 33.6 kg/d (range 13.6 – 51.6 kg/d), average DMI of 22.8 kg/d (range 11.5 - 31.6 kg/d), and average 3.5% FCM of 35.7 kg/d (range 15.9 −52.6 kg/d). Pearson correlations between silage attributes and performance parameters showed that the increase in DM, NDF, lignin, lignin/NDF ratio and pH from silage in the diet had a negative effect on DMI and milk yield. Increases in NDF and lactate concentrations from silage in the diet had a positive effect on milk fat and milk protein percentage. Acetate from silage in the diet tended to reduce milk yield but did not affect DMI. Bivariate regression, modeled with random effect of study, showed a stronger relationship between lignin concentration in silage and milk yield, DMI, and FCM (R2 = 0.23, 0.22, and 0.28, respectively). The best-fit multivariate model for milk yield included DM and NDF from silage in the diet and NDF accounted for 86.5% of the variation (R2 = 0.17). For DMI prediction, the model included DM, NDF, and pH from silage in the diet and NDF accounted for 74.5% of the variation (R2 = 0.23). Based on the results observed, silage attributes such as DM, NDF, and lignin concentration are best predictors for performance in lactating dairy cows fed silage-based diets. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86427 |
Watch |
2253T |
Solubility of hydroxy and sulfate trace mineral sources in total mixed ration substrate over 24 hours. |
17 |
C. S. Ballard |
trace mineral solubility TMR |
J. W. Darrah1, C. S. Ballard1, M. McCarthy2 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY, 2Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN |
A study was conducted to evaluate solubility of 2 trace mineral sources (TM) in TMR diets over 24 h. Hydroxy and sulfate TM treatments were incorporated in small inclusion packs at 120, 500 and 400 ppm of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively in 2.0 g. Three loads (~285 kg/load) of TMR with DM of 42% were prepared in a Super Data Ranger. Duplicate plastic bags (3.78 L) containing no TM product (Control), or 2.0 g of either hydroxy TM (HTM; IntelliBond) or sulfate TM (STM) were mixed with 200 g of TMR from each load. Bags were stored open at room temperature for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. At each time point, bag contents were transferred to strainer bags (15 cm × 17 cm × 25 cm) and submerged in and out of 1 L Milli-Q water for 1 min. The resulting solution was filtered through ashless filters (22 µM and 3 µM pore size). Filtrate was analyzed for Cu, Zn and Mn content and values were corrected for trace mineral content in Control samples containing no TM. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with repeated measures using a mixed model (SAS, v.9.4) with fixed effects of TM source, TMR exposure and TM source X TMR exposure interaction. Repeated measures were specified as TMR exposure time and TMR load was the random effect. There was no difference in solubility of Cu, Zn, or Mn over 24 h in TMR with no added source of TM (9.1, 8.5, 7.0%, respectively). After TMR exposure, Mn was significantly more soluble for the STM source (32.6 vs 20.8%; P < 0.01), particularly during the first 3 h (treatment x time; P < 0.01). Zinc solubility was also significantly higher for STM compared with HTM (28.2 vs 18.4%; P < 0.01). Zn solubility rapidly increased for STM to a maximum of 46% and then decreased to 24%, whereas HTM gradually increased from 8% to a maximum of 18% (treatment x time P = 0.05). Cu solubility was significantly higher for STM source compared with HTM (36.3 vs 11.8%; P < 0.01) particularly during the first 12 h (treatment x time; P < 0.01). Results indicate that Cu, Zn and Mn supplemented in the sulfate form had greater solubility in the TMR compared with hydroxy trace mineral sources, particularly during the first 3 h of exposure. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9971 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86041 |
Watch |
2267T |
Effects of calcium-magnesium carbonate and calcium-magnesium hydroxide as supplemental sources of magnesium on ruminal microbiome in continuous culture. |
1 |
J. A. Arce-Cordero |
alkalizer butyrate in vitro |
J. A. Arce-Cordero1, T. Liu1,2, A. Ravelo1, R. R. Lobo1, H. F. Monteiro1, K. C. Jeong1,2, A. P. Faciola1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
We evaluated the inclusion of calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) and calcium-magnesium hydroxide (CaMg(OH)4) in corn silage-based diets and their impact on ruminal microbiome in vitro. Our previous work showed a greater molar proportion of butyrate from diets supplemented with (CaMg(OH)4) compared with (CaMg(CO3)2); therefore, we hypothesized that ruminal microbiome would be affected by Mg source. Four continuous culture fermentors were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square with the following treatments defined by the supplemental Mg source: 1) Control (100% MgO, plus sodium sesquicarbonate as a buffer); 2) CO3 [100% CaMg(CO3)2]; 3) OH [100% CaMg(OH)4]; and 4) CO3/OH [50% Mg from CaMg(CO3)2, 50% Mg from CaMg(OH)4]. Nutrient concentration was held constant across treatments (16% CP, 30% NDF, 1.66 MCal NEl/kg, 0.67% Ca, and 0.25% Mg). We did 4 fermentation periods of 10 d each, with the last 3 d for collection of samples of solid and liquid digesta effluents for DNA extraction. Overall, 16 solid and 16 liquid samples were analyzed by amplification of the V4 variable region of bacterial 16S rRNA. Data were analyzed with R and SAS to determine treatment effects on taxa relative abundance of liquid and solid fractions. Correlation of butyrate molar proportion with taxa relative abundance was also analyzed. Treatments did not affect α and β diversities. At the family level, relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae in solid fraction was lower for CO3 (25.0%) and CO3/OH (25.4%) compared with OH (28.4%) and Control (28.6%). For genera, abundance of Butyrivibrio and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 was lower and Ruminococcaceae was greater in CO3 than Control and OH in solid fraction; while Pseudobutyrivibrio, Lachnospiraceae FD2005, and Ruminobacter tended to decrease in CO3 compared with Control in liquid fraction. Butyrate molar proportion was correlated to Ruminococcaceae (r = - 0.55) in solid fraction and Pseudobutyrivibrio (r = 0.61) and Lachnospiraceae FD2005 (r = 0.61) in liquid. Our results indicate that source of Mg has an impact on bacterial taxa associated with butyrate synthesis in vitro. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86591 |
Watch |
2268T |
Evaluating hindgut buffers under high-starch diet conditions in lactating Holstein cows. |
2 |
S. Cronin |
|
S. Cronin1, M. Smith1, C. M. K. Bradley2, V. Daley2, F. Gadeyne3, M. Bustos3, T. F. Gressley1 |
1University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE, 2Purina Animal Nutrition, LLC, Arden Hills, MN, 3Royal Agrifirm Group, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands |
High-starch diets commonly fed to cows to support milk production can lead to pH drops in the rumen and large intestine. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of 2 fed products to buffer hindgut pH. Ten multiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in mid- to late-lactation were fed a 30% starch diet. The experiment was conducted as a 5x5 Latin square consisting of 5 experimental periods of 14 d, followed by 1-wk washout periods. Cows received either no dietary buffer (CON, IS), 150 g/d (T1) or 300 g/d (T2) prototype 1, or 150 g/d prototype 2 (T3). Additionally, during d 5–14 of each experimental period, cows were abomasally infused with either 6 L/d of tap water (CON) or cornstarch mixed with 6 L/d of tap water (IS, T1, T2, T3). The daily cornstarch infusion was increased from 2 to 4 g/kg bodyweight between Period 1 and Periods 2–5, respectively, and results of Periods 2–5 are reported. Fecal samples, taken as a proxy for hindgut conditions, were collected on d 12–13 and analyzed for pH, VFA, fecal score (1 = loose to 5 = firm feces), and nutrient composition. Results were assessed using GLIMMIX in SAS with models containing fixed effects of treatment, period, square, time, and the interaction of treatment by time and random effect of cow. For fecal pH, IS (6.37) depressed pH in comparison to CON, T1, T2, and T3 (6.88, 6.71, 6.96, 6.68, respectively, P ≤ 0.04). Fecal score was affected by treatment (P = 0.02) and was highest for CON (3.36), intermediate for IS (2.98), and lowest for T1, T2, and T3 (2.56, 2.43, 2.60, respectively). Fecal total VFA concentration increased in T1, T2, and T3 (98.5, 98.9, and 100.9, respectively) as compared with CON and IS (80.0 and 82.2, respectively, P ≤ 0.03). These differences were primarily due to changes in acetate concentration. Total-tract apparent digestibility, determined using undigested NDF as an internal marker, decreased when starch was infused in IS, T1, T2, and T3 as compared with CON for DM (65.4, 63.8, 64.3, 64.8, respectively, vs. 69.3, P < 0.01) and starch (84.0, 84.9, 82.2, 78.5, respectively, vs. 92.5, P < 0.01). Buffer inclusion increased fecal pH, decreased fecal score, and increased fecal total VFA. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86183 |
Watch |
2269T |
The effect of sodium on acetate and butyrate absorption and barrier function of the isolated ruminal epithelia. |
3 |
C. A. Bertens |
sodium rumen barrier function |
C. A. Bertens1, G. B. Penner1 |
1University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
This study was conducted to investigate the role of sodium on ruminal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption and barrier function when exposed to high and low pH ex vivo. Nine Holstein steer calves (322 ± 50.9 kg of BW) consuming 7.05 ± 1.5 kg DM of a TMR were euthanized and ruminal tissue was collected from the caudal dorsal blind sac. Tissues were mounted between 2 halves of an Ussing chamber (3.14 cm2) and exposed to mucosal buffers that contained low (10 mmol/L) or high (140 mmol/L) Na+ with low (6.2) or high (7.4) pH. The same buffer solutions were used on the serosal side with pH at 7.4. Buffers to evaluate SCFA uptake either contained bicarbonate to determine total transport or excluded bicarbonate with nitrate to determine noninhibitable transport. Bicarbonate-dependent transport was calculated as the difference between the total and noninhibitable transport. Acetate (25 mM) and butyrate (25 mM) were spiked with 2-3H-acetate and 1-14C-butyrate and was added to the mucosal side to evaluate rates of SCFA transport. Tissue conductance (Gt) and the mucosal-to-serosal flux of radiolabelled 1-3H-mannitol were used to assess barrier function. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4 with a repeated-measures statement. There was no Na+ × pH interaction effect on butyrate or acetate uptake (P ≥ 0.29). Decreasing mucosal pH from 7.4 to 6.2 increased total (P < 0.01) and bicarbonate-dependent (P = 0.01) acetate uptake. Total and bicarbonate-dependent acetate uptake at pH 6.2 averaged at 75.01 nmol/mg protein/min and 26.74 nmol/mg protein/min which were 37% and 120% higher than uptake at pH 7.4, respectively. The same pH effect was detected for butyrate with greater total (P < 0.01) and bicarbonate-dependent (P = 0.01) uptake at pH 6.2. Flux of 1-3H-mannitol was not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.31). However, high Na+ reduced Gt (5.02 ± 0.32; P < 0.01) and helped prevent an increase over time (flux × Na+, P = 0.03). The results of this study indicate that although providing more Na+ to the ruminal epithelium does not affect SCFA uptake or flux, it may help maintain barrier function. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t85938 |
Watch |
2271T |
Characterizing ruminal acidosis risk: A multi-herd, multi-country study. |
4 |
H. Golder |
carbohydrate microbiota |
H. Golder1,2, J. Rehberger3, A. Smith3, S. LeBlanc4, T. Duffield4, H. Rossow5, R. Bogdanich6, L Hernandez7, E. Block3, I. Lean1,2 |
1Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 3Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ, 4Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 5Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Tulare, CA, 6Cross Street Veterinary Clinic, Tulare, CA, 7Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
A multi-center observational study was conducted in early lactation Holstein cows (n = 261; 1st to 7th parity) from 32 herds in 3 regions (Australia; AU, California; CA, and Canada; CAN) to characterize their acidosis risk status. Diets ranged from pasture supplemented with concentrates to TMR (NFC = 17 to 47 and NDF = 27 to 58% of DM). Rumen fluid samples were collected < 3 h after feeding and analyzed for pH, and ammonia, D- and L-lactate, and VFA concentrations, and bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Individual cow milk volume, fat, protein, and SCC were used from the closest herd test to the rumen sampling. Eigenvectors were produced using cluster and discriminant analysis from a combination of all rumen measures, except bacteria, and were used to categorize cows into 3 previously validated acidosis risk groups and calculate the probability of the risk of ruminal acidosis based on proximity to the centroid of the 3 clusters. Rumen bacteria phyla, markers of rumen fermentation, production characteristics, and the probability of acidosis were analyzed by mixed models that included fixed effects of acidosis group, region, and parity, and the random effects of herd nested within region. A total of 26.1% of the cows were classified as acidotic, 47.1% in group 2, and 26.8% in group 3. Acidosis risk differed between regions with AU (37.2%) and CA (39.2%) having similar prevalence of acidotic cows and CAN at 5.2%. The acidotic group had rumen phyla, fermentation, and production characteristics consistent with a model of acidosis that reflected a rapid rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Group 2 possibly represents cattle with a slower rumen fermentation of carbohydrates. Group 3 contains cows that had rumen fermentation profiles that suggest they may be inappetent or had not eaten recently or were in recovery from acidosis. The acidotic group had lower bacterial diversity than the other groups, while CAN had a greater diversity than AU and CA. Rumen fermentation profile, abundance of bacteria phyla, and production characteristics of lactating dairy cattle categorized in 3 acidosis risk states were successfully defined using a cluster and discriminant analysis model. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86316 |
Watch |
2272T |
Feeding native rumen microbial supplements increases energy-corrected milk production by Holstein cows. |
5 |
A. M. Dickerson |
native microbial feed supplements lactation efficiency |
A. M. Dickerson1, F. Yang2, H. B. Green2, M. M. Embree2, J. K. Drackley1 |
1University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 2Native Microbials, San Diego, CA |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 novel native microbial feed supplements (MFS) on milk yield, milk composition, dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and efficiency. Lactating Holstein cows [n = 73, 43 to 145 d in milk (DIM) at the treatment start] were enrolled over 4 mo with baseline data collected during a 2-wk covariate period. Using a randomized complete-block design, cows were blocked in groups of 3 by DIM, production, and parity. Within blocks cows were randomly assigned to a basal diet with a 150 g/d ground corn topdress and no MFS (Control), the basal diet supplemented with a 5 g/d dose of Clostridium beijerinckii and Pichia kudriavzevii in a carrier mixed with a 150 g/d ground corn topdress (MFS1), or the basal diet with a 5 g/d dose of Ruminococcus bovis, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, C. beijerinckii, and P. kudriavzevii in a carrier mixed in a 150 g/d ground corn topdress (MFS2) for 140 d. Cows received the diets as a total mixed ration (TMR) for ad libitum DMI once daily. Cows fed MFS1 and MFS 2 produced 1.4 kg/d and 1.6 kg/d more ECM than Control cows, respectively, (NS) but there was a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.007). Up to wk 13 of treatment both MFS groups had higher ECM production than the Control group, whereas after wk 13 MFS1 decreased to the level of Control. Yield of ECM decreased after wk 13 in all cows but the MFS2 group remained greater than both Control and MFS1. There was a similar trend in the content of other milk solids (treatment by time, P = 0.046). Cow BW was affected by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.049), where Control and MFS2 cows gained weight at a similar rate throughout the study, while MFS1 cows decreased from wk 13 to wk 17 before increasing again. The DIM at first supplementation had a significant impact on MFS2 efficacy (P = 0.02), where the supplementation of native rumen microbes at an earlier DIM resulted in a greater gain in ECM over 140 d. This suggests that lactation stage and energy requirements also play an important role in product efficacy. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86362 |
Watch |
2273T |
Dose-response effects of isoleucine on the biosynthesis of branched-chain fatty acids by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. |
6 |
L. Matthews |
continuous culture bacteria protozoa |
L. Matthews1, M. Vedovatto1, S. Greenwood1, J. Kraft1 |
1The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT |
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are integral components of microbial cell membranes affecting their fluidity and permeability. Little is known about the biosynthesis of BCFAs in bacteria and protozoa in the rumen environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing doses of isoleucine, the metabolic precursor of the BCFAs anteiso-15:0 and anteiso-17:0, by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Four single-flow continuous culture fermenters were utilized in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Rumen contents were collected from 2 lactating, fistulated cows fed a total mixed ration diet with a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Each experimental period encompassed 10 d with 7 d for adaptation and 3 d (d8–10) for sample collection. Treatments were added to a total mixed ration diet (225 g DM/day) and consisted of 0.65 g isoleucine/day (baseline amount in the diet), 1.30 g/day, 1.95 g/day, and 2.60 g/day. Bacterial and protozoal cell fractions were isolated from rumen fluid contents, and BCFA content and composition of their lipid membranes were determined via gas-liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using JMP Pro 15 via a linear regression model, with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effects of fermenter and period. In general, the proportion of total BCFAs (including iso-BCFAs and aiso-BCFAs) and aiso-15:0 was approximately 2.5 times greater in bacterial cell membranes compared with protozoal cell membranes (P < 0.0001) and aiso-15:0 was the major BCFA among the BCFAs in both bacteria and protozoa. The proportion of total aiso-BCFAs and aiso-15:0 in bacterial cell membranes increased quadratically (P = 0.01), with the greatest increase (36% and 42%, respectively) occurring at 1.95 g isoleucine/d, but the content of aiso-17:0 was not affected. In contrast, with increasing isoleucine supplementation, the proportion of total iso-BCFAs in bacterial cell membranes decreased quadratically by 59% (P = 0.04) with the greatest decrease found at 1.95g isoleucine/d. Comparable results were observed for total aiso-and iso-BCFAs as well as aiso-15:0 and aiso-17:0 in protozoal cell membranes. Our data provide direct evidence that rumen bacteria and protozoa use isoleucine as a precursor for aiso-15:0. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86404 |
Watch |
2274T |
Ileal microbiota profiles during an intestinal barrier challenge in lactating Holstein cows fed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product. |
7 |
Q. Jiang |
lactation intestinal microbiome nutrition |
Q. Jiang1, D. N. Coleman1, Y. Liang1, A. Aboragah1, A. Elolimy1, M. Vailati-Riboni2, I. Yoon2, J. J. Loor1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA |
Feeding a postbiotic from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation (NTK; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) during periods of metabolic stress can benefit health of dairy cows in part through its effect on the gut microbiota. The effect of NTK on intestinal microbiota in lactating cows has not been investigated. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to assess if feeding NTK during feed restriction (FR) to induce gut barrier dysfunction alters microbiota profiles in the ileum. Multiparous cows (97.1 ± 7.6 DIM; n = 8/group) fed a control diet (CON) or CON plus 19 g/d NTK for 9 wk were subjected to a FR challenge for 5 d, during which they were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake from the 7 d before FR. All cows were slaughtered at the end of FR. DNA extracted from ileal digesta were subjected to PacBio Full-Length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High-quality amplicon sequence analyses were performed with Targeted Amplicon Diversity Analysis (TADA) and MicrobiomeAnalyst. Functional analysis was performed and analyzed using PICRUSt and STAMP. Average read counts were 23,349 for CON and 34,503 for NTK (P < 0.05), indicating a greater proportion of bacterial DNA among total DNA due to NTK. Alpha- (Chao1 and Shannon indices) and β-diversity were not affected by NTK. However, feeding NTK tended to increase relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Animalis (P = 0.07, in both cases). Compared with CON, feeding NTK increased relative abundance of Lactobacillales (P = 0.03). Gluconokinase, oligosaccharide reducing-end xylanase, and 3-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase were among the enzymes overrepresented (P < 0.05) in response to feeding NTK. Preliminary analyses suggested some beneficial effects of NTK on bacterial composition and function in the ileum during a FR challenge. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86745 |
Watch |
2275T |
Ileal transcriptome is altered during an intestinal barrier challenge in lactating Holstein cows fed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product. |
8 |
Q. Jiang |
lactation nutrition intestinal barrier |
Q. Jiang1, D. N. Coleman1, Y. Liang1, A. Aboragah1, V. Palombo2, M. Vailati-Riboni3, L. Yoon3, J. J. Loor1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Università degli Studi del Molise, via De Sanctis snc, Campobasso, Italy, 3Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA |
A variety of stressors (heat stress, feed restriction, ruminal acidosis, shipping, and pen changes) have been associated with impairment of intestinal barrier function (leaky gut) in dairy cows. We evaluated the effect of feeding a postbiotic from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation (NTK; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA), on ileal transcriptome in response to feed restriction (FR), an established model to reduce intestinal barrier function. Multiparous cows (97.1 ± 7.6 DIM; n = 8/group) fed a control diet (CON) or CON plus 19 g/d NTK for 9 wk were subjected to a FR challenge for 5 d, during which they were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake from the 7 d before FR. All cows were slaughtered at the end of FR and ileal scrapping RNA used for RNa-seq (NovaSeq 6000, 100 bp read length). Statistical analysis was performed in R (4.0.3) via the edgeR package (3.32.1). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were defined at an FDR-adjusted P < 0.10 (raw P < 0.01). The dynamic impact approach was used for pathway analysis using the KEGG database. Feeding NTK led to 1,696 genes DEG (451 upregulated, 1,245 downregulated). ‘Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis’ was the top downregulated pathway with NTK due to effects on GCNT3, GALNT5, B3GNT3, GALNT18, and GALNT14. There was also downregulation of cell- and tissue-structure genes associated with collagen (COL6A1, COL1A1, COL4A1, COL1A2, COL6A2), laminin (LAMB2), and integrins (ITGA8, ITGA2, ITGA5) with NTK versus CON. Together, these data suggested that FR may have damaged the structure and reduced mucin synthesis in the ileum and NTK was able to prevent it. ‘Glutathione metabolism’ was the top upregulated pathway with NTK due to effects on GSTA1, GPX8, RRM2B, and GSTM1, suggesting it may have enhanced antioxidant capacity of the ileum. Preliminary analyses indicate that upregulation of antioxidant function and resistance of the ileal structure to damage caused by FR are important benefits of feeding NTK. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9974 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86747 |
Watch |
2276T |
Evaluation of the degradation kinetics of rumen slow-release nitrogen products for dairy cows. |
1 |
B. Medina |
dairy cow slow-release urea |
J. Levesque1, I. D. Girard2, D. E. Rico1, J. E. Ewards3, B. Medina2 |
1CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada, 2Probiotech International, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3Palitatl Feed Additives B.V, Velddriel, Netherlands |
The degradation kinetics of urea-based rumen slow-release products were evaluated using 2 rumen-fistulated lactating dairy cows (215 ± 4.94 d in milk). Test products were: 1) unprotected urea (UU; 51.7 ± 2.1 N % of DM), 2) NitroRush (NR; 46.0 ± 1.0 N % of DM), and a commercial slow-release urea (SRU; 44.1 ± 1.0 N % of DM). For each product, 8 g was weighed into 60 nylon bags (10 × 20 cm with a pore size of 50 μm; Ankom). All bags were soaked in 37°C water for a few seconds, and then 30 bags for each product were inserted into the ventral sac of the rumen of each cow. For each product and cow, triplicate bags were then removed after 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 30 h of ruminal incubation. For the evaluation of the soluble fraction, bags were humidified and washed in 37°C water for 5 min without entering the rumen. Following removal from the rumen, bag residues were rinsed with cold water, frozen and freeze-dried for determination of DM. Residues were pooled by time and cow and analyzed for N content. Based on fitted degradation curves, the following parameters were estimated: I) proportion of soluble DM at time 0 (fraction a), II) potentially degradable DM (fraction b), III) the coefficient of degradation of fraction b (c parameter) and IV) adjusted ruminal degradation at kp 0.07/h (RDadj). As expected, the UU was immediately and completely degraded, with values of fraction a = 99.9 (% of DM), b = 0% and a degradation rate of 127.3%/h. Fraction a was lower for SRU compared with NR (4.7 and 35.8% of DM, respectively), while the potentially degradable fraction (b) was 46.2% for NR and 77.9% for SRU. The degradation rate of the slow-release products was 35.7 and 42%/h for NR and SRU, respectively. The RDadj was similar for NR and SRU, at 74.4% and 71.5%, respectively. The nature of the protection matrix of the 2 slow-release products could explain the observed differences in degradation kinetics. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86740 |
Watch |
2277T |
Effects of feeding rumen-protected lysine prepartum on placental immunometabolic gene expression of Holstein cows. |
2 |
A. R. Guadagnin |
lysine LRP1 FGF2 |
A. R. Guadagnin1, L. K. Fehlberg1, B. Thomas1, Y. Sugimoto2, I. Shinzato2, F. C. Cardoso1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Ajinomoto Co. Inc, Tokyo, Japan |
Our previous studies reported that a prepartum supply of rumen-protected Lys (RPL) alters uteroplacental metabolism and glucose transport. This was demonstrated through increased expression of transcripts involved in energy metabolism (GLUT3, glucose transporter 3; PCK1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1), placental metabolism (FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF2R, fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor; and PGF, placental growth factor). Continuing, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding rumen-protected lysine (RPL, AjiPro-L Generation 3, Ajinomoto Heartland Inc., Chicago, IL) prepartum (0.54% DM of TMR) on protein abundance in placental tissue. Sixty-six (n = 66) multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPL (PRE-L) or without (control, CON), fed from 27 ± 5d prepartum until calving. After natural delivery (6.87 ± 3.32h), placental samples were collected and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen to assess protein abundance through Western blot analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Placental FGF2 protein abundance (7.47 ± 0.73) was greater (P = 0.03) for cows in PRE-L than for cows in CON (5.27 ± 0.73), reiterating the indication of more significant cell differentiation and, consequently, greater metabolic activity in the placenta of cows consuming RPL during late gestation. Additionally, LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) protein abundance was greater (P = 0.03) for cows in PRE-L (0.43 ± 0.06) than cows in CON (0.25 ± 0.06), which could be involved with translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane or could be serving as a sensor of the placental nutritional status, particularly regarding lipid composition. In conclusion, late gestation supplementation with RPL increases the placental protein abundance of FGF2 and LRP1, indicating possible enhanced placental metabolic activity, probably linked to trophoblast proliferation and migration processes. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86240 |
Watch |
2278T |
Daily top-dressing of rumen-protected methionine affects the global endometrial epigenome in postpartum dairy cows. |
3 |
C. Parys |
methionine endometrial epigenome |
D. Salilew-Wondim1, C. Blaschka2, M. Drillich3, M. Iwersen3, D. Suess3, S. Gebremedhn1,4, D. Tesfaye1,4, E. Tholen1, C. Parys5, A. Helmbrecht5, J. Guyader5, M. Hoelker1,2 |
1Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 2Department of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Reproduction of farm animals, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg, Germany, 3Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 5Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau, Germany |
In diets of dairy cows, methionine is frequently the most limiting amino acid for lactating performance, and may also play an important role in reproduction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM, Mepron, Evonik) on epigenetic signatures of endometrial cells in postpartum dairy cows. For this, a field trial was conducted on a dairy farm in Slovakia (2,400 Holstein-Friesian cows, average ECM 9,260 kg, 4.0% butterfat, 3.4% protein). Starting 8–14 d postpartum (pp), cows received either a daily trop-dressing of 26.8 ± 4.3 g RPM to the total mixed ration (TMR) until d 150 (group MET) or solely the TMR as control diet (group CON). Endometrial cytobrush samples were collected 4–8 h before insemination of cows in both groups between d 50–64 pp. DNA was isolated from 38 samples according to the outcome of pregnancy checks (CON non-pregnant: n = 12, CON pregnant: n = 8, MET non-pregnant: n = 10, MET pregnant: n = 8) and was further processed for reduced representative bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Statistical analysis (logistical regression for replicated tests and Benjamini-Hochberg procedure) revealed a total of 4,090 differentially methylated regions (DMRs, P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) and 1,120 annotated differentially methylated genes between MET pregnant and CON pregnant groups (DMGs, P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) with 65% of them being hypermethylated with MET. Likewise, in the comparison of MET non-pregnant and CON non-pregnant samples we observed 2,568 DMRs and 758 annotated DMGs (P < 0.05) with 85.2% of them being hypermethalyted. A total of 322 genes including ZNF787, ZNF75D, ZNF274, SOX9, PXDN, IGF2R, ATP2A3 and AGO2 were differentially methylated in common due to RPM top-dressing in pregnant as well as in non-pregnant cows (P < 0.05). These genes play a role in „axon guidance“, „notch signaling pathway“ and „calcium regulation in carida cell“ pathways. Taken together, daily top-dressing of RPM in dairy cows exhibited greater impact on the endometrial DNA methylation pattern favoring hypermethylation in both receptive and non-receptive postpartum cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86542 |
Watch |
2279T |
Rumen-protected methionine and lysine supplementation improved performances and environmental impact of nitrogen when lowering dietary protein content in dairy farms. |
4 |
D. Militello |
nitrogen efficiency amino acids |
D. Militello1,2, S. Lemosquet3, Y. Mathieu4, L. Bahloul2, D. Andrieu5, M. Rolland6, S. Rouverand7, G. Trou8 |
1Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy, 2Centre of Expertise and Research in Nutrition, Adisseo France S.A.S, Commentry, France, 3PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint-Gilles, France, 4Seenovia, Nantes, France, 5CCPA, Janzé, France, 6Vision Lait, Muizon, France, 7Valorial, Rennes, France, 8Chambres d’agriculture de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France |
The objective of the EU Project Dy+Milk was to investigate better efficiency of metabolizable protein (MP) use by reducing dietary MP content through less soybean meal (SBM) and balancing the profile of digestible amino acid (AA) in lactating dairy cows. A total of 444 lactating dairy cows from 5 farms in the west region of France were used for 4 mo (39 ± 10% primiparous, 188 ± 101 d in milk (DIM), 9,500 ± 477 kg milk/cow/lactation period of 365d). The trials were conducted as ABA reversal design with 3 successive periods. In the first and third periods of one month each in each farm (Control), semi-complete corn silage diets with different proportions (12 ± 2.8%) of grass silage were offered ad libitum (net energy of lactation (NEL): 1.62 ± 0.03 MCal kg/DM, MP: 99 ± 4 g kg/DM of PDIE in INRA2007, Met: 1.8 ± 0.0% MP and Lys: 6.9 ± 0.1% MP). In the second period of 2 mo (treatment), experimental diets were offered ad libitum by substituting 0.6 kg/d/cow of SBM (i.e., 15%, PDIE: 96 ± 4 g kg/DM) with corn or barley to maintain NEL supply and by balancing Met (Smartamine M, 2.4% MP) and Lys (AjiPro-L, 7.2% MP). Dray matter intake (DMI) was measured per period and farm. Gross analysis and nutritive values were evaluated from representative samples collected per period. Milk yield and composition were analyzed 5 times. Efficiencies of MP and NUE were evaluated. The relative impact of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions including CO2, CH4 and N2O were converted to CO2 eq according to IPPC 2014. Emissions as CO2 eq. were evaluated using LCA methodology according to PEFCR and the JRC approaches with fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) as functional unit. Data were analyzed with ANOVA using Proc Mixed of R. DMI was not impacted with treatment (23.7 ± 2.5 kg DM). Milk yield increased (P < 0.01) by 0.6 kg/d/cow while milk protein increased (P < 0.01) by 0.5 g/kg and 39 g/d/cow with the treatment. Milk urea nitrogen decreased (P < 0.01) by 48 mg/l with the treatment. Gross MP efficiency increased (P < 0.05) by 4% and NUE by 9% with the treatment. Consequently, CO2 eq emission decreased by 10%. These results confirmed that better balancing Met and Lys, thanks to rumen-protected AA in reduced MP content diets with less SBM, increased performances and improved environmental impact of nitrogen in high productive dairy herds. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86711 |
Watch |
2280T |
Effects of feeding rumen-protected methionine and calcium salts enriched in omega-3 fatty acids on measures of liver function in periparturient cows. |
5 |
T. L. France |
methionine omega-3 liver |
T. L. France1, K. S. Juarez-Leon1, A. Javaid1, M. G. Vogellus1, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding rumen-protected (RP)-methionine (Met) and calcium salts (CS) of fatty acids (FA) enriched without or with C20:5 and C22:6 (i.e., n3FA) on liver function in periparturient cows. In a study with a randomized complete-block design, 79 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 19–20/diet): 1) Met unsupplemented (-Met) with CS palm oil not enriched in n3FA (-n3FA; 0% n3FA; EnerGII; Virtus Nutrition, USA), 2) Met supplemented (+Met; Smartamine M; Adisseo Inc., France) with –n3FA, 3) -Met with CS enriched in n3FA (+n3FA; 4% n3FA; EnerG-3; Virtus Nutrition], or 4) +Met with +n3FA from wk −4 before expected calving through wk 4 of lactation. Cows were fed corn silage-based total mixed rations, pre- and postpartum, which were formulated to provide Met at ≤ 0.96 or ≥ 1.13 g /Mcal metabolizable energy for -Met and +Met, respectively. CS were fed at 1.5% FA (% ration dry matter). Blood was collected twice weekly before feeding. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effects of treatment, day, and their interaction. Pre-planned contrasts included: 1) effect of Met (-Met vs. +Met), 2) effect of n3FA (-n3FA vs. +n3FA), and 3) effect of co-supplementation (+Met/+n3FA vs. +Met/-n3FA and -Met/+n3FA). Circulating creatinine, globulin, total FA, aspartate transaminase and total cholesterol concentrations were modified by day (P < 0.01) but not treatment. At calving, -Met/-n3FA had greater plasma TG concentrations, relative to rest (P < 0.01), whereas, +Met/+n3FA tended to have greater plasma glucose concentrations, relative to rest (P = 0.09). Serum total protein and albumin concentrations were greater in +Met/+n3FA, relative to +Met/-n3FA and -Met/+n3FA (P = 0.03 and 0.06, respectively). Prepartum plasma insulin concentrations were greater in -Met/-n3FA, relative to rest (treatment × day; P < 0.05). Direct bilirubin concentrations were lower in +n3FA, relative to -n3FA (P = 0.03). Postpartum liver functionality index values tended to be greater for +Met/+n3FA, relative to rest (P = 0.08). In conclusion, feeding transition cows RP-Met and CS enriched in n3FA improved liver function. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 2 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86519 |
Watch |
2281T |
Measures of amino acids best associated with milk true protein. |
6 |
R. A. Patton |
amino acids dairy cow milk protein |
R. A. Patton1, E. Mahjoubi2, A. N. Hristov3, H. Lapierre4, C. Parys5, J. Guyader5 |
1Nittany Dairy Nutrition, Inc, Mifflinburg, PA, 2University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, 3The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 4Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, QC, Canada, 5Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau, Germany |
The objective of this study was to determine relationships between measures of essential AA (EAA) and milk true protein percent (MTPp) and yield (MTPY, kg/d) using meta-analysis approach. The data set included studies published in peer-reviewed journals and conducted with lactating Holstein cows, reporting plasma concentration of free EAA and Tyr (p[AA], μmol/dl), cow factors (BW, DIM, DMI and performance) and diet composition. The latter information was entered into the NittanyCow Dairy Ration Evaluator (NittanyCow Software Services) to predict EAA flow to the duodenum (d_AA, g/d) and metabolizable AA relative to MP (AA_MP). The data set consisted of 113 studies and 365 dietary means. Regression equations for MTP were developed in JMP version 14.3 using the REML method. Initial regressions were developed based on cow and ration variables using backward elimination to identify significant factors (P ≤ 0.05). The d_AA, AA_MP andp[AA] were then added independently to the basic equation to determine if they were significant. Finally, the EAA were entered together to determine which remained significant after backward elimination. For MTPp, only DIM and BW were significant before EAA regression. When EAA measures were added, Lys_MP and Met_MP were significant, but when entered together, only Met_MP remained. Similarly, d_Lys and d_Met were significant, but when entered together only d_Met remained. Both p[Lys] and p[Tyr] were significant, but when entered together, only p[Lys] remained. In the initial regression for MTPY, DIM, BW, and forage NDF, dietary ash, fat, and CP, all as % of DM, were significant factors. When including EAA measures, His_MP, Lys_MP and Met_MP were significant, and when entered together, all remained significant. Six d_AA (Arg, Ile, Lys, Met, Phe, Trp) were significant when entered separately, but only d_Trp remained when entered together. Both p[Ile] and p[Lys] were significant in equations for MTPY, but only p[Lys] remained when entered together. In summary, MTPp was best associated with d_Met and Met_MP and p[Lys], whereas MTPY was best associated with p[Lys] as well as His_, Lys_, and Met_MP but only d_Trp. |
| Teaching/Undergraduate and Graduate Education Posters |
In-Person Poster |
Teaching/Undergraduate and Graduate Education |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
s9813 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Teaching/Undergraduate and Graduate Education Posters |
In-Person Poster |
Teaching/Undergraduate and Graduate Education |
6/21/2022 7:30 |
t86451 |
Watch |
2282T |
Can industry webinars be used as supplemental material in a dairy production management course? |
1 |
S. Paudyal |
undergraduate education webinars |
S. Paudyal1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX |
Webinars are commonly organized in the dairy industry to remotely deliver information on a specific topic to a live audience. The information presented is simplified, current, based on scientific research, and delivered by experts that are not available at the home university. The objective was to utilize this popular source of information in an assignment in a senior-level undergraduate animal science course and evaluate the sources of webinars used, webinar subject themes, and student impressions obtained from a reflection assignment. Students (n = 30; 8 juniors and 22 senior classifications) in a dairy production management course were required to attend a webinar on the topic of their interest and reflect on the information presented. A list of potential webinar sources was included in the course syllabus. Overall, 32% of the students attended webinars hosted by private industry, 46% attended university extension webinars, and 22% attended professional society webinars. Altogether, 25% of the students used topics in dairy cattle nutrition, 18% used webinars related to milk quality, 25% used webinars on current industry status, 25% attended animal health webinars, and 7% used dairy cattle reproduction webinars. Overall, 58% of the students responded that they learned at least one new concept that was not discussed in the class. A qualitative thematic analysis of the student reflections indicated that students enjoyed learning about the practical application of classroom concepts, liked learning from experts about recent developments in the industry, and appreciated the flexibility associated with the webinars. We conclude that students prefer university extension webinars to private industry and society webinars and use topics directly applicable on farms. The webinars provide broader opportunities for students to learn the classroom concepts from experts in the field while offering flexible options to learn in an undergraduate course. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9892 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
n8775 |
Watch |
3000INV |
ADSA Foundation Scholar Award in Dairy Production: The welfare of dairy cows during transition: Current research and future directions |
1 |
Kathryn Proudfoot |
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86746 |
Watch |
1189 |
Variability of abnormal repetitive behaviors in dairy cattle. |
2 |
I. McDonald-Gilmartin |
abnormal behavior breed dairy |
I. McDonald-Gilmartin1,2, B. Downey1,2, C. Tucker1 |
1Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 2Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA |
Dairy cattle perform oral abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs), including tongue rolling (TR) and non-nutritive oral manipulation (NNOM), and anecdotally, breeds like Jerseys (J) are thought to perform these behaviors more than Holsteins (H). Little is understood about the variability of these behaviors within and across days, particularly when assessed on farm. It is also unclear if the performance of these ARBs relate to one another. We set out to evaluate ARB performance of individuals within group pens, within and across days, and across breeds (H vs J). TR and NNOM were evaluated in growing heifers (n = 97 H n = 22 J) and lactating cattle (n = 68 H, n = 15 J). Cattle were observed in 7 distinct pens, grouped by age as per farm protocol (ranging from 15 to 58 individuals/group) for daylight hours (6:00 to 20:00) of 2 d. The chosen days for a given group were separated by no more than 48 h. Each group was observed using behavior sampling, where performance of TR and NNOM was recorded for each individual (present or absent) in 30-min intervals for 24 intervals/d. Individuals were identified by the number on their ear tag. Both TR and NNOM occurred in this population: on average, 15 ± 3, and 25 ± 7% of animals per group performed each behavior (mean ± SE over 2 d), respectively. Using the group as the experimental unit, Pearson correlations were performed: TR and NNOM performance were positively correlated across days (r ≥ 0.96; P < 0.01). Also, the total performance of TR was positively correlated (r ≥ 0.88; P < 0.01) with total performance of NNOM. The circadian patterns across 14 h were highly variable (min to max over 2 d, TR: 0 to 63%; NNOM: 0 to 88% animals per group/30 min). Furthermore, using the individuals as the experimental unit and t-tests, J showed more ARB performance compared with H (J: 27 ± 2 and 29 ± 3%, H: 9 ± 1 and 19 ± 1% intervals with TR and NNOM performance, respectively, mean ± SE over 2 d, P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that J are more likely to perform more of ARBs than H and consistency of these behaviors across days and forms (TR; NNOM), despite high variability within days. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86350 |
Watch |
1190 |
Predicting dairy cow locomotor ability by applying machine learning to kinematic data. |
3 |
A. Bradtmueller |
gait machine learning lameness |
A. Bradtmueller1,4, D. Lebatteux2, A. A. Boatswain-Jacques2, G. M. Dallago1, E. Shepley3, A. B. Diallo2, E. Vasseur1 |
1McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, 2Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, 3University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 4University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY |
Visual gait scoring has been commonly used to assess dairy cow gait, but it is relatively subjective and prone to low reliability compared with automated approaches. In this study, kinematic data were used with 2 types of models, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and model with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture, to predict dairy cow gait score. The hypothesis was that kinematic data would reflect what was visually observable by an individual conducting gait scoring. Six cameras filmed cows walking the duration of a 7m passage while wearing reflective markers at 20 specific joints. A motion tracking software was used to process 74 video sets from among 12 cows to acquire 3D-coordinates of the trajectories of each marker. A trained observer conducted gait scoring from recorded video using a scale consisting of 9 gait classes. Ultimately, 4 consecutive gait classes were represented among the recorded passages. Data from 75% of passages were used for model training, with data from the other 25% set aside for model testing. Data augmentation was used to generate additional samples for model training. Four versions of each model type were tested: 1 layer with 1% variation (var) in augmented data, 1 layer with 5% var, 2 layers with 1% var, and 2 layers with 5% var. Performance metrics of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used for model evaluation. All tested models performed well on training data accuracy but poorly on validation data. The LSTM (2 layer, 5%) had the best precision (0.378 ± 0.106) and F1-score (0.299 ± 0.067). The LSTM (2 layer, 5%) and the CNN (1 layer, 5%) had the best accuracy (0.403 ± 0.109 and 0.403 ± 0.031, respectively). The CNN (1 layer, 5%) had the best recall (0.327 ± 0.029). Kinematic data did not reflect what was visually observable by the individual conducting scoring to the extent that gait scores could be predicted with high accuracy. Kinematic data provides an ideal starting point for developing a model that could predict locomotor ability, but more research is needed. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86073 |
Watch |
1191 |
Decision tree analysis to evaluate risks associated with lameness on dairy farms with automated milking systems. |
4 |
L. Davis |
automatic milking system (AMS) decision tree lameness |
L. Davis1, K. Deb2, J. Siegford2, A. Ali1 |
1Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Lameness is an endemic disorder causing health problems and production loss in the dairy cow industry. This poses a challenge as the dairy industry grows to feed the increasing world population. The objective of this study was to identify the cow- and farm-level factors associated with lameness on automatic milking system (AMS) farms, using decision tree analysis to assign probabilities and monetary values to each input. AMS farms across Canada and Michigan were evaluated to identify the most substantial farm (i.e., stall design, bedding) and cow-level (i.e., BCS, leg injuries) factors associated with prevalence of lameness. A decision tree classification model used 1,378 data points from 39 pens across 36 farms to predict the value of the target class through “tree function” in MATLAB. The primary classifier was identified as type of stall base, dividing the data set into 3 categories: 1) rubber, sand, or geotextile mat flooring, 2) concrete base, and 3) other types of stall base. Within the first category (class membership (CM) = 976), bedding quantity was the secondary classifier, which was divided by cows standing on ≥ 2 cm (CM = 456) or < 2 cm (CM = 520) of bedding. Bedding quantity was divided into the third most important classifier of BCS and cow fit stall width. Cows with BCS of 3.25 to 4.5 (CM = 307) were defined as non-lame with an estimated probability (EP) of 0.59, while cows with BCS of 2 to 2.5 (CM = 213) were further split by hock lesion incidence. Cows with absence of lesions were defined non-lame (EP = 0.93) and cows with lesions were defined lame (EP = 0.07). Cows that fit stall width were defined as non-lame (EP = 0.66) and cows that did not fit were further divided by the width of the feed alley. Farms with ≥ 430 cm feed alley were defined as non-lame (EP = 0.89), whereas farms with < 430 cm feed alley were defined as lame (EP = 0.11). Through implementing this novel multifactorial approach of data analysis, we were able to highlight the critical control points that can be employed to enhance housing and management practices and reduce incidence of lameness in AMS farms. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86985 |
Watch |
1192 |
Lying behavior of dairy calves in alternative rearing systems. |
5 |
B. Gonçalves da Costa |
lying housing dam-reared |
B. Gonçalves da Costa1, K. Sharpe1, M. Endres1, B. Heins1 |
1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN |
The objective of this study was to compare the lying behavior of dairy calves housed in alternative rearing systems before and during weaning. One hundred fifty-nine Holstein, ProCross (Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein,) and GrazeCross (Normande, Jersey, and Viking Red) calves were evaluated during Fall 2020 and spring 2021. At 3 d of age, calves were fit with IceTag (IceRobotics, Scotland) sensors on the right hind leg and divided into 4 housing groups: individually housed (n = 36), pair housed (n = 34), group-housed (6 calves per pen; n = 40), and dam-reared (6 cow-calf pairs per paddock; n = 49). Lying time and number of lying bouts were recorded daily until 3 d after weaning (d 63). Statistical analysis of lying time and lying bouts were with PROC MIXED of SAS with housing group, breed, and season as fixed effects. Random and repeated effects of calf and date were included in the model. Before weaning and across breeds, dam-reared calves (16.24 ± 0.17 h/d) spent fewer hours lying (P < 0.0001) compared with individually raised (17.91 ± 0.19), pair-housed (17.37 ± 0.19), and group-housed (17.24 ± 0.18) calves. Individually housed calves had more lying hours (P < 0.05) than all other housing systems. Group and pair-housed calves had similar lying times (P = 0.57). During weaning, group-housed (15.11 ± 0.33) had more lying hours per day (P < 0.05) compared with dam-reared calves (13.84 ± 0.28) and individual calves (14.22 ± 0.19). Pair-housed (14.51 ± 0.4) did not differ from any other housing group. There was no difference in the number of lying bouts before weaning; however, after weaning, dam-reared calves (24.17 ± 0.73) had a higher number of lying bouts than group calves (21.6 ± 0.8), but no differences between other housing systems were observed. The results suggest that pre-weaned calves individually housed spent more time resting, while dam-reared calves spent more time performing other activities. During weaning, group-housed calves spent more time resting than dam-reared and individually housed calves. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86703 |
Watch |
1193 |
The effect of stocking density on cow comfort measures in Jersey dairy cows. |
6 |
L. Caixeta |
cow comfort index hygiene lying behavior |
K. M. Luchterhand1, K. Anderson2,3, E. Shepley4, B. Boyum2, G. Cramer4, W. Knauer4, L. Caixeta4 |
1Novus International Inc, St. Charles, MO, 2Riverview LLP, Morris, MN, 3University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 4University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
The study aim was to assess the effects of stocking density (SD) on cow comfort in Jersey dairy cows. A total of 3,397 Jersey cows were assigned to 6 pens with SD based on number of stalls (100SD, n = 588; 130SD, n = 765; and 153SD, n = 900) and lactation stage (LS, High n = 3 or Mid n = 3) from June to August 2020. Cows in each pen were balanced by days in milk, days open or days carrying calf and added once weekly to maintain SD. Cow comfort index (CCI), lying behavior, and hygiene score were the outcomes of interest. CCI was calculated by dividing the number of cows lying by all cows touching a stall (i.e., lying, perching, standing on the stall) within 3 h of milking 1x/month. Each month, daily lying behavior (time, bouts and bout duration) were measured via accelerometers on a subset of cows (n = 60 cows/pen) for 11 d. Hygiene (udder and upper leg) was scored biweekly at the parlor using a 5-point scale (1 = clean to 5 = dirty). Generalized linear mixed-effects models controlling for repeated measures with pen as random effect were used for statistical analysis. Overall CCI was 68.3 ± 0.02% and did not differ among SD or LS. There was an interaction of LS and SD for daily lying times. Average daily lying times was not different for High among the 3 SD groups (8.6 ± 0.1), however Mid 153SD spent 0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.2 h/d less time lying than 100SD (P < 0.01) and 130SD (P < 0.01), respectively. Total bouts/d for High were 10.8 ± 0.2, 10.0 ± 0.2, 10.5 ± 0.2 for 100SD, 130SD and 153SD, with High 100SD having more bouts/d than High 130SD (P = 0.03). Mid bouts/d were different (P < 0.05) among the 3 SD groups at 12.0 ± 0.3, 11.1 ± 0.2 and 10.5 ± 0.2 for 100SD, 130SD and 153SD, respectively. Bout duration (min/bout) was shorter for High than Mid (52.9 ± 1.1 vs. 59.2 ± 1.2; P < 0.01) and did not differ by SD level. High had greater hygiene scores than Mid (3.7 ± 0.08 vs. 3.4 ± 0.07; P = 0.01). Hygiene scores did not differ when comparing 100SD (3.4 ± 0.09) and 130SD (3.6 ± 0.09) but were lower in the 100SD when compared with 153SD (3.7 ± 0.09; P < 0.001). In conclusion, increasing SD did not affect CCI but was associated with decreased lying time, less lying bouts per day and increased hygiene scores. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86693 |
Watch |
1194 |
Effect of stocking density on lameness and milk yield of Jersey cows. |
7 |
K. M. Luchterhand |
injuries lameness milk yield |
K. M. Luchterhand1, K. Anderson2,3, E. Shepley4, B. Boyum2, G. Cramer4, W. Knauer4, L. Caixeta4 |
1Novus International Inc, St. Charles, MO, 2Riverview LLP, Morris, MN, 3University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 4University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN |
The study objective was to investigate the effects of stocking density (SD) on lameness, hock and knee injuries, and milk yield within 2 stages of lactation (SL). A total of 3,397 Jersey cows were assigned to 6 pens with SD based on number of stalls (n = 3; SD, cows/pen; 100SD, 588; 130SD, 765; and 153SD, 900) and stage of lactation (High n = 3 or Mid n = 3) from June to August 2020. In each pen, cows were balanced by days in milk, days open or days carrying calf and added once weekly to maintain SD. Cows were housed in a barn with dried manure-bedded mattress stalls. At the start and end of each month, all cows were locomotion scored (LS; 1–5 scale; 1 = normal gait, 5 = severely lame) when returning to the pen after milking. Overall (LS ≥ 3) and severe (LS ≥ 4) lameness prevalence was calculated. Knee and hock injuries were scored 2x/month. Knee injuries (KI; 1–3 scale; 1 = no hair loss or swelling, 2 = hair loss, 3 = swelling) from a convenience sample were evaluated as cows returned from the parlor. Overall KI prevalence was calculated (KI = 3). Every other cow in the parlor was scored for hock injuries (HI) on one side (1–5 scale; 1 = no hair loss or swelling, 5 = excessive swelling) and overall (HI ≥ 2) and severe (HI ≥ 4) HI prevalence was calculated. Mean milk yield (kg/cow/d) was calculated from daily pen milk yield and was weighed 2x/d. Prevalence of lameness and KI and HI as well as milk yield were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models with pen added as a random effect. Overall lameness (19.4 ± 1.4%) and severe lameness prevalence (5.1 ± 0.3%) did not differ among SD or SL. No differences were observed for overall HI (26.3 ± 1.7%) and sever HI (10.6 ± 1.9%). Prevalence of KI (7.8 ± 0.8%) did not differ among SD or SL. In High, 153SD had lower milk yield (31.0 ± 0.2) than 100SD (32.4 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) and 130SD (32.0 ± 0.2; P < 0.01). In the Mid group, 153SD had greater milk yield (22.6 ± 0.2) than 100SD (21.2 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) and 130SD (21.6 ± 0.2; P < 0.01). In conclusion, relatively short periods of high SD at pen level did not appear to affect lameness or injuries, but impaired milk yield for High cows when stocked at 153% and increased milk yield for 153% stocked mid-lactation cows. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86084 |
Watch |
1195 |
Promoting farm advisor engagement and action toward the improvement of dairy cattle lameness. |
8 |
B. A Ventura |
animal welfare communication stakeholder engagement |
E. M. Wynands1, S. M. Roche2, G. Cramer1, B. A Ventura3 |
1University of Minnesota, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Saint Paul, MN, 2ACER Consulting, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3University of Lincoln, School of Life Sciences, Lincoln, UK |
Lameness represents a significant management challenge in dairy industries around the world. Many advisors are involved with lameness management in addition to farmers, including hoof trimmers, nutritionists, and veterinarians. These advisors support farmers through lameness prevention practices, treatments, and advice, but little is known about how advisors view others’ roles and the extent to which they work together. This study used qualitative participatory methods to facilitate the formation of lameness management advisory groups with aims to 1) promote advisor engagement with one another to develop lameness action plans, and 2) explore participants’ experiences of the groups through interviews and thematic analysis. Thirteen advisors (5 hoof trimmers, 4 nutritionists, and 4 veterinarians) from Minnesota, USA were recruited for the project, for which they attended planning meetings, a workshop, lameness advisory group meetings, and developed lameness action plans for 10 dairy farms. Advisors were interviewed at the end of the project to document their experiences of the lameness management groups and their interactions with one another. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and common themes identified through thematic analysis. Participants shared predominantly positive views toward the project and voiced appreciation about the quality of discussions and opportunity to connect with other advisors. Perceived benefits included improved communication with others via sharing reports and farm information, as well as increased confidence in reaching out to other advisors. Reported challenges included difficulty of bringing lameness management issues to the farmer when that may not fit within the farmers’ goals or priorities, as well as participants’ questioning other advisors’ knowledge and intentions. This study describes a promising avenue of facilitating advisor engagement, though more work is needed to determine if further engagement translates to on-farm improvements in lameness management. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86097 |
Watch |
1196 |
Understanding Canadian dairy farmers' perspectives on outdoor access for dairy cows using an online questionnaire. |
9 |
A. M. C. Smid |
animal production survey social science |
A. M. C. Smid1, M. Jarbeau1, V. Boone1, S. Sinclair1, H. W. Barkema1 |
1University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
Dairy cows are highly motivated to access pasture and have a partial preference to access alternative forms of outdoor areas, such as deep-bedded sand or wood-whip packs. Canadians and US citizens value the provision of outdoor access to dairy cows. In 2015, a total 30% of Canadian dairy farms provided pasture to lactating cows; 60% provided pasture to dry cows. Given the disconnect between public values and dairy farming practices, it is important to better understand Canadian dairy farmers’ perspectives on outdoor access. We, therefore, conducted an online questionnaire to better understand Canadian dairy farmers’ perspectives on providing outdoor access to dairy cattle. An online questionnaire was distributed between November 2020 and August 2021 by all provincial milk boards to Canadian dairy farmers, resulting in an 8.9% response rate (n = 903 completed questionnaires). Farmers were asked: 1) whether they envisioned an increase, decrease, or no change in the amount of outdoor access provided on their farm in the next 20 years, and 2) to explain their answer. We used template analysis to analyze the qualitative data. A total 13.4% of respondents indicated they would decrease outdoor access, 66.7% would keep their management practices the same, and 19.9% of respondents indicated that they planned an increase in the amount of outdoor access they provided on their farm in the next 20 years. Reasons underlying these answers revolved around the same 6 on-farm themes: climate, cow welfare, economics, environment, infrastructure, and management. In addition, expected positive effects of providing outdoor access on public perception of dairy farming was also mentioned as reason to provide outdoor access. We conclude that the perspectives of Canadian dairy farmers on the decision to provide outdoor access in the future differ due a multitude of on- and off-farm-specific factors. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86846 |
Watch |
1197 |
Assessment of lameness management on organic dairy farms in the United States. |
10 |
C. Krebill |
lameness organic preventive medicine |
C. Krebill1, J. Shearer1, H. M. Scott2, H. Bothe3, S. Umase3, I. Sanabria3, R. Rodriguez3, R. Rodriguez3, P. Plummer1 |
1Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Ames, IA, 2Texas A and M University Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, TX, 3Organic Dairy Farm, Colorado |
Lameness increases the producer’s cost of production and creates animal welfare concerns. USDA certified organic dairy producers have significant differences in management when compared with conventional producers including pasture grazing minimums and antibiotic restrictions. The objectives of this study were to: a) determine effective strategies used by organic dairies to manage lameness b) determine the incidence of lameness in the organic industry and c) provide benchmarking data for producers. During each farm visit, participants were asked questions from the survey, the farm was evaluated, and the lactating herd was assessed and scored on body condition, locomotion, hock, and hygiene. Relative frequency and numerical summaries were collated and analyzed using the JMP 14.0 software. 71 farms from the Midwest (n = 18), southeast (n = 23), and Northeast (n = 30) regions of the United States participated in this study. In regards to survey response, 53 farms (74.6%) previously or currently manage digital dermatitis within their herd. 57 farms (80.3%) currently or previously managed a case of footrot on their farm. 36 farms (50.7%) trimmed hooves as needed, rather than preventive regular trimming sessions. Eighteen farms (25.4%) utilized a footbath on the farm. Paths to and from the pastures were referred to as laneways, with distances ranging from 30 feet to 7,920 feet. Laneways were primarily composed of soil (51% of farms) and gravel (27% of farms). 1,419 cows were assessed during farm visits. 1,051 cows (74.1%) scored a normal locomotion score of 1 while 368 (25.9%) scored a locomotion score of 2 or higher. Operations varied vastly within and between regions. Organic dairy cows are prone to hoof injuries due to increased walking distances and exposure to a variety of surfaces. This study showed nearly half the participants in the study trimmed hooves as needed, which made producers more responsible for determining when an animal is lame enough to be seen by a veterinary or hoof trimmer. Survey responses and animal assessments from this study show the implications of the lack of resources and consistent treatment within the organic dairy industry. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86966 |
Watch |
1198 |
Current state of animal welfare in Puerto Rico’s dairy farms according to F.A.R.M. observational evaluations. |
11 |
M. Ruiz-Ramos |
animal welfare body condition score hygiene score |
M. Ruiz-Ramos1, C. R. Perdomo-García1, C. I. Rivera-Camacho1, G. Ortiz-Colón1 |
1University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, Puerto Rico |
Although the general public is increasingly concerned with animal welfare, the state of animal welfare in Puerto Rico’s dairy industry have not been preciously evaluated. In this study, the state of animal welfare of lactating dairy cows was assessed using the animal evaluation standards of the Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM) program version 3. A team of trained researchers evaluated body condition score (BCS), hygiene, locomotion and hock and knee lesions. Animal welfare status was evaluated on 82 out of 248 dairy farms in Puerto Rico where a total of 12,246 dairy cows were evaluated. Analysis of the data showed that according to FARM welfare standards, 45% of the dairies had >1% of their cows emaciated (BCS 1). In terms of hygiene, 100% of the evaluated dairies had >10 % of their cows with manure on the belly and above (hygiene scores 3 and 4). When locomotion was evaluated, all of the dairies had <5% of their animals with severe lameness (locomotion score 3). When evaluating hock and knee lesions, 24.39% of the dairies had >5% of their animals with lesions at least the size of a quarter and/or inflammation (kock and knee lesion score 3). In conclusion, a substantial portion of the dairy farms in Puerto Rico currently do not meet the FARM program standards of animal care for BCS, hygiene and/or hock and knee lesions, while they do all comply with the locomotion welfare standards. |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9903 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Chemistry |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86353 |
Watch |
1199 |
The resilience of milk sphingomyelin and cholesterol complexation to in vitro digestion. |
1 |
P. Tai |
MFGM cholesterol digestion |
P. Tai1,2, A. Clulow3, R. Hannaford4, H. Singh1, M. Golding1,2, D. W. Everett1,4 |
1Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 2Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 3Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
The role of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in modulating in vitro digestion of milk was examined. Liquid-ordered (Lo) domains, a result of milk sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol complexation, were found to resist various biochemical digestive components as evidenced by a lack of change in the hydrocarbon chain order. Binary multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) composed of varying molar ratios of naturally derived SM (milk) or phosphatidylcholine (soy, porcine brain) and cholesterol were submitted to static in vitro digestion. The hydrocarbon chain order of MLVs pre-digestion and the post-gastric and post-intestinal digestate was investigated at 20°C by Raman spectroscopy. Synchrotron radiation small-angle x-ray diffraction at 37°C was applied to elucidate changes in the lamellar structure due to bile-induced vesicle→micelle transitions. The adsorption of gastric lipase to liquid-disordered soy phosphatidylcholine MLVs increased the proportion of trans isomers indicated by significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the I1080/I1130 (C-C stretch) peak ratio, regardless of cholesterol content. Interactions between gastric lipase and solid-ordered milk-SM MLVs without cholesterol saw a heightened proportion of gauche isomers as the I1080/I1130 peak ratio increased from 1.07 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.16. The addition of 20 mol% or more cholesterol ceased this interaction. The intestinal phase introduced significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the I2850/I2880 (C-H stretch) peak ratio for all MLVs, emblematic of vesicle→micelle conversion. No cholesterol concentration effect was detected post-intestinal digestion, implying the lateral condensation effect of Lo domains could not be detected. Lamellar structure of 60/40 mol/mol milk-SM/cholesterol (d = 69.8 Å) MLVs persisted in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of bile, although bilayer periodicity decreased (d = 69.0 Å). In the absence of cholesterol, the diffuse milk-SM MLV lamellar feature (d = 77.6 Å) disintegrated immediately after bile addition. The knowledge obtained from this study clarifies the structural role of milk-SM during digestion, updating the model of milk fat globule membrane digestion. |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Chemistry |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86888 |
Watch |
1200 |
Effect of varying pH on the cold gelling behavior of highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC). |
2 |
N. Pougher |
casein gelation rheology |
N. Pougher1, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Using highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC) as a food ingredient could yield positive effects in the dairy industry. It is a dairy product that is formed via microfiltration of skim milk, combined with vacuum evaporation. With a casein content ranging from 19 to 23%, it can form a cold gel without any modifications to the casein, however added ingredients can significantly improve the gel strength. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of varying pH levels on the cold gelling behavior of HC-MCC. Rheological tests were conducted to observe the sol-gel transition point of HC-MCC via time and temperature sweeps on a model MCR302 rheometer. These tests utilized a multiple waveform technique with the application of Winter-Chambon criteria. This criterion is considered more accurate than the traditional crossover point of G” and G’, as it relies on the convergence of the loss factor at multiple frequencies to determine the true gelation point. Additionally, HC-MCC samples were modified via dilution to a minimum protein content where gelation still occurred. This formed the basis for observing changes in cold gel temperature at varying pH (5.2–6.6) by adding glucono-delta-lactone stepwise from 0.5 to 2% wt/wt. All measurements were conducted in triplicate. The minimum protein concentration which could form a cold gel was determined to be 16.8%. Addition of the acid significantly increased the temperature of sol-gel transition (P < 0.01), and increased storage modulus values for low pH samples. Increases in storage modulus values indicates an increase in gel strength. In addition, even highly acidified samples returned to a liquid state upon heating, indicating thermoreversibility. Overall, this study explored the possibility of modifying HC-MCC to utilize it in the future as a dairy based thickener or stabilizer. Adding a dairy based stabilizer to another dairy product could improve consumer preference rather than using polysaccharide-based gums for similar purposes |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86861 |
|
1201 |
Impact of protein source on the oscillatory thermorheometry of high-protein ice cream. |
3 |
S. Martinez-Monteagudo |
oscillatory thermorheometry high-protein ice cream |
M. Enteshari1, S. Martinez-Monteagudo2 |
1South Dakota State University,, 2New Mexico State University, |
High-protein ice cream (HP-IC) has become a popular product among modern consumers. HP-IC consists of a protein increment of about 4 to 6-fold compared with regular ice cream. Industrially, HP-IC are formulated with blends of proteins to achieve the desirable concentration of protein (6–8%). Such concentration of protein alters the flow behavior of the mix and therefore the resulting quality of the ice cream. In this work, we report the impact of different sources of proteins on the melting behavior of HP-IC. Four different sources were used to achieve 7.5% of protein, including WPC-80, MPC-85, MCC, and calcium caseinate. The melting behavior was evaluated through oscillatory thermorheometry within the temperature range of −20 to 10°C. All HP-IC exhibited 3 distinctives zones: zone I (−20 to −10°C), zone II (−10 to 0°C) and zone III (0 to 10°C). The tangent loss factor (tan δ = G”/G’) was also used to evaluate the melting curve, where the temperature corresponding to the highest value of tan δ varied from −4.4 to 9.8°C, depending on the protein source. For instance, the highest value of tan δ (0.61 ± 0.02) was found at −5.4 ± 0.15°C when WPC-80 was added. Contrary, the highest tan δ(0.59 ± 0.03) was found at −9.8 ± 0.18°C when calcium casinate was used as protein source. The analysis of the melting behavior through oscillatory thermorheometry provides relevant information for the manufacture of HP-IC. |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86868 |
|
1202 |
Modeling creep-recovery curves of high-protein ice cream mix. |
4 |
S. Martinez-Monteagudo |
creep-recovery modeling ice cream |
H. Ranaweera1, P. Krishnan1, S. Martinez-Monteagudo2 |
1South Dakota State University,, 2New Mexico State University, |
Ice cream with increased dietary protein represents an attractive novelty food, where the amount of protein is increased up to 8-fold compared with regular ice cream. Such an increment of protein content significantly alters the viscoelastic characteristics of the ice-cream mix, which in turn, impacts several quality parameters of the resulting ice-cream. The determination of viscoelasticity of ice-cream mixes is commonly carried out through oscillatory tests, yielding the corresponding storage and loss moduli. Creep-recovery is a different rheological test used to characterize the deformation (creep) and subsequent recovery of complex systems. In this work, we reported the influence of the protein source (milk protein concentrate 80, MPC80, and whey protein concentrate 80, WPC80), temperature (5–35°C) and protein content (4–12 %) on the creep-recovery curves of ice-cream mixes. Additionally, the experimental curves were modeled with 4 different approaches: 1) the classical Burger model, 2) a Burger-power law model, 3) a fractional model and 4) the Weibull model. Overall, the compliance values increased with temperature and protein content for both protein sources, being more notorious for MPC80. For instance, the maximum compliance obtained for MPC80 (5.89 ± 0.25 Pa−1) was considerable higher than that for WPC80 (3.63 ± 0.35 Pa−1) when both mixes contained 12% protein and tested at 35°C. The experimental creep-recovery curves were adequately represented by the Weibull model, judging by several criteria (R2 > 0.996, adjusted R2 > 0.995, mean absolute error = 2.04%, Akaike probability = 0.264, and F-value = 1.06 × 104). Thus, the Weibull model shown to be an effective tool for predicting the creep-recovery behavior of ice-cream mixes. |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86653 |
Watch |
1203 |
Fat content and processing of shelf stable milk—Which factors do influence the frothing properties? |
5 |
D. Hummel |
milk froth shelf-stable milk milk processing |
D. Hummel1, J. Hinrichs1 |
1Department of Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology (150e), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany |
Coffee specialties as latte macchiato and cappuccino increase in popularity over the past decade. Low-fat milk is associated with good frothing properties; despite free fatty acids impairing the frothing behavior of milk. An increased fat content elevates the risk for enzymatic breakdown of fat, since more substrate is available for the enzymatic reaction. Thus milk with higher fat content is more likely to possess bad frothing properties. The impairment of milk froths by free fatty acids was already shown to be critical for raw and pasteurized milk, though industry also faces problems with batches of shelf stable milk forming bad foams. Shelf stable milk is defined as ultra-high-temperature treated milk with a shelf life of 4 mo or longer. In this study, milk was preheated for 128 s at 90°C and ultra-high-temperature treated for 4 s at 141°C. It was homogenized with a pressure of 25/5 MPa to obtain a stable emulsion. How does the cow breed and the processing of the milk influence the free fatty acid content and the frothing behavior in the final product? Lipolysis was induced homogenizing (10/2 MPa) fresh raw milk at a temperature of 20°C of 2 different cow breeds. Kinetics were assessed based on the extent of mechanical stress induced by application of different homogenization pressures (10/2 MPa, 15/3 MPa, 20/4 MPa, 25/5 MPa), resulting in lipolysis. The development of the free fatty acid content during milk processing was examined with a spectroscopic (MIR) milk analyzer. Milk originated lipase was inactivated by pasteurization, as soon as the desired content of free fatty acids was obtained. Subsequently, UHT treatment and homogenization were performed. Milk was frothed under reproducible conditions inducing a steam-air mixture into the sample and total sample volume was determined over a period of 15 min. A free fatty acid content of >2.0 mEquiv / 100 g fat was found to be critical regarding frothing behavior of shelf stable milk with a fat content of 3.5 % (wt/wt). The influence of milk’s fat content on frothing behavior was investigated, producing milk with 3.5, 4, 6, 7 and 8 % (wt/wt) fat. Further, the influence of septic and aseptic homogenization with the aforementioned fat contents on the frothing behavior was assessed. Emulsion stability was examined performing microscopy and particle size analysis via laser scattering. Septic homogenization was shown to not significantly (α = 0.05) influence emulsion stability negatively for samples with a fat content of up to 6 % (wt/wt). Samples of higher fat content showed fat globule agglomeration. Emulsions of septically homogenized samples of all regarded fat contents remained stable. For fat contents of up to 8 % (wt/wt) it was shown, that frothing capacity is not negatively influenced by fat, as long as free fatty acid level was not elevated. |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86051 |
Watch |
1204 |
Development and evaluation of spray-dried fibrillated model milk protein concentrate. |
6 |
G. Rathod |
fibrillated model MPC viscosity emulsification capacity |
G. Rathod1, R. Kapoor2, J. Amamcharla1 |
1Kansas State Univerisity, Manhattan, KS, 2Dairy Management Inc, Rosemont, IL |
Recently, fibrillated model milk protein concentrate (F-MPC) as a liquid ingredient was developed. F-MPC contained whey proteins as fibrils and consequently showed enhanced viscosity, consistency, and higher gel strength. However, F-MPC in powder form would expand its potential applications. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of spray drying process on the stability of whey protein fibrils in F-MPC powders. Control model MPC (C-MPC) was prepared by mixing solutions of micellar casein concentrate (MCC) and milk whey proteins isolate (mWPI) to maintain the same ratio of caseins to whey proteins as in milk. F-MPC was manufactured by converting whey proteins in mWPI solutions as fibrils and mixed with MCC dispersion to obtain F-MPC similar to C-MPC. C-MPC and F-MPC solutions were spray dried using a 2-stage spray dryer with Inlet and outlet air temperatures 193°C and 82°C, respectively. Moisture content for C-MPC and F-MPC was 3.26 ± 0.15% and 2.57 ± 0.10%, respectively. Powders were collected in plastic bags and stored at −23°C until further analysis. C-MPC and F-MPC were reconstituted to 5% wt/wt on protein basis and evaluated in terms of functional properties. A significantly (P < 0.05) higher thioflavin T fluorescence value of F-MPC than C-MPC and presence of visible fibrils in transmission electron microscopy image of F-MPC confirmed the presence of fibrils in F-MPC. Further, F-MPC showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in viscosity (49% at 100s−1), emulsification capacity (8.8%), and foaming capacity (8.7%) than C-MPC. Foam produced using F-MPC was found to be more stable compared with the foam produced from C-MPC and further microscopic examination of the foam showed smaller air cells in the F-MPC. F-MPC showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower surface tension and interfacial tension than C-MPC. The above results confirm the survival of fibrils and retention of their functionality in spray drying process. |
| Dairy Foods 2: Chemistry & Processing |
In-Person Oral |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86973 |
Watch |
1205 |
Electrostatic spray drying: A novel approach to low temperature drying of dairy ingredients. |
7 |
A. K. M. Masum |
low temperature spray drying |
B. Zisu1, A. K. M. Masum1 |
1Spraying Systems, Fluid Air, Truganina, Victoria, Australia |
Electrostatic spray drying (ESD) is an innovative technology combining gas-liquid atomization and electrostatic charge. Unlike traditional high-heat spray drying (SD), low voltage is applied at the atomization stage and free water is removed without significantly raising the product temperature. Heat transfer to the atomized droplets is primarily driven by latent heat and the product temperature is maintained below 40°C. ESD and traditional SD was used to dry milk, infant formula, colostrum and lactoferrin. ESD powders had large, highly agglomerated structures assembled by the agglomeration of small primary particles (<20 µm) with an average water activity of ~0.20 and residual moisture below 4%. The surface chemistry of resulting powders was altered based on polarity by electrostatic charging (5–10 kV) during the atomization process in a nitrogen environment (<1% O2). Milk-based ESD powders had approximately 8–10% lower surface fat compared with SD powders and the peroxide value was reduced by ~40% to improve the oxidative stability during storage. Heat induced browning reactions were reduced by approximately 30% in ESD powders. The biological activity of active lactoferrin and immunoglobulins was greater in ESD powders with losses in the order of 10–20% measured after spray drying. Implemented commercially, the novel approach of electrostatic spray drying was recently adopted in the Americas, Asia and Australia for its proven capacity to prevent thermal degradation of heat sensitive materials. |
| Extension Education 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9905 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Extension Education 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t85964 |
Watch |
1211 |
Management practices and major concerns of small ruminant producers in the Appalachian region surrounding Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. |
1 |
J Roberson |
sheep management goat management questionnaire |
J Roberson1, T Mittleider2, P Gibbons3 |
1Long Island University, Brookville, NY, 2Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, 3Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
The objective of this study was to investigate the concerns and management procedures of the Appalachian small ruminant producer in a region surrounding Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. Small ruminant producers from 51 farms completed the survey. Seventeen farms with sheep. Eighteen farms with goats. Sixteen farms with both sheep and goats. Small ruminant producers were solicited via telephone to participate in the study. An on-farm questionnaire was administered to obtain information on herd and flock management practices and concerns. Information gathered were general farm statistics, nutrition, marketing, reproduction, disease occurrence, disease treatment and or prevention methods and facilities. Chi-squared test of independence was used for between subject tessts and Chi-squared goodness of fit for within-subject tests. Simple descriptive statistics were also utilized to analyze the data. The results indicate that gastrointestinal nematodes (55%), foot disease (20%) and nutrition (10%) were the most common concerns. Internal parasites were a significantly higher concern than the others (P < 0.001). Regarding specific diseases, 79% of producers listed gastrointestinal nematodes as their major concern (P < 0.05). Footrot and foot scald were the second most common disease concerns (42%), followed by 29% of farms with coccidiosis concerns. The fact that internal parasitism was both the top concern and top specific disease suggests that improvement and education for control of helminths and coccidia would benefit the small ruminant producers in the area surrounding Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. Improving control of hoof diseases is also a top issue. These results should help direct veterinarians, extension agents, researchers and other animal health officials in assisting the small ruminant producer in this area of the Appalachia. |
| Extension Education 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t85848 |
Watch |
1212 |
Multipronged COVID-19 support to the food industry, based on iterative “office hours,” represents a good model for continuous food safety assistance. |
2 |
A. Trmcic |
food industry COVID-19 crisis management |
A. Trmcic1, E. M. Demmings2, S. D. Alcaine1, E. A. Bihn2, O. I. Padilla-Zakour2, R. W. Worobo1, A. Zuber-Gianforte1, R. D. Ralyea1, R. Petran3, K. Kniel4, M. Wiedmann1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 3The Acheson Group and Ruth Petran Consulting, LLC, Eagan, MN, 4University of Delaware, Newark, DE |
Together with a functional healthcare system, maintaining a steady food supply is one of the key aspects of managing a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Cornell University assembled a Food Industry COVID-19 Emergency Task Force to offer food industry personnel and consumers support during pandemic. The Task Force was faced with 2 main issues: (i) identifying concerns and challenges the food industry personnel and consumers have, and (ii) finding solutions to address them. To address these issues a multipronged approach was taken to provide the food industry with the necessary COVID-19 information and included (i) creating a website with resources, (ii) documenting and addressing frequently asked questions (FAQs), (iii) developing information and training videos, and (iv) delivering “COVID-19 Virtual Office Hours” (VOH). The VOH are periodic video/phone conferences open to food industry personnel and consumers where experts from different fields answer questions and present updated information related to COVID-19. To date, 53 sessions of VOH have successfully addressed the needs of more than 3,350 office hour participants because (i) It established a reliable forum where food industry personnel and consumers, through their questions and comments, could provide insight on current concerns and challenges. This information guided development of the website resources, FAQs, and videos that address these specific and current topics. (ii) The website also was a reliable forum to advertise and distribute these newly developed resources and put them into context for food industry personnel and consumers. During 20 mo since the website was launched it has been visited by 98,778 users who collectively did 174,118 views of individual pages. This successful approach originally established for New York stakeholders was adapted and scaled up to offer nationwide as well as international support. Our multipronged approach developed to address the COVID-19 pandemic could be adopted to continuously address food safety challenges throughout the food system. |
| Extension Education 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86683 |
Watch |
1213 |
Regional farm tours showcase alternative manure management practices. |
3 |
D. Meyer |
manure management farmer-to-farmer education extension delivery |
D. Meyer1, J. M. Heguy2, R. A. Black3, D. D. Mullinax4 |
1University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 2University of California Ag and Natural Resouces, Modesto, CA, 3University of California Ag and Natural Resources, Santa Rosa, CA, 4California Dairy Research Foundation, Davis, CA |
California has a manure methane emission reduction target of 40% from 2013 levels, by 2030. Key reduction milestones need to be achieved by 2024 to minimize the need for regulations. One major program to reduce manure methane emissions is the Alternative Manure Management Program (AMMP). Cap and Trade funds incentivize adoption through a highly competitive process. Our goal was to showcase AMMP practices through farmer-to-farmer learning. Video interviews of producers were created. These videos highlight individual experiences (n = 5) with the grant application and implementation process, as well as the functionality of the practices (>75 views). Tips for interested producers were highlighted. Videos were used in part or whole during 3, 30-min, practice specific webinars with live question and answer sessions. Attendees (.c 40 each) increased awareness of the AMMP and received useful tips for a successful application (>260 views). Participants were grateful to gain new knowledge during webinars, see practices in action, and ask questions of experienced producers and technical service providers. Factsheets (n = 7) highlighting each practice with its identified benefits and challenges were created. A resource webpage was developed and is used to curate webinar recordings, producer videos, AMMP practice videos, and factsheets. Social media and newsletter articles continue to drive site visits (1,500 sessions; 70% unique views). Viewers on the AMMP outreach page spent twice as much time than other top-viewed pages with spikes occurring after new video materials were posted. Improving manure management to reach methane emission reduction targets, avoiding further regulation, is imperative to the sustainability of the California dairy industry. This collaboration of University of California Cooperative Extension and the California Dairy Research Foundation was funded by the California Department of Food and Agriculture. |
| Extension Education 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86795 |
Watch |
1214 |
Veterinarians’ disbudding practices and perceptions. |
4 |
F. Silva |
survey animal care |
F. Silva1, J. Van Os1, C. Winder2, M. Akins1, T. Kohlman1, T. Ollivett1, H. Schlesser1, B. Schley1, S. Stuttgen1, J. Versweyveld1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2University of Guelph, Guelph, Toronto, Canada |
Veterinarians majorly influence farmers’ disbudding practices, particularly use of pain control medications. Our objective was to assess US bovine veterinary practitioners’ practices and perceptions of disbudding and dehorning. We distributed an online survey, advertised as about calf care, with n = 129 responses from 16 states. Descriptive results are presented. Respondents reported personally disbudding a mean of 36 calves (range: 0–700; based on n = 127 responses) in the last month. For 5 scenarios, all without pain control medication, the perceived pain level (0–10) increased with calf age and varied by method: caustic paste on the day of birth (median = 4; range: 0–10) vs. 10 d old (median = 6; range: 1–10); hot iron at 10 d old (median = 8; range: 2–10) vs. 7 wk old (median = 9; range: 4–10); gouge plus hot iron at 5 mo old (median = 10; range 5–10). Most respondents were satisfied (somewhat or extremely) with their current knowledge on recognizing the need for and benefits of anesthesia and analgesia (91%, 115/127), the effective drugs and dosage for those purposes (73%, 94/129), and the appropriate withdrawal periods for those drugs (54%, 69/129). Eighty-five percent (110) had trained clients to use disbudding or dehorning techniques appropriately (15), administer a local cornual nerve block (2), or both (93). Most were familiar with the AABP guidelines on dehorning and castration (76%, 98) or the AVMA policy on those procedures (53%, 67/127), and among those, 88% (85/96) and 94% (61/65) believe they adhere to those respective documents. As an alternative to disbudding, most (60%, 77/128) recommend polled genetics for their dairy clients. In summary, veterinarians perceived disbudding and dehorning as painful. Most respondents were confident in their knowledge of anesthesia and analgesia for these procedures, were familiar with and reported adhering to veterinary organization recommendations, have trained their clients on appropriate practies, and recommend alternatives such as polled genetics. These results provide a basis for targeted parternship with veterinarians on extension education programs to help producers implement best practices for disbudding and dehorning. |
| Extension Education 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Extension Education |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86813 |
Watch |
1215 |
Assessment of safety practices and COVID-19 vaccination in English- and Spanish-speaking personnel in dairy farms in Pennsylvania. |
5 |
M. Martinez |
dairy farm farm safety COVID-19 |
M. Martinez1, E. Ortiz1, E. Jimenez1, V. Villena2, K. Sexsmith3, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2W. P. Carey Supply Chain Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 3Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology and Education, Penn State University, University Park, PA |
The objective of this study was to evaluate farm safety and COVID-19 vaccination perceptions in English-speaking (ES) and Spanish-speaking (SS) employees in dairy farms in Pennsylvania. A total of 136 employees from 10 dairy farms located in Pennsylvania were surveyed. The farm sizes ranged from 250 to 1,200 milking cows. A survey was developed to collect specific information regarding employee farm safety and COVID-19 vaccination perceptions. The survey was offered to participants voluntarily and in their preferred language (i.e., English or Spanish). The survey consisted of yes/no, multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. Regardless of language, employees ranked the farm as a safe environment (ES = 8.85 ± 1.98 pts.; SS = 8.73 ± 1.61 pts.; 10-point scale, being 10 the safest). A greater proportion of ES employees reported to have suffered an accident in the farm compared with SS employees (ES = 56.10 ± 7.84 %; SS = 15.78 ± 3.76 %). With regard to COVID-19 vaccination, there was no difference on the proportion of employees vaccinated between ES and SS employees (ES = 32.49 ± 7.47 %; SS = 22.22 ± 4.41 %). Out of the employees that provided reasons for not being vaccinated (n = 65), the most common reasons mentioned were lack of trust to the vaccine, vaccination is not needed, and lack of information or resources regarding vaccination. A larger proportion of ES employees reported to not trust the COVID-19 vaccine compared with SS employees (ES = 57.15 ± 11 %; SS = 31.80 ± 7.13 %); while a larger proportion of SS employees reported to not have information or resources for getting vaccinated (ES = 4.76 ± 4.65 %; SS = 43.18 ± 7.57 %). Furthermore, when employees were asked regarding the impacts of the current pandemic on their daily job, the majority of ES and SS employees answer that nothing has changed (ES = 68.30 ± 7.33 %; SS = 77.9 ± 4.28 %). These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination in dairy farm employees may be low, and that there may be opportunities to improve safety employee training in dairy farms. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: 41st Discover® Conference: Health Management of Calves – From Intrauterine Life to Successful Weaning |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9833 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth and Development Symposium: 41st Discover® Conference: Health Management of Calves – From Intrauterine Life to Successful Weaning |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
n8747 |
|
|
Welcome and Overview |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth and Development Symposium: 41st Discover® Conference: Health Management of Calves – From Intrauterine Life to Successful Weaning |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86026 |
Watch |
1216 |
Updates on late-gestation impact on fetal development and colostrum production from the 41st Discover Conference. |
2 |
A Abuelo |
calf Discover Conference colostrum |
A Abuelo1, S Mann2 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Experiences during early life developmental windows, including prenatal (i.e., in utero) and postnatal (i.e., first weeks, months, or even years of life) stages, can shape an animal's organ growth trajectory, morphology, and function. This concept known as perinatal programming is widely accepted by the scientific community and demonstrated in several species. Exposure to in utero stressors (i.e., nutrition, climate, social interactions, etc.) can have life-long implications for an animal's health and productivity. Similarly, colostrum has long been recognized as the critical source of immunoglobulins and other bioactive substances to the bovine neonate. Colostrogenesis also takes place during late gestation and, therefore, this period is key to influence colostrum quality and quantity that ultimately impact calf health. Thus, the objective of this presentation is to summarize the consequences of late-gestation status on colostrum production and calf health, growth, and survival. In addition, strategies focusing on maternal interventions that improve colostrum synthesis and neonatal health will also be discussed. A better understanding of the late-gestation conditions affecting the calves’ development may facilitate the design of management practices that could improve calf health and future cow productivity. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: 41st Discover® Conference: Health Management of Calves – From Intrauterine Life to Successful Weaning |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t87094 |
Watch |
1217 |
New concepts in preweaning and weaning nutrition and management from the 41st Discover Conference. |
3 |
M. A. Steele |
calf preweaning weaning |
M. A. Steele1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, ON Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Significant progress has been made in understanding the impacts of preweaning and weaning nutrition and management on dairy calf growth, metabolism, future productivity and welfare. However, large knowledge gaps still remain; in particular, there is a lack of knowledge centered around traditional calf nutrition and management practices during the preweaning and weaning periods and how these practices may influence the physiology and thus productivity of the calf. There is considerable evidence supporting feeding elevated levels of milk during the preweaning and its benefits on welfare, growth and future productivity. Yet, there is still debate among researchers about the appropriate milk feeding levels at specific stages of the preweaning phase. Adding further complexity to the debate is the large variability in the composition and consistency of milk and milk replacer between studies and in industry, and how these differences may alter the growth, metabolism, and long-term productivity of calves. The shift from preweaning to weaning represents one of the largest transitions in dairy production, with a late and gradual weaning transition becoming more accepted for its benefits on calf health and growth. Similar to milk, calf starter composition can vary widely in composition in our industry and there are more opportunities to match specific starter compositions with preweaning milk feeding programs. In addition to updating feeding regimens and feed composition in the future, it is becoming highly evident that there is a strong need to consider housing and grouping strategies (group vs single housing) as this can play a large role on intake, growth and social development. The long-term consequences of these alterations, however, are unclear. In summary, there is great potential to adopt new precision nutrition and management during the preweaning and weaning period that are associated with both short- and long-term consequences on lifetime performance. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: 41st Discover® Conference: Health Management of Calves – From Intrauterine Life to Successful Weaning |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86165 |
Watch |
1218 |
Lessons learned in calf health and welfare from the 41st Discover Conference. |
5 |
D. L. Renaud |
calf health welfare ethics |
D. L. Renaud1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective of this presentation is to highlight the importance of calf health and strategies to mitigate disease as well as discuss welfare challenges impacting dairy calves. Mitigating disease in early life is critical to the future success of calves; however, exposure to pathogens and stressors is commonplace leading to high levels of disease in the preweaning period. Feeding colostrum to calves is one of the most important management practices to not only ensure passive immunity but also positively influence the microbiome leading to improved health and growth. Genetics also play an important role in disease susceptibility and genomic selection may be used in the future as a tool to mitigate disease. In addition, the innate immune system is also key to combating disease and may be more functional than previously thought with its ability to adapt recently discovered. To attain success in raising calves on dairy farms, there is a need to move beyond treatment records when evaluating calf health to provide a more objective assessment of calf health. A proposed solution could be the use of lung ultrasound to identify and characterize bottlenecks in management. Calf welfare and ethics are other important areas that are gaining attention. It is clear that disbudding is a painful procedure and recent changes to North American quality assurance programs have made it necessary to include pain control. Surplus dairy calves are also an important ethical consideration as they pose a reputational risk to the dairy industry. There is a need to engage multiple stakeholders to improve the sustainability of industries rearing surplus calves. Finally, public concern with respect to the welfare of farm animals, especially young animals, is rising. The dairy industry will need to address the management of young dairy animals, including cow-calf separation and the issue of surplus calves. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/Lactation Biology Symposium: Milk - A Full-Spectrum Health Provider! |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9835 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Dairy Foods/Lactation Biology Symposium: Milk - A Full-Spectrum Health Provider! |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
n8718 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Dairy Foods/Lactation Biology Symposium: Milk - A Full-Spectrum Health Provider! |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86323 |
Watch |
1207 |
Consumer and commercial landscape on health and wellness and key dairy bioactives. |
2 |
E. L. Vernon |
consumer wellness functional ingredients product innovation |
E. L. Vernon1 |
1RTI, Research Triangle Park, NC |
A recent study from McKinsey, where they surveyed around 7,500 consumers worldwide, they reported that 79% of the respondents indicated that wellness is important with 42% considering it a top priority. The global wellness market is estimated at more than $1.5 trillion, with a growth of 5 to 10 % per year (Callaghan et al., 2021). As the world is faced with the challenge of an ongoing pandemic, consumers continue to seek foods to fulfill their health and wellness needs whether it is to help boost their immunity or alleviate stress. In addition to providing all the essential nutrients required for growth and development, bovine milk also contains various bioactives that can play a major role in overall human health beyond basic nutrition. In recent years, milk bioactives including α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, milk fat globule membrane, and milk oligosaccharides have been intensively studied because of their unique bioactivity and functionality. This talk will highlight the consumer and commercial landscape on health and wellness with a special emphasis on some of the dairy bioactives of interest. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/Lactation Biology Symposium: Milk - A Full-Spectrum Health Provider! |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86333 |
Watch |
1208 |
Consumer perception of dairy foods and immunity. |
3 |
M. A. Drake |
dairy foods immunity bioactives |
M. A. Drake1, M. E. Watson1 |
1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC |
Foods that meet immune-boosting and calming need states are in high demand from pandemic-related consumer shifts in purchase motivations. Dairy products offer a wide range of intrinsic and extrinsic properties which may deliver these desired qualities. Some consumers currently associate dairy products with immune-boosting. Many consumers who do not use dairy for immunity would like to. Cultured dairy products are associated with immune health, while milk and cheese can also address this consumer need state. Dairy foods that meet consumer desires and needs for immunity as well as barriers and opportunities will be discussed. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/Lactation Biology Symposium: Milk - A Full-Spectrum Health Provider! |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86188 |
Watch |
1209 |
Dairy bioactives and human health. |
4 |
M. Torres-Gonzalez |
dairy bioactives health |
M. Torres-Gonzalez1 |
1National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL |
Nutritionally, milk, cheese, and yogurt are nutrient-dense foods that provide many essential nutrients required for growth and development, fill nutrient gaps, and reduce risk of chronic diseases. Moreover, dairy foods are a heterogeneous and complex group of products that vary not only in physical state and structure, profile, and amounts of essential nutrients but also in bioactive ingredients, and other constituents. While the high nutritional quality of milk proteins is well recognized due to their high content of essential amino acids, a growing body of evidence also suggests that milk proteins and peptides released during digestion exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, including satiety, antimicrobial, mineral-binding, and antilipidemic properties. Additionally, although dietary guidelines from health authorities have historically recommended only low-fat and fat-free dairy foods, emerging evidence from controlled human studies and mechanistic preclinical investigations support that full-fat dairy foods may decrease cardiometabolic risk by promoting gut health, reducing inflammation, and managing dyslipidemia. These gut- and systemic-level cardiometabolic benefits are attributed, at least in part, to milk polar lipids (MPLs) derived from the phospholipid- and sphingolipid-rich milk fat globule membrane that is of higher abundance in full-fat dairy milk. Similarly, in vitro and animal studies have shown that milk oligosaccharides appear to have health-promoting bioactivities such as prebiotic and antimicrobial. As such, biologically active milk components that are embedded in the major milk proteins, milk lipids, and milk oligosaccharides are increasingly being recognized for their potential health-promoting activities. As our understanding of the health benefits of dairy foods continues evolving, the complexity of these foods indicates that dairy foods are more than the sum of their nutrients. |
| Joint Dairy Foods/Lactation Biology Symposium: Milk - A Full-Spectrum Health Provider! |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86634 |
|
1210 |
Bioactives in bovine milk: Chemistry, technology, and applications. |
5 |
T. Lin |
milk bioactive components separation encapsulation |
T. Lin1, G. Meletharayil2, R. Kapoor2, A. Abbaspourrad1 |
1Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL |
The significance of dairy in human health and nutrition is gaining significant momentum as consumers continue to desire wholesome, nutritious foods to fulfill their health and wellness needs. Bovine milk not only consists of all the essential nutrients required for growth and development, but it also provides a broad range of bioactive components that play an important role in managing human homeostasis and immune function. In recent years, milk bioactives, including α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, milk fat globule membrane, and milk oligosaccharides, have been intensively studied because of their unique bioactivity and functionality. Challenges for the application of these bioactive components in food and pharmaceutical formulations are associated with their isolation and purification on an industrial scale and also with their instability during processing, storage, and digestion. In this session, the current knowledge about the chemistry, separation, and encapsulation technology of major milk bioactives and their application in the food industry is reviewed. Membrane filtration, chromatography, and their combinations are major techniques that have been commercially used on an industrial or semi-industrial scale for the separation and purification of milk bioactives. Modern, sophisticated micro or nano-encapsulation technology offers potential solutions for protecting sensitive milk bioactive components, promoting bioavailability, and improving sensory properties. Therefore, seeking new isolation and formulation technologies, that maximally retain the structural integrity and native properties of milk bioactives, is essential for ensuring they can fully preserve and deliver the biological function for desirable human health. We believe that this knowledge would be of great interest to dairy industries and research scientists, because of the increasing interest in utilizing milk bioactives in both foods and pharmaceuticals for enhancing human health and nutrition. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9909 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86731 |
Watch |
1222 |
Exploring the interaction between lipid mediators, inflammation, and microbiota composition in dairy cows under heat stress. |
1 |
D. E. Rico |
endocannabinoids hyperthermia vitamins |
A. Ruiz-Gonzalez1,2, N. Flammand3,4, R. Petri4, J. Ronholm5, P. Y. Chouinard1, R Gervais1, V. Di Marzo3,7, D. E. Rico2 |
1Departement of animal science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, 2CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada, 3Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada, 4Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada, 5Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, 6Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada, 7Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation, Quebec, QC, Canada |
A multitude of fatty acids (FA) and fatty acid-derived mediators (FADM) such as the N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs)and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs), and the oxylipins (including oxidation products of NAEs and 2-MAGs), are associated with intestinal health, microbiota, and/or inflammation, and might be altered during heat stress in dairy cows. In addition, dietary factors such as Vitamin D3, Vitamin E, Ca and Se may modulate these associations. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83 ± 27 DIM) were used in a split-plot design where the main plot was the level of dietary vitamin E and Se (HighE: 200 IU/kg and 1.2 ppm; LowE: 20 IU/kg and 0.3 ppm; respectively). Within each plot, cows were randomly assigned to 1) heat stress (HS), 2) pair-feeding (PF), or 3) HS with increased vitamin D3 and Ca (HS+DCa; 1,820 IU/kg vitamin D3 and 1.5 % Ca) using 3 × 3 Latin squares with 14-d periods. Fecal and plasma samples were taken on d 14 of each period for the analysis of 16S rRNA-based fecal microbiota and LC/MS/MS-based analysis of plasma FA and FADM, respectively. Data were analyzed in a mixed model. N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (131 ± 14 attmol/uL) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (800 ± 127 attmol/uL) plasma concentrations were not affected by treatment or plot (P > 0.50). Relative to both PF and HS+DCa cows, HS decreased 13-HODE (−57%; P < 0.01), whereas 12-HETE (−43%), 15-HETE (−39%), and 9-HODE (−37%) were reduced by HS only relative to PF (All P < 0.05), and no plot effects were observed. Concentrations of N-EPEA and 18-HEPE were not affected by treatment but were depleted in LowE relative to HighE (P < 0.01). Fecal Elusimicrobiota and Planctomycetota were negatively associated (P < 0.05) with plasma 2-PG (r = −0.74 and −0.42, respectively), stearidonic acid (−0.32 and −0.45) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA; −0.15; −0.39). Total free FA, EPA, and 15-HEPE negatively correlated to TNF-α and rectal temperatures (−0.38 to −0.64; P < 0.05). Heat stress and diet can modulate the expanded endocannabinoid system in association with microbiota composition and heat stress indicators. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t85825 |
Watch |
1219 |
Comparing production, metabolic, and inflammatory responses to an endotoxin challenge in early versus mid-lactation dairy cows. |
2 |
J. Opgenorth |
lactation stage immune activation |
J. Opgenorth1, E. J. Mayorga1, M. A. Abeyta1, B. M. Goetz1, S. Rodriguez-Jimenez1, A. D. Freestone1, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
Early- (E; 20 ± 3 DIM; n = 12) and mid- (M; 130 ± 28 DIM; n = 12) lactation cows were assigned 1 of 2 treatments within each lactation stage (n = 6): 1) LPS (0.09 µg lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O55:B5/kg BW) or 2) pair-fed (PF; 4 mL saline + PF to LPS cows). Data were collected for 3 d following treatment administration. Effects of lactation stage, treatment, and interactions were evaluated using SAS PROC MIXED with time as a repeated measure. Following LPS, rectal temperature increased in E- more than M-LPS (2.6 vs 1.3°C relative to baseline, respectively; P < 0.01). For 3 d after LPS, the reduction in DMI was more severe in E- compared with M-LPS (34 vs 11%, respectively; P < 0.01), but the reduction in milk yield did not differ (20%; P > 0.19). Plasma FFA increased at 3 h in E-LPS (78%; P < 0.01) and decreased to baseline by 12 h, but FFA in M-LPS did not change. Blood urea nitrogen increased in E- and M-LPS (87 and 26%, respectively; P < 0.01). LPS decreased Ca2+, but the response was more severe in E- vs M-LPS (36 vs 25% at 6 h nadir, respectively; P < 0.01). Glucose increased in E-LPS (10% from 9 to 12 h; P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 36 h but did not change in M-LPS (P > 0.72 relative to M-PF). Glucagon increased in E-LPS (61% at 3 h; P < 0.01), but it did not change in M-LPS (P > 0.62). Insulin increased similarly in E- and M-LPS (3.2-fold at 12 h), but insulin concentrations were decreased in E vs M cows before and after LPS (P = 0.02). LPS-binding protein (LBP) and haptoglobin were elevated more in E- relative to M-LPS (1.9 and 2.1-fold at 24 and 48 h in LBP and haptoglobin, respectively; P ≤ 0.02). The LPS-induced neutrophilia was more pronounced in E-LPS relative to M-LPS (36% at 24 h; P = 0.02). In summary, almost every metric of immune activation was more intensely engaged by LPS in E compared with M cows, but the deleterious effects on milk yield was similar between lactation stages. The milk response was likely maintained in periparturient cows via homeorhetic metabolism, which appeared catabolically primed to release energy and nutrients to prioritize milk synthesis despite immune activation. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86726 |
Watch |
1220 |
Calcium metabolism following LPS challenge in early postpartum cows maintained at eucalcemia. |
3 |
T. L. Chandler |
calcium inflammation transition period |
T. L. Chandler1, T. A. Westhoff1, P. A. LaPierre1, T. R. Overton1, S. Mann1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Immune activation induces hypocalcemia in early postpartum cows, but the effect of Ca therapy on Ca metabolism is unknown. Our objective was to describe Ca metabolism following an intravenous (IV) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in postpartum cows with or without IV Ca to maintain eucalcemia. Cows (n = 14, 8 ± 1 DIM) were enrolled in a matched-pair randomized controlled design and received an IV LPS challenge (40 to 45 ng/kg BW over 1 h) either with IV Ca (IVCa) in a eucalcemic clamp for 12 h, or 0.9% NaCl (CTRL). During the 24 h following LPS infusion, serum and urine were collected to calculate urine fractional excretion of Ca (FECa), and fecal samples were collected to calculate Ca apparent digestibility (CaAD) using uNDFom240 as an internal marker. Calcium intake and milk Ca secretion were also quantified. Repeated-measures ANOVA with baseline covariates were analyzed in PROC MIXED (SAS v 9.4) with fixed effects of treatment (trt), time, trt × time, LPS dose, DIM, parity, and BW, and random effect of pair. Serum total Ca (tCa) was maintained within ± 3.5% of baseline in IVCa (trt × time P = 0.001) whereas tCa decreased by 22% to 2.03 ± 0.08 mM at 6 h in CTRL. Dry matter and Ca intake decreased (P ≤ 0.003) 17% on the day of challenge and did not differ (P ≥ 0.88) between trt. Milk Ca concentration increased (P < 0.01), but milk yield decreased (P < 0.01) such that milk Ca secretion decreased (P < 0.01) 17% on the day of challenge. Urine FECa was low, but a trt × time was found (P = 0.01) as FECa increased in IVCa, but not in CTRL. Fecal DM decreased (P = 0.002) from baseline, but did not differ between 6, 12, and 24 h (P = 0.69), and did not differ (P = 0.60) between trt. A trt × time was found for uNDFom240 (% of DM; P = 0.04) and CaAD (P = 0.05), as uNDFom240 and CaAD decreased in CTRL, but not IVCa. Acute immune activation induced hypocalcemia in CTRL and although urine Ca excretion was not a primary mechanism, it is unclear to what degree hypocalcemia was due to decreased CaAD. Eucalcemia appeared to alter adaptations in Ca metabolism during immune activation as FECa was increased and CaAD maintained in IVCa. This work was supported in part by USDA-NIFA. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86437 |
Watch |
1221 |
Assessment of systemic inflammation following oral calcium supplementation in postpartum dairy cows—A randomized controlled trial. |
4 |
R. C. Serrenho |
subclinical hypocalcemia transition bolus |
R. C. Serrenho1, E. Morrison1, T. C. Bruinje1, S. J. LeBlanc1 |
1Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective was to investigate a possible role of supplemental calcium (Ca) in postpartum systemic inflammation in dairy cows. Hypocalcemia may be an adaptive response to inflammation. We hypothesized that in clinically healthy multiparous cows, postpartum administration of supplemental Ca may increase serum concentrations of markers of inflammation. Healthy cows (n = 101) from 2 commercial farms in Ontario (475 and 460 lactating cows) calving into parity 2, 3, or 4 between September and December 2021 were enrolled. Cows were balanced by parity group and randomly assigned to receive an oral bolus of Ca (42 g of Ca) within 12 h after calving and a 2nd bolus 12 h later (TRT; n = 51), or no Ca supplementation (CON; n = 49). The outcomes were serum concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp), albumin (ALB), and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Total serum Ca (tCa), Hp, and ALB concentrations were assessed at 0 (<12h postpartum), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 d after enrollment; and LBP was assessed at 0, 2, and 4 d after enrollment. Cows with clinical disease were excluded (n = 14). Linear regression models of each outcome accounting for repeated measures included treatment, parity, farm, sampling d, baseline value (d0) of the outcome, and the interactions of treatment with farm, parity, and sampling d. Results are presented as LSM and 95% CI. Calcium concentration tended to be greater at 0.5 d (TRT 2.07 mmol/L [2.03–2.12]; CON 2.01[1.96–2.06], P = 0.06) and was lesser at 2 d (TRT 2.18 [2.13–2.23]; CON 2.27 [2.23–2.32], P = 0.007) in TRT than CON cows. There were no interactions of treatment with time for inflammatory markers. Second parity TRT cows had greater LBP concentrations than 2nd parity CON cows (TRT 2.28 ng/mL [2.06–2.50]; CON 1.99[1.77–2.21], P = 0.07), with no difference in older cows. Treatment had no effect on ALB or HP (P > 0.92). In this pilot-scale trial, oral Ca supplementation had a small transient effect on blood Ca and little indication of increasing inflammation based on the analytes evaluated. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86436 |
Watch |
1223 |
Rumen-protected methionine supplementation during subclinical mastitis challenge benefit dairy cow inflammation and immune cell mTOR pathway. |
5 |
T. C. Michelotti |
immune response rumen-protected methionine Streptococcus uberis |
A. Paz1, T. C. Michelotti1,2, M. Suazo1,3, J. Bonilla1, M. Bulnes1, D. Luchini4, E. Trevisi5, M. Rovai1, J. S. Osorio1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 3Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, 4Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA, 5Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected methionine (Smartamine M, Adisseo Inc., France) on inflammation and immune response of lactating cows during a subclinical mastitis challenge (SMC). Thirty-two Holstein dairy cows (145 ± 51 DIM) were enrolled in a randomized complete block design. At −21 d relative to SMC, cows were assigned to dietary treatments, and data were collected from 0 to 3 d relative to SMC. Cows were blocked according to parity, DIM, and milk yield. Cows received a basal diet (17.4% CP; 7.01% and 2.14% of MP as Lys and Met, respectively) supplemented with 100 g/d of ground corn (CON; n = 16) or Smartamine M (SM, 0.09% DM; n = 16). At 0 d, mammary gland rear right quarter was infused with 500,000 cfu of Strep. uberis (O140J). Blood samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h relative to SMC for inflammation and liver function biomarkers, and blood Ca. Blood samples were also collected at 0, 12, and 24 h, and milk samples at 24 h relative to SMC for ratio of phosphorylated to total AKT, S6RP, and 4EBP1, in neutrophils (PMN), monocytes, and total leukocytes via flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P ≤ 0.10. Inflammation biomarkers showed lower (P < 0.01) ceruloplasmin levels for SM than CON cows. A trt × time interaction (P = 0.05) for blood Ca showed a trend (P = 0.08) for lower Ca in SM cows at 12 h post-SMC. An increased phosphorylation state of AKT, S6RP, and 4EBP1 proteins suggests an activation of the mTOR pathway. We observed greater (P = 0.02) p4EBP1:4EBP1 ratio in blood PMN of SM cows than CON. pAKT:AKT was greater (P = 0.04) in milk PMN from SM cows than CON, while a trend (P = 0.08) for greater milk total leukocytes in SM cows than CON was observed. SM cows had greater (P < 0.05) pS6RP:S6RP ratio in milk PMN and monocytes. Overall, results suggest that methionine supplementation during a SMC may attenuate inflammation while potentially enhancing protein synthesis through mTOR pathway. However, effects on inflammation need further confirmation. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86379 |
Watch |
1224 |
Rumen-protected methionine supplementation improves oxidative status and lactation performance during a subclinical mastitis challenge in lactating dairy cows. |
6 |
A. Paz |
rumen-protected methionine subclinical mastitis Streptococcus uberis |
A. Paz1, T. C. Michelotti1,2, M. Suazo1,3, J. Bonilla1, M. Bulnes1, A. Minuti5, D. Luchini4, E. Trevisi5, M. Rovai1, J. S. Osorio1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 3Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, 4Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA, 5Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected methionine (Smartamine M, Adisseo Inc., France) on lactation performance and liver glutathione of lactating dairy cows during a subclinical mastitis challenge (SMC). Thirty-two Holstein dairy cows (145 ± 51 DIM) were enrolled in a randomized complete block design. At −21 d relative to SMC, cows were assigned to dietary treatments, and data were collected from 0 to 3 d relative to SMC. Cows were blocked according to parity, DIM, and milk yield. Cows received a basal diet (17.4% CP; Lys 7.01% MP and Met 2.14% MP) supplemented with 100 g/d of ground corn (CON; n = 16) or Smartamine M (SM, 0.09% DM; n = 16). At 0 d, mammary gland rear right quarter was infused with 500,000 cfu of Strep. uberis (O140J). Milk yield was recorded twice daily from 0 until 3 d relative to SMC. Milk samples were collected from 0 to 3 d relative to SMC for analysis of fat, protein, and SCC. Blood samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h relative to SMC for biomarkers metabolism and oxidative stress, while liver biopsies were performed at −10 d and 24 h for measurement of total glutathione. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P ≤ 0.10. There was a trend (P = 0.07) for greater milk yield (+ 0.9 kg) after SMC in SM cows than CON. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed in energy metabolites or DMI; however, reactive oxygen metabolies (ROM) were lower (P < 0.01) in SM cows than CON. Milk somatic cell linear score was not affected by trt, and a score >4 at 24 h confirmed a subclinical mastitis. SM cows had greater (P < 0.01) milk fat at 24 and 36 h post SMC, resulting in overall greater (P = 0.04) milk fat. Milk protein tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in SM cows than CON. We observed greater (P = 0.05) liver glutathione in SM cows than CON. Overall, our results show that methionine supplementation during a SMC may positively affect milk performance and lower the risk of oxidative stress by increasing liver glutathione in lactating dairy cows. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86559 |
Watch |
1225 |
Effects of dietary rumen-protected choline supplementation during an intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenge in periparturient dairy cattle. |
7 |
T. H. Swartz |
methyl donor inflammation mastitis |
T. H. Swartz1, B. J. Bradford1, L. K. Mamedova1, K. A. Estes2 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY |
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of supplementation and dose of rumen-protected choline (RPC) on metabolism, inflammation, and performance during an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Parous Holstein cows were blocked by calving month and randomly assigned within block to receive either 45 g/d of RPC (CHOL45, n = 18), 30 g/d of RPC (CHOL30, n = 21), or no RPC (CON, n = 19) as a top-dress starting 24 d before expected calving until 21 d postpartum. Cows were alternatively assigned within treatment group to either receive an intramammary LPS challenge (200 μg in each rear quarter) or not at 17 DIM. Blood samples were taken on d −24, −17, −10, 0, 7, 14, and 21 relative to calving. During the LPS challenge, blood and milk samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h post-challenge. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models (PROC GLIMMIX) including the dam’s genetic parameters as covariates. Before the challenge, cows receiving CHOL45 (P = 0.03) and CHOL30 (P < 0.01) produced approximately 3.5 ± 1.3 kg/d more milk than CON. From 17 to 21 DIM (after LPS challenge), treatment did not affect milk yield; however, CHOL45 (P = 0.03) and CHOL30 (P = 0.01) cows produced approximately 3 ± 1.5 kg/d more milk than CON in the carry-over period (22 to 84 DIM). Treatment did not affect somatic cell score (SCS) before challenge; however, during the LPS challenge, treatment interacted with the PTA for SCS such that CHOL supplementation reduced SCS in cows with inferior genetics. Cows receiving CHOL45 (P < 0.01) and CHOL30 (P = 0.05) had greater plasma BHB concentrations than CON pre-challenge, but no difference was found post-challenge. Conversely, plasma NEFA concentrations were not different pre-challenge; however, CHOL supplementation mitigated the drop in NEFA concentrations post-challenge (both P ≤ 0.03). In conclusion, RPC supplementation during the peripartum period reduced SCS, altered metabolism, and enhanced milk yield following an LPS challenge; however, some of these effects are dependent on the genetic propensity for mastitis. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86763 |
Watch |
1226 |
Associations between maternal parity and metabolism of heifers during the transition to first lactation. |
8 |
B. Van Winters |
fetal programming |
B. Van Winters1, B. Mion1, E. Ribeiro1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Previous studies have described differences in milk production and physiology between daughters of heifers and daughters of cows. Our objective was to investigate whether dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), energy balance (EBAL), milk yield (MY) and blood metabolites of heifers during the transition to first lactation are associated with parity of their dam. A cohort of heifers (n = 100) raised under the same conditions were categorized into 2 groups: daughters of primiparous (PDam; n = 42) or multiparous cows (MDam; n = 58). Heifers were assigned to individual automatic feeding bins to measure DMI from 45 d prepartum to 98 DIM. Blood was sampled on d −21, −14, −10, −7, −3, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d relative to calving to determine the concentration of selected metabolites. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS and models included the fixed effects of dam parity, diet of the original study, time and their interactions, season, and the random effect of heifer. Prepartum BW, DMI, and EBAL did not differ between groups. During the postpartum period, PDam heifers consumed less DM (18.4 vs 19.1 ± 0.2 kg/wk; P < 0.01) and had a more negative EBAL (−1.4 vs −0.2 ± 0.3 Mcal/wk; P < 0.01). Postpartum BW and milk yield did not differ. Through transition, PDam heifers had greater concentrations of Ca (2.34 vs 2.28 ± 0.01 mmol/L; P < 0.01) and ceruloplasmin (0.056 vs 0.052 ± 0.001 g/L; P = 0.04) compared with MDam heifers. For concentrations of haptoglobin and glutathione peroxidase, interactions between group and day (P < 0.01) were observed. At 3 and 7 DIM, PDam heifers had elevated (P < 0.01) levels of haptoglobin (d3: 1.05 vs 0.68 g/L; d7: 0.67 vs 0.42 ± 0.06 g/L) and glutathione peroxidase (d3: 291.9 vs 233.3; d7: 267.2 vs 222.4 ± 12 nmol/min/mL). Concentrations of BHB, NEFA, and glucose did not differ. Both groups had similar incidence of postpartum clinical diseases, and inclusion of disease in the statistical models did not change the interpretation of the results. In conclusion, parity of the dam was associated with postpartum inflammation, DMI and EBAL of daughters, indicating that it may affect developmental programming in utero of heifers. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86243 |
Watch |
1227 |
Effect of a commercial feed additive on buffalo immune response during the transition period. |
9 |
P. De Palo |
Bubalus bubalis PBMC transition period |
P. De Palo1, M. G. Liuzzi2, T. Latronico2, A. Maggiolino1, M. F. Sgarro1, E. Casalino1 |
1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano (BA), Italy, 2Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy |
In recent years, pressure to reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock management has led to development of feed additives that enhance immune response of animals. For these reasons, new biologically active preparations have been developed and tested. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of a feed additive already used for dairy cows, based on a mixture of yeast walls, hydrolyzed yeast cells and dehydrated diatom algae (DeCoSel) on immune response of dairy buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) during the transition period (used as stress challenge useful for the evaluation of the inflammatory reaction). Eighty dairy buffaloes were involved. All animals were assigned to 2 groups balanced for parity: the control group (CON) and the experimental one (DEC) that received 50 g/day per head of DeCoSel administered directly in the mouth for 90 d (from 60 d before calving to 30 d after calving). Blood samples were collected from each buffalo at −30d from calving, at calving day (0d) and 15 (+15) and 30 d in milking (+30d). At each time, 4 9 mL EDTA tubes were collected for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) analysis, and they were processed no more than 2h after sampling. Cell viability of PBMC was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, also after challenges with ConA (5 μg/mL) and H2O2 (1mM). Intracellular PBMC ROS concentration and medium ROS/RNS concentration was carried out. All data were subjected to Analysis of Variance according to the General linear Model procedure of SAS considering group, time and their binary interaction as fixed effects. Tukey’s test for repeated measures was performed when time effect was detected. The PBMC viability showed to increase in DEC group (P < 0.001) from calving to 30DIM. The same outcome was recorded after ConA challenge (P < 0.001). After H2O2 challenge the ROS concentration in PBMC was significantly lower in DEC group (P < 0.001) from 30 d before calving to 30 DIM. RNS/ROS concentration in PBMC medium culture showed a peak at calving (P < 0.001) in both the groups, but DEC group recorded lower values from −30 to calving (P < 0.01). These results suggest that DeCoSel could have a modulation activity on the oxidative stability of PBMC during the transition period in water buffaloes. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Oral Presentations 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86984 |
Watch |
1429 |
Feeding spent hemp biomass to late-lactating dairy cows does not affect the immune system but has a minor effect on metabolism and inflammation. |
10 |
A. Irawan |
cannabinoids dairy cow immunity |
A. Irawan1, F. R. Hunter1, S. Busato1,2, S. Ates1, J. Cruickshank1, J. Ranches1, E. Trevisi3, M. Bionaz1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 3Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
The legalization of industrial hemp has driven a sharp increase in its cultivation. The extraction of cannabinoids from hemp generates a large amount of spent hemp biomass (SHB) with good nutritional properties for ruminants; however, the effect of SHB on animal biology is unknown. This study investigated how dietary SHB affects metabolism, immune function, and liver and oxidative status of dairy cows. Eighteen late-lactating cows (mean ± SD; 2.0 ± 1.1 parity, 245 ± 37 DIM, and 19.9 ± 3.5 kg milk/d) were randomly enrolled to receive diets containing either 13% alfalfa pellet (CTR) or 13% pelleted SHB (TRT) for 4 weeks of the intervention period (IP) followed by 4 weeks of SHB withdrawal period (WP). Blood samples were collected at baseline and then at d 10 and 25 of both periods and analyzed for complete blood count (CBC), leukocytes phagocytosis and migration, and a large panel of parameters in plasma. GLIMMIX model in SAS was used to analyze the data with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (group × period). CBC parameters and phagocytosis were not affected by feeding SHB. Migration was larger in TRT vs. CTR during IP. Among the 31 parameters measured in plasma, concentration of only a few was affected, including higher BHBA, haptoglobin, and advanced oxidation protein products and lower Cl in TRT vs. CTR in both periods. Plasma concentration of cholesterol and paraoxonase was lower while ceruloplasmin and alkaline phosphatase were higher in TRT vs. CTR during IP while concentration of bilirubin was lower in TRT vs. CTR during WP. The effect on cholesterol and paraoxonase is likely related to lower DMI in TRT vs. CTR. The data on BHBA may indicate an effect of SHB on the rumen microbiome. Data indicated a likely mild inflammation in cows fed SHB with no detrimental effect on the liver. The higher concentration of alkaline phosphatase with no change in other liver enzymes may indicate an effect of SHB on bone metabolism. Overall, this study demonstrated that SHB has no detrimental effect on immunity and liver functions although some minor effects on metabolism and inflammation were noted. |
| Joint Reproduction/Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Genomics on Reproduction |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9836 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Reproduction/Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Genomics on Reproduction |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
n8753 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Reproduction/Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Genomics on Reproduction |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t87000 |
|
1228 |
Building a predictor for sire fertility: Advances and challenges. |
2 |
M. S. Ortega |
sire fertility phenotype |
M. S. Ortega1, K. G. Pohler2 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 2Texas A&M University, College Station, TX |
To date, sire conception rate (SCR) is the only indicator for bovine male fertility, and it is determined until d 70 of pregnancy. So far, there is no genetic predictor of SCR and sires will only obtain an SCR value until they have been widely used in the field. Given the complexity of events occurring during the pregnancy establishment in cattle, it is very difficult to determine how sire influences this period from a single pregnancy evaluation. Thus, any paternal effect beyond fertilization during the first month of pregnancy is not well-characterized. Thus, the aim of this work has been to identify paternal influences from the preimplantation embryonic period through the first month of pregnancy to elucidate phenotypes that can be used as the base for building a genetic predictor for sire fertility. Previous research suggests that both embryonic development and placental-specific products such as pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) are affected by sire. A total of 65 sires with ranging SCR values from −14.2 to +5.3 were utilized as extreme populations and then characterized for in vitro embryo production and trophectoderm (TE) function and development. After characterization, it was possible to identify sires with extreme phenotypes both for embryo production and TE function (high or low performing), with SCR not being predictive of any phenotype. Sires were then sequenced and both structural variants and single point mutations are being evaluated to identify genetic signatures that can help explain the obtained embryo and TE phenotypes. One of the main challenges to start building a predictor is that not all the sires have issues at the same time point, meaning while some sires have lower fertilization ability, others will have issues producing embryos and others will have problems during early placentation. Moving forward, evaluations of many more sires are underway to try dissecting frequencies of each phenotype and to determine a weighting system that reflects these frequencies. In addition, candidate genes will be further validated in a separate population of animals. This research was supported by USDA-NIFA AFRI Grant No. 2019–67015–28998. |
| Joint Reproduction/Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Genomics on Reproduction |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86516 |
Watch |
1229 |
Genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate: Contingencies with selection for milk production and responses to estrous synchronization programs. |
3 |
F. S. Lima |
pregnancy ovulation dairy cow |
F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
Artificial insemination (AI) adoption in the early 60s allowed unprecedented increases in milk production in dairy cows. However, for 5 decades, an antagonistic relationship between milk yield and fertility permeated the dairy industry. The negative trend for reproductive performance was halted in the early 2000s. Genomic prediction for fertility traits and wide adoption of timed AI were 2 major contributors that helped shift the momentum toward improved fertility outcomes. A study from our group confirmed that genomic prediction for daughter pregnancy rate (GDPR) improves all reproductive parameters measured. For instance, positive GDPR effects in multiparous cows included a 15.7% higher (47.6% vs. 31.9%) for the highest GDPR quartile compared with the lowest quartile. Interestingly, the only significant interaction between GDPR and milk production was in primiparous cows, where high-producing cows reduced the number of services per conception (NFSC) as GDPR increased. Conversely, low-producing cows had no relationship between GDPR and NSFC. All other reproductive performance improvements modulated by GDPR were devoid of the detrimental impacts of milk production, suggesting that exploitable genetic variation in reproductive performance supports concurrent selection for milk production and fertility in a well-structured breeding program. Another finding of our study replicated by others was that independent of AI being after estrus detection or timed AI, a positive relationship with GDPR was present. Our follow-up study explored a potential relationship between GDPR and estrous synchronization responses. Ovulation at first GnRH treatment of the breeding Ovsynch was assessed in cows bred after a Double-OvSynch program. This study revealed that GDPR did not affect ovulation at the beginning of breeding Ovsynch. Considering the impact of GDPR and timed AI on reverting the fertility trends in the US, further studies are warranted to elucidate if those tools have synergistic effects that need to be part of future decisions to continue improving fertility outcomes in dairy farms. |
| Joint Reproduction/Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Genomics on Reproduction |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86998 |
Watch |
1230 |
Genetic controls of estrus behavior and potential impact on reproductive management of dairy cattle. |
4 |
R. S. Bisinotto |
reproduction genomic fertility |
R. S. Bisinotto1, F. Peñagaricano2, R. C. Chebel1,3 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Sexual behavior relies on intricate neuroendocrine mechanisms that coordinate ovarian function with changes in physical activity, social interactions, and interpretation of cues related to pain and anxiety. Adequate expression of estrus is a critical trait for optimization of reproductive efficiency. Besides its critical role in herds that rely on estrus detection for management of reproduction, intensity of estrous behavior has been positively correlated with the outcomes of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Mounting evidence suggest that the strength of estrous behavior is, at least in part, controlled genetically. Holstein heifers in the lowest quartile for daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) had shorter duration of estrus, greater rumination nadir, and reduced likelihood of achieving activity peak (i.e., increase in physical activity compared with individual baseline using a collar-mounted device) above 80% after treatment with prostaglandin-F2α. Studies from Ireland and New Zealand based on targeted breeding programs to generate females with high and low genetic merit for fertility also depicted marked differences in estrous behavior, including shorter estrus duration and reduced activity in the former group. Interestingly, current data from our research group indicate a potential negative association between heifer conception rate and duration of spontaneous estrus in Holstein heifers, suggesting that selection using traits that are based on the proportion of pregnant females alone might have unintended consequences to estrous behavior. Mechanistic data suggest that impaired positive feedback to estradiol is a key factor underlying reduced expression of estrous behavior in low-fertility cohorts. Comparison of Holstein cows with low (≤-1.0) vs. high (≥1.5) DPR identified SNP associated with genes controlled by estradiol. Moreover, heifers selected for reduced fertility had increased incidence of ovulation in the absence of estrous behavior. Albeit not yet available to dairy producers, research indicate the need for genomic markers that are specific for estrous behavior to be used together with currently available fertility traits. |
| Joint Reproduction/Breeding and Genetics Symposium: Genomics on Reproduction |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86193 |
Watch |
1231 |
Understanding the genomics of pregnancy loss to improve reproductive management. |
5 |
H. L. Neibergs |
genomics abortion cattle |
H. L. Neibergs1, J. N. Kiser1 |
1Washington State University, Pullman, WA |
The loss of a fetus between 45 and 260 d of pregnancy occurs in approximately 4% of cattle. The cost associated with an aborted fetus has been estimated to exceed $1 billion annually in the US and reflects the culling of the cow in addition to the fetal loss. This study’s aim was to identify haplotypes associated with fetal loss in Holstein heifers and primiparous cows to facilitate selection of cattle that are more likely to calve at term. Of the 529 heifers and 517 primiparous cows that conceived to their first AI, 960 calved at term and 87 (59 heifers and 28 cows) aborted between 45 and 260 d of gestation. High-density genotypes were imputed from 50k genotypes with > 95 % accuracy. After quality control 550,162 SNPs were placed into 62,819 haplotypes with an average size of 18,594 nucleotides using the default haplotype detection in SNP and Variation Suite v.8.9.1 (Golden Helix, Bozeman, MT). A haplotype analysis with a Bonferroni multiple testing correction of P < 0.05 was used to detect an association with fetal loss in heifers, cows and the combined population. One hundred twenty-one haplotypes were associated with fetal loss in the heifers, 102 in the combined population and 55 were associated with fetal loss in the cows. Thirty-five associated haplotypes were shared across all analyses. Conserved genomic regions within the associated haplotypes are being identified and characterized to determine possible roles of the regions in pregnancy maintenance. In conclusion, these results identify haplotypes that are associated with fetal loss in heifers and in primiparous Holstein cows. After completion of validation, these haplotypes may be used for prediction of fetal loss in Holstein cattle through genomic selection. |
| Joint Ruminant Nutrition/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Role of Fiber Analyses and Digestibility in Feed Evaluation and Ration Formulation – Recognizing the Contributions of ADSA Fellow David Mertens |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9834 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Ruminant Nutrition/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Role of Fiber Analyses and Digestibility in Feed Evaluation and Ration Formulation – Recognizing the Contributions of ADSA Fellow David Mertens |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
n8730 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Ruminant Nutrition/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Role of Fiber Analyses and Digestibility in Feed Evaluation and Ration Formulation – Recognizing the Contributions of ADSA Fellow David Mertens |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t85923 |
Watch |
1232 |
Physical characterization of feeds and development of the physically effective fiber system. |
2 |
R. J. Grant |
physically effective fiber particle size starch |
R. J. Grant1 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY |
Historical research had shown that forage particle size influences chewing activity, rumen pH, volatile fatty acid profiles, and milk fat percentage. With this in mind, Mertens in 1997 published one of the most frequently cited papers in Journal Dairy Science that laid out a comprehensive system for integrating neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and particle size of feeds into one measure: physically effective NDF (peNDF). Based on total chewing time (i.e., eating + ruminating), peNDF enabled ration formulation to meet the minimum fiber requirements of ruminants to maintain rumen pH and milk fat. Total chewing time is related to NDF content and particle size, so Mertens proposed that peNDF could be determined from a chemical measure of NDF and particle size measured as the fraction retained on a 1.18-mm sieve with vertical shaking of a dried sample. In the past 2 decades, the peNDF system has been incorporated into nutritional models and is routinely used in ration formulation. Early on, Mertens recognized that starch would affect the minimum peNDF requirements, and his work was the first to demonstrate that starch and fermentation pH influence rumen fiber degradation kinetics. Subsequently, Mertens’s insight into particle size analysis was extended from fibrous feeds to corn processing with the development of the commonly used corn silage fragmentation index for assessing starch availability. Participants at the 33rd Discover Conference on fiber in 2017 ranked improved physical description of feeds as a top priority for future research, undoubtedly recognizing the need to carry forward Mertens’ pioneering work. Advances in our understanding of how fiber physical form maintains rumen function, productivity, and even animal welfare will be possible largely because of Mertens’s legacy. Future research needs to focus on improving the physicochemical and biological evaluation of fiber and its rumen degradation and passage, thereby improving the prediction of animal responses. The comprehensive system that David Mertens built for meeting the fiber requirements of ruminants has transformed ration formulation. |
| Joint Ruminant Nutrition/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Role of Fiber Analyses and Digestibility in Feed Evaluation and Ration Formulation – Recognizing the Contributions of ADSA Fellow David Mertens |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86401 |
Watch |
1233 |
ADSA®-EAAP Speaker Exchange Presentation: Mathematical modeling of fiber kinetics and the digestion and intake of ruminants. |
3 |
L. O. Ely |
NDF rumen models ruminal function |
D. Sauvant1, L. O. Ely2 |
1INRA-AgroParisTech, Paris France, 2University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) transformed our measurement of cell walls and our ability to use fiber in feeding ruminants. A sign of the success of NDF is that the number of scientific publications citing NDF increased exponentially from 2 to 3/y, at the end of the 1960s, to 400 in 2000, and exceeds 750/y, currently. Mertens was the researcher who most advanced our scientific knowledge on the roles of NDF and on the modeling of its effects on the intake and digestion of ruminants. Most published intake and digestion models, and recent Feed Units Systems for ruminants, are based in part on his work and discoveries. His major scientific contributions have been to highlight the mechanisms of NDF digestion and transit in the rumen. Mertens mathematical model of digestion kinetics integrated the existence of an indigestible fraction and a discrete lag time before degradation begins, to estimate digestion rate using log-transform and nonlinear regression. This digestion model was combined with a transit model involving the effects of particle size. Beyond this mechanistic modeling, and thanks to it, it was possible to obtain equations for prediction of the energy value of feedstuffs and build a sufficiently precise Feed Energy System for users. In addition, Mertens has shown that the NDF content of diets is a major source of variation affecting intake in ruminants. Consequently, NDF can be used to predict both the dry matter intake and energy value of feeds, which led to Feed Units Systems that are particularly applicable for dairy cows. Given its relationship with chewing activities and saliva secretion, NDF is also a good predictor of rumen pH and risk of acidosis. Mertens completed this role by taking into account physical criteria of fiber, such as particle size (see the concept of physically effective NDF), and the forage NDF content of a ration. In addition to the tremendous work dedicated to the impact of NDF, Mertens also has contributed to the progress of knowledge and modeling of the digestion of proteins and starches. Finally, his work has also helped predict methane and fecal organic matter excretion to address environmental concerns. |
| Joint Ruminant Nutrition/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Role of Fiber Analyses and Digestibility in Feed Evaluation and Ration Formulation – Recognizing the Contributions of ADSA Fellow David Mertens |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86017 |
Watch |
1234 |
Fiber and in vitro methods, analytical variation, and contributions to feed analysis. |
5 |
G. Ferreira |
neutral detergent fiber in vitro fiber digestibility laboratory methods |
G. Ferreira1, N. Thiex2 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 2Thiex Laboratory Solutions LLC, Brookings, SD |
At least 2 things are needed to formulate diets: 1) nutritional requirements of the animals to be fed, and 2) nutritional composition of the feeds. In addition to defining fiber requirements for dairy cattle, Dr. David Mertens became a leading expert in the laboratory measurement of fiber in feeds, digesta, and feces. Unlike other constituents, such as starch and nitrogen, fiber is a heterogeneous nutritional entity composed mainly of polysaccharides and polyphenolics. Because the method defines the fiber that is measured, methods must be described thoroughly and followed exactly to obtain results that are repeatable within labs and reproducible among them. Filtration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) can be difficult, and those who have worked in his laboratory would agree that Dr. Mertens purposefully worked on many details to improve NDF analysis (from sample preparation to blank corrections). Dr. Mertens’ procedure for amylase-treated NDF (aNDF), using α-amylase and sodium sulfite with crucibles, culminated in the AOAC Official method 2002.4 for aNDF that was accepted as International Standard as ISO 16472:2006 and is used worldwide as a reference method for feed evaluation. Because aNDF digestibility (NDFD) is variable and a key factor in overall digestibility, Dr. Mertens also worked to improve in vitro (IV) ruminal digestibility and gas production procedures within and among laboratories. His IV method is currently used by commercial laboratories that generate most of the NDFD reported worldwide. His extensive outreach to commercial and research laboratories has had a huge impact on fiber analysis, in vitro digestibility, and other laboratory procedures. While advising the National Forage Testing Association, Dr. Mertens improved laboratory proficiency in more than 120 laboratories in the US and around the world. Dr. Mertens has worked diligently to reduce analytical variation. Most importantly, Dr. Mertens has enhanced the evaluation of feeds and the nutrition and health of dairy cows. These contributions helped thousands of dairy farmers and nutritionists around the globe. |
| Joint Ruminant Nutrition/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Role of Fiber Analyses and Digestibility in Feed Evaluation and Ration Formulation – Recognizing the Contributions of ADSA Fellow David Mertens |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86398 |
Watch |
1235 |
Research and education in the application of NDF for feed evaluation and ration formulation. |
6 |
D. R. Mertens |
intake digestibility fiber |
D. R. Mertens1 |
1Mertens Innovation and Research LLC, Belleville, WI |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) transformed the description of total insoluble fiber in feeds. However, NDF analyses have little intrinsic value unless they are used to evaluate feeds and formulate diets. When teaching feeds and feeding, describing feeds using a continuum of 0 to 100% NDF helped students understand the nutritional attributes of unfamiliar feeds and formulate acceptable rations. This led to research that investigated the effect of varying ration NDF on intake and 4% fat-corrected milk yield. There appeared to be an upper limit to NDF intake (NDFI) of 1.25% bodyweight/d that maximized milk production. This observation and the mathematics of feed intake regulation were used to develop the NDF-net energy of lactation (NEL) intake system that maximizes fiber and forage intake for a target milk yield. A minimum fiber requirement was needed for ration formulation, and physically effective NDF, based on total chewing activity and physical form, was developed. As the NDF-NEL intake system evolved, concepts and definitions were clarified, but it remains the only system that simultaneously uses characteristics of both the animal and feeds to formulate dairy rations. Because NDF and nonfiber carbohydrates are negatively correlated, the system keeps both slowly digesting fiber and rapidly fermenting carbohydrate concentrations within acceptable bounds. The NDF-NEL intake system is static and simple, yet generates rations based on fundamental relationships between NDF, NEL requirements, and intake. Because NDF digestibility affected NDF intake, this was incorporated into the system. Rate of digestion and undigested or indigestible NDF can also be included in the system to improve estimates of intake and digestibility. Research is needed to evaluate the role of particle size on NDFI and NEL, verify the upper limit of NDFI for milk yields above 70 kg/d, and relate the system to ruminal fiber dynamics. Not content with developing reproducible methods, concepts and systems were developed that used aNDF to formulate dairy rations and help students of animal nutrition understand the importance of fiber in feeds and feeding. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
s9816 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86580 |
Watch |
1236 |
Production effects of reducing dietary crude protein with differing rumen-degradable or undegradable protein concentrations in Holstein or Jersey cows. |
1 |
G. I. Zanton |
breed production protein |
G. I. Zanton1 |
1USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI |
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) while maintaining rumen-degradable (RDP) or undegradable protein (RUP) could contribute to optimized farm N use efficiency (NUE) as could dairy cow breed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing CP with different RDP or RUP when fed to Holstein (H) or Jersey (J) cows. 39 H and 39 J cows [average ± SD: 108 ± 35 and 112 ± 33 d in milk, 29.3 ± 3.83 and 21.6 ± 2.57 kg dry matter intake (DMI)/d, 48.9 ± 8.27 and 31.8 ± 4.72 kg milk/d, respectively during the 14-d covariate period] were individually fed 1 of 3 diets for 56 d according to a randomized complete block design. Treatments were adequate CP (ADCP; 16.5%CP) or reduced CP (LOCP; 14.5%CP) diets where LOCP diets were formulated by removing from ADCP either 5.55%DM expellers soybean meal (SBM; LOCP:RDP) or 5.0%DM solvent SBM (LOCP:RUP) in exchange for a combination of soyhulls and dried ground corn with corn silage (40%DM), alfalfa silage (20%DM), and other concentrates remaining constant across diets. DMI and milk yield were recorded daily and milk was sampled for analysis across 6 consecutive milkings weekly. Breed, ADCP vs LOCP, RDP vs RUP (CP degradability), and breed by diet interactions effects were tested with P < 0.05 as significant. Reducing CP reduced milk and component yield (−2.9 to −4.7%) whereas fat and protein % were unaffected by CP or degradability. Milk fat and protein were unaffected by degradability, but milk yield, lactose yield, and milk energy output (Mcal/d) were or tended to be greater for LOCP:RUP than LOCP:RDP (+3.1 to +4.1%). Milk urea N (mg/dl, MUN) was greater in H than J (+15%) and ADCP than LOCP (+30%). No breed by diet interactions were observed except for MUN, which declined more in H than J when fed LOCP. Feed efficiency (milk Mcal/kg DMI) was lower (−3.2%) and NUE was greater (+10%) for LOCP than ADCP, but these measures of efficiency were not affected by breed or breed by diet interactions. In conclusion, LOCP reduced production, but the production decline tended to be blunted by maintaining RUP; diet interactions with breed were minimal. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86397 |
Watch |
1237 |
Effects of NexPro on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of early lactation dairy cows. |
2 |
M. L. Jolly-Breithaupt |
corn fermented protein milk components milk yield |
M. L. Jolly-Breithaupt1, D. A. Balk1, K. J. Herrick1, S. A. Hagerty2, P. D. French2 |
1POET Bioproducts, Sioux Falls, SD, 2PHD R&D LLC, Fort Atkinson, WI |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean protein with NexPro (NP), a next-generation protein ingredient derived from the dry-mill bioethanol production process, on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of early lactation dairy cows. The typical composition of NP is 54% CP, 86% RUP (% CP), 76% RUP digestibility and 34% NDF. Ninety-six multiparous Holstein cows (48 ± 18 DIM), housed in one of 12 pens were used in a randomized, complete block design and fed one of 3 dietary treatments: 1) NP produced at Fairmont, NE; 2) NP produced at Shell Rock, IA; or 3) Amino Plus, a soybean-based bypass protein ingredient. Diets were 53% forage (43% corn silage and 10% alfalfa haylage) and contained 17% CP, 26% NDF, 30% starch, and 2% RUFAL. Protein source was incorporated into the diet at 7.8% of DM. The experimental period was 60-d preceded by a 7-d covariate period. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS with protein source as a fixed effect and pen as a random effect and the experimental unit. Cows receiving NP from Fairmont and Shell Rock performed similarly, so only the overall effect of NP vs soybean protein will be discussed. NexPro increased (P < 0.01) the yields of milk (52.3 vs 50.4 ± 0.3 kg), protein (1.66 vs 1.59 ± 0.3 kg), and lactose (2.47 vs 2.37 ± 0.3 kg). In addition, NP increased (P < 0.01) the concentrations of lactose (4.73 vs 4.70 ± 0.01%) and nonfat solids (9.05 vs 8.98 ± 0.02%). Dietary protein source did not affect DMI (28.3 ± 0.3 kg), milk fat yield (1.98 ± 0.36 kg), milk fat concentration (3.86 ± 0.7%), and milk protein concentration (3.19 ± 0.2%). Milk fatty acid concentration tended to be lower for NP (3.62 vs 3.77 ± 0.07%; P < 0.08), which was due to a tendency for lower mixed fatty acids (1.55 vs 1.67 ± 0.03%; P < 0.09) and lower de novo fatty acids (0.99 vs 1.03 ± 0.02%; P < 0.01). However, protein source did not affect concentration of preformed milk fatty acids (3.06 ± 0.02%). Feeding NexPro at 7.8% of DM increased nonfat milk component yield which may be due in part to the amino acid profile. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86057 |
Watch |
1238 |
Effects of dietary crude protein level and feeding pattern on milk production. |
3 |
M. G. Erickson |
protein oscillation dairy cow performance |
M. G. Erickson1, G. I. Zanton2, M. A. Wattiaux1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI |
Limited research has examined the interaction between dietary crude protein (CP) level and feeding pattern. We tested CP level (LP, 13.9%; HP, 15.4%) and feeding pattern (O = oscillating, S = static) using a 2x2 factorial in 16 mid- to late-lactation Holsteins (M = 133, SD = 21 DIM). Cows ate total mixed rations formulated by exchanging soy hulls and ground corn with solvent soybean meal to keep constant ratios of NDF:starch (1.18), rumen-degradable protein:CP (0.61), and forage:concentrate (60:40). O alternated diets (O-LP 12.2–15.5% CP; O-HP 13.9–16.9%) every 48 h so mean diet composition equaled that of the corresponding S treatment (S-LP; S-HP). In 4 28-d periods, 8 rumen-cannulated and 8 noncannulated cows formed 2 Latin Rectangles. We recorded each cow’s feed intake and milk production, took samples of orts (1x/d) and milk (2x/d) d-25–28 each period. We fit linear mixed models with fixed CP level, feeding pattern, and period effects, and a random intercept for cow; computing model-implied means and standard errors (SEM). Neither CP level, feeding pattern, nor the interaction affected dry matter intake (25.9 ± 0.6 kg/d), feed efficiency (1.46 ± 0.03) or production (kg/d) of milk (38.5 ± 1.2) fat-protein-corrected milk (37.6 ± 0.9), fat (1.57 ± 0.04) true protein (1.12 ± 0.03) or lactose (1.80 ± 0.06). Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) yield was lesser for LP, with no feeding pattern or interaction effects (3.42 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.14). LP and O decreased MUN concentration with no interaction (O-LP = 8.70, S-LP = 9.19, O-HP = 11.93, S-HP = 12.46 mg/dL; SEM = 0.32). CP level tended to interact with feeding pattern so that [milk protein] was greatest for O-HP, with neither main effect observed (O-LP = 2.88, S-LP = 2.90, O-HP = 2.93, S-HP = 2.89%; SEM = 0.04). Neither CP level, feeding pattern, nor the interaction affected [fat] (4.11 ± 0.09%) or [lactose] (4.66 ± 0.03%). O and LP increased true protein:MUN yield with no interaction (O-LP = 338, S-LP = 321, O-HP = 258, S-HP = 239 g/g; SEM = 10.). Results suggested that LP- and O-fed cows allocated more nitrogen to milk true protein and less to MUN while maintaining performance relative to HP and S. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t85941 |
Watch |
1239 |
Effects of reducing dietary protein and supplementation with starch or rumen-protected methionine on urinary-N excretion, digestibility and performance of dairy cows fed red clover silage-based diets. |
4 |
L. A. Sinclair |
crude protein red clover urine |
M. R. Chowdhury1, R. G. Wilkinson1, L. A. Sinclair1 |
1Harper Adams University, |
The increasing price of purchased protein feeds, along with tighter regulations on slurry application and ammonia emissions has increased interest in low crude protein (CP) diets based on legume silages. Our objectives were to determine the effect of decreasing dietary CP and supplementing with starch or rumen-protected methionine on the nitrogen (N) balance, diet digestibility and performance of dairy cows fed red clover silage based diets. Fifty-six early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets over a 14 week feeding period. All diets were formulated to contain a similar metabolizable (MP) and undegradable protein content, and a CP, starch and methionine concentration of 175, 95 g/kg DM and 2.0 g/100 g MP (C), or 150 g/kg DM (LP), with LP supplemented with additional starch (+95 g/kg DM: LS) or rumen-protected methionine (RPMet, +0.3 g/100g MP: LM). At the end of the feeding study 20 cows were restrained in stalls and fed the same diets for a further 6 d to measure urine and fecal output. Data were analyzed by ANOVA as a randomized block design in Genstat (v20) with random effects of block and fixed effects of diet. We found no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on DM intake, milk yield, fat or protein with means of 21.5, 38.0 kg/d, 45 and 31 g/kg respectively. We also found no difference (P > 0.05) in apparent whole tract digestibility of DM, OM, N, NDF or ADF, with mean values of 0.77, 0.79, 0.66, 0.66 and 0.65 kg/kg, respectively. Daily urinary N output was 156 g/d in our cows fed C, some 64 g/cow/d higher than those fed LP or LPM, with cows receiving LPS having an intermediate value. Apparent N use efficiency (NUE: kg milk N/kg feed N intake) was highest in cows receiving LP or LPM (mean of 34.7%), some 6.3 percentage units higher than C, with LPS being intermediate. There was a positive relationship (r2 = 0.52; P < 0.001) between milk urea concentration and urinary N output. We conclude that reducing the CP content of red clover silage-based diets to 150 g/kg DM while maintaining MP supply does not affect performance or diet digestibility, but reduces the urinary excretion of N and improves the NUE, and additional starch or RPMet has little effect. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86758 |
Watch |
1240 |
Whole-body protein and glucose metabolism in cows fed diets with varying amino acid supply under heat stress. |
5 |
D. E. Rico |
Lys Met His |
A. Ruiz-Gonzalez1,2, Y. H. Leung3, A. Celemin2, A. Kenez3, P. Y. Chouinard1, R. Gervais1, D. R. Ouellet4, H. Lapierre4, D. E. Rico2 |
1Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, 2CRSAD, Deschambault QC, Canada, 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong kong, 4Sherbrooke R&D Centre/Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada |
Supplementation of Lys, Met, and His may be needed to meet lactation requirements while dairy cows ingest lower amounts of MP under heat stress. Twelve Holstein cows (42.2 ± 10.6 kg milk/d; 83 ± 28 DIM) were used to test the effect of balancing Lys, Met, and His supply on whole-body (WB) protein and glucose metabolism in a split-plot design, with parity as the main plot (multiparous n = 6; primiparous n = 6). Within each parity, 3 treatments were tested in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 14-d periods: 1) heat stress (HS; THI 82; 17% CP; estimated supply from d7–14 (g/d): 107 Lys, 34 Met, 37 His, and 1715 MP), 2) pair feeding in thermoneutrality (PF; THI 64; 17% CP; AA and MP supply equal to HS) or 3) HS with increased AA supply (HS+AA; THI 82; 17% CP; in g/d 178, 64, 43 and 1730 of Lys, Met, His, and MP, respectively). On d 12, [13C] NaHCO3 (1.96 mmol/h) and on d13, 1[13C]L-Leu (3.38 mmol/h) and 6,6[2H2] glucose (24.5 mmol/h) were infused into a jugular vein over 4-h. Blood samples were collected from the contralateral jugular vein every 25 min during the last 2 h of the infusion to measure CO2, Leu and glucose isotopic enrichments and calculate WB kinetics. The statistical model included the random effects of cow and period, and the fixed effects of parity, treatment, and their interactions. No parity × treatment interactions were detected. Heat stress reduced DMI and milk yield by 34% and 40% from d0 to d7. The WB rate of appearance (Ra) of Leu was not affected by treatment, but its fractional oxidation (FO) increased in HS by 31% relative to PF cows (P = 0.02), whereas Leu FO decreased by 29% in the HS+AA group relative to HS (P = 0.02). Leu used for protein synthesis and secreted in milk protein decreased in HS by 13%, 16%, respectively, relative to PF cows (P < 0.05), but was not affected by AA supply. The glucose WB Ra did not differ across treatments (P = 0.11), although glucose concentrations tended to be lower (−5%, P = 0.06) in HS relative to PF. These results show that HS impairs protein metabolism in cows and that increasing Lys, Met and His supply did reduce Leu, and likely other AA, oxidation during HS conditions. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86757 |
Watch |
1241 |
Lactational performance of dairy cows receiving supplemental His: A meta-analysis. |
6 |
S. E. Räisänen |
histidine meta-analysis milk production |
S. E. Räisänen1,2, H. Lapierre3, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 3Agriculture and AgiFood Canada, Sherbrooke, QC |
The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of supplemental histidine (His) on lactational performance and plasma His concentration in dairy cows. The meta-analysis was performed on data from 21 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2021. In 12 of the studies His was supplemented to the diet as rumen-protected His and in the remaining experiments free His was infused into the abomasum (4 experiments), the jugular vein (1 experiment) or depleted from a mixture of an abomasally or duodenally infused amino acid mixture (4 experiments). The diets were based on corn silage in 60% and on grass silage in 40% of the studies. Dietary crude protein and metabolizable protein supply were estimated using NRC (2001) and averaged 15.9 ± 3.21 and 15.8 ± 3.42% and 2,023 ± 508.9 and 2,059 ± 470.0 g/d for control and His supplemented diets, respectively. Estimated dHis supply averaged 36.9 ± 11.3 g/d and 48.5 ± 17.5 g/d and His utilization efficiency was 0.970 ± 0.151 and 0.810 ± 0.167 for control and His supplemented diets, respectively. Computations were carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V. 3.3.070) software. Histidine supplementation increased (P < 0.001) plasma His concentration by 59%. Dry matter intake and milk yield increased (P ≤ 0.002) by 0.22 and 0.36 kg/d, respectively, whereas energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield tended to increase (P = 0.07) by 0.14 kg/d with the His supplemented diets vs. control. ECM feed efficiency was not affected. Milk protein concentration also increased (P = 0.004) by 0.20 percentage units, whereas milk fat concentration tended to decrease (P = 0.10) by 0.12 percentage units with His supplementation. Further, His increased milk protein and lactose yields (P ≤ 0.05) by 0.31 and 0.14 kg/d, respectively. Histidine supplemented cows tended (P = 0.09) to gain 0.150 kg/d less weight compared with control cows. Overall, based on the available data, His supplementation enhanced dry matter intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration and yield of lactating dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86989 |
Watch |
1242 |
Evaluation of glucose and amino acid disposition in response to glucose, amino acid, GIP and GLP-1 infusions in early and late lactation dairy cows. |
7 |
G. C. Reyes |
|
G. C. Reyes1, M. K. Fox1, B. Li1, G. Z. Wang1, M. Wells1, P. Kedzierski1, L. E. Wright2, J. P. Cant1 |
1Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Dairy Research and Innovation Centre, Office of VP Research, University of Guelph, ON, Canada |
Compared with the late-lactation dairy cow, a cow in early lactation exhibits low peripheral insulin sensitivity as a mechanism to divert nutrients to milk synthesis. Differences between stages of lactation in the insulin secretory response of the pancreas, especially to amino acids (AA) and gut incretins GIP and GLP-1, are less well established. The objective of the present study was to compare glucose and amino acid infusion rates during hyperglycemic, hyperaminoacidemic clamps (HGHAC), with and without incretins, between early and late lactation cows. Twenty Holstein lactating dairy cows were allocated into 2 different groups by DIM. Early lactation group: 39 ± 24.3 DIM, and late lactation group: 316.5 ± 77.3 DIM. After a 24h period of feed deprivation, animals were subjected to 3 h of HGHAC followed by 2 h of HGHAC plus incretins (HGHACI). Glucose was infused i.v.to increase blood glucose to a target of 5 mmol/L and a mix of 10 essential AA was infused to clamp plasma branched-chain AA (BCAA) at 800 μmol/L. Total BCAA μmol/L during clamps was determined using an enzyme-linked spectrophotometric assay and glucose using a glucometer. For the HGHACI, animals were infused with a constant dose of GIP (0.24 µg/kg/h) and GLP-1 (0.05 µg/kg/h), while maintaining the same target glucose and BCAA concentrations of the HGHAC. Pre-clamp, feed-deprived glucose concentration was lower (P < 0.01) in early (2.14 mM) vs. late lactation (3.30 mM) cows while pre-clamp BCAA was significantly higher in early 826 μmol/L vs. late lactation cows 466 μmol/L. Adjusted glucose infusion rate (AGIR) from the actual to the target glucose at steady-state, was higher (P < 0.01) in early vs late lactation. In contrast, adjusted AA infusion rate (AAAIR) was lower (P < 0.01) in early compared with late lactation. Both AGIR and AAAIR rates were higher (P < 0.01) during the HGHACI compared with HGHAC. Results indicate a decrease in the propensity for disposition of glucose as lactation progresses but an increase in the propensity for AA disposition, related to a combination of pancreatic insulin responses and peripheral insulin + nutrient sensitivities. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86864 |
|
1243 |
Energy source and amino acids additively stimulate milk fat production but interact on the regulation of milk protein synthesis. |
8 |
K. E. Ruh |
mTOR amino acids energy source |
K. E. Ruh1, L. A. C. Ribeiro1, A Negreiro1, V. L. Pszczolkowski1, D. N. Coleman2, S. I. A. Apelo1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Adisseo, Paris, France |
Insulin and AA synergistically stimulate mammary mTORC1 activity. We hypothesized that glucogenic energy, by stimulating insulin secretion, may potentiate the effect of AA on milk components production. To test our hypothesis, 36 peak-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 4x4 repeated Latin square design with 4 28-d periods and 4 treatments arranged as a 2x2 factorial. The 2 treatment factors were energy source (ES): glucogenic (GE, 27.5% starch, 3.2% fat) or ketogenic (KE, 20% starch, 5.8% fat); and total metabolizable AA: 10% deficient (DAA) or sufficient (BAA) and balanced for Leu, Met, and Lys with corn gluten meal and Smartamine ML. Cows were housed in tie stalls, fed once daily, and milked twice daily. Milk samples were collected over 8 milkings. Urine samples were collected 12 times over 3 d, staggered to represent every 2 h collection in a 24 h period. Data were analyzed with a mixed model, containing ES, AA, ESxAA interaction, and period as fixed effects and cow as random effect. Dry matter intake was greater (P < 0.01) for BAA compared with DAA (34 vs 31 + 0.5 kg/d). There were no interactions between ES and metabolizable AA level for milk or milk components (P > 0.23). Milk yield was greater (P < 0.01) for KE compared with GE (45.4 vs 43.5 + 0.8 kg/d) and for BAA compared with DAA (46.0 vs 42.9 + 0.8 kg/d). Fat yield was greater (P < 0.01) for KE than GE (1.62 vs 1.57 + 0.03 kg/d), and for BAA than DAA (1.71 vs 1.62 + 0.03 kg/d). Protein yield was greater (P = 0.03) for KE than GE diets (1.31 vs 1.27 + 0.02 kg/d), and for BAA than DAA (1.37 vs 1.21 + 0.02 kg/d). Nitrogen efficiency was greater (P < 0.01) for KE than GE diets (26.3 vs 25.1+ 0.004 %), and for BAA than DAA (26.6 vs 24.7 + 0.004%). There was an interaction (P < 0.01) for milk urea N (MUN) and a trend (P = 0.07) for urinary N excretion, in which the response to BAA was smaller under GE as compared with KE. Overall, balanced AA supplementation stimulated milk components production independently of ES. However, the response in MUN and urinary N excretion suggest that cows used N more efficiently under glucogenic diets. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t87042 |
Watch |
1244 |
Effects of feeding rumen-protected methionine and calcium salts enriched in omega-3 fatty acids on lactation in periparturient dairy cows. |
9 |
T. L. France |
methionine omega-3 transition |
T. L. France1, K. S. Juarez-Leon1, A. Javaid1, M. G. Vogellus1, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding rumen-protected (RP)-methionine (Met) and calcium salts (CS) of fatty acids (FA) enriched without or with C20:5 and C22:6 (i.e., n3FA) on milk production in periparturient cows. In a study with a randomized complete block design, 79 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 19–20/diet): 1) Met unsupplemented (-Met) with CS palm oil not enriched in n3FA (-n3FA; 0% n3FA; EnerGII; Virtus Nutrition, USA), 2) Met supplemented (+Met; Smartamine M; Adisseo Inc., France) with -n3FA, 3) -Met with CS enriched in n3FA (+n3FA; 4% n3FA; EnerG-3; Virtus Nutrition], or 4) +Met with +n3FA from wk −4 before expected calving through wk 4 of lactation. Cows were fed corn silage-based total mixed rations, pre- and postpartum, which were formulated to provide Met at ≤ 0.96 or ≥ 1.13 g /Mcal metabolizable energy for -Met and +Met, respectively. CS were fed at 1.5% FA (% ration dry matter). Pre and post-calving data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SASv9.4. Pre-planned contrasts included: 1) effect of Met (-Met vs. +Met), 2) effect of n3FA (-n3FA vs. +n3FA), and 3) effect of co-supplementation (+Met/+n3FA vs. +Met/-n3FA and -Met/+n3FA). Although prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) was not modified by diet, +Met and +n3FA cows had greater postpartum DMI, relative to -Met and -n3FA, respectively (P < 0.05). Yields of energy-corrected milk (58.5 vs. 55.3 kg/d; ECM) and fat-corrected milk (FCM), milk protein % and yields were greater in +Met, relative to -Met (P < 0.05); milk fat yield and milk lactose % tended to be greater in +Met (P ≤ 0.08). Yields of ECM (58.1 vs. 55.7 kg/d), and milk fat, protein, and lactose yields, and lactose % were greater in +n3FA, relative to -n3FA (P < 0.05); FCM yields tended to be greater in +n3FA. Milk protein % and fold-change increase in ECM (wk 1 to 4) were greater (P ≤ 0.02), and milk fat % tended to be greater (P = 0.10), in +Met/+n3FA, relative to +Met/-n3FA and -Met/+n3FA. In conclusion, feeding transition cows RP-Met and CS enriched in n3FA enhanced ECM yields and milk composition. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86762 |
Watch |
1245 |
Bioavailability of rumen-protected histidine, lysine and methionine assessed using the fecal free amino acid method. |
10 |
S. E. Räisänen |
rumen-protected amino acid bioavailability dairy cow |
S. E. Räisänen1,2, D. E. Wasson1, S. F. Cueva1, T. Silvestre1, M. Miura3, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 3Ajinomoto Co. Inc, Kawasaki, Japan |
Objective was to estimate the bioavailability (BA) of rumen-protected (RP) His, RPLys and 2 RPMet products using the fecal free AA method (Räisänen et al., 2020). Eight rumen-cannulated cows (days in milk 190 ± 21; milk yield 41.8 ± 4.08 kg/d) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment, with 16 d periods. Treatments were (1) abomasal infusion of water (Control), (2) abomasal infusion of free His, Lys and Met (FAA), (3) RPHis + RPLys + RPMet1, and 4) RPHis + RPLys + RPMet2. The RPAA were top-dressed on TMR and supplied estimated dHis, dLys and dMet at 25, 30 and 20 g/d. Total fecal collection and blood sampling were done on the last 3 d of each period. Data from FAA infusion are not presented. Experimentally determined rumen-escape (RE) fractions used in the calculations were 89.7, 84,7, 73.7 and 95.6% for RPHis, PRLys, RPMet1 and RPMet2, respectively. Digestibility of AA from RPAA was calculated as: (rumen-escape AA, g – background corrected fecal AA excretion, g) ÷ RE AA, g × 100, and BA as: RE, % × AA digestibility, % ÷ 100. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with treatment and period in the model and square and cow within square as random effects. Total-tract digestibility was lowest (P < 0.001) for RPLys compared with the 3 other RPAA products (88.7%, 96.7, 90.7 and. 94.8% for RPLys, RPHis, RPMet1 and RPMet2, respectively), and the amount of digested Met was lower (P < 0.001) for RPMet1 vs. RPMet2 (18.6 vs. 22.6 g/d) and was 43.4 and 28.7 g/d for RPHis and RPLys, respectively. Bioavailability was lowest (P < 0.001) for RPMet1 (66.8%) followed by RPLys (75.1%), RPHis (86.7%) and RPMet2 (90.6%). Plasma concentration of Met did not differ (P = 0.36) between the RPMet products and control (averaging 17.5 µM; SEM = 0.86). Plasma concentrations of His and Lys were also similar to control (47.5 and 78.7 vs. 44.7 and 76.2 µM). The differences in estimated BA between the RPMet products were as expected, based on literature, and data for all 4 RPAA products corresponded well to estimated BA from Räisänen et al. (2020). |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t86311 |
Watch |
1246 |
Supplementation of novel rumen-protected methionine product moderately increased methionine bioavailability and altered body composition compared to negative control. |
11 |
A. T. Richards |
methionine milk urea nitrogen selenium |
A. T. Richards1, J. R. Knapp2, P. Summer3, Y. Ohta3, J. P. Boerman1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2Fox Hollow Consulting LLC, South Vienna, OH, 3Ajinomoto Health and Nutrition North America, Itasca, IL |
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of a novel rumen-protected methionine (Met) product and secondarily its impact on milk production and body composition. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (82 ± 27 DIM, 38.7 ± 3.4 kg/d of milk; mean ± SD) were enrolled in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21 d periods. The 3 diets were a negative control [NC; 90% of the lysine (Lys) and Met requirements and 100% of the metabolizable protein (MP) requirement], a positive control [PC; 110% of the MP, Lys (Lys from Aji-Pro L, Ajinomoto) and Met requirements (Met from Smartamine M, Adisseo)], and an experimental rumen-protected Met treatment [EMT;110% of the MP, Lys and Met requirements, (Ajinomoto)]. Milk weights and DMI data were collected the last 7 d of each period and milk samples were collected the last 2 d of each period. Blood samples, body weights and ultrasounds of the longissimus dorsi muscle were collected the last d of each period. Data were analyzed using SAS v.9.4 with repeated measures when applicable. The PC treatment increased DMI by 1.3 kg/d compared with NC and EMT (26.6, 25.3, and 25.2 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.05). The PC treatment tended to increase milk yield compared with NC and EMT (36.2, 34.9, 34.5 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.06) and significantly increase milk protein yield (P = 0.002). The EMT treatment increased milk urea nitrogen concentration compared with NC and PC (P < 0.0001). The PC and EMT treatments decreased milk selenium concentrations, with an 11% reduction for PC and a 6% reduction for EMT compared with NC (P < 0.05). Cows on the EMT treatment lost more muscle depth compared with PC and NC (−0.24, 0.38, 0.11 cm; P = 0.01). Additionally, changes in muscle depth were supported by a numerical increase in 3-methylhistidine concentrations in EMT compared with PC and NC treatments (711, 597, 614 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.21) indicating increased muscle proteolysis in animals fed the EMT treatment. The EMT modestly reduced milk selenium concentration, an indicator of increased entry rate of Met into the bioavailable pool. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 5: Protein/Amino Acids |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/21/2022 9:30 |
t85876 |
Watch |
1247 |
The effect of rumen-protected lysine and methionine on milk yield, and solids in grazing Holstein cows with spring parturitions in southern Chile. |
12 |
P. Melendez |
methionine lysine grazing Holstein |
P. Melendez1, J. Moller2, A. Arevalo2, P. Pinedo3 |
1School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 2Fundo Los Laureles, Osorno, Chile, 3Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO |
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) and lysine (RPL) on milk yield, and solids of grazing Holstein cows with spring parturitions in southern Chile. The dairy consisted of 1,200 lactating cows, 2X, fed a partial mixed ration, concentrate, and grazing a ryegrass pasture. Study consisted of supplementing RPL and RPM in a 2 × 2 factorial design, assigning randomly 26 cows per group during spring 2019 as follows: control (Con); RML (Lys), 20 g cow/d; RPM (Met), 30 g cow/d; RPL (20 g) plus RPM (30 g) (Lys+Met). Experimental cows were evaluated until 80 d in milk. Daily milk yield was averaged weekly (11 weeks), and weekly milk solids (kg/d and %), and urea were averaged in 4 periods of 3 weeks each. Amino acids were supplemented individually in the parlor. All cows were handled in the same lot, grazed the same pasture, and consumed the same partial mixed ration before each milking. Outcome variables were analyzed by ANOVA mixed model for repeated measures. The model included as independent variables the treatment, time, interaction of treatment by time, lactation number, and cow nested within treatment as random effect. Significancy was considered at P ≤ 0.05, and tendency at P ≤ 0.15. Within primiparous, there was a trend on wk 8, 9, and 11 and a significant effect on wk 10 for a greater milk yield for Lys than Con, and there was a significant effect on wk 9, 10, and 11 for a greater milk yield for Lys than Met. However, within multiparous cows, in wk 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, Met produced more milk than Lys and in wk 3 and 4 Lys+Met produced more milk than Lys. In primiparous, Lys produced more fat (kg) than Con in period 1 and 4; however, in multiparous cows, Met produced more fat (kg) than Con in periods 2 and 3 and Lys in period 2. Within primiparous, Lys produced more protein (kg/day) than Met and Con in period 4; however, in multiparous, Met produced more milk protein (kg) than Lys in period 1 and 2 and tended to produce more protein than Con in period 1 and 4. In conclusions, lysine supplementation improved milk yield, fat kg and protein kg in primiparous with spring parturition under grazing conditions, while methionine had a similar effect on multiparous cows. |
| ARPAS Symposium: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Dairy Production Systems |
Hybrid Symposium |
ARPAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9837 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ARPAS Symposium: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Dairy Production Systems |
Hybrid Symposium |
ARPAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
n8704 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| ARPAS Symposium: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Dairy Production Systems |
Hybrid Symposium |
ARPAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87095 |
Watch |
1252 |
Artificial intelligence for livestock systems. |
2 |
J. R. R. Dorea |
artificial intelligence dairy cow sensors |
J. R. R. Dorea1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines and computer programs. The advance of AI systems in different fields of science has created incredible opportunities for the new generation of students and scientists to answer research questions that would not otherwise be possible before the recent progress toward more intelligent systems. AI technology such as computer vision, natural language processing, and robotics has become a real component of our lives through well-known applications as face recognition, speech-to-text, robotics, and virtual reality. The area of agriculture has leveraged the AI development by other scientific domains, and livestock systems have gradually experienced the implementation of modern solutions to solve critical problems related to animal monitoring systems for health and welfare, greenhouses gas emissions, animal traceability, and labor shortage. In this talk, we will discuss some examples of AI technologies with potential to revolutionize livestock systems in the next decades, such as computer vision systems, speech-to-text, and mixed reality. We will discuss how these AI examples relate to real-world challenges currently faced by farmers, industry, and the scientific community. |
| ARPAS Symposium: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Dairy Production Systems |
Hybrid Symposium |
ARPAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85910 |
Watch |
1253 |
Examples and opportunities for artificial intelligence on the dairy farm. |
3 |
A. De Vries |
machine learning decision-making automation |
A. De Vries1, N. Bliznyuk1, P. Pinedo2 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO |
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform reasoning tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings, including autonomous learning from data and taking actions in new situations. Powered by novel and affordable software and hardware capabilities, AI is finding its way onto dairy farms. The objective of this presentation is to give examples of AI on dairy farms and highlight some emerging opportunities. Many AI applications are based on machine learning (ML), including the technique of deep learning, in which a computer can automatically learn associations between the explanatory variables and response variables, and apply those rules on the new data for prediction. ML methods enable applications such as real-time analysis of video images to identify cattle, measure body condition and temperature, and detect changes in feed topography to measure feed availability and intake. Changes in behavior can be detected as early warning alerts for disease such as lameness or as an indication of estrus. Such AI applications can mimic human reasoning and enhance human tasks. Machine learning methods may also be able to use heterogeneous data sets to predict future performance such as fertility. For example, predictions of conception rates may be improved by combining health events, changes in body energy reserves, genetic data, behavioral data, milk analyses, and environmental data. Such predictions could feed decision support software to intervene or provide decision alternatives. Perhaps AI methods could be used to monitor compliance of execution of protocols on dairy farms and inform training. A hurdle for development and application of some AI is the problem that various dairy data often exist in silos that are not connected. Our expectation is that AI, made possible with advances in hardware and software, will make intelligent use of new big data a reality and will change the dairy sector by enabling improved work environments (all facets including decision-making and robots) and removing or minimizing the need for manual human processing of repetitive tasks. |
| ARPAS Symposium: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Dairy Production Systems |
Hybrid Symposium |
ARPAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86422 |
Watch |
1254 |
Livestock Informatics toolkit: Visualizing complex behavioral patterns across multiple PLF sensors using unsupervised machine learning. |
5 |
C McVey |
precision livestock farming unsupervised machine learning information entropy |
C McVey1, F Hsieh2, D Manriquez3, P Pinedo3, K Horback1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Statistics, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 3Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO |
Sensor technologies allow farmers to continuously monitor a wide range of cow behaviors over extended observation windows. This creates new opportunities to study livestock behavior and welfare in commercial settings, but the large and densely sampled data sets produced can be difficult to accommodate in conventional model-based approaches to exploratory data analysis and statistical inference, confounding efforts to build a more complete ethological picture. The LIT toolkit is a new open-source code package, developed in R, that seamlessly integrates the flexibility of information theory with the power of unsupervised machine learning to visualize complex nonlinear patterns within and across livestock data streams. The utility of this analytic pipeline is demonstrated using a data set collected over a 6-mo period from a closed group of 200 mixed-parity organic Holstein cattle. We first demonstrate how the complex error structures of PLF data streams may be mimicked by layering minimally-parametric simulation utilities. In analysis of overall time budgets, we show that an ensemble of such mimicries can be integrated into a hierarchical clustering framework to better visualize behavioral tradeoffs across cow and also to ensure that encodings of such patterns do not exceed the precision of the sensor or reliability of the underlying behavioral signal. Next we demonstrate how the behavioral co-dependencies between socially housed animals may be leveraged to reveal the temporal complexity hiding in both daily time budget records and in the RFID logs that recorded the single-file order in which cows entered to parlor to be milked each morning, even when the environmental factors inducing a behavioral response are not directly measured. Finally, we introduce a bivariate tree test utility based on mutual and pointwise information designed to visually characterize nonlinear associations between sensors. With this framework we recover evidence of competing behavioral mechanisms linking time budgets and entry order that would be overlooked in a linear model. |
| ARPAS Symposium: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Dairy Production Systems |
Hybrid Symposium |
ARPAS Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85870 |
Watch |
1255 |
Computer vision and machine learning for phenotyping. |
7 |
J. Steibel |
phenotyping machine learning data science |
J. Steibel1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Phenomics is often defined as the acquisition of high dimensional phenotypic data on an organism-wide scale. The appeal of phenomics to animal breeders is dual. First, thanks to the availability of novel sensors, new traits can now be recorded and incorporated into breeding programs. Second, traditional traits can now be measured on an almost continuous basis on large number of animals in traditional production environments. Moreover, phenomics is also appealing to animal caretakers and veterinarians as it allows real-time collection of data to establish behavioral and performance baselines that can be used to detect sudden changes in animals’ conditions due to poor welfare and health problems. In many cases, a phenotyping technology incorporates several sensors that must be processed jointly to derive phenotypic measures as well animal identification data. This is usually accomplished through data analytics and predictive modeling. Moreover, virtually any sensor used in phenomics generates enormous volumes of raw data, that need to be quality-checked, summarized, annotated, and analyzed in conjunction with reference data to be used in practical phenotyping. For these tasks, a variety of analytical methods including classic statistical models and machine learning algorithms are often used. In this talk I present 2 real-life examples of novel phenotyping using data collected on pig production systems to illustrate the key analytic steps in phenomics: 1) Data quality verification and annotation, 2) Dimension reduction and feature extraction, 3) model fitting, 4) model checking and validation. The first example focuses on the prediction of interactions at the feeder using video recording data. The results of this example highlight the importance of appropriate data annotation and validation under a wide range of conditions to reliably detect competition for feeder space. A second example focuses on the use of statistical and machine learning methods to predict animal interactions using genomics data. In this case, the emphasis is on appropriately modeling genetic and social sources of variation to explain phenotypic differences in pig-pig aggression. |
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9898 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86148 |
Watch |
1256 |
Computing strategies for national dairy cattle evaluations. |
1 |
M. Bermann |
single-step GBLUP reliability efficient evaluations |
M. Bermann1, A. Cesarani2, D. Lourenco1, I. Misztal1 |
1The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy |
The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) performs the US national dairy cattle evaluations. Their data set has over 138 million records with a pedigree that exceeds 90 million animals, from which more than 5 million are genotyped. Multi-step has been used to estimate genomic EBV (GEBV) since 2009; however, the feasibility of single-step (ss) GBLUP as the official evaluation method for CDCB is under investigation. The size of the US dairy data sets creates computational challenges when estimating breeding values and their accuracies in a timely way. This study presents strategies for making the US dairy cattle evaluation computationally feasible under ssGBLUP. The process for estimating breeding values in ssGBLUP can be divided into 2 parts. In the first part, hereafter called genomic setup, the genotype file is read, and the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix (G−1) is calculated using the Algorithm for Proven and Young (APY). Optimizations included reading the genotype file in a stream-unformatted format, using bit-wise storage for markers, having an efficient algorithm to compute the residual polygenic effect, and calculating G−1 using parallel computing and enhanced matrix algebra procedures. The second part estimates breeding values by iteration on data with a block diagonal preconditioner. Finally, the reliability of GEBV is calculated by combining the pedigree and genomic information and using a block sparse inversion algorithm accounting for the sparsity of G−1. For a Holstein data set with 30 million animals in the pedigree and 3.8 million genotypes, the genomic setup took 50 h without and 8 h with optimizations. Solutions for a 3-trait model including milk, fat, and protein yields were obtained in 21 h. Approximating the reliability of GEBV took less time than the optimized genomic setup. Our results show that weekly national dairy cattle evaluations are computationally feasible. |
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86392 |
Watch |
1257 |
Impact of blending the genomic relationship matrix with different levels of pedigree relationships or the identity matrix on genetic evaluations. |
2 |
M. K. Hollifield |
residual polygenic effect ssGBLUP |
M. K. Hollifield1, M. Bermann1, D. Lourenco1, I. Misztal1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
Many organizations blend the genomic relationship matrix (G) with the numerator relationship matrix for genotyped animals (A22) to add a residual polygenic effect and improve stability; however, this may cause inflation and add excess computing time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in reliability and inflation of GEBV, convergence rate, and elapsed wall-clock time for blending G with different levels of A22 or I. A US Holstein cattle data set was used with 9,730,943 animals in the pedigree, 569,404 animals with genotypes, and 10,067,745 stature phenotypes. The current blending default in the BLUPF90 software is to replace G with (1 – β)G + βA22, where β equals 0.05. In this study, β values of 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.001 were evaluated with A22 and I. Reliability and inflation of predictions for validation bulls were assessed by regressing DYD on truncated GEBV calculated using each blending scenario. The r2 and b1 ranged from 0.670 to 0.677 and 0.864 to 0.880, indicating the consistent performance of the models. Additionally, GEBV of 0.05A22 was regressed on GEBV of each blending scenario, and r and b1 were calculated for the genotyped animals. Overall, as the blending proportion decreased for I and A22, the r and b1 marginally decreased. The values ranged from 0.990 to 0.983 and 0.970 to 0.982 for r and b1, respectively. For each β tested, fewer rounds for convergence were required with I than A22, and the number of rounds increased as β decreased. Negligible differences in elapsed computing time between the blending types and levels were observed. Subsequently, the current blending algorithm used in the BLUPF90 family of programs was optimized, reducing the blending time from approximately 2 h to 5 min for A22 and less than one second for I. The new time difference between blending with A22 or I is negligible and not computationally critical. The results indicate that blending G with a small proportion of I is enough to maintain the same levels of accuracy and inflation as with a small proportion of A22, and either method is sufficient. |
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86260 |
Watch |
1259 |
Indicators of udder health as predictors of subsequent lactation performance. |
4 |
S. Jewell |
mastitis somatic cell score |
S. Jewell1, H. Norman1, K. Parker Gaddis1 |
1Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD |
Genetic evaluations for somatic cell score (SCS) and resistance to clinical mastitis (MAST) were introduced in the US in 1994 and 2018 respectively to improve different aspects of udder health. Within the same lactation, mastitis has been associated with lowered milk yield and increased culling rate. Our objective was to look at the effect of clinical mastitis (CM) or elevated SCS on performance in subsequent lactations and assess each as a predictor of future production and longevity. Using CDCB records, this relationship was investigated in Holsteins (n = 1,374,653) and Jerseys (n = 86,091) with 1st calving dates before 2017. The first CM per lactation, supplied by producers, was used to code mastitis, present or absent. Mean SCS for each lactation was transformed to a binary variable with groups ≤ 4 and > 4. Total milk, fat, and protein yields and days in milk (DIM) from all subsequent lactations were defined as dependent variables. Mixed models with fixed effects of either CM group or SCS group and random effect of herd-year-season were used to model the impact on dependent variables. First-lactation Holsteins with CM had significantly lower subsequent production and longevity (P-value <0.01) with milk, fat, and protein differences of 2604, 100, and 79 kgs respectively and a 67-d difference in DIM. In contrast, there was no significant difference in subsequent production or longevity in Jerseys with a CM case in 1st lactation. In both breeds, animals with a case of CM in 2nd lactation had lower production for all measures and lower subsequent DIM (P-value <0.01). Holsteins with a SCS greater than 4 in 1st lactation showed very similar differences in subsequent production and longevity as those with a CM in 1st lactation. First-lactation Jerseys with a SCS greater than 4 also showed significant differences (P-value <0.01) in milk, fat, protein, and DIM when compared with cows with a lower SCS (3862kgs, 190kgs, 143kgs and 126 d respectively). This research suggests that both CM and elevated SCS have lasting impacts on subsequent performance and could be used as predictors of production and longevity. |
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86698 |
Watch |
1260 |
Genomic prediction of fetal loss in US Holstein cattle. |
5 |
A. Sigdel |
pregnancy loss kernel model reproductive performance |
A. Sigdel1, R. S. Bisinotto2, F. Peñagaricano1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Pregnancy loss is recognized as one of the major factors contributing to poor reproductive performance in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of predicting late pregnancy losses, also known as fetal losses, using genomic information. Data consisted in 10,807 confirmed pregnancy or fetal loss records distributed across nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous cows. All cows were diagnosed as pregnant at 42 d after breeding and records of fetal loss were obtained from subsequent veterinary pregnancy examinations. All cows were genotyped with 72k SNPs. Fetal loss was defined as a binary trait (yes/no) and both linear and threshold kernel-based models were evaluated. Both linear and Gaussian kernels were fitted, and model predictive ability was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation with 10 replicates. Two accuracy measures were evaluated: sensitivity, the proportion of fetal losses that were correctly classified, and specificity, the proportion of successful pregnancies that were correctly classified. The incidence of fetal loss ranged between 8.1% in nulliparous to 13.6% in multiparous. Threshold models achieved slightly better predictive performance than linear models, while model fitting Gaussian kernels achieved slightly better predictive performance than models fitting linear kernels. Models achieved sensitivity values around 99% for nulliparous heifers, 83% for primiparous cows, and 87% for multiparous cows. Both linear and Gaussian kernel-based models correctly classified pregnant cows with a specificity of approximately 99%. Overall, our findings indicate that genomic prediction of fetal loss is feasible. These results have the potential to help the dairy industry improve cow reproductive performance through accurate genome-guided decisions. |
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86705 |
Watch |
1261 |
Genetic analysis of estrus expression in dairy cows. |
6 |
F. Peñagaricano |
estrous behavior heat detection heritability |
J. Chinchilla-Vargas1, H. A. Pacheco1, R. C. Chebel2, K. A. Weigel1, F. Peñagaricano1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Bovine estrous is marked by acute changes in cow behavior, such as increased activity, decreased feed intake, and decreased rumination. It is well established that longer and more intense estrous behaviors, such as duration of estrus or activity peak, are positively associated with estrous detection by farm personnel, reduced interval from calving to first insemination, and increased risk of pregnancy after insemination. The main goal of this study was to reveal whether estrus expression traits are heritable, and hence, whether they will respond to selection. Data consisted in estrus-related traits measured in roughly 8,300 lactating dairy cows from a large commercial farm in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Cows were fitted with an automated monitoring device that recorded activity and rumination, and estrus expression traits were derived based on changes in behavioral patterns, i.e., changes in activity and rumination compared with the individual’s baseline values. Two estrus-related traits were evaluated: estrus duration, defined as the interval between the onset and end of estrus, and estrus strength, defined as the change in activity and rumination during estrus. The statistical model included parity and days in milk as fixed effects, and year-season, animal, and permanent environment as random effects. The mean of estrus duration was 9.4 h. while the mean of estrus strength, measured as change in activity, was 120 units. Heritability estimates ranged between 10% for estrus duration to 20% for estrus strength. These results indicate that estrus expression traits are heritable, and the magnitude of heritability estimates suggests an important opportunity for genetic selection. Repeatability estimates ranged between 23% to 43%, suggesting that a small number of records per individual would be sufficient to make accurate selection decisions. Genetic selection for improved expression of estrus has the potential to improve on-farm estrus detection and increase insemination and pregnancy rates without relying on hormonal treatments. This, in turn, will safeguard the long-term economic and social sustainability of the US dairy industry. |
| Breeding & Genetics 1: Improving genetic evaluations |
In-Person Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86853 |
Watch |
1262 |
Estimating genetic parameters for somatic cell score considering heat load in Canadian Holstein cattle. |
8 |
I. Campos |
dairy cow heat stress temperature-humidity index |
I. Campos1, C. Baes1,2, F. Schenkel1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
Heat stress is a major problem in dairy cattle and it has an array of negative consequences for both health and production. The objectives of this study were: 1) to estimate genetic parameters for somatic cell score (SCS) considering heat load, and 2) to investigate the potential presence of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) in the Canadian Holstein population. Test-day (TD) records for SCS from first-parity Holstein cows raised in Ontario and Québec spanning a 10-year period (2010 to 2019) were provided by Lactanet Canada. For the analyses, cows were required to have a minimum of 4 records within the interval from 5 to 305 d in milk (DIM). Age at calving records were restricted to 18 to 40 mo. Herds were required to have records from a minimum of 5 cows per year in at least 5 years. A total of 408,037 TD records for SCS from 60,632 cows were analyzed. Meteorological data from the NASA POWER database were used to calculate the daily temperature-humidity index (THI) throughout the years. To estimate genetic parameters for SCS considering environmental heat load (i.e., THI levels), a reaction norm approach was used through a random regression model fitting second-order Legendre polynomials. The additive genetic variance increased across THI, ranging from 0.146 to 0.229, whereas the permanent environmental variance showed a quadratic shape, with higher values on both extremes of the THI, with minimum and maximum values of 1.178 and 1.894, respectively. The heritability estimates were low, but increased with THI levels from 4.9% to 7.8% (SE <0.01). The genetic correlations estimated along the THI levels indicated potential presence of GxE. For the opposite extreme THI levels, a genetic correlation of 0.69 (SE 0.03) was found and approximately 20% of genetic correlations were <0.80 over the range of THI levels. Considering that the climate in Ontario and Québec is characterized by long and cold winters and hot and humid summers, the effect of GxE may be amplified, which may result in re-ranking of top bulls. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9841 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
n8726 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87018 |
Watch |
1263 |
Digital applications in the dairy industry: Milking data, not cows. |
2 |
S. Bakalis |
digital product design hybrid models chemometrics |
S. Bakalis1, F. van der Berg1, K. M. Sørensen1 |
1Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark |
There are several documents discussing the potential of digital technologies to disrupt the current food chain. However, it is unclear what are these “digital” technologies are; how they could “disrupt” the food chain; whether these technologies are complementary or conflicting; what benefits will result from these technologies and whether they will pose risks that require management. In this paper we will provide an overview of the potential of different digital technologies to disrupt parts of the food chain. We will present 2 case studies: (1) Processing: Using online data acquisition to monitor cheese quality during production and identify possible quality faults (2) Product Design: Developing hybrid, i.e., physical and digital tools to enhance and personalize dairy products. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86035 |
Watch |
1264 |
Digital innovations for the dairy industry. |
3 |
N. O'Shea |
near infrared collaborative robotics Industry 4.0 |
N. O'Shea1, Y. Pu1, M. Fenelon1 |
1Teagasc, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland |
Inline, real-time sensors and robotics are 2 foundational technologies of Industry 4.0 (I4.0). As examples of innovation in this area, a study based on inline sensors and another on collaborative robotics (Cobots) in the dairy industry is presented. Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is used to measure milk composition; however, it has not been used as an inline technique for measuring the protein content of milk protein concentrate (MPC). The NIR spectra of 120 MPC samples were collected using a Matrix-F FT-NIR spectrometer coupled with a 15-m fiber optics transflectance probe (Bruker Optics, Germany). An optimized calibration model for protein was developed using the partial least square (PLS) method, based on selected spectral regions and data pre-processing. The model had a prediction accuracy of R2P = 0.95 and root mean square error of prediction = 0.12%. In robotics, a methodology was developed to evaluate the application of Cobots to simulate different human biomechanical movements used during the preparation of infant formula (IF). Three IF powders (control (CIF), sediment and flecking) with different reconstitution properties were evaluated using selected Cobot parameters, i.e., mixing motion (up and down, left to right, swirl or figure of 8 motion), for a specific time (5, 10 or 15 s). Parameters investigated include dissolved solids, sediment, and particle size distribution of the reconstituted samples. Means were compared using Tukey's test and P-values less than < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results demonstrated that the ‘up and down’ shake motion used for 15 s to reconstitute CIF gave the highest percentage of dissolved solids (PDS) (85.3%) and the lowest sediment (0.8g; P < 0.001). In comparison, when the figure of 8 mix motion performed for 5 s was used to prepare the CIF powder, a lower PDS (71%) and higher sediment (10.2g; P < 0.009) was obtained. The 2 digital technologies evaluated (inline NIR and cobots) illustrate the role of I4.0 in dairy processing in ensuring consistent final product quality. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86867 |
|
1265 |
Digital tools for fluid milk spoilage prediction and shelf-life extension. |
4 |
S. I. Murphy |
modeling spoilage supply chain |
S. I. Murphy1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Fluid milk is highly perishable and vulnerable to spoilage due to contamination with bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas) producing off-flavors and defects. The most common pasteurized fluid milk spoilage bacteria include psychrotolerant gram-negative bacteria that enter the product post-pasteurization and gram-positive psychrotolerant spore-forming bacteria that likely contaminate the milk on-farm and are able to survive pasteurization. Large volumes of data are collected across the dairy supply chain continuum. However, managing fluid milk quality toward preventing spoilage and extending shelf life remains complex and challenging. Numerous strategies can be implemented along dairy supply chains to manage microbial quality, such as premium/penalty payment systems, strict temperature controls, and processing interventions. However, comparing and selecting optimal strategies for preventive and corrective quality controls is a challenging task requiring considerable investment. Previous and ongoing work toward developing, validating, and deploying digital tools for fluid milk spoilage and shelf-life analytics and prediction will be presented. This will include the development of a comprehensive fluid milk spoilage model, which combines previous Monte Carlo simulation models that predict fluid milk spoilage due to (i) raw milk contamination with psychrotolerant spore-forming bacteria and (ii) post-pasteurization contamination with gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Ultimately this comprehensive model could be used as a decision-support tool to facilitate in silico assessment of optimal intervention strategies aimed at preventing and reducing fluid milk spoilage. Research using machine learning and statistical modeling for investigating quality management practices associated with fluid milk spoilage due to post-pasteurization will also be described. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86372 |
Watch |
1266 |
Digital process twin tools for dairy plants. |
6 |
B. R. Young |
dairy processing digitalization digital twins |
W. Yu1, D. I. Wilson2, B. R. Young1 |
1The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand |
New digital technologies are transforming the way we make, monitor, and control dairy products. The Industrial Information and Control Centre at Auckland has researched and developed digital technologies for application in the New Zealand dairy industry over the past 15 years. These include online viscosity measurement, mechanistic modeling of dairy plants for process optimization, machine learning for key quality parameter prediction, hybrid mechanistic and neural network models for predicting cheese fermentation, and real-time imaging for powder quality prediction. In this presentation we will highlight recent research on these digital applications and present a vision of a future diary process digital twin. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: Digital Tools for Dairy |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87093 |
Watch |
1267 |
Food Safety 4.0: Digital tools for food safety and new approaches to confidential and protected digital data sharing. |
7 |
M. Wiedmann |
digital food safety data sharing systems approach |
M. Wiedmann1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
This presentation will introduce a vision for the future of dairy food safety, which will utilize AI, Digital twins and modeling tools to more efficiently and effectively improve food safety and quality as well as the sustainability of food production, using a systems approach. This approach is analogous to “Industry 4.0,” which has been defined “a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that focuses on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data.” The presentation will also provide tangible examples of ongoing projects to illustrate the current status of this field. Specific projects to be covered will focus on (i) digital food safety approaches at the processing plant level, and (ii) predicting fluid milk shelf life and spoilage. As data sharing between industry players is an important part of the digital revolution, novel approaches to assuring data privacy and confidentiality, such as federated learning, will also be discussed. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: United States of Snacking – Is Snack Time Changing the Way America Eats? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9840 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Symposium: United States of Snacking – Is Snack Time Changing the Way America Eats? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
n8720 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Symposium: United States of Snacking – Is Snack Time Changing the Way America Eats? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87137 |
Watch |
1268 |
Understanding the link between eating occasions and health outcomes in Americans who “snack.” |
2 |
J. M. Hess |
snacks dietary intake eating behavior |
J. M. Hess1 |
1Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Grand Forks, ND |
On average, Americans ages 2 years and older eat 5 or more times per day and consume nearly a quarter of their daily energy outside of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Frequency of eating (FOE) has been identified by both the 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Scientific Advisory Committee and the American Heart Association as an important area of study to improve the dietary patterns and overall health of the American public. However, the current evidence on FOE is conflicting; it does not indicate whether eating more frequently is a healthful behavior or not. Clinical and prospective studies have shown that FOE has an inverse relationship with some cardiometabolic health markers, including total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, but the relationship between FOE and other health markers such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, blood pressure, and coronary heart disease incidence remain unclear. Several factors may affect the relationship between FOE and cardiometabolic health including the types of foods consumed, time of day, motivation to eat, cultural background, age, sex, and food security status. Another factor affecting both the relationship between FOE and health as well as the research on FOE and health is how eating occasions are labeled. Many definitions have been proposed and used in research to delineate between meals and snacks, but a consistent definition is not currently used for “snacks,” even in official dietary guidance. With the current limitations in the body of research, conclusions about the healthfulness of frequent eating cannot be drawn. In addition, conclusions cannot be drawn on the healthfulness of eating snacks (as an eating occasion) or more than 3 meals per day. More directed research is required to understand the relationships between the labels used for an eating occasion and cardiometabolic health outcomes as well as the health impacts of frequent food and beverage consumption and how and why they may vary among different population groups. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: United States of Snacking – Is Snack Time Changing the Way America Eats? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86662 |
Watch |
1269 |
Cheese snacking: Innovations and trends. |
3 |
K. Alexander |
|
K. Alexander1 |
1Dairy Management Inc, |
Consumers continue to snack throughout the day. In fact, almost half of all food and beverage occasions are snacking occasions. And while this occasion continues to grow, the consumer needs and motivations behind which snacks to choose greatly differ given the circumstance. When looking at snacking options, cheese is a natural fit to meet these consumer needs. The category continues to show long-term growth and dramatic innovation is taking place. With an emphasis on protein, we are seeing the spotlight on cheese in new functions, formats and occasions. This session will explore consumer needs, innovations and opportunities in cheese when it comes to snacking. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: United States of Snacking – Is Snack Time Changing the Way America Eats? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87133 |
Watch |
1270 |
Innovations in manufacturing technologies for producing cheese snacks. |
5 |
J. A. Lucey |
snacks texture and consumer |
J. A. Lucey1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin |
Because of their excellent nutrition and different flavor profiles, cheese snacks are growing in popularity. Snacks are available in many formats but individually wrapped sticks, bars, balls (fresh Mozzarella), Babybel and string cheese offer the convenience needed by consumers for on-the-go snacking opportunities. Creating these individually wrapped snacks involves conversion into these specific formats, which requires cheese textures that are suitable for this conversion (cutting, shaping) process. With the growing popularity of using concentrated milks for improving cheese yield, manipulations of the cheese manufacturing process need to be implemented to ensure successful conversion into these snack formats. Typical flavors for cheese snacks include Cheddar and Colby, but recently flavored cheeses (peppers, spices, smoked, etc) have also become popular. Recent innovations have targeted kids by the use of fruit-flavors and playful whip string cheese. There can be challenges with successfully making flavored snack cheeses (such as flavor stability and uniform distribution). Research has looked at various technologies to help extend the shelf life of products like string cheese, where challenges include loss of flavor, decrease in firmness and loss of stringiness. Some progress has been achieved with the flavor and firmness attributes. Baked cheese products, like crisps, are another type of cheese snack, but there is an opportunity for a more chewy less brittle type of product (like jerky). Fresh cheese curds are another popular snack but the squeaky attribute only lasts a few days. Research is exploring the nature of this squeakiness and ways to extend this pleasing attribute. Emerging technologies for manufacturing snack cheeses include extrusion and 3-D printing for customized novelty items. |
| Dairy Foods Symposium: United States of Snacking – Is Snack Time Changing the Way America Eats? |
Hybrid Symposium |
Dairy Foods |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87015 |
|
1271 |
Microwave vacuum drying: A novel technology for cheese snacks manufacturing. |
6 |
C. I. Moraru |
microwave vacuum drying cheese shelf-stable snacks |
C. I. Moraru1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Consumer demand for low-carb snacks is growing. The snack food market in the US is estimated to exceed 10% of the overall food market by 2023. In the snack category, cheese snacks rank third, after salty snacks and candy. The increase of the market volume of cheese snacks in the US and the success of products such as Moon Cheese provide solid arguments for the development of novel, shelf stable cheese snacks. Shelf stable cheese snack would be a significant source of milk proteins, which have known health benefits and are positively perceived by consumers. Microwave vacuum drying (MVD) is a drying technology that uses microwave energy under vacuum to efficiently remove moisture from foods, at low temperatures. MVD offers opportunities where traditional drying technologies tend to fail in performance, due to the ability of microwaves to provide rapid, efficient, and uniform heat transfer, which leads to shorter processing times compared with freeze-drying, at comparable quality. This presentation will demonstrate how MVD can be used to manufacture a variety of cheese snacks, ranging from puffs to crisps. The effect of cheese type and MVD parameters, including microwave power and vacuum level, on product characteristics and structure will be discussed based on experimental data obtained by subjecting various cheese types (skim milk mozzarella, whole-milk mozzarella, Colby Jack, mild and NY style extra-sharp cheddar, using a Nutrarev unit (Enwave, BC, Canada). Overall, the vacuum level had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on volumetric expansion, which reached up to 300% for skim milk mozzarella, with a maximum expansion occurring at 8 kPa. Pressure also had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the texture of the final product and showed an inverse relationship to that of the volumetric expansion. This work can help the development of low-carb, high-protein, crunchy cheese snacks, of desired structure and texture. Future work will investigate the effect of different MW power input on the characteristics of MVD cheese. The creation of novel, value-added, shelf-stable MVD cheese puffs will help the dairy industry meet the growing consumer demands for low-carb crunchy snacks. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Symposium: Determinants and Consequences of Systemic Inflammation During the Dairy Cow Transition Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9838 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Symposium: Determinants and Consequences of Systemic Inflammation During the Dairy Cow Transition Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
n8758 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Symposium: Determinants and Consequences of Systemic Inflammation During the Dairy Cow Transition Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
n8759 |
|
3004INV |
Inflammation in the transition cow – contributions of Dr. Lorraine Sordillo |
2 |
Pedram Rezamand |
|
|
|
|
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Symposium: Determinants and Consequences of Systemic Inflammation During the Dairy Cow Transition Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86336 |
|
1280 |
Relationship between calcium dynamics and inflammatory status. |
3 |
R. C. Neves |
inflammation calcium hypocalcemia |
R. C. Neves1 |
1Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN |
Attempts to singularize the association of one stressor over a health or production outcome in the context of the transition cow can be very daunting as major endocrine, metabolic, and environmental changes occur simultaneously. Two significant events closely intertwined in the immediate postpartum are the increased calcium requirements at initiation of lactation together with an inflammatory state caused by parturition. For decades, a reduction in blood calcium concentration in the immediate postpartum was perceived to be detrimental to cow health; to a certain degree, it is physiological. However, the length in which cows remain under suboptimal calcium concentrations in the days following parturition are suggestive of a problem. Similarly, a degree of systemic inflammation at parturition is also physiological; yet, an excessive proinflammatory process and(or) an inadequate pro-resolution state is suggestive of a pathological condition. Recently we demonstrated that postpartum cows suffering from a prolonged inflammatory state exhibited lower plasma calcium concentrations. Moreover, the degree of a postpartum inflammatory state correlates with changes in plasma calcium concentration. A dysfunctional inflammatory response can directly alter calcium metabolism. For instance, bovine renal proximal tubule cells subjected to higher oxidative stress had decreased protein expression of mitochondrial 1 α-hydroxylase, the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the active vitamin D form. Calcium acts as a second messenger in innumerous cell types, and directly impact immune function. It is notable that cows suffering from bacterial endotoxemia have a degree of hypocalcemia. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase, an enzyme that mediates LPS detoxification, has had its crystal structure recently mapped out; interestingly, a calcium binding region was discovered and found to be key for enzyme stability. Further research evaluating the mechanisms impacting resolution of systemic inflammation and its intersection with calcium metabolism in the context of the transition cow can help elucidate new targets to decrease postpartum diseases. |
| Joint Physiology and Endocrinology/Animal Health Symposium: Determinants and Consequences of Systemic Inflammation During the Dairy Cow Transition Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86838 |
Watch |
1281 |
Relationship of inflammation and immune activation, uterine diseases, and reproductive success. |
5 |
S. J. LeBlanc |
systemic inflammation health fertility |
S. J. LeBlanc1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
There is a physiologically normal level of inflammation associated with parturition, placental expulsion, and uterine involution. An integrated process of adaptive events should occur synchronously, including a robust but well regulated innate immune response in the uterus. Failure of this process may result in reproductive tract inflammatory disease. Impaired innate immune function and regulation of inflammation appear to be central to the development of uterine diseases. However, the key determinants of these factors, and their potential links with metabolic adaptation to lactation are unclear. Metritis is consistently associated with reduced diversity of the uterine microbiome. Similarly, purulent vaginal discharge at 4–6 weeks postpartum is strongly associated with bacterial infection of the uterus. Conversely, the microbiome of healthy cows and those with subclinical endometritis is generally similar, so endometritis is thought to be a consequence of dysregulation of inflammation rather than changes in uterine microbiota. The point at which reproductive tract inflammation shifts from physiologic to pathologic and the variables that influence that balance are only partially understood. However, there is an emerging concept that inflammation is not only a reaction to injury or disease but that it can be a consequence of or precursor to metabolic disturbances. The degree of systemic inflammation is associated with the level of trauma and bacteria contamination of the uterus, the degree of fat mobilization and release of nonesterified fatty acids, and perhaps leaky gut, all of which result in release of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, uterine inflammation may be exacerbated by systemic inflammation, but may also contribute to heightened systemic inflammation in transition cows. However, clarity and progress in testing this notion are limited by a lack of validated criteria by which to quantify systemic inflammation and to identify its sources. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9908 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85843 |
Watch |
1272 |
Cistern and alveolar capacity of udder halves subjected to increased milking frequency at 2 stages of lactation. |
1 |
G. Perez-Hernandez |
increased milking frequency alveolar and cistern capacity oxytocin inhibitor |
G. Perez-Hernandez1, H. H. Hanling1, B. A. Corl1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of increased milking frequency (IMF) at mid-lactation on changes in cistern and alveolar capacity. Fourteen multiparous cows were subjected to IMF using the unilateral frequent milking method from 3 to 24 DIM. At mid-lactation, cows were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatments, control (C) or repeated (R). From 150 to 170 DIM, IMF treatment was reimposed in the R group. Left udder halves were milked 2 × and right udder halves were milked 4 × during IMF. Alveolar and cistern capacity were quantified at 140 and 172 DIM using an oxytocin inhibitor (atosiban). Atosiban (50 µg/kg of BW) was administered (IV) and cows were milked until milk flow stopped. To collect alveolar milk, 20 IU of oxytocin were administered (IV), and cows were milked again. To separate individual milk yields of udder halves, separate buckets were used to collect the cistern and alveolar compartments. Statistical analysis of udder compartment volume was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Volume and proportion of the alveolar and cistern capacity were evaluated using an individual model for each sampling day (140 and 172 DIM) and each anatomical udder compartment (alveolar and cistern). Alveolar volume was similar between udder halves milked 2 × or 4 × at 140 DIM (P = 0.33), while cistern volume was larger for udder halves milked 4 × than 2 × (P < 0.05). There was no difference between alveolar or cistern proportion in udder halves milked 2 × or 4 × (P = 0.09) before mid-lactation IMF. After 20 d IMF for the R group, alveolar volume was similar between C and R (P = 0.19) independent of udder half milking frequency. However, R held 3.4 kg more cistern milk than C (P = 0.03). Control treatment udder halves had a greater alveolar proportion than repeated treatment udder halves (P = 0.03). As expected, the cistern proportion was smaller in C and larger in R (P = 0.03) after mid-lactation IMF. Based on our results, we conclude that udder halves subjected to early and mid-lactation IMF had increased cistern volume capacity. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86075 |
Watch |
1273 |
Impact of decreased nutrient density at dry-off on performance and metabolism. |
2 |
L. Cattaneo |
dry-off nutrient density metabolic profile |
L. Cattaneo1, V. Lopreiato1, F. Piccioli-Cappelli1, G. Lovotti1, E. Trevisi1, A. Minuti1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
Dry-off is a potentially stressful event in the lactation cycle in dairy cows, in particular when milking is stopped abruptly and milk yield is still high. A safety threshold of 15 kg/d of milk at dry-off has been proposed and many ways to reduce yield and promote mammary involution are used globally. Our aim was to assess whether reducing nutrient level at dry-off would affect performance, mammary health, and metabolic response of Holstein cows. Holstein cows with yield greater than 15 kg/d were fed either only grass hay ad libitum for 7 d before dry-off (HF, n = 13) or continued to receive the lactation diet (CTR; n = 13). After dry-off, both groups received only grass hay for 7 d, and free access to water was always provided. Blood and milk were collected at –7, –3, 0, 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 d relative to dry-off, and milk yield was recorded daily before dry-off and after the subsequent calving. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures mixed models (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS). At dry-off, compared with CTR, HF had lower milk yield (7.7 vs 22.0 ± 1.1 kg/d; P < 0.01) and milk lactose (3.8 vs 4.7 ± 0.2%; P < 0.01) but higher fat (6.6 vs 4.4 ± 0.4%; P < 0.01), protein (4.4 vs 3.7 ± 0.1%; P < 0.01), and somatic cell score (2.3 vs 1.8 ± 0.1; P < 0.01). In the subsequent lactation, no differences were observed in milk yield and composition. BCS did not differ between groups. The day of dry-off, HF had decreased glucose (4.16 vs 4.61 ± 0.10 mmol/L; P < 0.01), urea (3.3 vs 5.3 ± 0.3 mmol/L; P < 0.01), higher β-hydroxybutyrate (0.97 vs 0.58 ± 0.06 mmol/L; P < 0.01) and nonesterified fatty acids (1.18 vs 0.16 ± 0.06 mmol/L; P < 0.01). The day after dry-off, nonesterified fatty acids were lower in HF (0.58 vs 0.77 ± 0.06 mmol/L; P = 0.03). These results confirmed the effectiveness of decreased nutrient density in reducing yield before dry-off, without impairing milk production and mammary health in the following lactation. However, metabolism around dry-off was significantly impacted. Further research is ongoing to investigate the impact of the metabolic effects on inflammatory response, liver function, and immune system, particularly in regard to the mammary gland. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86276 |
Watch |
1274 |
Intramammary 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan infusions prior to dry-off enhances mammary gland involution and redevelopment. |
3 |
S. L. Field |
serotonin lactation |
S. L. Field1, A. F. Hoerl1, B. Dado-Senn1, B. D. Davidson1, L. L. Hernandez1, J. Laporta1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Serotonin (5-HT) in the lactating mammary gland acts as an autocrine/paracrine regulator of lactation. Following milk stasis, milk 5-HT accumulates and acts as a bioactive factor to inhibit milk protein genes and increase mammary epithelial cell (MEC) tight junction permeability. Herein, we examined the effects of increasing local mammary 5-HT synthesis before milk stasis on mammary gland gene expression and microstructure. Holstein cows were administered intramammary infusions of sterile water (CON, 4 mL/teat, n = 7) or 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP, serotonin precursor, 20 mg/teat, n = 7) for 5 d before dry-off (d0). Mammary gland biopsies were performed on d4 (i.e., involution) and d45 (i.e., redevelopment) of the dry period for histological and gene expression analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin and Ki67 protein staining were performed to visualize tissue microstructure and quantify cell proliferation. Data were analyzed in SAS using 2-way ANOVA. On d4, milk protein genes CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 were downregulated (P < 0.03) and LALBA and CSN2 tended to be downregulated (P < 0.09) in 5-HTP cows, relative to CON. Tight junction genes (i.e., ZO1, ZO2, OCLN, CLDN1) were downregulated in 5-HTP cows, relative to CON (P < 0.003). On d4, MEC number was reduced in 5-HTP cows and alveoli lumen, alveolar area and lumen:alveolar ratio were not different between treatments. (P > 0.78). On d4, the number of MEC or stromal Ki67-positive cells were not different, however; 5-HTP cows had a tendency for increased total proliferating cells, relative to CON (P = 0.06). On d45, milk protein genes (i.e., LALBA, CSN1S1, CSN1S2 and CSN2) were upregulated (P < 0.05) and tight junction gene CLDN2, tended to be upregulated (P = 0.07) in 5-HTP cows, relative to CON. On d45, MEC number, alveoli lumen and lumen:alveolar ratio were increased in 5-HTP cows (P < 0.05) and 5-HTP cows had increased proliferating cells in epithelial, stromal, and total nuclei, relative to CON (P < 0.0005). Amplifying serotonin signaling in the mammary epithelium before milk stasis may result in a more efficient and rapid involution, allowing for greater cell proliferation during redevelopment. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86581 |
Watch |
1275 |
Influence of transition diet starch content on colostrum and transition milk sialic acid profile in Holstein dairy cattle. |
4 |
A. Fischer-Tlustos |
colostrum transition milk sialic acid |
A. Fischer-Tlustos1, J. Haisan2, W. Shi2, K. Narayana3, C. Tomiyama3, S. Bakker3, J. Cant1, M. Oba2, W. Zandberg3, M. Steele1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 3University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada |
Colostrum and milk sialic acids (SA) are bioactive compounds that can promote immune function and gut development in neonates. However, dam factors that control the profile of SA in bovine colostrum and milk are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine how prepartum dietary starch content affects colostrum SA profile and how both pre- and postpartum dietary starch content affects the SA profile of transition milk (TM). Multiparous (MP; n = 51) and primiparous (PP; n = 36) Holstein cows were balanced for parity and BCS and assigned to a prepartum diet containing moderate (CON; 14.0% starch, %DM) or high (HI; 26.1% starch, %DM) starch from 28 ± 3 d before expected calving date, and to a high fiber (HF; 33.8% NDF, 25.1% starch, %DM) or high starch (HS; 27.2% NDF, 32.8% starch, %DM) diet after calving. Colostrum and TM (milkings 2 to 6) SA were quantified by HPLC-MS after cleavage from oligosaccharides by weak acid hydrolysis. Data were evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX with the fixed effects of parity, milking, pre- and postpartum diet, and their interactions. An interaction was observed for postpartum diet x parity (P > 0.02), in which HF-MP cows had greater N-glycolneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; P = 0.03; 27.0 ± 1.73 vs. 18.0 ± 2.64) and total SA (P = 0.013; 165.1 ± 6.04 vs. 131.9 ± 8.61) internal standard corrected (ISTDC)-area over the first 6 milkings than HS-MP cows. MP cows had greater 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulsonic acid (Kdn) ISTDC-area (P = 0.02; 4.0 ± 0.41 vs. 2.6 ± 0.40) than PP cows over the sampling period. Relative levels (% total) of 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) increased (P < 0.0001) over the first 6 milkings from 78.9 ± 0.69 to 83.2 ± 1.03% to the decrement of Neu5Gc (P < 0.0001; colostrum: 16.6 ± 0.51%; milking 6: 11.9 ± 0.76%). Interestingly, Neu5Ac ISTDC-area was greater (P = 0.004) in milking 2 (134.0 ± 3.79) than colostrum (123.9 ± 3.26) and decreased steadily until milking 6 (105.4 ± 4.09). The results suggest that parity or stage of lactation may have a greater influence on the SA profile of colostrum and TM than transition diet starch content. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86682 |
Watch |
1276 |
The nutritional induction of episodic hyperketonemia in dairy cows: A randomized controlled trial. |
5 |
J. E. Rico |
ketosis calcium butyrate dairy cow |
A. Ruiz-González1, M. Ramírez-Mella2,3, D. E. Rico3, J. E. Rico4 |
1Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, 2COLPOS, Campus Campeche, Campeche, Mexico, 3CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada, 4University of Maryland, College Park, MD |
Observational research indicates that hyperketonemia is associated with the onset of peripartal diseases and reduced lactation performance in dairy cows. We aimed to induce and sustain hyperketonemia at the levels characterizing peripartal ketosis, and to evaluate its effects on cow performance and health status. Four multiparous, lactating, and ruminally cannulated dairy cows (144 ± 9 DIM; 41 ± 7 kg of milk/d), were randomly allocated to: ruminally-administered calcium butyrate (CB; 6% of dietary DM) or Ca-balanced control (CON) over 2 5-d periods in a crossover study. Infusion of CB bolus was performed daily in 2 doses (0900h and 1800h). Blood was collected on d 0, 2 and 5, pre- (0800h) and post-prandially (1000h). Milk yield (MY) was recorded daily, and components were analyzed at d 0, 2, and 5. Within-day changes in β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, and clinical blood parameters (e.g., pH, respiration gases, and electrolytes) were assessed on d4 (0 to 18 h, relative to the first CB bolus). Data were analyzed under a mixed model with the random effect of cow and fixed effects of time, treatment, and their interactions. Peak plasma BHB was reached 2h post-bolus (P < 0.05, ~2.5 mM) and returned to basal levels 6h post-peak. No behavior-related clinical signs of disease were observed upon CB infusion. Plasma glucose concentration decreased 2h post-bolus (−22%; P < 0.05) and returned to basal levels 6h later. Relative to CON, DMI and MY were 10% and 7% lower in CB cows from d 1–3 (respectively; P < 0.05) but were not different at d5. Milk fat concentration and yield did not differ between CB and CON (P > 0.05), whereas milk protein and lactose yields were both reduced in CB on d 2 and 5, relative to CON cows (−6%; P < 0.05). Most clinical blood parameters, including pH, respiration gases, ionized Ca, and K, were not different between treatments (P > 0.05). Blood Na was higher, and hemoglobin lower, in CB relative to CON (P < 0.05). Sustained hyperketonemia had no impact on behavior or health status of dairy cows, and it transiently resulted in reduced milk yield and DMI. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86875 |
Watch |
1277 |
Abomasally infused fish oil partially alleviates hyperthermia and modulates insulin responsiveness in dairy cows under heat stress. |
6 |
D. E. Rico |
dairy cow inflammation omega-3 fatty acids |
A. Ruiz-Gonzalez1,2, M. Ramirez-Mella3, P. Y. Chouinard1, R. Gervais1, J. E. Rico4, D. E. Rico2 |
1Department of animal science, Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 2CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada, 3COLPOS, Campus Campeche, Mexico, 4Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD |
Omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil may reduce inflammation and its associated pyretic response, which is observed during heat stress along with increased insulin concentrations. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (38.5 ± 9.8 kg milk/d; 85 ± 33 DIM) were randomly assigned to 1) Heat stress + 159 g/d of abomasally infused corn oil as a unique bolus dose (55% linoleic acid; Max THI = 84; HS), 2) Heat stress + 159 g/d of fish oil (8.3% EPA, 19% DHA; HSFO), and 3) thermoneutral pair feeding + 159 g/d of corn oil (Max THI = 64; PF) in a replicated incomplete Latin square design with 2 10-d periods. Blood was sampled at 0 and 4h relative to abomasal infusion time on d 0, 5, and 10. Intravenous insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed on d 9 of each period, following a time-series sampling (−10 to 180 min). The statistical model included the random effects of cow and period, and the fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interactions. Heat stress progressively decreased dry matter intake before stabilizing on d 5 (36% reduction; Ptime < 0.001) in all treatment groups. Peak rectal T° registered at 1700 h was 2.7°C greater in HS than in PF cows from d 2 to 10 (P < 0.001), whereas HSFO decreased it by 0.9°C relative to HS (P < 0.001). Heat stress increased pre-prandial insulin concentration by 70% relative to PF, and it was reduced by 48% in HSFO relative to HS (P < 0.01; d5 and 10). Pre-prandial free fatty acids were 36% lower in HS relative to PF (P < 0.001), and 20% lower in HSFO compared with HS, along with an increased estimated insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001; d5 and 10). Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was 48% higher in HS than in PF cows, and it was reduced by 33% in HSFO relative to HS (P < 0.001; d5 and 10). Circulating glucose concentrations were halved 40 min after the ITT and increased over time in all treatments. Glucose concentrations increased by 23% from 90 to 180 min in HS relative to PF (P = 0.01). Fish oil partially alleviated hyperthermia and inflammation while modulating insulin responsiveness in dairy cows under heat stress. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86941 |
Watch |
1278 |
A combination of chicory-plantain silage and Se-yeast have a minimal effect on blood biomarkers during intramammary infection in lactating ewes. |
7 |
H. Ford |
sheep mastitis inflammation |
H. Ford1, M. Bionaz1, S. Ates1, E. Trevisi2 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
The objective of this study was to evaluate blood parameters related to metabolism, inflammation, and immune and liver status in ewes fed a combination of chicory-plantain silage and Se-yeast to lactating ewes subjected to intramammary infection (IMI). To achieve this, 28 Polypay ewes at 30 d in milk were utilized. The ewes received chicory or grass silage and were supplemented with 3.6 mg/ewe/day of Se-yeast (DiaMune, Diamond V) or not for 2 mo before IMI induced by injecting 2x107 cfu of Strep uberis into both glands. Blood was collected at days −1, 1, 3, 5, and 9 relative to IMI and profiled for 18 different plasma parameters related to metabolism, inflammation, and immune, oxidative, and liver status. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX (SAS v9.4) with time, silage type, Se, and their interactions as the fixed effects and ewe as the random effect with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. BHBA levels in the plasma were lower in ewes fed chicory-plantain silage than those fed grass silage. As expected, there was a significant time effect for some of the parameters related to inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolism, and immune function, with ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, myeloperoxidase, ROM, urea, globulin, and albumin all increasing following IMI. Paraoxonase, Zn, and AOPP decreased following IMI. Neither silage type nor Se supplementation status had a significant effect on the measured parameters. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines IL6 and ILB were not affected by IMI; however, plasma levels of IL6 were significantly lower in ewes fed chicory-plantain silage than those fed grass silage. FRAP, an indicator of antioxidant response, was higher in ewes fed chicory-plantain silage than in ewes fed grass silage but had only a tendency (P = 0.07) to decrease after IMI. In summary, the mastitis model used was effective in mounting an inflammatory response but feeding chicory-plantain silage and supplementing Se-yeast had a minimal effect on plasma parameters measured, including inflammatory-related parameters during IMI. |
| Lactation Biology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86990 |
Watch |
1279 |
Phenotyping udder and mammary gland of dairy cows using computer vision systems. |
8 |
T. Bresolin |
autoencoder biological features neural network |
T. Bresolin1, A. Wick-Lambert1, R. Ferreira1, A. Vang1, D. Oliveira1, G. Rosa1, L. Hernandez1, J. Dorea1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Monitoring mammary gland development in lactating dairy cows is important for animal health, management decisions, genetic improvement, and economic gain. Further, the morphology and anatomy of the mammary gland, both internally and externally, are crucial for milkability and storage capacity. Ultrasonography has been explored as a noninvasive method for monitoring mammary gland development; however, it is laborious and costly, and causes undesirable stress to the animal. As an alternative, computer vision can extract meaningful characteristics from images and perform automatic diagnostic imaging. Here we investigate the use of computer vision systems through 3D imaging to phenotype the udder of dairy cows. Ultrasound images of the gland cistern were collected for each udder quarter along with 3D images from 26 lactating dairy cows. In addition, milk samples for somatic cell count (SCC) were collected from each cow on the same day the images were acquired. Ultrasound images were manually segmented to measure the gland cistern area (GCA, cm2). Biological features (BF) including volume, length, area, and eccentricity were extracted for each udder quarter from the 3D images. In addition, computational features (CF, CF1 - CF10) were extracted from the 3D images using autoencoder neural network. The correlation (Pearson correlation) between BF and GCA was low, while some CF (CF7, CF8, and CF9) were found to have moderate correlations (from −0.49 to −0.53) for both left and right lower quarters. Moderate to high correlations ranging from −0.53 (upper right) to −0.81 (upper left) were observed between volume and the CF2 for all udder quarters. Moderate correlations were observed between SCC and area (0.39) and volume (0.40). Associations between SCC and udder shape indicate that 3D computer vision applications could be a valuable tool for real-time monitoring of udder infection. Additionally, the drastic reduction in data dimension from a 3D image to 1D signal (CF) combined with stronger correlations highlights the power of autoencoder neural network to extract relevant features associated with mammary gland internal tissue. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9912 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85895 |
Watch |
1282 |
Association of herd ketosis prevalence with transition management practices and herd productivity on Canadian dairy farms: A retrospective cross-sectional study. |
1 |
R. C. Serrenho |
health peripartum production |
R. C. Serrenho1, C. Church2, D. McGee2, T. Duffield1 |
1Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN |
Our objective was to assess the relationship between herd-level prevalence of ketosis (HPK) with management practices of the transition period (TP) and herd productivity. Herds (n = 71) were selected based on their inclusion in a herd management risk assessment study and concomitant enrollment on milk recording tests at the time of the assessment. A TP risk assessment tool (Vital90, Elanco; 79 questions) was performed on Canadian dairy farms (August 2014-March 2018). Management and DHI test-days (within ± 6 mo relative to each farm’s risk assessment date) data were included in the analyses. Linear regression models were used to predict herd HPK (milk BHB ≥0.15 mmol/L within 5 to 21 DIM). Four initial models (far-off, close-up, fresh periods, and DHI) were separately built to assess associations between their variables and HPK; a final model considered variables selected in the initial models. Univariable followed by multivariable modeling was used to assess each period of risk. Variables were retained in the models if P < 0.1. The average HPK was 27 ± 14%SD with a mean herd size of 141 ± 110 cows. The final HPK model (logit scale; R2 = 24.8%) included weighted milk yield (P = 0.03), the proportion of 1st parity cows (P = 0.04), water access in the close-up period (P = 0.05), and access to rest areas/stalls in the fresh period (P = 0.07). The odds of ketosis decreased for each 1kg increase in milk yield (OR 0.96[95%CI 0.93–0.995]) and each percent unit increment of proportion of 1st parity cows (0.98[0.98–0.999]). The odds of ketosis were greater when having poor water access and quality (<5cm linear access/cow; dirty water; only 1 location in pen) than when having ≥ 10.2cm linear access/cow; clean water; > 2 locations in pen (1.23[1.11–2.39]). The odds of ketosis were greater in farms providing limited access to rest areas in the fresh period than in farms providing constant access to rest areas, without dead-ends (1.64[1.03–2.80]). In Canadian dairy herds, the HPK in early lactation was negatively associated with herd productivity and certain TP management practices were associated with HPK. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87028 |
Watch |
1283 |
Integrating animal-level data for early detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows using machine learning algorithms. |
2 |
R. E. P. Ferreira |
machine learning ketosis |
R. E. P. Ferreira1, T. Bresolin1, H. T. Holdorf1, H. M. White1, J. R. R. Dorea1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
During the transition period, dairy cows often experience negative energy balance (NEB) to support the high energy demands of lactation. The severity of NEB can increase the risk of peripartum disorders such as hypocalcemia, retained placenta, ketosis, and others, which cause large economic losses on dairy farms. The risk of severe NEB or subclinical ketosis is driven by multiple factors at the animal level. Thus, the use of sensing technology as a tool to integrate animal-level information is critical to create robust analytical approaches for disease detection. In this study, the following data were collected from 106 cows in the prepartum period: parity, diet, BCS, previous days in milk and dry period length, number of previous ketosis and other health events, and average feed intake, meal duration, eating, lying and rumination times from −7 to −1 d relative to calving (DRTC). Blood samples were obtained approximately every other day from −7 to +21 DRTC, and maximum blood BHB values above 1.0 mmol/L postpartum were considered subclinical ketosis events. Cows that had at least one plasma NEFA measurement above 0.6 mmol/L from 3 to 14 d after calving were characterized as having high NEB. Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) were used as predictive approaches. For LR and SVM, the most important features were selected using Recursive Feature Elimination. The machine learning (ML) algorithms were evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation, and the best performing ones were RF, predicting subclinical ketosis events with an accuracy of 84.9%, sensitivity of 79.5%, and specificity of 88.7%, and GBDT, predicting high NEB with an accuracy of 79.2%, sensitivity of 79.7%, and specificity of 78.7%. The results of this study suggest that ML techniques can be used to early detect cases of subclinical ketosis and high NEB in dairy cows from 4 to 15 d in advance. Detecting high-risk cows before they calve can provide new opportunities for implementing preventive practices to improve animal health and welfare in dairy production systems. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85934 |
Watch |
1284 |
Causal inference of vaccination effects with a mastitis J-5 bacterin on the productive performance of dairy cows: A propensity score study. |
3 |
M. A. Sánchez-Castro |
vaccination causal effects propensity score |
M. A. Sánchez-Castro1, N. Vukasinovic1, T. L. Passafaro1, D. González-Peña1, S. A. Salmon1, V. Moulin1, D. Asper1, J. D. Nkrumah1 |
1Zoetis Genetics, Kalamazoo, MI |
Inferring causal effects between variables utilizing observational data is challenging due to confounding factors not explicitly controlled through a pre-planned experiment. Propensity score matching can decrease confounding in observational studies and may offer insights about potential causal effects of prophylactic management interventions such as vaccinations. This study aimed to determine potential causality and impact of vaccination with a J-5 mastitis bacterin on the productive performance of dairy cows using propensity score matching techniques with farm-recorded data. Traits of interest included 305ME milk yield (MY305), 305ME fat yield (FY305), and 305ME protein yield (PY305). A total of 6,418 lactation records from 5,121 animals were analyzed. Confounder variables were herd-year-season groups (55 levels), parity (5 levels: 1, 2, 3, 4 and ≥5), and genetic quartile groups (4 levels: top 25% through worst 25%) derived from genomic predictions for each trait (MY305, FY305, and PY305). A logistic regression model was applied to estimate the propensity score (PS) for each cow. Subsequently, PS values were used to form pairs of animals (1 vaccinated with 1 control), depending on their PS similarities (difference in PS values of cows within a match required to be < 20% of 1 SD of the logit of PS). After the matching process, 4,350 records remained available to infer the causal effects of vaccinating dairy cows with a J-5 mastitis bacterin (Enviracor J-5, Zoetis). Causal effects estimation was performed by calculating the average difference within pairs using a bias-corrected approach based on the least-squares regression method to adjust for remaining discrepancies in PS values between the members of a pair. Vaccinated cows produced 161.47 L more milk over an entire lactation than nonvaccinated cows. No statistical differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were found for fat and protein yields. In conclusion, vaccination with a J-5 bacterin resulted in increased milk yield without compromising milk quality. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86374 |
Watch |
1285 |
Prenatal hyperthermia affects ovarian morphology and anti-Mullerian hormone concentrations of pre-weaned heifers. |
4 |
B. D. Davidson |
ovary anogenital distance follicle |
B. D. Davidson1, A. D. Beard1, A. Garcia-Guerra2, G. E. Dahl3, M. C. Wiltbank1, J. Laporta1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Dairy cows exposed to heat stress have reduced conception rates, follicular development, and reproductive efficiency. The ovarian reserve of follicles is established prenatally and naturally declines over time, leading us to investigate if prenatal hyperthermia during late gestation alters reproductive-related parameters in the first year of life. Multiparous dams were heat stressed (HT; shade) or cooled (CL; shade, fans, soakers) during the last 56 d of pregnancy and gave birth to in utero heat stressed (IUHT, n = 36) or in utero cooled (IUCL, n = 37) calves, respectively. Subsets of calves were euthanized at birth (d0; n = 8/treatment) or 1 week after weaning (d63; n = 8/treatment) to harvest the ovaries. Blood was collected at d0 and weekly from d1 to d63 to measure anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and from wk 31 to 50 to measure progesterone concentrations. Ovary dimensions were measured, and a cross-section of the ovary was fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. Follicle stages were counted from sectioned tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Anogenital distance (AGD) was measured with calipers from 8 to 13 mo of age. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and LIFETEST in SAS. Concentration of AMH did not differ at d0. The IUCL heifers had greater AMH from d1 to d56 (533.2 vs 216.5 ± 46.2ng/mL, P = 0.02) and tended to have higher concentrations at d63 (2418.7 vs 1066.1 ± 546.5ng/mL, P = 0.10). Ovarian size at d0 was not different. At d63, ovary length (34.6 vs 25.9 ± 2.6mm, P = 0.03) increased and width, volume, and weight tended to increase in IUCL heifers (P < 0.10). At d0, IUCL heifers had more secondary follicles (3.3 vs 1.9 ± 0.4 follicles, P = 0.03), however by d63 there were no differences in follicle counts at each stage (P ≥ 0.21). The IUCL heifers had increased AGD at 9, 11, and 13 mo (P < 0.01). The median time to puberty was reduced by 7d in the IUCL heifers relative to IUHT (311 vs. 318d). Prenatal hyperthermia alters important ovarian characteristics that could impact fertility. Specifically, ovarian reserve is regulated by AMH and our data indicates IUHT heifers may have modified follicle reserves and activation. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86125 |
Watch |
1286 |
Late-gestation heat stress alters placental DNA methylation in dairy cows. |
5 |
L. Casarotto |
hyperthermia dry period placenta |
L. Casarotto1, L. Liu2, F. Penagaricano2, J. Laporta2, G. E. Dahl1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Placental dysfunction from heat stress may alter nutrient, heat, and gas exchange capacity to the offspring. We have observed reduced cotyledon number and increased size after heat stress and hypothesize that late-gestation heat stress will induce differential DNA methylation in cotyledons. Placentas were collected (4 ± 0.07 h) from cows enrolled in either cool (CL; access to shade of the barn plus forced ventilation via fans, and water soakers; n = 6) or heat stress (HT; access to shade of the barn; n = 6) treatments for their dry period (54 ± 5 d). A representative cotyledon sample (~1 g) was collected. DNA methylation was analyzed using the reduced representation bisulfite sequencing method in an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System. We evaluated a total of 2,694,010 cytosines across the entire bovine genome within a CpG context with a coverage >10. There were 2,936 differentially methylated cytosines (DMC) between CL and HT cotyledons (q-value <0.10, methylation change >20%) located in upstream, transcription start site, exon, or splice site of a specific gene. Enrichment of gene-sets or functional terms (gene-set databases, e.g., MSIG, GO, etc.) with significantly methylated genes was performed, where a gene was considered as significantly methylated if it had at least one significant cytosine. After enrichment analysis, we identified 27 collagen, 3 angiogenesis and one placental gene regulatory pathways of interest, where 5 genes were present in all the pathways of interest, namely collagen type I α I chain (COL1A1), collagen type IV α I chain (COL4A1), collagen type VI α III chain (COL6A3), being hypermethylated in the HT compared with the CL; collagen type V α I chain (COL5A1), collagen type XV α I chain (COL15A1) which were hypomethylated in multiple locations. These collagen genes are key regulators of collagen biosynthesis and degradation, extracellular matrix structural components and organization in placental tissue, which may account for altered expression and lead to morphological and functional changes observed in the placenta due to heat stress exposure in late gestation. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86107 |
Watch |
1287 |
Blood metabolite profiles of dairy cows and their female calves suffering from direct or intrauterine heat stress. |
6 |
K. Halli |
dairy cattle heat stress metabolomics |
K. Halli1, K. Bruegemann1, I. Cohrs2, C. Koch2, S. König1 |
1Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, 2Research Station Hofgut Neumuehle, Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany |
In dairy cows, a variety of metabolites have been suggested as potential biomarkers to prove prompt and time-lagged heat stress (HS) effects. The aim of this study was to analyze a) the direct effect of HS on the day before blood sampling on blood plasma metabolites of dairy cows and female calves and b) to analyze the intrauterine impact of HS during the last week of gestation on blood plasma metabolites of female dairy calves. A total number of 57 German Holstein cows were grouped into either directly heat stressed (DHS-COWS, n = 20) or not heat stressed (NDHS-COWS, n = 34) on the day before blood sampling. Their female calves (48) were allocated to groups either suffering from direct HS (DHS-CALVES, n = 14) on the day before blood sampling or indirect HS (IHS-CALVES, n = 17) during the last week before birth, or to the respective groups without HS (NDHS-CALVES, n = 37 or NIHS-CALVES, n = 31). The daily mean temperature-humidity index (mTHI) was the indicator for HS conditions. An mTHI ≥60 was defined as HS-threshold, which demonstrated to impair production and fertility traits in previous studies. Metabolome analysis was carried out using a targeted quantitative metabolomics approach, applying the web-based platform MetaboAnalyst V5.0 and ongoing linear mixed models for the most important metabolites. In dams, 7 metabolites of 5 different metabolite classes were identified as potential biomarkers for direct HS. In calves, 8 and 14 metabolites of 5 and 4 different metabolite classes were significantly affected by direct or intrauterine HS, respectively. Most of the affected metabolites in dams are related to lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, indicating a metabolic state similar to negative energy balance (NEB) and fatty liver syndrome, probably due to reduced feed intake and a higher sensitivity of adipose tissue to stress during late gestation under HS conditions. In calves, the direct and intrauterine effect of HS on metabolites might be related to a HS induced reduction of feed intake combined with a lowered colostrum yield and quality in dams. The transgenerational effect also addresses epigenetic modifications of the calf genome, such as altered DNA methylation. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86469 |
Watch |
1288 |
Heat stress detection and prevention in Midwestern outdoor hutch-housed dairy calves. |
8 |
B. Dado-Senn |
|
B. Dado-Senn1, V. Ouellet2, V. Lantigua3, J. Van Os1, J. Dorea1, J. Laporta1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Department of Animal Sciences, Universite Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Heat stress impairs dairy calf physiology and welfare. Optimal heat stress indicators, thresholds, and abatement for calves in a subtropical climate are established but not in continental climates with episodic heat stress. The objectives herein were to investigate associations and thresholds for calf and environmental indicators of heat stress (Exp1) and characterize calf and environmental responses to active ventilation (Exp2) in outdoor hutch-housing in a continental climate. Studies were conducted summer 2021 in Wisconsin, USA. In Exp1, calves (n = 63, 14–42 d) were hutch-restricted with fencing for 15 min thrice weekly at 0700 and 1400 h. Calf respiration rate (RR), rectal (RT) and skin temperature (ST), external ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), temperature-humidity index (THI), and air speed (AS) were measured. Correlations and segmented regressions were conducted to establish optimal heat stress indicators and THI breakpoints. For Exp2, calves (n = 12, 21–49 d) were enrolled in a 3x3 Latin square. Treatments were active (ACT; fan at hutch rear, activated at 21°C), passive (PASS; window vent kit) or no ventilation (CON) with 1 d acclimation, 4 d data collection, and 2 d washout. At 1200 h, calves were restricted outside (EXT) then inside (INT) the hutch for 30 min each; RR, RT, and ST were assessed as ΔEXT-INT. EXT and INT AT, RH, THI, and AS were averaged hourly. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED in SAS. For Exp1, RR, RT, and ST had strong, positive correlations to AT and THI (r ≥ 0.57) with the strongest between ST and AT (r = 0.79). The THI breakpoint for a rise in RT or RR was 69. During Exp2, average EXT THI was 71, and average AS was greater in ACT vs. PASS and CON (1.7 vs. 0.21 and 0.05 m/s; P < 0.01). Calves under ACT had a greater decrease in RR (−14 bpm) after INT relative to CON (−6 bpm; P = 0.01) but not PASS (−10 bpm; P = 0.17). Hutch INT AT and THI was lower in PASS hutches vs. ACT and CON and lower in ACT hutches vs. CON at 0800–1600 h (P < 0.05). These data suggest calves begin to thermoregulate differently at a THI of 69. In this environment, provision of ACT increases AS and reduces RR but does not improve RT, ST, or hutch microclimate more than PASS. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87061 |
Watch |
1289 |
Effects of wildfire smoke PM2.5 on preweaned Holstein dairy calves. |
9 |
A. Pace |
air quality immunity health |
A. Pace1, P. Rezamand1, A. L. Skibiel1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Wildfires are increasing in prevalence and intensity and release hazardous pollutants into the air. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in wildfire smoke can be inhaled into the lungs and enter circulation to cause local and systemic immune responses and disease in humans. However, there are limited data on the effects of wildfire smoke exposure in cattle. Recently, our group found that dairy calf mortality was associated with high wildfire-derived PM2.5. The aim of the present study was to assess the physiological and immune responses of dairy calves to PM2.5 exposure from wildfire smoke. Holstein heifer calves (n = 15) at the University of Idaho Dairy Center were monitored from birth through weaning (July–September 2021), coinciding with the Pacific Northwest wildfire season. Weekly blood samples were collected for hematology analysis. Health scores, respiratory rates (RR), heart rates (HR), and rectal temperatures (RT) were recorded weekly. Hourly PM2.5 and meteorology data were obtained from a monitoring station near the farm. Wildfire, wind, and PM2.5 mapping using HYSPLIT modeling and AirNowTech Navigator were used to determine if increases in PM2.5 derived from active wildfires. Data were analyzed using mixed models with daily average PM2.5 and temperature-humidity index (THI), and their interaction as fixed effects and calf as a random effect. Separate models were run with lags of up to 7 d. PM2.5 ranged from 2.0 to 118.8, with spikes coinciding with wildfires. THI ranged from 48 to 73. There was a positive interactive effect of PM2.5 and THI on RR (P = 0.04), HR (P < 0.01), and RT (P = 0.04) at lag d 0. Together, elevated PM2.5 and THI increased eosinophil count (P = 0.02) on lag d 0, decreased total white blood cell (P = 0.01) and neutrophil counts (P < 0.01) after a 3-d lag, and decreased lymphocyte count after a 2-d lag. Cough score (P < 0.01) and eye score (P = 0.02) increased on lag d-3 with greater PM2.5 and THI. Several of these effects persisted for up to 4–5 d. Our results indicate that calf exposure to wildfire PM2.5 along with elevated THI alters calf physiology and immunity and may contribute to dairy calf morbidity and mortality. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86303 |
Watch |
1290 |
Physiological and production responses of lactating dairy cows to wildfire particulates. |
10 |
A. L. Skibiel |
PM2.5 immune system milk yield |
A. L. Skibiel1, A. Anderson1, P. Rezamand1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Wildfires are one of the largest sources of acute episodes of poor air quality and are predicted to become more extreme in number and size in the future. Inhaling fine particulates (PM2.5) from wildfire smoke induces inflammatory responses and contributes to adverse health outcomes in humans. However, little is known about the effects of wildfire-PM2.5 in dairy cattle. We tested the hypothesis that wildfire-PM2.5 exposure alters the immune and metabolic status of lactating dairy cows and impairs milk production. Weekly blood and milk samples were collected from 7 primiparous and 6 multiparous early-lactation Holstein cows from Jul-Sep 2020. Blood hematology, chemistry, metabolites, and milk composition were analyzed. Daily milk yield was recorded. Respiration rate (RR), body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) were measured weekly. Hourly PM2.5, temperature, and humidity data were obtained from a monitoring station near the farm. Wind trajectory, wildfire location, and PM2.5 dispersion mapping were employed to associate spikes in PM2.5 with wildfires. Data were analyzed using mixed models with parity, temperature-humidity index (THI), PM2.5, and interactions as fixed effects and cow ID as a random effect. Models incorporated lags up to 7 d. Wildfires resulted in a 7-d increase in daily average PM2.5 between 113 and 282 μg/m3 in mid-Sep. Together, elevated PM2.5 and THI increased RR with 3–5 d lags (P < 0.05). BCS was lower at lag d-0 (P < 0.001) and BW was lower at lag d-2 (P = 0.01) with combined high PM2.5 and THI. There was a negative interacting effect of PM2.5 and THI on NEFA on lag d-1 and 2 (P < 0.0001). Combined high PM2.5 and THI increased eosinophil and basophil counts and decreased red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration after a 3-d lag (P < 0.01). There was no detectable effect of PM2.5 or THI on circulating haptoglobin. Milk yield was reduced from lag d 0 through lag d 7 by high wildfire PM2.5 (P < 0.01). However, percent milk fat and protein were not affected by PM2.5. Our results indicate that wildfire smoke exposure affects metabolism and immune function, and impairs milk production in dairy cows for up to 14 d. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86385 |
Watch |
1291 |
Management factors associated with milk yield in dry lot facilities. |
11 |
K. M. Luchterhand |
dry lot milk yield management |
K. M. Luchterhand1 |
1Novus International Inc, St. Charles, MO |
The objective of this study was to investigate management factors associated with milk yield in dry lot dairies across North America. The high production, mature cow pen of 44 Holstein dry lots were used in the analysis. Data were collected from May 2013 to March 2021 on dry lots from western USA and northern Mexico. Management data were collected from a questionnaire conducted with the owner or herdsman along with data collected from trained personnel during 1 visit to the dairy. Management factors considered categorical were feed push-up frequency, milking frequency and use of heat abatement in the pen and holding areas (shade, sprinklers, fans). Continuous variables included feeding frequency, time away from pen, bunk space, water space and bedding characteristics (dryness, softness, and depth). The Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 was used to individually test each variable on the outcome of pen milk yield. Variables with a P-value <0.30 were available to the final model. Backward stepwise procedure was used until all variables had a P-value <0.15. There were no associations of bunk space, water space, bedding depth, bedding dryness or bedding softness on milk yield. Dry lots providing shade in the lot had greater milk yield compared with those without shade (kg/cow/d; 42.0 ± 0.9 vs. 35.7 ± 2.5, P = 0.02). Numerically, milk yield was greater in dry lots with a wind break (40.3 ± 1.7) than those without (37.5 ± 1.4; P = 0.12). Each additional feeding per day was associated with a 1.7 kg increase in milk yield (P < 0.01). Time away from pen was significant (P < 0.01). Each additional hour away from the lot was associated with a 2.7 kg increase in milk yield. In conclusion, providing shade and wind breaks along with increasing feeding frequency per day were associated with increased milk yield in dry lot house cattle. However, more research is needed to understand why increasing time away from pen was associated with increased milk yield rather than decreased. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85925 |
Watch |
1292 |
Analysis of Jersey versus Holstein breed profitability on a Michigan dairy. |
12 |
L. Olthof |
economics breed |
L. Olthof1, B. Bradford1, J. Domecq1, M. Western2 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI |
With over 9 million cows in the United States (US), Holsteins have been the dominant breed in the US dairy population. Yet the Jersey breed is growing in popularity. The objective of this study was to determine the profitability of Holsteins and Jerseys on the same farm for an existing dairy. Holstein and Jersey performance was compared within a Michigan dairy milking more than 1000 cows comprised of 34% Jerseys (28 kg/d milk, 4.90% fat, 3.74% protein) and 66% Holsteins (37 kg/d milk, 3.75% fat, 3.12% protein). Lactating cows were grouped by breed and days in milk, but all animals were on the same farm with the same management. A partial budget approach was used to assess economic and performance factors that differed between the breeds on a per-cow annual basis. Data from 2020 was gathered from farm management software, on-farm evaluations, and producer interviews. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which conditions would lead to different conclusions. Factors considered in the analysis included milk and component production, milk bonuses, TMR prices, dry matter intake (DMI), and productive life. DMI was estimated using the NASEM 2021 model. In a 2021 price scenario, Holsteins were $396 more profitable than Jerseys on a per-cow annual basis. Although Jerseys had an advantage in component concentration, Holsteins produced 8.6% more fat and 15.4% more protein annually due to greater milk yield. 79% of the revenue advantage for Holsteins came from increased component sales. Few health and reproductive differences were found except for a lesser rise in Jersey somatic cell count in the summer. The sensitivity analysis revealed, if all other factors remained the same, Jersey profitability would equal that of Holsteins if any of the following changes occurred: Jersey milk production increased to 30.6 kg/d, milk price adjustments decreased from -$0.001 to -$0.09 per kg, lactating cow TMR price increased from $0.28 to $0.57 per kg DM, Jersey DMI decreased from 21 kg/d to 17 kg/d, or Jersey turnover rate decreased from 33% to less than 20%. The study did not consider crossbred profitability nor new infrastructure investments. In conclusion, Holsteins were more profitable than Jerseys on this Michigan dairy. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85901 |
Watch |
1293 |
Effect of dam parity on early milk production. |
13 |
K. C. Dhuyvetter |
dam parity milk production replacement heifers |
K. C. Dhuyvetter1, D. McGee1, D. L. Prentice1 |
1Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN |
With increased use of sexed semen, primarily on virgin heifers, an increasing percentage of replacement heifers come from first-lactation dams. It is generally believed that younger animals represent the best genetics within a herd due to genetic improvements over time, thus producing replacements with first-lactation cows makes sense. However, mature cows are the product of a beneficial selection process thus these older cows may be better candidates to produce replacements. The objective of this study was to determine the impact dam parity has on early milk production. A convenience sample of 47 herds enrolled in Elanco’s dairy data system that included Holstein cows that calved from 7/1/18 through 6/30/21 was used for analyses. Regression models were estimated with herd as a random effect and milk at test (DIM = 30–75) as the outcome variable. Birth month, calf outcome, DIM at test, age at calving (L1), calvings in the same week, predicted transmitting ability for milk, disease (mastitis, metritis, and RP) in first 30 d, and dam parity group (LGRP1–5) were fixed effect explanatory variables. Separate models were estimated for first-lactation cows (L1), second lactation cows (L2), and third or greater lactation cows (L3). Total observations used in model estimation were 223,308; 152,372; and 156,808 for L1, L2, and L3, respectively. Overall fit (R2) of the 3 models ranged from 0.15 (L2) to 0.19 (L1). For primiparous cows (L1) milk was highest for cows out of LGRP1 dams (heifers) and lowest for cows out of LGRP5 dams (fifth or greater lactation) [LSM = 32.53a, 32.34b, 32.24b, 32.24b, and 31.98c kg/d for LGRP1–5, respectively, where superscripts indicate significant differences based on Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). Patterns across dam parity were similar in multiparous cows, but means for dam parities 1–3 were not statistically different [L2 LSM = 42.97a, 42.87a,b, 42.81a,b, 42.74b, and 42.14c for LGRP1–5, respectively, and L3 LSM = 44.75a, 44.61a,b, 44.59a,b, 44.45b, and 44.07c for LGRP1–5, respectively]. Based on this analysis, producing replacement heifers out of first-lactation dams is a sound strategy, on average, but variability across herds exists. |
| Reproduction 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9914 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86907 |
Watch |
1294 |
Redefining metritis in dairy cows based on health and performance associated with vaginal discharge score. |
1 |
C. C. Figueiredo |
uterine health metritis |
C. C. Figueiredo1, V. R. Merenda2, E. B. de Oliveira3, R. C. Chebel1, K. N. Galvão1, R. S. Bisinotto1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 3University of California, Davis, CA |
Objectives were to evaluate culling, reproductive efficiency, and milk yield in dairy cows with different vaginal discharge scores (VDS) postpartum. This retrospective cohort study included data from 2 experiments conducted in 5 dairies. VDS was evaluated using a Metricheck device every other day from 4 to 12 DIM (1 = clear mucus/lochia, n = 254; 2 = clear mucus with flecks of pus, n = 945; 3 = mucopurulent with <50% of pus, n = 1,372; 4 = mucopurulent with ≥50% of pus or reddish/brownish mucous discharge not fetid, n = 1,114; 5 = watery, reddish/brownish, and fetid discharge, n = 1,415). Binary variables were analyzed using logistic regression. Hazard of pregnancy were analyzed by Cox’s proportional hazard regression models. Milk production was analyzed by ANOVA. Return to estrous cyclicity by 67 DIM and risk of receiving a first service were reduced (P ≤ 0.05) for cows with VDS 5 (70.7 and 85.5%) compared with 2 (80.5 and 90.1%), 3 (78.9 and 90.1%), and 4 (79.6 and 91.7%), but not 1 (79.0 and 89.3%). Although VDS was not associated with proportion of pregnant cows and pregnancy loss after first service, hazard of pregnancy (AHR; 95% CI) within 300 DIM was smaller (P < 0.05) for VDS 5 compared with 2 (0.80; 0.70–0.92), 3 (0.84; 0.74–0.95), and 4 (0.87; 0.78–0.98). Hazard of pregnancy did not differ among VDS 1 to 4. Median days to pregnancy for VDS 1 to 5 were 118, 117, 123, 130, and 148, respectively. Proportion of cows removed from the herd within 300 DIM was greater (P ≤ 0.03) for VDS 5 (22.1%) compared with 1 (17.2%), 2 (15.4%), 3 (13.9%), and 4 (15.3%). Risk of leaving the herd did not differ (P ≥ 0.70) among VDS 1 to 4. Milk production was affected (P < 0.0001) by the interaction between VDS, parity, and time. Whereas milk production did not differ (P ≥ 0.14) among VDS groups in primiparous cows, milk production for multiparous cows with VDS 5 was smaller (P ≤ 0.04) compared with VDS 1 (−7.1 kg/d), 2 (−7.4 kg/d), 3 (−4.8 kg/d), and 4 (−3.6 kg/d) in the first 3 mo of lactation. These results support the need to restrict the definition of metritis in dairy cows to VDS 5 instead of VDS 5 and 4 as previously postulated. |
| Reproduction 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86769 |
Watch |
1295 |
Induced endometrial inflammation compromises conceptus development and growth. |
2 |
A. Husnain |
conceptus dairy cow endometritis |
A. Husnain1, U. Arshad1, M. B. Poindexter1, R. Zimpel1, E. Schmitt1, M. C. Perdomo1, M. N. Marinho1, K. C. C. Jeong1, J. J. Bromfield1, J. E. P. Santos1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida |
Objectives were to investigate the impact of induced endometritis on conceptus length and mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammation, cell growth, nutrient uptake, cellular metabolism, and pregnancy recognition. The hypothesis was that endometritis compromises conceptus development and growth by disrupting cellular crosstalk and impairing cell function. Holstein cows without clinical disease in the first 20 d postpartum and with < 18% polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology had the estrous cycle synchronized. Cows were blocked by parity and genomic breeding value for fertility and, within block, assigned randomly to remain as untreated controls (CON; n = 23) or to have induced inflammation after an intrauterine infusion of 5x108 colony-forming units (cfu) of Escherichia coli and 5x108 cfu of Trueperella pyogenes on d 6 of an estrous cycle (INF; n = 34). Cows received timed AI and conceptuses were recovered on 16 d of gestation, 42 d relative to treatment. Conceptus mRNA expression was investigated through real-time PCR in fluidigm platform. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects models that included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Cows in INF had increased proportion of PMN and risk of subclinical endometritis (SCE, > 10% PMN), but rectal temperature did not differ between treatments. INF reduced conceptus length and altered expression of genes related to recognition of pathogen, nutrient uptake, cell growth, choline metabolism, synthesis of antioxidant, and conceptus signaling. Endometritis compromised conceptus development and reduced expression of genes important for development and pregnancy maintenance at the same time upregulated the expression of genes related to pathogen recognition. Perhaps, inflammation caused embryonic cells to activate signals for survival rather growth mimicking a state of ‘sickness behavior’. Table 1.
| Item |
CON |
INF |
SEM |
P-value |
| PMN, % |
8.2 |
19.8 |
2.3 |
0.01 |
| SCE, % |
21.0 |
81.9 |
6.7 |
0.01 |
| Rectal temperature, °C |
38.5 |
38.5 |
0.1 |
0.65 |
| Conceptus length, cm |
14.7 |
8.9 |
1.6 |
0.02 |
| Conceptus mRNA, fold change |
|
|
|
|
| TLR9 |
1 |
2.48 |
— |
0.02 |
| SCL38A9 |
1 |
0.84 |
— |
0.04 |
| IGF1 |
1 |
0.18 |
— |
0.04 |
| mTOR |
1 |
0.72 |
— |
0.09 |
| CDK1 |
1 |
0.87 |
— |
0.05 |
| CHPT1 |
1 |
0.80 |
— |
0.05 |
| SOD1 |
1 |
0.79 |
— |
0.04 |
| IFNT |
1 |
0.55 |
— |
0.01 |
| PAG-2 |
1 |
0.52 |
— |
0.02 |
|
| Reproduction 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t87084 |
Watch |
1298 |
Effects of source of supplementary trace minerals on reproductive biology and performance in dairy cows. |
3 |
B. Mion |
fertility embryo mineral |
B. Mion1, G. Madureira1, B. Van Winters1, J. F. W. Spricigo1, M. Steele1, J. LaMarre2, S. J. LeBlanc3, E. S. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objectives were to compare the effects of inorganic (ITM) or organic (OTM) sources of supplementary trace minerals fed in pre- and postpartum diets on ovarian and uterine biology, conceptus development, and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Cows and heifers were randomly assigned to receive ITM (n = 136) or OTM (n = 137) from 45 d prepartum to 156 DIM. Both groups received the same diet except that ITM group received Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn sulfates and Na selenite, and OTM group received Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn proteinates and selenized yeast (Bioplex and Sel-Plex, Alltech). After PGF2α injections at 42 and 56 DIM, estrous behavior was monitored by activity sensors. Cows in estrus were inseminated, and those not detected in estrus received timed AI. A subgroup of cows (28 ITM, 29 OTM) received uterine flushing 15 d after AI to recover conceptuses for transcriptomics (RNA-Seq), and to recover uterine fluid (UF) for metabolomics (mass spectrometry, MS). Plasma progesterone was measured on d 0, 7, and 15 after AI. After flushing, PGF2α was given and the dominant follicle (DF) was aspirated 2 d later to measure the concentration of TM by inductively coupled plasma-MS. Gene expression of interferon-stimulated genes in blood leukocytes (PBL) was done in a subgroup of cows (67 ITM, 73 OTM) on d 19 after AI. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX and PHREG in SAS, DESeq2 in R (transcriptomics) and MetaboAnalyst (metabolomics). Estrous behavior, progesterone concentration, time to pregnancy, and pregnancy by 156 DIM did not differ between treatments. OTM had greater Cu in DF (0.77 vs 0.89 µg/mL; P = 0.02). In pregnant multiparous, expression of RTP4 in PBL was 42% greater (P = 0.03) in OTM. Conceptuses had 608 differently expressed genes (>1.5 fold; P < 0.05), with many indicating advanced conceptus elongation and greater expression of selenoproteins in OTM. In pregnant cows, 24 metabolites were more abundant (>2 fold; P < 0.05) in UF of OTM cows, including spermidine, sucrose and cholesterol. Replacing ITM by OTM seemed to affect uterine biology and conceptus development but did not alter measurements of ovarian biology and reproductive efficiency. |
| Reproduction 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86548 |
Watch |
1299 |
Cow and environment factors associated with estrus characteristics. |
4 |
A. Mirzaei |
lactating cow estrus characteristic |
A. Mirzaei1, T. D. Gonzalez1, R. C. Chebel1,2 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to identify factors associated with characteristics of estruses recorded ≤ 41 d in milk (DIM) and from 42 to 62 DIM. The study included data from 2,300 lactation Holstein cows (lactations = 2,305) from 4 dairies in the SE of the USA. Cows were fitted with a neck-mounted automated monitor (Allflex Livestock Intelligence, Madison, WI) 21 d before expected calving. A total of 3,769 estruses were recorded (≤41 DIM = 1,904, 42–62 DIM = 1,865). Study personnel recorded the duration (DR), rumination nadir (RN), activity peak (AP), and heat index (HI) of each estrus event. Duration and RN were continuous outcomes. Activity peak (0 = minimum, 100 = maximum) and heat index (0 = minimum, 100 = maximum) were skewed to the right and, therefore, classified into 2 categories (0–79 and 80–100). Cow factors (parity, milk yield, offspring sex, dystocia, twining, stillbirth, retained fetal membranes, metritis, mastitis, DIM at estrus, number of GnRH and PGF2α treatments, number of estruses ≤ 41 DIM) and number of days in the 30 d preceding estrus with temperature-humidity index (THI) ≥ 68 were evaluated for their associations with characteristics of estrus. When evaluating factors associated with characteristics of estruses recorded between 42 and 62 DIM, characteristics of estruses recorded ≤ 41 DIM were also tested as possible explanatory variables. Lactation was the experimental unit and was nested within farm. Lactation group (1st, 2nd, ≥ 3rd) and male offspring were positively associated with RN; conversely, number of days with THI ≥ 68 and DIM at estrus had a quadratic association with RN of estruses recorded ≤ 41 DIM. Lactation group (1st, 2nd, ≥ 3rd) and number of treatments with GnRH were negatively associated with DR, whereas number of estruses ≤ 41 DIM were positively associated with DR, AP and HI of estruses recorded 42 to 62 DIM. Rumination nadir and AP of estruses recorded ≤ 41 DIM were positively associated with RN and AP of estruses recorded 42 to 62 DIM. Cow factors and THI are associated with intensity of estrus postpartum. More importantly, characteristics of estruses ≤ 41 DIM may be indicative of characteristics of estruses recorded > 41 DIM. |
| Reproduction 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86112 |
Watch |
1300 |
Effect of delaying induction of ovulation and timed AI on expression of estrus and first-service reproductive outcomes of lactating dairy cows. |
5 |
A. L. Laplacette |
delayed timed AI estrus synchronization |
A. L. Laplacette1, C. Rial1, D. Duhastchek1, M. L. Stangaferro2, M. J. Thomas2, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Dairy Health and Management Services, Lowville, NY |
The objective of this proof-of-concept experiment was to evaluate the effect of delaying induction of ovulation and timed AI (TAI) on the proportion of cows that express estrus before TAI and first-service outcomes. Holstein cows (n = 613) were fitted with neck-mounted sensors for detection of estrus (Delpro, DeLaval, 79%; Heatime Pro+, Allflex, 21%). Cows were blocked by parity and type of semen (sexed vs. beef) for first service and randomly assigned to Double-Ovsynch with GnRH at 56 h and TAI at 72 h after induction of luteolysis (GnRH-7d-PGF-3d-GnRH and 7 d later GnRH-7d-PGF-1d-PGF-32h-GnRH-16h-TAI; TAI72; n = 308) or the same protocol but with the last GnRH at 72 h and TAI at 96 h after induction of luteolysis (D-TAI96; n = 305). All estrus events (Est) as based on automated estrus alerts between induction of luteolysis and TAI were recorded. Cows with Est before the last GnRH received AI without GnRH. The remaining cows received GnRH and TAI as the automated estrus alert was triggered after the scheduled time of the GnRH treatment. Data were analyzed by Logistic regression. More (P < 0.01) cows in D-TAI96 (70.3%) than in TAI72 (36.1%) had Est before AI. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for an interaction between treatment and Est before AI due to larger numerical differences in P/AI between cows with (57.9%) and without (39.4%) Est in TAI96, but not for cows with (50.8%) and without (48.1%) Est in TAI72. Cows with Est (54.3%) before AI had greater (P = 0.02) P/AI than cows without Est (43.7%), but P/AI did not differ (P = 0.84) for TAI96 (48.6%) and TAI72 (49.5%). Primiparous cows (57.9%) had greater (P < 0.01) P/AI than multiparous cows (40.2%). We conclude that delaying induction of ovulation and TAI was effective for increasing the proportion of cows that expressed estrus before TAI. Also, cows that expressed estrus had greater fertility, but the increase was insufficient to compensate for the reduced P/AI of cows that did not express estrus. Detection of estrus before TAI could identify cows with different likelihood of pregnancy. Supported by USDA-NIFA FFF projects NYC127851 and 127945. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9979 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86650 |
Watch |
1305 |
Energy utilization in Jersey cows fed TMR or partial TMR plus forage canola. |
1 |
A. F. Brito |
brassica grazing methane |
L. H. P. Silva1,2, D. C. Reyes1, J. P. Sacramento1, Y. Geng3, M. Ghelichkhan1, S. L. Dillard4, K. J. Soder5, A. F. Brito1 |
1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 3Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 4Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 5USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA |
Forage canola herbage (CAN) has greater concentration of sugars than typical forages, which has been shown to change ruminal fermentation resulting in less enteric CH4 production and potentially improving dietary energy utilization. We aimed to evaluate the effect of partially replacing legume-grass baleage with CAN on energy partitioning in dairy cows. Twelve multiparous and 8 primiparous mid-lactation organic certified Jersey cows were blocked in pairs by parity, milk yield, or DIM and, within pair, randomly assigned to control (CTRL) or CAN in a randomized complete block design. Cows in the CTRL diet were kept confined, while CAN cows stayed in the barn during the day and grazed overnight. Diets were formulated to yield (DM basis) 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio, with 67% of baleage replaced by grazed CAN in the diet DM. Cows in both diets had access to 2 GreenFeed units to measure CH4 and CO2 production. The experiment lasted 7 wk (2-wk covariate) with gaseous and digestibility measurements done in wk 3 and 5. Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE), while energy in milk, urine, tissue, and heat production (HP) were estimated using published equations. Intake of GE was greater (P = 0.05) in CTRL (98.0 Mcal/d) vs. CAN (93.1 Mcal/d). However, digestible energy (DE) intake was similar between diets due to lower fecal energy with CAN (25.2 vs. 32.4 Mcal/d; P < 0.001). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in CAN than CTRL (61.5 vs. 57.9 Mcal/d) due to less energy loss as CH4 (3.88 vs. 5.74 Mcal/d; P < 0.001) and better conversion efficiency of DE into ME (89.8 vs. 86.1%; P < 0.001). Urinary energy was not affected by diets. Intake of NEL was greater in CAN vs. CTRL (41.6 vs. 36.0 Mcal/d; P < 0.01) because less ME was lost as HP (38.9 vs. 48.8 Mcal/d; P < 0.01). A treatment by week interaction was found for milk energy/ME efficiency, which decreased from wk 3 to 5 in CTRL but not in CAN. Tissue energy increased in CAN vs. CTRL (15.5 vs. 9.23 Mcal/d; P < 0.001). In conclusion, CAN cows were more efficient in converting GE into NEL, but increased NEL intake did not result in more milk energy. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86717 |
Watch |
1306 |
Effects of botanical preparations on lactational performance and enteric methane emission in dairy cows. |
2 |
L. F. Martins |
botanical product enteric methane production |
L. F. Martins1, S. E. Crater1, S. F. Cueva1, T. Silvestre1, N. Stepanchenko1, D. E. Wasson1, E. Wall2, A. N. Hristov1 |
1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2AVT Natural North America, Santa Clara, CA |
Objective was to evaluate the production and environmental effects of feeding botanical preparations (BT) in dairy cows. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted over 10 wk with 18 primi- and 30 multiparous Holstein cows averaging (±SD) 80 ± 30 d in milk (DIM) and 43 ± 12 kg/d of milk yield (MY), at the beginning of the study. Cows were blocked based on parity, DIM, and MY, and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: no supplementation (CON); 300 mg/cow/d of a BT containing capsicum oleoresin and clove oil (CAPO); or 300 mg/cow/d of a BT containing capsicum oleoresin (CAP). Premixes containing the treatments were mixed daily with the basal diet at 0.8% of dry matter intake (DMI). Enteric methane (CH4) emission was measured using the GreenFeed system. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS as repeated measures with the fixed effects of treatment, week, treatment × week, and a covariate measurement in the model. Block and block × treatment were considered random effects. Overall, supplementation of the diet with BT did not affect DMI (25.4 kg/d; SEM = 0.67), MY (39.6 kg/d; SEM = 0.95), energy-corrected milk yield (40.4 kg/d; SEM = 1.35), or milk components (P ≥ 0.64). Body weight (BW) change was greater (P = 0.02) for cows fed the BT diets than CON cows (−0.11 vs 0.52 and 0.86 kg/d, SEM = 0.304; for CON, CAPO, and CAP, respectively). Moreover, MUN concentration was increased (P ≤ 0.03) by both BT treatments (14.2 vs. 13.3 mg/dL for CON; SEM = 0.37). Daily CH4 emission was not affected by treatment, but emission yield was decreased (by 8%; P = 0.05) by CAPO compared with CON (14.1 vs. 15.4 g/kg DMI; SEM = 0.48). Emission intensity (i.e., CH4 per kg of MY) was also decreased (by 10%; P = 0.03) by CAPO. The BT used in this study did not affect lactational performance of the cows; however, cows fed CAP had greater BW gain than CON cows, which may indicate enhanced energy balance with rumen-protected capsicum oleoresin supplementation. In addition, CH4 yield and intensity were decreased in cows fed CAPO, suggesting a positive environmental effect of clove oil supplementation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86420 |
Watch |
1307 |
Offering free choice hay to fresh cows did not affect intake, milk production, or plasma metabolite concentrations. |
3 |
L. E. Engelking |
Free choice hay plasma metabolites milk yield |
L. E. Engelking1, M. Oba1 |
1University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada |
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of offering free choice hay, in addition to TMR, during the first 5 d after calving on feed intake, milk yield, and plasma metabolite concentrations. It was hypothesized that offering free choice hay would promote dry matter intake and support milk yield. Thirty-two multiparous cows fed a TMR (26.8% starch and 23.4% forage NDF) from calving until 21 DIM, were assigned to free choice timothy hay treatment (HAY; n = 20; 61.6% NDF; 9.6% CP) for the first 5 d postpartum, or no hay (NOHAY; n = 12). For cows offered free choice hay, mean (range) hay intake was 1.16 kg (0.18 - 3.2 kg), 1.36 kg (0 - 5.4 kg), 0.61 kg (0 - 2.9 kg), 0.50 kg (0 - 2.7 kg) and 0.51 (0 - 2.4 kg) on d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 postpartum, respectively. Hay intake on d 2 was higher than d 3, 4, and 5 (P < 0.0001). Mean (range) hay intake as a % of total DMI was 8.5% (1.0 - 21.1%), 7.9% (0 - 30.6%), 3.7% (0 - 46.9%), 2.3% (0 - 55.2%), and 3.3% (0 - 16.8%) on d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 postpartum, respectively. Within the HAY group, cows that had greater plasma BHB concentration immediately after calving, before hay was offered, consumed more hay (as a % of total DMI) during the first 5 d postpartum (r = 0.68; P < 0.01). However, the hay treatment did not affect plasma concentration of glucose (P = 0.69), fatty acids (P = 0.66), or BHB (P = 0.75) on d 3. In addition, cows offered hay did not increase TMR intake (P = 0.49), total DMI (P = 0.87), or milk yield (P = 0.64) from d 1 to 5, or DMI (P = 0.49) or milk yield (P = 0.96) from d 6 to 21, when free choice hay was not offered, compared with NOHAY. Furthermore, changes in BW (P = 0.34) and BCS (P = 0.50) were not affected by the treatment during the 21-d period. These findings suggest that cows with greater ketone synthesis at calving will consume more hay when it is offered alongside TMR. However, we found no improvement in DMI or milk production in cows offered free choice hay during the first 5 d postpartum, compared with cows not offered free choice hay. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86250 |
Watch |
1308 |
Effect of alfalfa- or red clover-grass mixtures on dietary energy utilization in lactating dairy cows. |
4 |
A. F. Brito |
dairy cow legume methane |
M. Lange1, L. H. P. Silva2,4, K. J. Soder3, M. A. Zambom1, A. F. Brito4 |
1Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil, 2Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 3USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA, 4University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH |
Our objective was to investigate the effect of different legume-grass mixtures on dietary energy utilization in dairy cows. Eighteen multiparous and 2 primiparous mid-lactation organic certified Jersey cows were blocked in pairs by DIM or parity and, within pair, assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design. Forages were harvested as baleage, with diets fed as TMR. The botanical composition (DM basis) of second-cut alfalfa-grass (ALF-G) or red clover-grass (RC-G) swards averaged 65 vs. 80% legume, 17 vs. 15% grasses, and 18 vs. 5% weeds, and that of third-cut ALF-G or RC-G averaged 84 vs. 96.5% legume, 3 vs. 2.3% grasses, and 13 vs. 1.2% weeds, respectively. Diets contained (DM basis) 65% second- and third-cut ALF-G or RC-G (32.5% of each cut) and 35% concentrate. The study lasted 9 wk (2-wk covariate) with data and sample collection done at wk 4 and 7. Methane production was measured with a GreenFeed unit. Fecal grab and spot urinary samples were collected at 5 different time points over 3 d. Feeds and feces were analyzed for gross energy (GE) with a bomb calorimeter. Urinary energy, tissue energy, and heat production (HP) were estimated using published equations. Intake of GE, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and NEL did not differ (P ≥ 0.63) and averaged 93.2, 60.8, 53.5, and 45.7 Mcal/d, respectively. In contrast, fecal energy (35.5 vs. 29.4 Mcal/d) and milk energy (19.7 vs. 18.5 Mcal/d) decreased (P ≤ 0.04) with feeding RC-G vs. ALF-G. Diet by week interactions were observed for urinary energy (P = 0.05) and methane energy (P = 0.03), and trends for HP (P = 0.10) and tissue energy (P = 0.06). Urinary energy, methane energy, and HP decreased during wk 4 in cows fed RC-GR but did no change in wk 7. Tissue energy increased in the RC-G diet in wk 4 and was similar in wk 7. Interactions (P ≤ 0.05) were found for efficiency of energy utilization expressed as ME/DE, milk energy/ME, and HP/ME. During wk 4, ME/DE increased and milk energy/ME and HP/ME decreased with feeding RC-G vs. ALF-G, with no effect of diet in wk 7. Overall, despite similar energy intake, energy utilization and efficiency were affected by diets, particularly during wk 4. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86750 |
Watch |
1309 |
Association of dry matter intake, milk production at early lactation, and endometrial cytology during the transition period in Holstein cows. |
5 |
A. R. Guadagnin |
dry matter intake PMN endometritis |
A. R. Guadagnin1, F. C. Cardoso1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
A prompt and robust inflammatory response with a substantial influx of PMN (polymorphonuclear cells) in the uterus early postpartum is associated with a reduced incidence of reproductive disorders. However, when excessive, this inflammatory response can lead to cytological endometritis. Endometrial cytology is usually performed at 5 wk postpartum to diagnose cytological endometritis, but uterine immunity has been dynamically active since the calving date. Thus, we aimed to determine the association among peripartal dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and endometrial cytology at 15 d in milk (DIM; CYT15) and at 30DIM (CYT30). We conducted a pooled statistical analysis of 5 studies, including data from 205 multiparous Holstein cows. Cutoff values for the PMN percentage were determined by taking the median value of the data set for PMN percentage at 15 DIM (24%) and 30DIM (7%). Based on the cutoffs for PMN %, cows were categorized as follows: LOW15 (PMN % at 15 DIM ≤ 24%), HIGH15 (PMN % at 15 DIM > 24%), LOW30 (PMN % at 30DIM ≤ 7%); and HIGH30 (PMN % at 30DIM > 7%). Daily DMI and weekly milk production by cow were used in the database. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS's MIXED, GLIMMIX, and LOGISTIC procedures, considering cow as the experimental unit and experiment as a random effect. Cows in HIGH15 consumed on average 1.97 ± 0.5 kg of DM/d less than cows in LOW15 during prepartum, and 3.01 ± 0.5 kg of DM/d less during postpartum (P < 0.01). Additionally, the milk yield of cows in HIGH15 tended to be lower than cows in LOW15 on wk 3 through 5 postpartum (P = 0.08). Furthermore, for every 0.90kg of daily DMI decrease prepartum, the odds of cows being classified as HIGH15 increased by 4.72 (P < 0.01, 95%CI 2.59–8.62). There was no association between CYT30 and DMI nor milk production (P > 0.18). In conclusion, the association of DMI and milk production with CYT15, but not with CYT30, suggests that uterine health diagnostics at an earlier stage may demand nutritional adjustments to help prevent the negative impact of cytological endometritis on cows' performance. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86354 |
Watch |
1310 |
Changes in plasma and milk choline metabolite concentrations in response to the provision of various rumen-protected choline prototypes in lactating cows. |
6 |
T. L. France |
choline TMAO |
T. L. France1, W. A. Myers1, J. Javaid1, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective was to characterize changes in plasma and milk choline and choline metabolite concentrations, including microbial-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), in response to increasing ruminal spot-doses or different types of rumen-protected choline (RPC) in cows. For experiment (EXP) 1, 12 mid-lactation Holstein cows (121 ± 16.3 d in milk [DIM]) were balanced by total plasma choline concentrations and milk yield. Cows were assigned to 1 of 3 lipid-encapsulated RPC products (main plots): P1, P2, and P3 containing 59, 56, and 30% choline chloride (CC), respectively. Within each main plot, cows were assigned to a sequence of doses in a 4 × 4 Latin square design: 0, 18, 36, or 54 g CC. Treatments were preconditioned with ground corn and administered as a single ruminal bolus 1 h post-feeding of a total mixed ration (TMR). For EXP 2, we compared a control (0 g CC) vs. P2, and P4 and P5 RPC (60 and 62% CC, respectively). EXP 2 followed a similar design as EXP 1 with modifications: 12 late lactation Holstein cows (228 ± 7.10 DIM) were used; treatments were administered as part of a pre-meal; and cows received a daily allowance of a TMR as equal provisions every 4 h. For both experiments, plasma and milk samples within 24 h of treatment were collected for metabolite quantification. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including fixed effects of treatment, period, and time. Contrast statements were utilized to test for linearity of dose and differences between prototypes for EXP 1 and 2, respectively. Plasma and milk TMAO concentrations increased with RPC dose (peak by h 4; P < 0.01). Milk choline and betaine yields increased with RPC dose in a quadratic manner (P = 0.04); albeit, dependent upon RPC dose and type. Milk phosphocholine (PCho) and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) yields were modified by select RPC dose (P < 0.05), however milk Met, PCho, GPC, phosphatidylcholine, and total choline concentrations in milk, and plasma Met and sphingomyelin concentrations were not modified. We conclude that plasma or milk choline, betaine, and TMAO concentrations are responsive to RPC type and dose. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86599 |
Watch |
1311 |
Effect of transition diet energy and protein content on colostrum, transition milk and mature milk composition and immunoglobulin G concentrations in Holstein dairy cattle. |
8 |
A. Fischer-Tlustos |
colostrum transition milk immunoglobulin G |
A. Fischer-Tlustos1, V. S. Fernandez2, D. Seymour2, J. Cant1, M. Steele1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, Amersfoort, the Netherlands |
Colostrum and transition milk (TM) contain energy substrates and bioactive factors crucial to calf development; yet, dam factors that control their concentrations are not well-characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate how prepartum energy affects colostrum composition and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and how pre- and postpartum energy and protein, respectively, affect the aforementioned variables in TM and mature milk. From d −57 ± 5.8 before expected calving, multiparous (MP; n = 28) and primiparous (PP; n = 20) Holstein cows were fed a low energy diet (LED; 1.10 Mcal NEL/kg DM). From d −19 ± 4.0, cows were randomly assigned within block to a close-up diet (CUD) containing the same LED or high (HED; 1.52 Mcal NEL/kg DM) levels of energy, and to a high protein (HPD; 18.5% CP, 1.73 Mcal NEL/kg DM) or average protein (APD; 15.5% CP, 1.68 Mcal NEL/kg DM) postpartum diet (PPD). Fat, CP, lactose, and TS concentrations were determined by infrared spectroscopy, and IgG was quantified by radial immunodiffusion in colostrum (milking 1), TM (milkings 2 to 7) and mature milk (16 ± 1.9 d postpartum). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with the fixed effects of parity, milking, CUD and PPD, and their interactions, and the random effect of cow and block. The CUD had a greater effect on MP cows than PP cows; HED MP cows had greater (P > 0.02) DMI from −14 to +14 d relative to calving, and a 24.8, 37.7, 14.0, and 35.3% increase in yield (P = 0.02), fat (P = 0.007), protein (P = 0.04), and total solids (P = 0.02) yield, respectively, from milkings 1–7 and in mature milk compared with LED MP cows. There were no differences between CUD within specific milkings. On average, APD cows had 85.4 g greater (P = 0.04) protein yield than HPD cows. No differences were observed for IgG concentrations; however, LED-APD cows produced an additional (P = 0.02) 31.2 g of IgG compared with LED-HPD cows over the sampling period. Altering prepartum energy content may be a strategy to improve component yields, with the exception of IgG, in multiparous cows in early lactation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86916 |
Watch |
1312 |
Predicting intake of lactating dairy cows using activity and digestion measures collected via ear tag accelerometers. |
9 |
J. M. Prestegaard-Wilson |
intake precision dairy monitoring |
J. M. Prestegaard-Wilson1,2, L. M. Campos1, M. D. Hanigan1 |
1Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2Select Sires Inc, Plain City, OH |
The objective of this study was to determine if measurements collected from ear tag accelerometers (CM; CowManager; Harmelen, Netherlands) could improve intake predictions of lactating Holstein cows. Cows were fitted with CM and fed 1x/d in Calan gates in 2 independent studies. Daily measurements were collected for DMI, ear temperature (T; °C), and rumination (R), eating (E), active (A), high active (HA), and non-active (NA) minutes/d. In study 1, 12 cows (413 ± 185 DIM) were fed a similar diet balanced according to NRC (2001) requirements for 18 d. In study 2, 24 cows (188 ± 97 DIM) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to one of 6 treatments in a 2 × 2 x 2 factorial design arranged in a 6 × 8 Youden square (4 periods of 15 d each). Factor levels were low and high levels of NDF (29%; 33%) starch (25%; 31%) and CP (14%; 17%). Body weight (kg), parity, T, R, E, A, HA, NA, DIM, NDF %, milk yield (MY; kg/d), and study were tested as fixed effects in mixed regression. Cow was used as random effect and fitted with an AR1 covariance structure for repeated measures. Stepwise backward elimination of fixed effects was done using the buildmer library in RStudio. The best fit model (lowest AIC) included CM, dietary, and animal factors to predict DMI (M1; AIC = 5674; Table 1) compared with the model that used CM factors (M2, AIC = 5773) or animal factors alone (M3, AIC = 5784). Root MSE was improved by 5.8% and more variance was explained by fixed effects in M1 (RMSE = 2.95; R2 = 0.34) compared with M3 (RMSE = 3.13; R2 = 0.25). Further studies will allow independent testing of models utilizing CM measurements. Table 1. Candidate models to predict DMI across both studies
| Predictors |
M1 |
|
M2 |
|
M31 |
| Est. |
SE |
P |
Est. |
SE |
P |
Est. |
SE |
P |
| Int. |
38.665 |
2.691 |
<0.01 |
|
−4.685 |
1.110 |
<0.01 |
|
17.420 |
1.062 |
<0.01 |
| Study |
|
|
|
|
0.002 |
0.001 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
| A |
|
|
|
|
−0.003 |
0.001 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
| NA |
−0.003 |
0.001 |
<0.01 |
|
0.007 |
0.003 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
| E |
0.011 |
0.002 |
<0.01 |
|
−0.278 |
0.062 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
| HA |
−0.1780 |
0.054 |
<0.01 |
|
−0.202 |
0.059 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
| T |
−0.185 |
0.054 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| R |
0.003 |
0.001 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NDF % |
−0.507 |
0.055 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Parity |
−2.093 |
0.773 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
−1.916 |
0.799 |
<0.01 |
| DIM |
0.012 |
0.003 |
<0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.010 |
0.003 |
<0.01 |
| MY |
0.046 |
0.011 |
<0.01 |
|
−4.685 |
1.110 |
<0.01 |
|
0.052 |
0.011 |
<0.01 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86972 |
Watch |
1313 |
Transfer of cannabinoids in milk from spent hemp biomass fed to dairy cows. |
10 |
A. Irawan |
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol dairy cow industrial hemp |
A. Irawan1, D. G. Nosal2, G. Puerto-Hernandez1, S. Ates1, M. Bionaz1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2Voynich Biosciences, Corvallis, OR |
Legalization of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) cultivation contributes to the high amount of biomass residual (spent hemp biomass, SHB) generated from cannabidiol (CBD) extraction. SHB is currently illegal to be fed to livestock due to the presence of cannabinoids, especially Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Our objective was to assess the cannabinoids transfer in milk of dairy cows fed SHB for 28 d intervention (IP) and 28 d withdrawal (WP) experimental periods. Late-lactating Jersey dairy cows (n = 18), (mean ± SD) 2.0 ± 1.1 in parity, 245 ± 37 DIM, 19.9 ± 3.5 kg/d milk yield (MY), received a TMR diet supplemented with either 13% pelleted SHB with 3% total cannabinoids (dry matter basis, HEMP) or 13% alfalfa pellet (CTR). Milk production and feed residual including SHB residuals were measured during the experiment. The following cannabinoids were measured using LC-MS/MS: cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), CBD, cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabinolic acid (CBNA). The concentration of these cannabinoids was measured in milk at d 28 of the IP and d 28 of the WP. Linear regression between the intake and released cannabinoids was performed. The intake of SHB and total cannabinoids were 7.38 ± 1.52% and 36.20 ± 7.09 g/d, respectively. There was a strong linear relationship between SHB intake and the amount of cannabinoids released in milk (R2 = 0.87; P < 0.001). Δ9-THC and CBD had the highest transfer rate in milk from SHB eaten (0.41 ± 0.14% and 0.19 ± 0.07%, respectively). The transfer rate for CBGA, CBC, and CBCA were just below 0.10%. The transfer of total cannabinoids detected was similar to previously reports (0.15%). All cannabinoids were undetectable in milk on d 28 of the WP in HEMP groups. Our study demonstrated the presence of cannabinoids in milk when cows are fed SHB. However, cannabinoids were undetectable in milk completely at 4-week of WP. Our data on transfer of cannabinoids in milk via feeding SHB can be useful to FDA-CVM for approval of legalization of SHB as feed for dairy animals. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86913 |
Watch |
1314 |
Mycotoxin contamination trends in US corn silage 2018–2021. |
11 |
P. N. Gott |
corn silage mycotoxins zearalenone |
P. N. Gott1, E. F. Schwandt1, L. Zheng1, U. Hofstetter-Schähs2, A. W. Levy1 |
1DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ, 2DSM Austria GmbH, Getzersdorf, Lower Austria, Austria |
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites found in a wide range of feed ingredients, both grains and forages, that can affect animal health and performance. Mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in US corn silage were monitored in this study. Sample pools differ year-to-year but were mainly sourced from Midwest and Northeast regions. Samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS method for 6 major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. The presence of clinical health or performance concerns on-farm was noted for each sample. Effect of clinical concern (yes/no) and harvest year on contamination levels were analyzed using LSMeans statement with Tukey's adjustment in the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC). No interaction was significant (P > 0.05) for each toxin group, so main effects of harvest year are presented. Preliminary results for 72 samples of 2021 corn silage identified B-Trich (90%) and ZEN (67%) as the most frequently detected mycotoxin groups. Mean contamination levels (parts per billion, ppb) are presented on dry matter (DM) basis in Table 1. Concentration of B-Trich did not differ across the study (P > 0.05). Mean FUM level in 2021 was numerically greater than 2019 and 2020 but not statistically different. Zearalenone occurrence was greatest across the study period in 2021 and mean contamination level was significantly increased versus 2019 and 2020 (P < 0.05). Initial results indicate greater ZEN load in 2021 corn silage with continued frequent detection of B-Trich. Table 1. Mycotoxin contamination in US corn silage (DM basis)
| Parameter |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
SEM1 |
P-value1 |
| Number |
182 |
180 |
159 |
72 |
|
|
| B-Trich |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
92 |
94 |
98 |
90 |
223.1 |
0.336 |
| Mean, ppb |
3386 |
3454 |
2780 |
3127 |
| FUM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
27 |
9 |
20 |
24 |
79.2 |
0.002 |
| Mean, ppb |
1565a |
687b |
819b |
933ab |
| ZEN |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
60 |
46 |
36 |
67 |
51.5 |
<0.001 |
| Mean, ppb |
915a |
445b |
356b |
652a |
a-b Values across rows are different P < 0.05. 1SEM and P-values were generated using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS to test the effect of harvest year on mean contamination level of each mycotoxin group when samples were above each mycotoxin group limit of detection. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 6: Applied Nutrition 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86906 |
Watch |
1315 |
Occurrence of mycotoxins in 2021 US corn and corn by-product feed ingredients. |
12 |
E Schwandt |
by-products corn mycotoxins |
E Schwandt1, P Gott1, L Zheng1, U Hofstetter2, A Levy1 |
1DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ, 2DSM Austria GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria |
Feed ingredients in the US have been historically shown to be contaminated by mycotoxins, which are secondary fungal metabolites that can affect animal health and performance. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2021 US corn harvest including corn grain and corn by-product feed ingredients. Corn samples labeled as 2021 harvest and corn by-products submitted from October 2021 through February 2022 were screened for: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. Samples that were above the limit of detection for each mycotoxin group were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to test the effect of harvest year on average contamination level. Results are presented in Table 1. To date, 185 corn samples and 47 corn by-products were evaluated. Mean B-Trich and FUM levels (parts per billion, ppb) for corn grain samples were similar in 2021 as 2020. Prevalence of mycotoxin contamination remained high in corn by-products and were 100, 87, and 100% for B-Trich, ZEN, and FUM, respectively. Mean B-Trich and ZEN levels in 2021 by-products were similar to levels seen in 2020 and lower than 2019. Preliminary results of the 2021 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels remained high and approaching those observed in the 2019 and 2020 crop years. Table 1. Mycotoxin contamination in US corn-based feed ingredients
| Parameter |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
Pooled SEM |
P-value |
| Corn Grain |
|
|
|
|
|
| N |
329 |
303 |
185 |
|
|
| B-Trich |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
81 |
58 |
71 |
87.2 |
<0.001 |
| Mean, ppb |
883ab |
1128ab |
713b |
| ZEN |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
46 |
20 |
26 |
35.1 |
0.031 |
| Mean, ppb |
415a |
353ab |
394ab |
| FUM |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
78 |
64 |
63 |
318.7 |
<0.001 |
| Mean, ppb |
3348a |
2783ab |
3495ab |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
| By-Products |
|
|
|
|
|
| N |
55 |
95 |
47 |
|
|
| B-Trich |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
100 |
99 |
100 |
226.7 |
0.030 |
| Mean, ppb |
3619a |
2598ab |
2431ab |
| ZEN |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
95 |
85 |
87 |
39.8 |
<0.001 |
| Mean, ppb |
644a |
319b |
287b |
| FUM |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prevalence, % |
98 |
98 |
100 |
337.0 |
0.005 |
| Mean, ppb |
2466a |
2005ab |
662b |
a-bValues across rows are different P<0.05. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Integrating the Control of Energy Intake and Partitioning into Ration Formulation - Recognition of the contribution of ADSA Fellow Mike Allen |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
s9839 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Integrating the Control of Energy Intake and Partitioning into Ration Formulation - Recognition of the contribution of ADSA Fellow Mike Allen |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
n8732 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Integrating the Control of Energy Intake and Partitioning into Ration Formulation - Recognition of the contribution of ADSA Fellow Mike Allen |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86018 |
Watch |
1301 |
Effects of carbohydrate digestion on feed intake and fuel supply. |
2 |
M. Oba |
DMI forage NDF starch |
M. Oba1, K. Kammes-Main2 |
1University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, and dairy diets are usually formulated for certain concentrations of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch due to their direct impacts on dry matter intake and milk production. Forage NDF exerts more filling effects in the rumen than other dietary components and can limit maximum voluntary feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Since an analytical method for NDF was developed more than a half century ago, it has been used widely to characterize forages and diets for dairy cows. However, since NDF is a chemical measurement varying in its digestibility, in vitro digestibility measurements were developed as a biological approach to assess forage quality. Research efforts over the last several decades led to the development of forage cultivars or hybrids with enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility, such as brown midrib, and management practices considering differences in NDF digestibility of forages. In addition, in vitro NDF digestibility and undigested NDF are commonly measured in commercial labs, and estimated rates of digestion are used in dynamic models in an effort to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation. Starch digestion in the rumen also varies among starch sources, being affected by grain type, extent of processing, and preservation method. The site and rate of starch digestion affect dry matter intake and nutrient partitioning in dairy cows by modifying temporal supply of fuel. In addition, dietary starch content and its fermentability can affect digestion rates of starch itself and NDF in the rumen. Previous research has increased our understanding of dietary carbohydrates, but its application for diet formulations requires integrated approaches accounting for factors affecting filling effects of forage NDF, starch digestion, and temporal fuel supply. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Integrating the Control of Energy Intake and Partitioning into Ration Formulation - Recognition of the contribution of ADSA Fellow Mike Allen |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t85912 |
Watch |
1302 |
Fueling appetite: Nutrient metabolism and the control of feed intake. |
3 |
B. J. Bradford |
hepatic oxidation energy charge homeostasis |
B. J. Bradford1, R. I. Albornoz2, K. M. Kennedy3 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Agriculture Victoria Research, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia, 3Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, MV, Germany |
Conceptual models developed over the past century describe 2 key constraints to feed intake (FI) of healthy animals: gut capacity and metabolic demand. Evidence that greater energy demands (e.g., greater milk production) drive a corresponding increase in caloric intake led to the dominant concept that animals “eat to energy requirements.” Although this model provides reasonable initial estimates of FI, it lacks a proposed physiological basis for the control system, does not consider nutrient constraints beyond energy, and fails to explain differential energy intake responses to different fuels. To address these gaps, research has focused on mechanisms for sensing nutrient availability and providing feedback to hypothalamic centers that integrate signals to control feeding behavior. The elimination of FI response to certain nutrients by vagotomy suggests that peripheral tissues play a role in nutrient sensing. These findings and the central role of the liver in metabolic flux led to the development of the hepatic oxidation theory (HOT). According to the HOT, liver energy charge is the regulated variable that induces dietary intake changes and consequently affects whole-body energy balance. Evidence in support of HOT includes associations between hepatic energy charge and meal patterns, increased FI in response to phosphate trapping, and reduced FI in response to phosphate loading. In accordance with the HOT, infusion studies in dairy cattle have consistently demonstrated that providing fuels that are either oxidized or stimulate oxidation in the liver decrease FI and energy intake to a greater extent than fuels that bypass the liver. Importantly, this holds true for glucose, which is readily oxidized by nerve cells but is rarely taken up by the bovine liver. Although the brain integrates multiple signals including those related to gastric distention and illness, the HOT provides a physiological framework for understanding the dominant role the liver likely plays in sensing short-term energy status. Understanding this model provides insights into how to utilize or bypass the regulatory system to manage FI of animals. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Integrating the Control of Energy Intake and Partitioning into Ration Formulation - Recognition of the contribution of ADSA Fellow Mike Allen |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86412 |
Watch |
1303 |
The impact of absorbed nutrients on energy partitioning throughout lactation. |
4 |
P. Piantoni |
energy partitioning insulin sensitivity physiological state |
P. Piantoni1, M. VandeHaar2 |
1Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Elk River, MN, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Energy partitioning between milk and body reserves varies over a lactation. In the postpartum period, plasma insulin concentration and insulin sensitivity of tissues are low, resulting in a partitioning of absorbed nutrients and body reserves toward milk synthesis. As lactation progresses, insulin secretion and sensitivity increase, favoring deposition instead of mobilization of body reserves. Fermentation and digestion of diet components determine the temporal pattern and profile of absorbed nutrients. The pattern and profile, in turn, alter hormonal signals to affect energy partitioning differently depending on the physiological state of the cow. High starch diets increase ruminal propionate production, the flow of gluconeogenic precursors to the liver, and blood insulin concentrations. In high-producing dairy cows, the glucose produced will preferentially be used by the mammary gland for milk production. As lactation progresses and milk yield decreases, glucose will increasingly be used to replenish body reserves. Because acetate is less insulinogenic than propionate, diets with less starch and more digestible fiber that increase ruminal production of acetate relative to propionate can minimize body weight gain. High diet starch concentration and fermentability also can induce milk fat depression by increasing the production of biohydrogenation intermediates that inhibit milk fat synthesis and thus favor energy partitioning away from the mammary gland and toward body reserves. Not only carbohydrates, but also other nutrients such as supplemental fatty acids can affect energy partitioning by affecting insulin concentration and insulin sensitivity of tissues. Depending on profile, physiological state, and interactions with other nutrients, supplemental fatty acids might increase milk yield at the expense of body reserves or partition energy to body reserves at the expense of milk yield. Understanding the biology of these interactions can help nutritionists better formulate diets for cows at various stages of lactation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Integrating the Control of Energy Intake and Partitioning into Ration Formulation - Recognition of the contribution of ADSA Fellow Mike Allen |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/21/2022 14:00 |
t86006 |
Watch |
1304 |
Integrating the control of energy intake and partitioning into ration formulation. |
6 |
M. S. Allen |
hepatic oxidation theory physiological state grouping strategy |
M. S. Allen1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Properly balanced rations must consider the effects of diet on energy intake and partitioning to maximize milk yield and prevent excessive loss or gain of body condition throughout lactation. However, these are not considered by ration formulation programs that predict dry matter intake (DMI) by animal factors only (e.g., milk energy output, body weight, days in milk), and that include loss or gain in body weight only as a user input. Diet composition can have large effects on both energy intake and partitioning, which vary as physiological state changes throughout lactation. Understanding factors affecting energy intake and partitioning permits an improved approach to diet formulation and grouping of lactating cows. In the peripartum period, cows are in a lipolytic state as they mobilize body reserves which is initiated when plasma insulin concentration and insulin sensitivity of tissues decrease beginning several weeks prepartum. Plasma NEFA concentration and its supply to the liver is elevated, and feed intake is likely controlled by hepatic oxidation of NEFA during this period. Highly fermentable starch should be limited to enhance DMI and rations with higher forage fiber are beneficial to provide fill and buffering in the rumen. The lipolytic state typically subsides by 10–14 d postpartum and plasma NEFA concentration declines as it is exported in milk. As distention begins to dominate control of DMI, cows should be switched to a less-filling ration to increase DMI. More fermentable starch sources may be fed as DMI is less limited by hepatic oxidation and greater rumen fill increases the capacity to buffer fermentation acids. As milk yield declines throughout lactation, plasma glucose concentration, and insulin concentration and sensitivity increase, and energy is increasingly partitioned to body reserves. When body condition is restored, ration starch concentration should be decreased by substituting NDF, primarily from nonforage fiber sources. This presentation will discuss factors affecting energy intake and partitioning and applications for ration formulation and grouping cows. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9926 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86996 |
Watch |
2283W |
Survey of Clostridia levels in dairy cows and feed across the United States. |
1 |
V. G. Bretl |
|
V. G. Bretl1, J. S. Thompson1, A. H. Smith1, T. G. Rehberger1 |
1Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI |
Clostridium is a gram-positive, spore former that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and feed of dairy cows. Clostridium can impact feed quality with unfavorable secondary fermentations. C. perfringens Type A has been associated with enteric diseases that are often acute. The objective of this survey was to better understand the levels and types of clostridia populations present on dairy farms in the United States in samples representative of the GI tract and feed. Samples were collected from December 2015 to February 2022 from 882 dairy farms across 33 states, clostridia populations were identified by dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 33,992), total mixed rations (TMR) (n = 4,765), and fermented feeds (n = 2,644). Clostridia and C. perfringens were enumerated from the samples. Isolates were harvested from a subset of fecal (n = 8,992) and feed samples (n = 1,937) and DNA was obtained. A multiplex PCR assay was developed to identify C. perfringens, C. beijerinckii, and Paraclostridium bifermentans. Fecal clostridia levels ranged from < 5 to 2.1E8 cfu/g with 98.6% of the samples having detectable levels, while fecal C. perfringens levels ranged from < 5 to 8.4E7 cfu/g with 78.5% of the samples having detectable levels. Clostridia and C. perfringens levels were compared by production group using one-way ANOVA, the fresh group had higher levels (P < 0.05) compared with far-off, close-up, early, middle, and late lactation groups. Feed clostridia levels ranged from < 5 to 4.1E6 cfu/g with 84.7% of the samples having detectable levels, while feed C. perfringens levels ranged from < 5 to 6.1E5 cfu/g with 33.6% of the samples having detectable levels. The most abundant Clostridium species identified in fecal samples was C. perfringens at 51.2%, followed by 28.0% P. bifermentans and 12.1% C. beijerinckii. For the feed samples the most abundant Clostridium species identified was P. bifermentans at 37.5%, followed by 25.8% C. perfringens and 16.5% C. beijerinckii. The survey results provide additional insight on potential sources of clostridia exposure and could provide a better understanding on how clostridia levels impact dairy herd health and performance. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86431 |
Watch |
2284W |
Association of prepartum body condition scores with lying time, health, milk yield, and reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows. |
2 |
G. M. Schuenemann |
body condition score health reproduction |
G. M. Schuenemann1, J. M. Piñeiro2, B. T. Menichetti3 |
1Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Amarillo, TX, 3Inter-Ag Nutrition Services, South Solon, OH |
The objective was to assess the association of prepartum body condition score (BCS) with lying time (LT, min/d using electronic data loggers), health, culling within first 60 d in milk (DIM; CULL60), milk yield (MY), and pregnancy up to 150 DIM (Preg150) of lactating Holstein cows. A total of 1,052 prepartum Holstein cows (401 heifers and 651 cows) from 3 Ohio dairy herds were enrolled. Cows had their BCS using 5-point scale recorded at 14 ± 3 d before calving (dpp) and at 28 ± 3 DIM. Prepartum cows were classified according to their BCS as ≤ 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.50, 3.75, and ≥ 4.0. BCS loss was the difference between BCS at 14 ± 3 dpp and at 28 ± 3 DIM. Serum NEFA was assessed at 7 ± 3 dpp and BHB at 7 ± 3 and 14 ± 3 DIM. Postpartum health, CULL60, MY, and Preg150 were recorded. Cows were classified as experiencing no health events (ND), a case of ketosis only (≥1.2 mmol/L; KET), KET plus at least one health event (KET+), or at least one health event without KET (SICK). Data were analyzed using MIXED or GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. All outcome variables were adjusted for the effect of parity and herd. LSM or LSM (±SEM) were reported. LT was significantly associated with BCS (<0.0001). Although cows with ≥ 3.75 had more cases of KET and KET+ with increased MY and Preg150, cows with BCS of 3.25 and 3.50 had significantly less CULL60 and more ND compared with ≤ 3.0 or ≥ 3.75 cows. These findings show that the optimum BCS at calving ranged from 3.25 to 3.50 when considering health, CULL60, MY, and Preg150. Table 1. Prepartum body condition scores
| Item |
≤2.75n=27 |
3.0n=96 |
3.25n=360 |
3.50n=317 |
3.75n=132 |
≥4.0n=120 |
P-value |
| NEFA at 7±3 dpp, µEq/L |
287±39b |
326±26b |
330±20b |
352±20b |
376±23ab |
428±21a |
<0.0001 |
| BCS loss, units |
−0.14±5.9a |
−0.20±4.3a |
−0.35±3.8b |
−0.44±3.8c |
−0.62±4.0d |
−0.78±4.0e |
<0.0001 |
| KET, % |
17.8ab |
21.2ab |
19.5b |
23.4b |
34.2a |
35.0a |
<0.0001 |
| KET+, % |
3.3b |
6.4b |
10.3b |
11.7b |
15.7ab |
20.9a |
0.001 |
| Sick, % |
31.7 |
29.1 |
23.0 |
19.8 |
17.5 |
12.2 |
0.05 |
| ND, % |
47.2ab |
43.3 ab |
47.2a |
45.1ab |
32.6b |
31.9b |
0.01 |
| CULL60, % |
20.8ab |
8.9ab |
6.9b |
6.6b |
11.1ab |
13.9a |
0.01 |
| Preg150, % |
56.0b |
66.3ab |
63.4ab |
70.9ab |
79.2a |
77.8ab |
0.03 |
| MY at 1st DHI, kg |
30.1±3c |
31.8±2.5bc |
35.6±2.5ab |
36.2±2.5ab |
36.5±2.5ab |
38.5±2.5a |
0.001 |
a,b,cMeans with different superscript letters within rows are significantly different. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86474 |
Watch |
2285W |
Endotoxin activates lipolysis through TLR4 signaling in bovine adipocytes. |
3 |
M. Chirivi |
LPS lipolysis adipocyte |
M. Chirivi1, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Periparturient diseases are often accompanied by endotoxemia. Recently, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers lipolysis and reduces insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue (AT) providing evidence for a link between metabolic and infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which LPS activates lipolysis are poorly understood. We hypothesized that LPS activates lipolysis through TLR4 signaling in bovine adipocytes. The objective was to evaluate the effect of TLR4 activation on lipolysis in bovine adipocytes. Subcutaneous AT was collected from 5 nonlactating nongestating multiparous Holstein dairy cows, and preadipocytes were obtained by nonenzymatic isolation. Preadipocytes were expanded and induced to differentiate in standard proadipogenic media for 7 d. Next, adipocytes were stimulated for 3 h and 7h with the lipolytic agent isoproterenol (ISO = 1 µM, Basal = 0 µM) or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; O55:B5; 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/mL) to evaluate the lipolytic effects. To quantify TLR4 contribution to LPS lipolysis, cells were transfected with siRNA targeting TLR4 (siTLR4) or control noncoding (siNC). Lipolysis was determined by quantification of glycerol release and results are presented as units relative to Basal (±SEM). Cell viability was assessed using a Calcein-Ethidium assay. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear mixed model in JMP. LPS < 1 ug/mL did not affect adipocyte viability. Compared with Basal, ISO increased glycerol release by 69.4 ± 4.2% and 86.9 ± 16% at 3 and 7 h respectively. LPS increased glycerol release in a quadratic response (P < 0.01), reaching the effective lipolytic dose at 1 µg/mL with 39.1 ± 4.2% more glycerol released at 3 h and 72.6 ± 16% at 7h. Therefore, 1 µg/mL of LPS during 7 h was used for siTLR4 experiments. TLR4 transcription was reduced 81.5 ± 2.8% in siTLR4 compared with siNC cells (P < 0.001). ISO induced lipolysis in siTlR4 cells, while siTLR4 drastically reduced lipolysis induced by LPS (+3.5 ± 4.5%) compared with siNC cells (+42.6 ± 5.1%, P < 0.05). Collectively our results suggest that TLR4 signaling mediates lipolysis in bovine adipocytes. Future studies will evaluate the role of TLR4 during the development of insulin resistance by LPS in bovine adipocytes |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86475 |
Watch |
2286W |
Chromium and palmitic acid supplementation modulate adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in periparturient dairy cows. |
4 |
M. Chirivi |
|
M. Chirivi1, U. Abou-Rjeileh1,1, J. Parales-Giron2, A. L. Lock2, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Periparturient dairy cows exhibit intense lipolysis driven by reduced dry matter intake, enhanced energy needs, and the loss of adipose tissue (AT) insulin sensitivity (IS). Extended periods of low IS induce lipolysis dysregulation, leading to increased disease and poor lactation performance. Chromium (Cr) supplementation improves systemic IS, while palmitic acid (PA) feeding increases energy availability for milk production. However, the effect of feeding Cr alone or with PA on IS in AT is unknown. Our goal was to determine the effect of chromium (Cr) and palmitic acid (PA) supplementation on AT IS. Multiparous Holstein cows were selected at −21d before parturition. After calving, cows were randomly assigned to one of 4 diets that were fed from 1 to 21 DIM. Control, no supplementation (CON, n = 8); Cr (Cr-propionate at 0.45 ppm Cr/kg DM, n = 8); PA (1.5% DM, n = 8); or Cr+PA, (n = 8). Plasma (for NEFA quantification) and subcutaneous AT (SCAT) explants were collected at −13 ± 5.1d prepartum (PreP) and 14.4 ± 1.9d (PP1) and 21 ± 1.9d (PP2) postpartum. SCAT were incubated in the presence of the lipolytic agent isoproterenol (ISO = 1 µM, BASAL = 0 µM) for 3 h. The antilipolytic effect of insulin (1µg/L) was evaluated during ISO stimulation (IN+ISO). Lipolysis was quantified by glycerol release in the media (nmol glycerol/mg AT). The statistical model included the random effect of the block, cow within block and diet, Julian date, and the fixed effect of diet, time, treatment, and their interactions. BASAL lipolysis at PP1 and PP2 was higher in Cr-fed cows (0.45 ± 0.06; P < 0.01), compared with CON, PA, and Cr+PA (0.32, 0.19, and 0.22 ± 0.06). In Cr cows, ISO induced higher lipolysis (2.49 ± 0.18 P < 0.01) compared with Cr+PA (1.54 ± 0.18), but not different from CON and PA (1.94 and 2.03 ± 0.18). IN+ISO reduced lipolysis (1.7 ± 0.22) in Cr cows compared with ISO (2.49 ± 0.18). In contrast, IN+ISO did not affect ISO lipolysis in CON, PA, and Cr+PA (P < 0.01). At PP1 and PP2, plasma NEFA was lower in Cr cows (0.48 ± 0.05), compared with CON and Cr+PA (0.57, 0.56 ± 0.05 P < 0.05), but not different from PA (0.50 ± 0.05) Our results demonstrate that supplementation with Cr enhances IS. The higher basal and ISO lipolysis rates suggest higher lipid accumulation in AT by improved IS. Further studies should determine the effects of Cr on AT lipogenesis and adipogenesis. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86567 |
Watch |
2287W |
The effect of diet on Treponema survival in ruminal cultures. |
5 |
J. A. Huntington |
rumen Treponema diet |
J. A. Huntington1, N. J. Evans2, A. M. Mackenzie1, S. Clegg2, S. D. Carter2 |
1Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom, 2University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom |
Commensal Treponema sp. are present in the rumen. More recently, digital dermatitis Treponema have been identified within the rumen implicating the gastrointestinal tract as a reservoir for infection. Diet can affect Treponema community composition. Two studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of diet on Treponema survival in ruminal cultures. Both studies were conducted in continuously fed in vitro rumen cultures (~1 L), maintained at 39°C and continuously infused with artificial saliva (McDougal’s buffer) and inoculated with 50% rumen fluid (sheep) and supplemented with Treponema phagedenis (grown separately). In the first study cultures were fed diets based on either grass or maize silage (low and high starch, respectively) supplemented with protein derived from either soyabean meal or urea in a 2x2 factorial design, repeated 3 times. In the second study continuous culture vessels were fed diets based on either fermented whole crop wheat (WCW), urea treated WCW or maize silage. Urea was supplemented to balance all diets to ~183g/kgCP. Culture pH was manipulated by providing either full or half strength buffer to the vessels to create a 3x2 factorial design repeated 3 times. PCR analysis using Treponema specific primers was used to assess Treponema survival based on the presence of their DNA (since dead Treponema were assumed to be degraded or wash out) and statistically analyzed by Chi-squared test. Results from the first study found that Treponema DNA was detected in diets based on maize (P < 0.01) but not in grass silage-based diets. Protein type had no effect on presence of Treponema DNA (P > 0.05). In the second study half strength saliva reduced culture pH (5.58 and 6.28 for half and full strength respectively, P < 0.05). Treponema DNA was only detected in diets containing maize silage and not in diets containing WCW or urea treated WCW. Culture pH had no effect on detection of Treponema DNA (P > 0.05) and no buffer strength × Diet interaction (P > 0.05) was observed. It was concluded that the inclusion of maize silage in the diet had a positive effect on digital dermatitis Treponema survival. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86576 |
Watch |
2288W |
Effect of supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on udder health and milk yield after intramammary challenge with S. uberis. |
6 |
Q. K. Kolar |
mastitis |
Q. K. Kolar1, K. C. Krogstad1, Z. Rodriguez2, V. Mavangira2, T. H. Swartz1, I. Yoon3, B. J. Bradford1, P. L. Ruegg2 |
1Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA |
Immunomodulatory alternatives to antimicrobials have been developed as an alternative for managing clinical mastitis (CM), including NutriTek (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, Iowa) a postbiotic product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation (SCFP). A randomized complete-block design study was conducted to determine the effects of SCFP supplementation during intramammary challenge with Strep. uberis on somatic cell score (SCS), number of viable bacterial colonies in milk, and milk production. Healthy Holstein cows (n = 37; parities 1–5; > 120 DIM) were enrolled if their pre-trial test-day SCC was < 200,000 cells/mL and they had no history of CM in the preceding 60 d. Cows were blocked by bovine leukemia virus status (Pos; Neg), and parity (1, 2+) then randomized to treatment (SCFP; control diet) in 4 cohorts based on week enrolled. Cows were fed SCFP (top-dressed on TMR) at 19 g/d for 45 d before being challenged with S. uberis 0140J in one rear quarter. Quarter milk samples were collected for SCC and bacterial quantification for 5–7 d following challenge and milk weights were recorded daily. The effect of SCFP on number of bacterial colony-forming units/mL of milk (cfu), SCS, and milk production was analyzed using linear mixed regression models with repeated measures, including fixed effects of treatment, time, temperature-humidity index (THI) and 2-way interactions, and random effects of cow and cohort. Days to CM was analyzed using Cox regression. Milk cfu and SCS increased with time (P < 0.001). Treatment did not affect cfu, SCS, DMI, or milk yield (P > 0.27). Milk fat yield was affected by an interaction of THI and Treatment (P = 0.02) such that milk fat yield was reduced for CON as THI increased. Although the median time to CM was 3.5 d for CON and 5.0 d for SCFP, treatment did not affect the CM hazard ratio (P = 0.24). However, using the Cox model, an association between days to CM and cohort was observed for cohort 4 (P < 0.049). Preliminary analysis suggests supplementation with SCFP did not influence cfu, SCS and hazard ratio for CM in cows challenged with S. uberis during the 5–7 d post challenge period. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86607 |
Watch |
2289W |
Serum pregnancy-associated glycoprotein during late gestation in dairy cows: Risk factors and associations with postpartum health. |
7 |
T. C. Bruinjé |
pregnancy reproduction transition health |
T. C. Bruinjé1, E.I Morrison1, E. S. Ribeiro2, D. L. Renaud1, S. J. LeBlanc1 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objectives were to characterize factors associated with circulating pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) in late gestation and the associations between prepartum PAG and postpartum health. Pregnant Holstein heifers (n = 409) and cows (n = 801) from 2 commercial dairy herds in Ontario were enrolled at 257 (±3) d of gestation, and PAG was measured in serum samples using a commercial ELISA [Bovine Pregnancy Test Kit, Idexx; reported as sample-to-positive ratio (S:P)]. Following parturition, serum concentrations of total Ca, haptoglobin, and NEFA were assessed at d 2 and 6 (±2). Blood β-hydroxybutyrate and metritis were assessed at d 4, 8, 11, and 15 (±2), and cows were examined for purulent vaginal discharge and endometritis by endometrial cytology at wk 5. Body condition score and lameness were assessed from enrollment until wk 9, and additional disease information were obtained from farm records. Factors associated with PAG were analyzed using multivariable mixed linear regression models. Continuous values of prepartum PAG S:P and variables associated with prepartum PAG were included in mixed logistic regression models to evaluate the risk of health and reproduction events. Overall mean (±SD) PAG S:P was 43 (±15), and it was greater in cows in their first, second or third gestation compared with fourth or greater gestation (LSM ± SE: 48 vs. 45 ± 2.3; P < 0.01), in cows with a prepartum body condition ≥3.75 (1–5 scale) than <3.75 (49 vs. 45 ± 2.3; P < 0.01), and in cows bearing twins compared with singletons (51 ± 2.7 vs. 43 ± 2.2; P < 0.01). A 5-unit increase in S:P was associated with reduced odds of hypocalcemia (Ca ≤ 2.1 mM) at d 6 (OR: 0.91; 0.86–0.97; P < 0.01) and displaced abomasum (OR: 0.84; 0.73–0.97; P < 0.01), and increased first service pregnancy risk (OR: 1.08; 1.03–1.13; P < 0.01). As a potential marker of placental function, PAG differed in late gestation among cows of different parities and body condition, and in those bearing twins. Although not associated with retained placenta or uterine health, PAG was positively associated with metabolic health and subsequent reproduction. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86618 |
Watch |
2290W |
Disease in one lactation is associated with greater incidence of the same disease in the subsequent lactation in dairy cows. |
8 |
L. B. Rangel |
health postpartum disease dairy cow |
L. B. Rangel1, C. K. Mak2, J. E. P. Santos2, K. N. Galvão2, A. Vieira-Neto1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to evaluate if having disease in one lactation is associated with the likelihood of developing the same disease in the subsequent lactation. A total of 13,761 cow-lactations from 6,179 Holstein cows from farms located in California (n = 2) and Florida (n = 2) were used in this retrospective study. Data were retrieved from farm management software from 2007 to 2013 and included dystocia, clinical hypocalcemia, retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, ketosis, and mastitis. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and included the fixed effects of previous lactation disease, parity group (primiparous-multiparous; n = 3,428 vs. multiparous-multiparous; n = 4,203), the interaction between history of disease and parity group, and the random effect of farm. Having dystocia in one lactation increased the odds (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.48; 1.21–1.80) of having dystocia in the subsequent lactation (25.5 vs. 18.8%). Having retained placenta increased the odds (AOR = 1.63; 1.20–2.22) of having retained placenta in the subsequent lactation (9.5 vs. 6.0%). Having metritis increased the odds (AOR = 1.68; 1.43–1.97) of having metritis in the subsequent lactation (19.0 vs. 12.2%). Having clinical hypocalcemia increased the odds (AOR = 13.3; 4.7–37.6) of having clinical hypocalcemia in the subsequent lactation (19.7 vs. 1.8%). Having ketosis increased the odds (AOR = 1.91; 1.30–2.79) of having ketosis in the subsequent lactation (32.5 vs. 20.2%). Having displaced abomasum increased the odds (AOR = 3.68; 1.21–11.20) of having displaced abomasum in the subsequent lactation (1.35 vs. 0.37%). Having mastitis increased the odds (AOR = 2.10; 1.57–2.80) of having mastitis in the subsequent lactation (16.8 vs. 8.8%). For all diseases analyzed, the interaction between history of disease and parity was not significant. Cows with history of disease in a lactation are more likely to develop the same disease in the subsequent lactation, likely because of a genetic component in the pathogenesis of postpartum diseases. Also, the results suggest that the adaptive immune response to a previous infectious diseases may not last until the subsequent lactation to reduce likelihood of that disease. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86738 |
Watch |
2291W |
Microbial virulence genes in rectal swab samples are correlated with environmental, metabolic, and gut health stressors in US dairy cows. |
9 |
A. M. Lange |
gastrointestinal pathogens stress qPCR |
A. M. Lange1, E. A. Galbraith1, R. P. Arias2, S. R. Fensterseifer2, S. Son1, M. R. King1 |
1Microbial Discovery Group, Franklin, WI, 2United Animal Health Inc, Sheridan, IN |
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders involving C. perfringens, Salmonella, and virulent E. coli are frequently associated with morbidity, mortality, and production loss in dairy cows, and many factors including nutrition, immune status, and environmental or metabolic stressors such as heat stress and transition may influence disease severity. The goal of this study was to determine how quantities of key microbial populations in dairy cows differed by health status, parasite carriage, lactation stage, and season. A qPCR panel was used to quantify key microbial virulence and marker genes in rectal swab samples from cows and heifers (n = 856) from 41 commercial dairy farms across 12 states between 2018 and 2021. Survey data included recent health history, age, stage of lactation, and health observations from the day of sampling. Symptoms including diarrhea, ketosis, displaced abomasum and off feed events were used to classify cows with GI stress. Average gene quantities in cows and heifers with differences in GI health status, parasite carriage, lactation stage, or season were compared using Welch’s t-test or one-way ANOVA and P-values were computed with a Bonferroni correction for 10 gene targets. In cows with symptoms of GI stress, total E. coli ZnT and E. coli virulence genes eaeA, enteroaggregative stable toxin EAST1 (P < 0.001), O157 marker (P = 0.004), as well as C. perfringens α toxin gene cpa (P < 0.001) and the bovine coccidia Eimeria bovis (P < 0.001) were elevated relative to healthy cows. Cows positive for an E. bovis marker gene had higher levels of C. perfringens (P = 0.016), E. coli (P < 0.001), and several E. coli virulence factors. Microbes differed by production stage, with the highest virulence gene loads for total E. coli (P < 0.001), Salmonella (P = 0.012) and E. bovis (P = 0.003) occurring in fresh and/or early-lactation cows. Seasonality also affected pathogen loads, with E. bovis (P < 0.001), E. coli (P < 0.001), and 6 E. coli virulence genes elevated in summer, and Aspergillus flavus (P < 0.001) peaking in autumn. Understanding the impact of these stress conditions on key groups of GI microbes can provide opportunities for specific and targeted microbial control strategies to promote animal health. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86814 |
Watch |
2292W |
Survey of Salmonella populations from dairy farms across the United States. |
10 |
M. N. de Jesus |
Salmonella serotyping dairy |
M. N. de Jesus1, J. S. Thompson1, J. M. Rehberger1, A. H. Smith1, T. G. Rehberger1 |
1Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI |
Salmonella are gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family, and a cause of enteric, reproductive, and sometimes systemic infection in cattle. Some serovars of importance in both the cattle industry and public health are Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica (S.) Dublin, Anatum, Montevideo and Newport. S. Dublin is a cattle specific host-adapted serotype and a major cause of infection in the industry. The objective of this survey was to characterize Salmonella populations to give further insight on the diversity of Salmonella on dairy farms across the United States. From December 2015 to December 2021, 5,781 cow and calf fecal samples representative of commercial dairies in the US were collected from 212 farms across 22 states and tested for Salmonella. Fresh fecal grabs were collected, held on ice, enriched 1:10 in tetrathionate broth (Difco) with 2% iodine and 1% brilliant green additives within 24 h, and incubated overnight at 37°C. After incubation, samples were struck out on XLT-4 agar and incubated as before. Black colonies on XLT-4 agar were considered presumptive Salmonella and up to 10 isolated colonies were harvested into tryptic soy broth. DNA was extracted from each isolate and confirmed as Salmonella via PCR detection of the invA gene. The CRISPR2 array region was sequenced for presumptive serovar identification. Of the 2,611 cow samples, 843 were Salmonella positive (32.3%). Of the 3,170 calf samples, 251 were Salmonella positive (7.9%). A total of 3,044 Salmonella isolates were collected and identified. The same dominant serovars were found in both cow (n = 2,356) and calf (n = 688) fecal samples and were identified as S. Cerro (33.4% and 11.2% prevalence in cows and calves, respectively), S. Montevideo (26.1% and 25.9%) and S. Meleagridis (25.5% and 13.1%). Serovars S. Kentucky and S. Newport were more abundant in cow fecal samples compared with calves, while S. Dublin, S. Muenster and S. Anatum were more abundant in calf fecal samples. These data give a better understanding of Salmonella populations in dairy systems across the US which can be used in future research to identify improved methods of Salmonella control. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86843 |
Watch |
2293W |
Association between metabolomic profile of uterine luminal fluid at late diestrus and incidence of postpartum nonuterine clinical diseases. |
11 |
B. Mion |
disease fertility histotroph |
B. Mion1, M. R. Carvalho1, J. F. W. Spricigo1, E. Ticiani1, O. B. Pascottini2, S. J. LeBlanc2, F. S. Lima3, E. S. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between postpartum nonuterine diseases (NUTD) and the uterine luminal fluid (ULF) composition at late diestrus in dairy cows. Eighty-eight cows were followed from calving to 60 DIM for diagnosis of clinical diseases. Cows diagnosed with uterine diseases in the first 21 DIM were excluded (n = 13). Cows diagnosed with mastitis, hoof lesions, respiratory or digestive problems were classified as having NUTD (n = 9; DIM at diagnosis: 19 ± 15). Cows without any clinical disease were classified as healthy and used as a control group (CONT; n = 66). All cows had their estrous cycle synchronized using the 7-d CIDR Synch program, and the day of the final GnRH injection was considered d 0. Transcervical flushing of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum was performed on d 14 (59 ± 3 DIM). A subset of 12 good quality flushings (>50% recovery and no visible contamination of blood; CONT = 6, NUTD = 6) were selected for mass spectroscopy (MS) analyses of primary metabolites (ALEX-CIS GC-TOF MS), complex lipids (CSH-QTOF MS/MS), and oxylipins (UPLC MS/MS). Statistics were performed in MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (single molecules) or SAS (group of molecules) using a linear model that included the effects of experimental group, parity, and their interaction, and 2 periods of sample collection. There was no difference in abundance of primary metabolites between CONT and NUTD. Compared with CONT, ULF of NUTD had reduced abundance of 3 complex lipids (DG 38:5, DG 34:1, and LPE 18:3, FC > 2.0, P < 0.05). Two oxylipins were more abundant (9,10- DiHOME and 8,9-DiHETre, FC > 2.0, P < 0.05) and 2 were less abundant (PGE1 and 9-nitrooleate, FC < 0.5, P < 0.05) in ULF of NUTD cows compared with CONT. In addition, NUTD cows had reduced concentrations of oxylipins derived from oleic acid (2.8 vs 0.9 ± 0.5 nM /L, P = 0.03) and tended to have reduced concentrations of oxylipins derived from docosahexaenoic acid (11 vs 4 ± 2 nM/L, P = 0.10). Occurrence of NUTD in the first month postpartum was associated with modest changes in ULF composition at late diestrus 2 mo after calving. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86845 |
Watch |
2294W |
Immunomodulatory product supplementation on performance, blood metabolites, and immune response in mid-lactation dairy cows. |
12 |
T. C. Michelotti |
immunity whole-blood assay OmniGen AF |
T. C. Michelotti1,2, N. A. Carpinelli1,3, R. Mohan1,4, E. Trevisi5, B. D. Humphrey6, J. D. Chapman6, J. S. Osorio1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 3Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil, 4Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kelara, India, 5Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy, 6Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ |
The objective was to determine the effects of supplementing an immunomodulatory product [Omnigen AF (OG); Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ] on performance, blood metabolites, and immune response of mid-lactation dairy cows. Forty Holstein cows (109 ± 45 DIM) were used in a randomized complete-block design with a 7-d adaptation followed by an 84-d treatment period (12 wk). Cows were blocked according to parity, DIM, and milk yield and randomly assigned to a basal diet (1.70 Mcal of NEL/kg and 16.3% CP) top-dressed with 227 g/d of ground corn (CON; n = 20) or 171 g/d of ground corn and 56 g/d of OG (n = 20). Milk yield and DMI were measured daily, while body weight and body condition score were measured weekly. Milk samples were analyzed weekly for fat, protein, SCC, and MUN. Blood monocytes and neutrophils were determined weekly via flow cytometry. At 0, 6, and 12 wk, blood samples were collected for a) energy and muscle mass catabolism biomarkers; b) whole blood stimulation assay (WBSA) with LPS; and c) neutrophils (PMNL) isolation and LPS stimulation for gene expression. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. For repeated measured analysis, the covariance structure was chosen between AR(1) and ARH(1) based on smallest AIC. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P ≤ 0.10. We observed no diet effect on performance parameters. Blood neutrophils were greater (P = 0.05) in cows fed OG. There was a trend (P < 0.10) for a diet × time (D × T) interaction in blood urea and creatinine, where OG cows had lower levels than CON at 6 wk. In the WBSA, a D × T interaction (P < 0.01) for IL1β and IL6 indicated that CON cows had greater levels at 6 and 12 wk. These results were reflected in an overall diet effect (P < 0.01) for greater IL1β and IL6 in CON cows than OG. There was a trend (P = 0.10) for OG cows to have lower NO2. PMNL gene expression showed an upregulation (P < 0.01) of NFKB1 in OG cows, while a trend (P < 0.10) for a D × T interaction for MYD88 showed lower levels in OG cows than CON at 6 wk. Overall, effects on cytokines and neutrophil activation markers might suggest a faster resolution of inflammation in OG cows after an in vitro LPS challenge. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86997 |
Watch |
2295W |
Characterization of clinical mastitis according to herd size, somatic cell count, and production system in Brazilian Southern herds. |
13 |
R. Almeida |
bovine mastitis pathological agents |
L. L. Damasceno1,2, S. T. Guerra2, C. D. Neufeldt2, E. M. Ribas2, H. P. Janssen2, M. K. Ortiz2, M. V. Santos3, R. Almeida1 |
1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 2Negócios Leite, Castrolanda Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Castro, PR, Brazil, 3Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil |
The objective of this study was to survey the distribution of agents causing clinical mastitis, as well as to evaluate different frequencies of identification of these pathogens according to the type of installation (semi-confined [n = 20], compost barn [n = 6], and freestall [n = 14]) herds, somatic cell count (SCC), and daily milk yield. Herds were classified into 3 SCC categories: low SCC (<206 × 103 cells/ml; n = 13), moderate SCC (from 207 to 270 × 103 cells/ml; n = 14), and high SCC (>271 × 103 cells/ml; n = 13) herds. Herds were also grouped by daily milk yield; small (<2,610 L/d; n = 13), intermediate (2610–5,856 L/d; n = 14), and large (>5,856 L/d; n = 14) herds. Microbiological cultures (n = 2,672) of milk samples were carried out from animals that showed signs of clinical mastitis, distributed in 40 herds from Paraná State, Southern Brazil, from August 2020 to December 2021. For the cultures, chromogenic culture media based on qualitative colorimetric method was adopted. Data were evaluated using a logistic regression from the GENMOD procedure from SAS. Freestall herds showed a lower proportion of negative samples (36.3%; P = 0.01), a lower proportion of gram-positive pathogens (71.8%; P < 0.01), and a higher incidence of gram-negative bacteria (24.1%; P = 0.02), particularly Klebsiella spp. (7.5%; P < 0.01), compared with semi-confined and compost barn herds. Regarding SCC categories, high SCC herds showed a higher proportion of positive samples (62.5%; P < 0.01), a lower proportion of negative ones (32.3%; P < 0.01), a higher incidence of E. coli (19.1%; P < 0.01) and a lower incidence of Klebsiella spp. (2.8%; P < 0.01) than low and moderate SCC herds. Finally, regarding herd size (number of lactating cows and daily milk yield), large herds showed a higher incidence of positive samples (60.9%; P < 0.01), a lower incidence of negative ones (34.9; P < 0.01), a lower incidence of gram-positive (72.4; P < 0.01), and a higher incidence of gram-negative (23.5%; P = 0.04) than intermediate and small herds. We concluded that herd size, SCC category, and production system impacted the incidence of agents causing clinical mastitis. |
| Animal Health Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t87048 |
Watch |
2296W |
Changes in uterine metabolome associated with metritis development and cure in lactating Holstein cows. |
14 |
E. B. de Oliveira |
metabolomics uterine health disease |
E. B. de Oliveira1,2, J. V. M. Pereira2,3, D. R. Williams1,2, H. F. Monteiro1, P. Menta4, V. S. Machado4, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Veterinary Medicine Teaching Research Center, Tulare, CA, 3Federal University of Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 4Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
The objectives were to characterize cows’ uterine metabolome changes associated with metritis development and cure in cows receiving or not antimicrobial treatment. Animals used in this cohort study were from trials conducted in 2 dairies located in CA and TX. Cows were examined for metritis at 4, 7, and 9 DIM using the Metricheck device. Cows with fetid, watery, and reddish-brown uterine discharge were classified as metritic and randomized to receive ceftiofur (n = 163) or remain untreated (n = 164). Cure was defined as an absence of fetid, watery, reddish-brown uterine discharge at 14 d after enrollment. Vaginal discharge samples were collected from 86 cows within 6 h after parturition, at 4 and 7 DIM, at metritis diagnosis, and at 4 and 7 d after metritis diagnosis. Seventeen out of 66 animals had metritis (MET) and were randomized to receive ceftiofur (n = 10) or remain untreated (n = 7). MET cows were paired with counterparts without any signs of metritis at any point of metritis diagnosis (NoMET) and similar DIM and parity (n = 49). The average days postpartum for metritis development was 6 DIM. Uterine metabolome was evaluated using untargeted gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MetaboAnalyst software was used for data normalization and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Comparing NoMET with MET cows at calving, 12 metabolites were upregulated, and 1 was downregulated (P < 0.05). The number of significant different metabolites (P < 0.05) at 4 and 7 DIM were 51 and 74, respectively. After metritis development, 3 and 5 metabolites were upregulated in cows that cured and in cows that received treatment and cured, respectively. In all scenarios, the metabolites lignoceric, malic, and maleic acids, ornithine, and hypotaurine, which are associated with arginine/aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and taurine/purine metabolism, were upregulated in NoMET cows. This study demonstrates that metritis was associated with changes in the uterine metabolome. Also, cows not curing metritis had significant changes in the uterus metabolome even if receiving ceftiofur or remained untreated. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9936 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86660 |
Watch |
2297W |
Gas production by Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis WDCO4 is increased in Cheddar cheese containing sodium gluconate. |
1 |
K. Sorensen |
gluconate nonstarter lactic acid bacteria decarboxylase |
D. McMahon2, K. Sorensen1, M. Domek1, T. Oberg2, C. Oberg1 |
1Weber State University, Ogden, UT, 2Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis can use gluconate (GLCN) as well as galactose as an energy source. Since sodium GLCN can be added during salting of Cheddar cheese to reduce calcium lactate crystal formation, our objective was to determine if the presence of GLCN in cheese is a risk factor for unwanted gas production. Ribose was added to promote growth of P. wasatchensis WDC04 to high numbers during storage. Cheddar cheese was made with lactococcal starter culture with the addition of WDC04 in 3 trials. After milling, the curd was divided into 6 12-kg portions. To the curd was added (A) salt, or salt plus (B) 0.5% galactose + 0.5% ribose, (C) 1% Na GLCN, (D) 1% Na GLCN + 0.5% ribose, (E) 2% Na GLCN, (F) 2% Na GLCN + 0.5% ribose. A vat of cheese without added WDC04 was made using the same milk and a block of cheese used as a control. Cheeses were cut into 900-g pieces, vacuum packaged and stored at 12°C for 16 wk. Each month bags were examined for gas production and cheese was sampled and tested for lactose, galactose and GLCN content, and microbial numbers. In the control cheese, WDC04 remained below the detectable level of 104 cfu/g, while in cheeses A, C and E it increased to an average of 1.6 × 107 cfu/g, and when ribose was included (cheeses B, D and F) it increased to an average of 2.9 × 108 cfu/g. The plating protocol precluded other NSLAB present at detectable levels. The amount of gas (measured as headspace height or calculated as mmoles of CO2) during 16 wk storage was increased by adding WDC04 and galactose or GLCN to the curd. Except for cheese D, the other cheeses with GLCN added (C, E and F) showed only a modest decline in GLCN levels until wk 12, even though gas was being produced starting at wk 4. Based on calculations of CO2 in headspace plus CO2 dissolved in cheese, galactose and GLCN added to cheese curd only accounted for half of total gas production. It is proposed that CO2 was also produced by decarboxylation of amino acids. Although WDC04 does not have all the genes for complete conversion and decarboxylation of the amino acids in cheese, this can be achieved in conjunction with lactococcal starter culture. Current research is underway to confirm this hypothesis. In conclusion, adding GLCN to curd can now be considered another confirmed risk factor for unwanted gas production during the storage of Cheddar cheese. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86928 |
Watch |
2300W |
Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes populations are stable in saturated brines at refrigeration for up to 14 days. |
2 |
B. Riesgaard |
cheese brine pathogen |
B. Riesgaard1, R. S. Moriarty1, J. Waite-Cusic1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |
Salt brines are used in cheese making to facilitate the introduction of sodium chloride to the matrix of freshly made cheese. Salt assists in slowing fermentation and supporting desired changes in microbial populations and preventing quality deterioration due to microbial activity. Wet brines, like those used in Gouda production, are a pH-adjusted saturated salt solution with calcium chloride added to prevent softening during brining. These wet brines are often reused for months (sometimes indefinitely) before being replaced. Microorganisms, including pathogens, could be introduced into the brine tank which could serve as a potential reservoir for contamination of subsequent batches of cheese. The objective of this study was to determine the relative survival of pathogenic (n = 2/species) strains of E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes in brines stored at 4°C and 20°C for up to 14 d. Brines were prepared with flake salt (NaCl; 250 g/L) and CaCl2 (3.75 g/L) and the pH was adjusted with 5% acetic acid to pH 5.2. Inocula were prepared by culturing individual strains in tryptic soy broth with yeast extract (TSBYE) for 24 h to a cell density of approximately 9 log cfu/ml. The diluted inocula was used to directly inoculate saturated brine to approximately 7 log cfu/ml. E. coli and L. monocytogenes survivors were enumerated using standard serial dilution and spread plating on Eosin Methylene Blue and Oxford Listeria agars, respectively, with incubation at 37°C for 48 h. E. coli strains were reduced by 0.0 log cfu/ml and 1.7 log cfu/ml after 14 d of storage at 4°C and 20°C, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes strains were reduced by 0.4 log cfu/ml and 1.7 log cfu/ml after 14 d of storage at 4°C and 20°C respectively. Lower levels of survivors were consistently noted for each strain at 20°C as compared with 4°C at 14 d. At 4°C, L. monocytogenes showed some variability in survival by strain. This research may be helpful for cheesemakers in mitigating pathogen risk in brines. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86751 |
Watch |
2301W |
Using milk permeate powder to create lactose-6-phosphate as a substitute for disodium phosphate in the manufacture of process cheese. |
3 |
K. A. Alsaleem |
processed cheese lactose-6-phosphate emulsifying salts |
K. A. Alsaleem1,2, L. E. Metzger1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia |
Process cheese (PC) is a dairy product made by mixing dairy and nondairy components and then heating the mixture with agitation to create a homogeneous product with a long shelf life. Lactose-6-phosphate (LP) is a lactose-derived chemical molecule with the potential to function as an emulsifying salt. The purpose of this work was to create a method for producing PC using LP made by milk permeate powder (MPP). LP was prepared by dissolving MPP and disodium phosphate (DSP) in distilled water at ratio of 28.32 and 1.41%, respectively. The pH of the solution was adjusted using sodium hydroxide to a pH of 12. The solution was stirred for 3 d at room temperature, and then it was refrigerated for a day. The solution was separated into 2 layers. The bottom layer was diluted with distilled water with a ratio of 1:2. Activated carbon was used to remove the brown color from the solution. Activated carbon was mixed and set for 5 min at room temperature and then it was filtered. The steps were repeated 7 times to have a colorless solution. Then it was evaporated to achieve 70% total solids (TS) in the final solution. The ingredient in the PC formulations were Cheddar cheese, butter, water, MPP, and LP (8%) and were formulated to contain 17% protein, 25% fat, 43% moisture, and 2% salt. PC with 2.5% DSP was also produced as a control. The experiment was repeated 5 times using different batches of LP. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected in the TS of PC; however, the pH of PC made with LP (5.8) was slightly higher than control (5.7). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in the cooked viscosity between LP and control. The cooked viscosity of LP was 2032 cP, while it was 1,378 cP in control. The hardness of PC made with LP was not different (P > 0.05) as compared with control. The melted diameter decreased (P < 0.05) from 41 mm in control to 34 mm in LP, while the melting temperature of PC increased (P > 0.05) from 43.2°C in control to 46.5°C in LP. We conclude that LP can be produced using MPP and utilized as a substitute for DSP in PC manufacture. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86825 |
Watch |
2302W |
A preliminary study on the production of lab-scale Cheddar cheese with the addition of a dairy based peptide fraction: Changes in composition, peptide profile and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. |
4 |
B. V. Iesalnieks |
composition bioactive peptides angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
B. V. Iesalnieks1, R. A. Ibáñez2, B. W. Bolling1, J. A. Lucey1,2 |
1Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Food-derived bioactive peptides (BP) may inhibit activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Cheese products are considered one of the most prevalent sources of BP due to their liberation from milk proteins during manufacture and ripening. While the BP of natural cheeses have been extensively studied, research to improve their bioactive properties with the direct addition of a BP ingredient is absent. This is of interest as the BP profile of treated cheese may be modified to generate beneficial biological effects after consumption. The objective of the current study was to produce a natural Cheddar cheese on lab-scale (400 mL milk/vat) with supplementation of a bioactive dairy based ingredient. The developed method produced Cheddar cheese from pasteurized milk (CN:fat ratio of 0.68:1.00) with the addition of a <3 kDa BP isolate (BPI; 84% protein), obtained from a whey protein hydrolysate, at increasing levels during dry-salting [0 (Control), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (wt/wt) curd]. After 14 d of ripening at 4°C, all treatments met the standard of identity for Cheddar cheese (<39% moisture and > 50% Fat-in-dry matter) and exhibited similar pH values (P > 0.05); however, incorporation of BPI up to 5% resulted in increased protein and reduced fat contents, 3% and 4% respectively (P < 0.05). BPI treatments led to qualitative changes in the water-soluble (WS, < 3 kDa) peptide profile when evaluated by RP-HPLC. WS extracts of 5% BPI treated cheeses increased inhibition of recombinant human ACE2 by 16% when compared with Control samples (P < 0.05). These results suggest the bioactive properties of cheeses made on lab-scale may be influenced by the addition of BPI. Further research will consider changes in cheese manufacture protocols to target similar composition among treatments, as well as evaluating the impact of ripening on peptide profiles and RAS regulating enzymes. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86459 |
Watch |
2303W |
Effect of ultrasound and emulsifying salts on the functional properties of processed cheese. |
5 |
K. A. Alsaleem |
ultrasound processed cheese emulsifying salts |
K. A. Alsaleem1,2, A. R. A. Hammam1, L. E. Metzger1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia |
Processed cheese (PC) is a dairy product that is not made directly from milk but rather is created by mixing dairy and nondairy ingredients at a specific temperature and speed to create a homogenized product with a long shelf life. Emulsifying salt (ES) is a critical component in PC production due to its effects on calcium sequestration and pH of the final product. The ultrasound process (US) could be used to enhance the properties of PC. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of US (432 J g−1) on the functional properties of process cheese with 3 levels of disodium phosphate (DSP) as an ES (1, 2, and 3%). The ingredients in PC formulations were Cheddar cheese, butter, water, milk permeate powder that were formulated to produce PC with 17% protein, 25% fat, 44% moisture, and 2% salt. PC with 3% DSP and no US was also produced as a control. The PC was prepared by mixing all ingredients in a kitchen aid to make a homogeneous paste. The mixture of 200 g was ultrasonicated at 432 J g−1. A 25 g sample of the mixture was cooked in the rapid visco analyzer for 3 min at 95°C with 1,000 rpm for the first 2 min and 160 rpm for the last min. The PC was then transferred into molds and refrigerated till further analyses. The experiment was repeated 3 times using different batches. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected in the moisture and pH of PC. The end apparent viscosity of US PC increased (P < 0.05) from 900 to 1,560 cP as the percentage of ES increased from 1 to 3%, while it was 1,667 cP in control. The hardness, melted diameter, and melting temperature of US PC made with 3% ES was not different (P > 0.05) as compared with control, but it was different (P > 0.05) within US PC made with 1 and 2% ES. The functional properties of US PC increased significantly with elevating ES. The outcome provides that US could be utilized in the PC manufacture to reduce ES. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86554 |
Watch |
2304W |
Effect of milk protein fractionation on sensory quality of a hard goat milk cheese. |
6 |
B. Bjørgan |
protein fractionation sensory and goat cheese |
B. Bjørgan1, S. Skeie1, P. Varela2, A. G. Johansen3,1 |
1Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway, 2Sensory, Consumer Sciences and Innovation, Nofima As, Nofima Ås, Norway, 3TINE SA, Oslo, Norway |
A hard goat milk cheese was made from protein fractionated milk (5% casein). The protein fractionation was performed using microfiltration (MF) and diafiltration (DF), resulting in a different casein/TS ratio in the milks. The resulting cheeses was evaluated by sensory QDA profiling after 20 weeks of ripening. Cheeses were made in 3 replicate blocks (days) from control goat milk (without fractionation) (C), fractionated milk (MFM) and fractionated and diafiltrated milk (MFD) over 2 different lactation stages (spring and fall), giving in total 18 different vats of cheese. The cheeses were ripened for 20 weeks before sensory and chemical analyses. By comparing the C cheese with the MFM and MFD, large differences in sensory properties were revealed. Cheeses made from fractionated milk were perceived as less sour but also less mature than the C cheeses. Diafiltration contributed to a more bitter taste and more rubbery cheese texture in the MFD cheese than in the MFM and C cheeses. In the C cheese a clear effect of lactation was observed on the sensory attributes, with more granular and dry texture in the spring and more sticky texture in the fall. No clear effect of lactation stage could be observed in the cheeses made from MFD and MFM milk regarding the sensory properties. The sensory results were confirmed by the chemical analyses of the cheeses. The FFA in the cheeses was analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and cheeses made from MFM and MFD milk had a different profile of FAA than the C cheeses. The C cheeses had higher contents of free GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), Arg and Ser while cheeses made from MFM and MFD milk had higher contents of Phe, Glu and Trp, revealing a very different ripening activity in these cheeses. The differences in FAA could most probably be explained by the significant (P < 0.001) differences in cheese pH. The C cheeses had the lowest pH, showing a pH of 5.07 ± 0.1 in 24 h cheese and 5.18 ± 0.02 after 20 weeks of ripening. Cheeses made from MFD milk had the highest start pH (5.24 ± 0.04) and pH after ripening (5.67 ± 0.07), while cheeses made from MFM milk showed a slightly lower start pH (5.18 ± 0.03) and pH after ripening (5.52 ± 0.09). Although, the FAA revealed a difference in the FAA composition due to the stage of lactation in the C and MFM cheeses, this was not shown by the sensory analysis, and we suggest that fractionation can be used to level out the lactation stage effects with regards to sensory quality. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86116 |
Watch |
2305W |
Feeding concentrates with different protein sources to high-yielding Norwegian Red cows: Effect on cheese-making efficiancy. |
7 |
M. A. Olsen |
cheese yield cheese-making efficiency protein source |
M. A. Olsen1, S. A. Ferneborg1, S. Skeie1 |
1Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway |
Sustainable meat- and milk production is essential for future agricultural production in Norway, and a primary goal is food production based on national feed resources. Norway is a country with a challenging climate for agriculture with only 3% cultivated land. There is a need in the world to develop novel, sustainable, non-food protein sources that can be used in animal diets to allocate possible food protein to the increasing human population. The main objective of this experiment is to make the dairy industry more competitive and innovative by developing novel, sustainable, non-food protein feed ingredients from yeast i.e Cyberlindnera jadinii. The yeast may be produced by fermentation of sugars derived from spruce trees, where enzyme technology has been used to convert the cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using Cyberlindnera jadinii as a protein source in rations to dairy cows on cheese-making efficiency in order to provide knowledge to ensure that the use of novel yeast microbial protein sources as cow feed does not have a negative effect on the production and the quality of Gouda cheese. Three different concentrates were tested (soy, yeast (Cyberlindnera jadinii) and barley), in the feed of 48 Norwegian Red cows in early/mid lactation. Cheeses were made during week 8 and 9 of the experiment, and 4 cheese vats (replicate blocks) were made from milk from each experimental group. Milk composition were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared technology. “Yeast” (2.76 ± 0.02a) and “soy” (2.79 ± 0.04a) milk had a higher concentration of casein than “barley” (2.65 ± 0.01b) milk. “Yeast” (29.00 ± 3.92b) milk had a shorter renneting time compared to “barley” (38.25 ± 4,99a) milk. “Yeast” (10.35 ± 0.15b) and “Soy” (10.33 ± 0.24b) milk both gave a higher cheese yield compared to “barley” (9.87 ± 0.17a) milk. This experiment showed that the concentrate feed clearly influenced the efficiency of cheese production with regards to coagulation and yield and that the yeast Cyberlindnera jadinii can substitute soy and barley as a protein source without having a negative effect on the production of cheeses. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86467 |
Watch |
2306W |
Manufacture of clean-label process cheese products using culture-based acid curd and micellar casein concentrate. |
8 |
A. R. A. Hammam |
process cheese products micellar casein concentrate acid curd powder |
A. R. A. Hammam1, R. Kapoor2, L. E. Metzger1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL |
Process cheese product (PCP) is a dairy food prepared by blending dairy ingredients with nondairy ingredients and then heating the mixture to get a product with an extended shelf life. Emulsifying salts (ES) are critical for the desired functional characteristics of PCP because of their role in calcium sequestration and pH adjustment. The objective of this study was to produce PCP without ES using different ratios of protein from acid curd/casein (90.1% protein on a dry basis and pH of 4.6) and micellar casein concentrate (MCC; 77.4% protein on a dry basis) powders. Three PCP treatments were formulated with 3 different ratios of acid curd: MCC including 2.0:1.0, 1.9:1.1, and 1.8:1.2 on a protein basis. The composition of PCP was targeted to 19.0% protein, 45.0% moisture, 30.0% fat, and 2.4% salt. This trial was repeated 3 times using different batches of acid curd and MCC powders. All PCP were evaluated for their final functional properties. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected in the composition of PCP made with different ratios of acid curd and MCC except for the pH, which was expected to increase with elevating the MCC amount in the PCP formulations. Additionally, the calcium content elevated slightly with increasing the MCC in the formulations; however, this increase was not significant. The end apparent viscosity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 2.0:1.0 formulation (4,305 cP) compared with 1.9:1.1 (2,408 cP) and 1.8:1.2 (2,499 cP). The hardness ranged from 407 to 512 g with no significant differences (P > 0.05) within the formulations. However, the melting temperature showed significant differences (P < 0.05) with 2.0:1.0 having the highest melting temperature (54.0°C), while 1.9:1.1 and 1.8:1.2 showed 43.0 and 42.0°C melting temperature, respectively. The melting diameter (38.8 to 43.9 mm) and melt area (1,183.9 to 1,538.6 mm2) did not differ among PCP formulations. The 2.0:1.0 PCP formulation showed better functional properties compared with other formulations. We concluded that PCP with different ratios of protein from acid curd and MCC could be produced with no ES. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86462 |
Watch |
2307W |
Characteristics of Mozzarella cheese substitute manufactured with no emulsifying salts using culture-based acid curd and micellar casein concentrate. |
9 |
A. R. A. Hammam |
imitation mozzarella cheese acid curd micellar casein concentrate |
A. R. A. Hammam1, L. E. Metzger1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Mozzarella cheese substitute or imitation Mozzarella cheese (IMC) is a dairy, partial dairy or nondairy food that is prepared by blending dairy and nondairy ingredients with continuous heating and mixing to produce a homogeneous product to yield a similar functionality to Mozzarella cheese. IMC is typically used as a low-cost substitute for Mozzarella cheese. Emulsifying salts (ES) are critical in IMC formulation to achieve a desired final product due to their role in calcium sequestration and pH adjustment. The objectives of this study were to develop a process to produce acid curd from micellar casein concentrate (MCC) using starter cultures and to manufacture IMC using a combination of acid curd and MCC that would provide the required emulsion capacity without the use of ES. The composition of IMC was targeted to 18.0% protein, 49.0% moisture, 20.0% fat, and 1.5% salt. In the IMC formulation (FR-2:1), the acid curd was blended with MCC in a 2:1 ratio based on the protein content. Additional dairy and nondairy ingredients (milk permeate, vegetable oil, and salt) were also utilized in the formulations. Control IMC formulation was made with rennet casein as the protein source and ES. This trial was repeated 3 times using 3 different batches of acid curd. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected in the pH of IMC made from control (5.7) and FR-2:1 (5.4). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the end apparent viscosity (5,711.0 cP for control and 7,500.0 cP for FR-2:1), hardness (301.0 g for control and 95.0 g for FR-2:1), melting temperature (55.5°C for control and 50.0°C for FR-2:1), and stretchability (12.5 and 12.3 cm for control and FR-2:1 IMC, respectively). While the melt diameter (29.4 mm for control and 31.6 mm for FR-2:1) and melting area (679.6 mm2 for control and 783.1 mm2 for FR-2:1) showed significant differences (P < 0.05). We concluded that IMC with no ES (FR-2:1) could be produced with similar characteristics to control IMC except for melt diameter and melt area, which could be due to the pH differences. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86466 |
Watch |
2308W |
Manufacture of a novel cultured micellar casein concentrate ingredient for dairy food applications. |
10 |
A. R. A. Hammam |
micellar casein concentrate cultured based acid curd acid curd powder |
A. R. A. Hammam1, R. Kapoor2, L. E. Metzger1 |
1Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL |
Micellar casein concentrate (MCC) is a high-protein ingredient that is typically produced using 3 stages of microfiltration (MF) with a 3 × concentration factor (CF) and diafiltration (DF). The objectives of this study were to produce MCC using MF membranes and develop a process to produce a novel culture-based acid curd powder ingredient. Skim milk was pasteurized at 76°C for 16 s and then microfiltered (MF) in 3 MF stages using a 0.1 μm graded permeability (GP) ceramic membrane. The skim milk was MF in a 3 stages process at 50°C with a 3 × CF and DF to get MCC with > 9% true protein (TP) and > 13% total solids (TS). Part of the MCC was spray-dried to produce MCC powder. The rest of the MCC was used to produce acid curd. The MCC was fortified with milk permeate as a source of lactose and inoculated with 0.5% starter cultures at 43°C to get the pH of 4.6 in 10–14 h. The curd was subsequently cut, drained, washed, and pressed. The curd was then milled and dried in the fluid bed at 70–75°C outlet temperature for 3–4 h. The dried curd was then milled to produce acid curd powder. The skim milk, MF permeate, liquid MCC, modified MCC, acid curd, acid whey, MCC powder, and acid curd powder were compositionally analyzed. This trial was repeated 3 times using 3 different batches of skim milk. The skim milk had approximately 0.7, 3.4, 0.3, 0.9, 0.6, 9.0, and 4.4% ash, TN, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), noncasein nitrogen (NCN), serum protein (SP), TS, and lactose, respectively. The fortified MCC had 1.4% ash, 10.9% TN, 0.2% NPN, 1.4% NCN, 1.2% SP, 17.4% TS, and 4.2% lactose. The curd prior drying showed approximately 1.0, 36.4, 0.7, 1.3, 0.6, 40.4, and 0.80% for ash, TN, NPN, NCN, SP, TS, and lactose, respectively. The acid curd powder had approximately 2.0% ash, 86.9% TN, 2.2% NPN, 2.3% NCN, 0.08% SP, 96.4% TS, and 1.4% lactose. The acid curd prior drying and acid curd powder were successfully produced from MCC. Future studies will be performed to utilize the acid curd and MCC powders at different ratios in process cheese products formulations and examine the functional properties of the cheese. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t87087 |
Watch |
2309W |
Reduction in the antigenicity of beta-lactoglobulin in whole milk powder via supercritical CO2 treatment. |
11 |
R. Venkatram |
supercritical CO2 beta-lactoglobulin antigenicity |
R. Venkatram1, I. García-Cano1, R. Jiménez-Flores1 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
Cows’ milk allergy (CMA) is a common phenomenon in early childhood (<5 years of age) with an occurrence rate between 0.50 to 4.9%. Fluid milk and its by-products continue to be one of the most affordable sources of complete nutrition with established health-promoting effects such as brain and cognitive development during early infancy, lowering blood pressure, restoring muscle function and bone health. The most prevalent allergen in cows’ milk is believed to be β-lactoglobulin (β-LG). Several approaches, including thermal treatment, hydrolysis, and high hydrostatic pressure, have been studied over the past decade to mitigate its allergenicity. Supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) treatment has found a wide array of applications in dairy and allied industries in extraction of high components from numerous food matrices. The objective of this study was to modify the antigenicity of β-LG in whole milk powder using ScCO2. For this study, whole milk powder was treated with food-grade CO2 at temperatures of 50, 63 and 75°C under operating pressures of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 bar respectively. All treatments and analysis were performed in triplicates. Proteins were visualized and quantified using SDS-PAGE which yielded fuzzy bands indicative of an increase in molecular weight and demonstrated a maximum of 71.13 ± 0.29% decrease in the band intensity of β-LG under treatment conditions of 75°C/300 bar for 30 min (Student’s t-test; P < 0.05). Lighter and diffused bands were observed using Western blot analysis and preliminary data indicates a significant reduction of 53.51 ± 1.82% in the antigenicity of β-LG at 75°C/300 bar using ELISA (Student’s t-test; P < 0.05). Periodic staining indicated presence of sugar moieties in bands corresponding to β-LG thereby confirming posttranslational modifications. This study demonstrates an alternative approach to mitigate β-LG antigenicity via denaturation and lactosylation using hydrophobic ScCO2. ScCO2 treatment appears to be a promising approach with low environmental impact to overcome allergenicity associated with CMA and presents a great opportunity for further research. |
| Dairy Foods Posters 3: Cheese and Processing |
In-Person Poster |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86047 |
Watch |
2310W |
Process development for the manufacture of nonfat dry milk with whey proteins as fibrils. |
12 |
G. Rathod |
nonfat dried milk fibrilization viscosity |
G. Rathod1, S. Beckman2, J. Amamcharla1 |
1Kansas State Univerisity, Manhattan, KS, 2Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Nonfat dry milk (NDM) is used in a wide range of dairy and food products to increase the milk solids. NDM is classified based on the end product use as low heat, medium heat, or high heat depending on the level of whey protein (WP) denaturation. In the current work, whey proteins were selectively converted as fibrils in the manufacture of NDM and characterized in terms of viscosity, emulsification capacity, foaming capacity, and foam stability. Fresh skim milk (SM) was microfiltered (MF; 0.1 μm MWCO membrane) and subsequently the MF permeate was ultrafiltered (UF; 10 KDa membrane) to obtain 2% WP concentration in the UF retentate. The pH of UF retentate was adjusted to 2 and heated at 80°C for 14 h to convert WP into matured fibrils. After fibrillation process, the pH of UF retentate was readjusted back to 6.7. The UF retentate containing WP fibrils, UF permeate, and MF retentate streams were combined to produce fibrillated SM. Similarly, Control SM was also prepared without converting whey proteins into fibrils. Fibrillated and control SM were spray-dried using a 2-stage spray dryer (inlet and outlet temperatures: 190°C and 82°C, respectively) to manufacture fibrillated NDM (F-NDM) and control NDM (C-NDM). The experiment was conducted using 2 independent lots of SM. Higher Thioflavin T fluorescence value and presence of visible fibrils in transmission electron microscopic image confirmed the presence of WP fibrils in F-NDM. The C-NDM and F-NDMs were reconstituted to assess functional properties. The reconstituted F-NDM (at 10%,15%,20% wt/wt TS) showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher apparent viscosity (at 100 s−1) than C-NDM. Further, F-NDM showed a 10.25%, 11.70%, 18.88% increase in emulsification capacity, foaming capacity, and foam stability, respectively. F-NDM showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower surface tension (measured at air-liquid sample interface) and interfacial tension (measured at oil-liquid sample interface). Results of the study suggest that F-NDM can be used to improve the functionality of dairy products and reduce the use of synthetic thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. |
| Growth & Development Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9942 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth & Development Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85893 |
Watch |
2312W |
The effect of a blend of rumen-protected B vitamins on the performance of calves during the weaning period. |
1 |
O. AlZahal |
protected B vitamins dairy calf weaning |
R. Roszkos1,2, O. AlZahal3, D. Bouchut4 |
1Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllo, 2ADEXGO Ltd, Balatonfüred, Hungary, 3AlZahal Innovation and Nutrition, Kitchener, ON, Canada, 4Jefo Nutrition, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada |
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a blend of rumen-protected B vitamins (RPBV) on the performance of female dairy calves during the weaning period on a Hungarian dairy farm. The calves were allocated into 4 consecutive batches containing 20 calves each. The experimental groups received either RPBV or no RPBV (control) in alternating order. In the first 4 d of age, the calves received their dams’ milk. Between 5 to 67 d of age, calves received 6 L/d (170 g/L DM) of milk replacer in 2 feedings. Then, from 68 to 75 d of age, they received 3 L/d of the milk replacer in 2 feedings. Solid feeds were given ad libitum to the calves. A calf concentrate (37% triticale, 30% corn, 23% soybean meal, 10% premix, and minerals) was given from 10 to 30 d of age. From 31 until 75 d of age (weaning), a mash feed was offered (37% grass hay, 22% soybean meal, 15% triticale, 15% corn, 6% premix and minerals, and 6% wheat straw). After weaning, calves received a dry TMR (35% corn silage, 23% grass hay, 14% soybean meal, 10% triticale, 10% corn, 4% premix and minerals, and 4% wheat straw). Three g/calf per d of RPBV (thiamine, folic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid) was included in the mash diet 21 d before weaning and in the TMR for 21 d postweaning (total of 42). No added B vitamins for control groups. Animals were weighed individually on d 1 and d 42 of age to calculate total weight and average daily gain. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure (SAS v. 9.4) using batch as a fixed effect. Initial BW was used as a covariate in final BW and ADG analysis (mean adjustment). Calves receiving RPBV gained 26% more than the control calves (+8.5 ± 1.4 kg, P < 0.001) during the 42-d duration of the trial. The average daily gain for RPBV calves was 178 ± 0.3 g/d more than that of the control calves (22% increase, P < 0.001). Final body weights were 7% greater for RPBV compared with the control (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the addition of the rumen-protected B vitamin blend to the diet of growing dairy female calves can improve their performance and well-being during the stressful weaning period. |
| Growth & Development Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86468 |
Watch |
2313W |
The effects of probiotic supplementation on pre and post wean Holstein dairy calf performance. |
2 |
L. Widmer |
calf probiotic |
L. Widmer1, E. Meissner2, D. Ledgerwood3, D. Vagnoni2, H. Rossow1 |
1University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, 3Chr. Hansen, Milwaukee, WI |
Feeding probiotics have been shown to improve performance of calves. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a probiotic fed daily on average daily weight gain, feed efficiency, intake, hip and shoulder growth in dairy heifer calves. A total of 259 Holstein heifer calves from a large California dairy were enrolled within 48 h of birth. Calves were placed into 2 treatment groups: 1) control and 2) B. subtilis, B. lichenformis, L. animalis, and P. freudenreichii probiotic (Bovamine Dairy Plus, Chr. Hansen, Milwaukee, WI). The control group was administered 0.5g of lactose in milk once a day from birth to weaning and then 0.75g in grain from weaning to 90 d. The treatment group was given 0.5g (1.1 × 1010 cfu2/g) probiotic in milk once a day from birth to weaning (60 d) and then 0.75g (1.65 × 1010 cfu2/g) probiotic in grain from weaning to 90 d. Calves were weighed before they entered the hutch (18 −24 h) serum for total protein determination using a refractometer and hip and shoulder height were measured within 24–48 h of birth and then again at 90 d. A subgroup of 63 calves was monitored for intake. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS (SAS Institute v. 9.4, 2021). All serum blood proteins were greater than 6.0 g/dL indicating adequate passive transfer. There were no differences between treatments in initial body weight, initial shoulder height, initial hip height, hip and shoulder growth, body weight gain or ADG. Least squares means feed efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) was higher in the control (1.68) vs. the probiotic (1.44) fed calves (P = 0.04). Therefore, supplementing an effective probiotic improved feed efficiency but did not impact other measures of growth in heifer calves through 90 d of age. |
| Growth & Development Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86551 |
Watch |
2314W |
Re-evaluating calf passive immunity status: What is the maximum sampling age for IgG guidelines? |
3 |
M. C. Cantor |
colostrum management calf |
M. C. Cantor1, H. McCarthy2, A. J. Lopez2, A. P. Baide2, M. A. Steele2, D. L. Renaud1 |
1University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Canada |
The objective was to evaluate the maximum age to sample a calf for total immunoglobulin status (IgG) to ensure correct classification of transfer of passive immunity status using the updated total IgG guidelines (poor <10 g/L IgG, fair 10–17.9 g/L IgG, good 18.0–24.9 IgG and excellent > 25.0 g/L IgG). Calves (n = 196) had blood samples taken 1 h postnatal for baseline IgG and again after colostrum feeding at 24 h postnatal and daily to d 7. These calves were in a concurrent trial and fed twice daily either: 14 d milk replacer (MR), 2 d transition milk + 12 d MR, 14 d 10% colostrum replacer + MR, or 2 d transition milk + 12 d 10% colostrum replacer + MR. The total IgG status for the calves at each time point was determined by radial immunodiffusion assay. We evaluated the association of treatment and age with total IgG using a repeated measures linear mixed regression model and used Bonferroni corrections to adjust for total IgG comparisons by day. We also assessed the cumulative probability of a calf being in a different IgG category (IgG cat) in contrast to peak IgG at 24 h using a repeated-measures ordinal logistic regression model, with birthweight as a covariate and calf as the subject. There was no association of treatment with IgG cat or total IgG (P > 0.10). At d 1, total IgG was 26.3 ± 0.36 g/L IgG (P < 0.01 95% CI:25.6–26.9 LSM ± SEM) with 58% (114/195), 32% (63/195), 9% (17/195), and < 1% (1/195) of calves with excellent, good, fair, and poor IgG status, respectively. All days were different in total IgG from d 1 (P < 0.01). By d 3, calves were 6.6 times more likely (OR P < 0.01 CI:4.6–9.6) to be in a lower IgG cat than d 1. By d 4, calves were 15.4 times more likely (OR P < 0.01 CI:10.0–23.6) to be in a lower IgG cat than d 1. By d 7, calves were 84.3 times more likely (OR P < 0.01 CI:47.0–151.1) to be in a lower IgG cat than d 1. At 7 d, total IgG was 14.2 ± 0.36 g/L IgG (P < 0.01 CI:13.5–14.9) with 3% (6/192), 15% (29/192), 58% (112/192), and 23% (45/192) of calves with excellent, good, fair, and poor IgG status, respectively. We suggest that clinicians sample calves at 3 d maximum for accurate classification of herd IgG status. |
| Growth & Development Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86004 |
Watch |
2315W |
Effects of in utero choline exposure on growth and metabolism in weaned Angus × Holstein calves. |
4 |
W. E. Brown |
beef developmental programing feed conversion |
W. E. Brown1, H. T. Holdorf1, S. J. Johnson1, H. M. White1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Feeding rumen-protected choline (RPC) to late gestation dairy cows has potential to affect growth in offspring, which may enhance profitability. Our objective was to investigate RPC dose and formulation on calf growth from 2 to 9 mo of age, and feed efficiency (FE) at 8 mo. Multiparous Holstein cows with male (M; n = 17) or female (F; n = 30) Angus-sired calves were enrolled 21 d prepartum and randomly assigned to treatment (trt): 0g (control; n = 12; CTL), 15g (recommended dose; n = 10; RD), or 22g (high dose; n = 12; HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (n = 13; RPC2; Balchem Corp.) or the RD of choline ion (RPC1; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control). Calves were individually housed and fed milk replacer 2x daily at 0.8 kg DM/d until 2 mo. From 2 to 6 mo, calves were group housed and offered 2.3 kg grain/hd/d (42% CP) with ad libitum grass hay, and stepped up to a complete finishing diet from 7 mo (12.0% CP; 1.4 Mcal/kg NEg). Weight and height were measured monthly. FE was measured in individual pens for 35d at 8 mo. Feed offered and orts were measured daily and blood sample obtained on d18 during FE period. Mixed models were used in PROC MIXED (SAS v 9.4) with the fixed effects of trt, sex, time and their interactions, and the random effect of calf. Month was the repeated measure using spatial powers covariance with preplanned orthogonal contrasts. FE and blood data were analyzed with the fixed effect of dam choline intake as a continuous variable (g choline/kg dam metabolic body weight). Feeding RPC2RD increased hip height vs. CTL (114 vs. 111 cm, P < 0.05). Overall, RPC increased hip and wither height compared with CTL (P < 0.001), and increasing RPC dose increased hip and wither height (P = 0.03). Trt and sex interacted on DMI (P = 0.02) whereby increasing RPC intake linearly increased DMI for M, but not F. Increasing RPC intake linearly decreased plasma insulin (b = −10.1 µg/L; P < 0.01) and tended to decrease glucose (b = −89.2 mg/dL; P = 0.06). There was no effect of dam choline intake on FE at 8 mo. Mechanisms of action for intrauterine choline exposure on offspring growth and metabolism should be explored. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9950 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85959 |
Watch |
2316W |
Relationship between resumption of ovarian cyclicity, and nutritional and inflammatory blood biomarkers in lactating dairy cows. |
1 |
A. Ahmadzadeh |
blood biomarkers ovulation |
A. Bilton-Smith1, D. Konetchy1, J. Dalton2, W. Price1, A. Ahmadzadeh1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 2University of Idaho, Caldwell, ID |
The relationships between inflammatory blood biomarkers, disease, and postpartum ovarian cyclicity have not been thoroughly investigated. The objective was to examine the relationship between BCS, glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHO), free cholesterol (FCHO), serum amyloid A (SAA), and first postpartum ovulation in dairy cows. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 67) were monitored from 2 wk prepartum to 8 wk postpartum. Weekly blood samples, BCS and ultrasonography were conducted to characterize inflammatory responses, blood progesterone, and ovarian structures. Retrospectively, cows were divided into 2 groups; early ovulation (EO, < 28 DIM; n = 21) vs late ovulation (LO > 28 DIM; n = 46) or healthy (H; n = 40) vs sick (S; n = 27). Mean days to ovulation were 20.6 and 37.5 ± 1.3 for EO and LO, respectively. BCS decreased over 8 wk in both groups, but EO had a greater BCS than LO (2.8 ± 0.09 vs 2.5 ± 0.06, P = 0.02). The rate of BCS loss overtime was greater (P = 0.03) in LO than EO. Mean CHO concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in EO than LO. The rate of increase in CHO over 8 wk tended to be greater for the EO group (P < 0.08). There was no difference in SAA, FCHO, or GLU concentrations between EO and LO. Mean days to ovulation were longer in S than H (32.4 ± 1.8 vs 27.8 ± 1.1 d). Differences between H and S mean CHO concentrations were variable, however, H was greater than or equal to S in wk 2 to 8 (0.01 < P < 0.1). The rate of increase of CHO overtime tended to be greater in H cows compared with S (P = 0.07). In wk 1, the mean SAA concentrations in S were greater than H cows (138 ± 13.4 vs 76.1 ± 11.1 ug/mL, P < 0.01). Mean SAA decreased between wk 1and 2 in S, whereas it remained unchanged in H. There was no difference between H and S regarding BCS, FCHO, or GLU concentrations. These results provide evidence that BCS and blood CHO concentrations during the early postpartum are associated with the timing of the first postpartum ovulation. Blood CHO and SAA concentrations are also associated with the presence of disease, but are more variable. These markers may be of use in helping identify cows experiencing disease and delayed ovulation. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86242 |
Watch |
2317W |
Correlation between the IGF-1 concentration in plasma and preovulatory follicles of Holstein Friesian cows under farm conditions. |
2 |
C. Schiffers |
IGF-1 IGFBP follicle |
C. Schiffers1, H. Grothmann2, A. Kassens2, K. Mense2, L. Sommer1, M. Sommer3, M. Schmicke1 |
1Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Health Management, Halle, Germany, 2Masterrind GmbH, Verden, Germany, 3Agrargenossenschaft Helmsdorf eG, Gerbstedt, Germany |
Follicular fluid (FF) provides nourishment for the oocyte and contains important hormones, such as IGF-1. IGF-1 is secreted from granulosa/cumulus cells and gets filtrated from plasma into the FF. The plasma IGF-1 concentration is negatively affected by various of factors e.g., metabolic load, lactation number, milk yield, ketosis, infectious illnesses. Moreover IGF-1 is bound to 7 high affinity binding proteins (IGFBP). IGFBPs hinder the interaction of IGF-1 with the receptor, which is why only free IGF-1 is biological active. During follicular development specific proteolysis of IGFBP-2, −4 and −5 sets IGF-1 free. However, it is unclear if additional IGFBPs from the plasma are filtrated into the FF and influence the free IGF-1 level. We hypothesized a) that the plasma IGF-1 level correlates with total IGF-1 concentration in FF and b) that the IGFBP pattern between blood and FF is similar. For one month in total 45 out of 325 Holstein cows (21 – 124 mo) were monitored. Ovary ultrasound (detection of cyclicity) and BCS were assessed on d 30 ± 2 and 50 ± 2 after calving. Healthy cows with either a corpus luteum (CL) and/or a follicle were selected for Pre-Synch (n = 25). After PGF2α injection the ovary status was followed up by transrectal ultrasound and only cows that appropriately reacted (regression of CL, increase in follicular size) were selected for ovum pick up (OPU; n = 17). FF (IGF-1,IGFBP pattern) as well as blood samples (BHB,IGF-1,IGFBP pattern) were sampled. The IGF-1 concentration in plasma was higher compared with FF (159.0 ± 37.0 versus 111.5 ± 31.3 ng/ml; P = 0.004), and there was a correlation between IGF-1 in plasma and FF (R2 = 0.37, P = 0.0170). The IGF-1 concentration was comparable between preovulatory and immature follicles (109.3 ± 26.5 versus 116.2 ± 12.3; P > 0.05). IGFBP-2, −3, −4 and −5 were detected in plasma and in FF. In conclusion, plasma IGF-1 seems to determine the total IGF-1 level in the FF. Further studies are needed to reveal the consequence of lower IGF-1 combined with a specific IGFBP pattern on the free IGF-1 concentration and thereby the effect on oocyte developmental competence. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86774 |
Watch |
2318W |
Exploratory study of the effect of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 treatment in multiparous cows on uterine microbiome. |
3 |
J. Silva |
recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) microbiome |
J. Silva1, L. Siqueira1, M. Zinicola2, M. Rodrigues1,3, R. Bicalho1,3 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI, 3Fera Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX |
Intrauterine infusion (IUI) of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) in postpartum cows improves DMI, milk yield and reduces disease incidence. The effects of rbIL-8 on the uterine microbiome (UM) are unknown. We therefore explored the effects of IUI of 500 μg of rbIL-8 on the UM of multiparous cows treated with rbIL-8 (n = 20) or placebo control (CTR, n = 20). Uterine swabs were collected before treatment (TRT, d0) and on d7. The extracted swab DNA was used for RT-PCR to measure the 16S gene copy number (bacterial load, BL) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to measure the relative abundance (RA) of bacterial genera. For metagenomics, the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, sequenced, and OTU generated based on the Greengenes database. Microbiome analysis focused on the genera Escherichia, Trueperella and Fusobacterium. The effects of TRT on the uterine BL and RA were analyzed with PROC MIXED. The BL was not affected by TRT (P = 0.67), but there was an effect of d (P < 0.05), and TRT by d interaction (P = 0.01). The BL in rbIL-8 did not change from d0 to d7, but CTR had an increase of ~1.5 log10 copy numbers from d0 to d7. There was no effect of TRT on the RA of Fusobacterium (P = 0.43) or Trueperella (P = 0.40). In contrast, although there was not effect of TRT (P = 0.62) for Escherichia, an effect of d (P < 0.001) and a TRT by d interaction (P < 0.001) was found. CTR had lesser RA of Escherichia on d7 compared with d0, whereas rbIL-8 had no change in Escherichia from d0 to d7. Based on BL and RA, we estimated the absolute numbers (ABN) of the 3 genera. There was not effect of TRT on ABN, but an effect of d (P < 0.05), and a TRT by d interaction for Fusobacterium (P = 003) and Escherichia (P = 0.003). The ABN of Fusobacterium in CTR were greater on d7 compared with d0, whereas rbIL-8 had similar numbers of Fusobacterium from d0 to 7. Moreover, the ABN of Escherichia in CTR was lesser on d7 compared with d0, whereas rbIL-8 had no effect. In summary, the IUI of rbIL-8 postpartum changed the UM by controlling the growth of pathogens, shown by a reduction in BL and ABN of Fusobacterium, which is associated with uterine disease. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86950 |
Watch |
2319W |
Association of anti-Mullerian hormone with genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate, ovulation, and pregnancy per AI in lactating dairy cows. |
4 |
S. Salman |
parity ovulatory response progesterone |
S. Salman1, A. J. Conley1, R. S. Bisinotto2, E. S. Ribeiro3, A. Kumar4, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Deprtment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, FL, 3Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 4Ansh Laboratories, Webster, TX |
This study's objectives were to evaluate the association of plasma concentration of anti-Mullerian (AMH) hormone at the first GnRH (G1) of breeding OvSynch in lactating Holstein cows with a genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate (GDPR) and ovulation response. We also evaluate the relationship of AMH at days −10, −8, −3, and 19 from timed AI on pregnancy per AI (PAI). In experiment 1 (Exp1), 519 lactating Holstein cows (Multiparous = 164; Primiparous = 335) with data available for GDPR, ovarian dynamics at G1, and pregnancy per AI (PAI) were used. In experiment 2 (Exp2), 698 cows with AMH concentrations at days −10, or −8, or 19 from timed AI were used to assess association with PAI. In Exp1, ultrasound exam and blood sampling were performed at the G1 and PGF2α given 7 d later (PG) to characterize AMH and P4 concentrations and ovarian structures/responses. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized lasso multivariable logistic regression on JMP SAS to correct multicollinearity. The final model for AMH at G1 had covariates parity, GDPR, total luteal and follicular volume, multiple follicles or corpus luteum, ovulation, and double ovulation at G1, body condition score, and plasma P4 concentration. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess if plasma concentration of AMH could predict ovulation at G1 and PAI. In Exp1, the mean plasma concentration of AMH was 259.2 ± 7.8 pg/ml at G1 and 259.5 ± 8.1 pg/ml. In Exp2, the AMH concentration was 304.4 ± 5.6 pg/ml. Ranges in Exp1 and Exp2 vary from 10.8 to 2057.1 pg/ml. AMH concentration was only affected by parity with multiparous having greater (P < 0.001) concentration of AMH at G1 (313.5 ± 19.2 vs. 243.6 ± 17.6 pg/ml) and PG (324.4 ± 16.4 vs. 237.9 ± 12.0 pg/ml) than primiparous. AMH could not (P > 0.05) predict ovulation at G1. In Exp2, the plasma concentration of AMH could not be used to predict pregnancy PAI (P > 0.05). In conclusion, AMH was only affected by parity and could not be used to predict GDPR, ovulation, or pregnancy. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86968 |
Watch |
2320W |
Association of plasma inhibins A and B with genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate, ovulation, and pregnancy per AI in lactating dairy cows. |
5 |
S. Salman |
parity ovulatory response progesterone |
S. Salman1, A. J. Conley1, A. Kumar2, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Ansh Laboratories, Webster, TX |
This study's objectives were to evaluate the association of plasma concentration of Inhibins A and B hormone at the first GnRH (G1) of breeding OvSynch in lactating Holstein cows with a genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate (GDPR) and ovulation response. We also evaluate the relationship of Inhibins A and B at days −10, and −3 from timed AI on pregnancy per AI (PAI). A subset of 519 lactating Holstein cows (Multiparous = 164; Primiparous = 335) with data available for GDPR, ovarian dynamics at G1, and PAI were used for the study. Ultrasound exam and blood sampling were performed at the G1 and PGF2α, given 7 d later (PG) to characterize plasma inhibin concentration, P4 concentration, and ovulation. Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized lasso multivariable logistic regression on JMP SAS to correct multicollinearity. Also, ROC analyses were performed to assess plasma concentration of Inbibin a and B as predictors for ovulation at G1 and PAI. The final multivariable model for Inhibins A and B had the covariates parity, GDPR, total luteal and follicular volume, multiple follicles or corpus luteum (CL), ovulation, and double ovulation at G1, body condition score, and plasma P4 concentration. The mean plasma concentration of inhibin A was 7.3 ± 0.7 pg/ml was 6.6 ± 0.3 pg/ml at G1 and PG, respectively. The mean plasma concentration of inhibin B was 15.0 ± 1.8 pg/ml and 4.5 ± 0.5 pg/ml at G1 and PG, respectively inhibin A ranged from 1.9 to 359.2 for and inhibin B ranged from 1.9 to 809.7. The results showed that neither inhibin A nor inhibin B could be used to predict ovulation (P > 0.05) or PAI (P > 0.05). Inhibin A but not B at PG was associated with parity and GDPR. Multiparous had lower (P = 0.02) Inhibin A at PG than primiparous (5.8 ± 0.5 vs.7.0 ± 0.5 pg/ml). Cows in the lower quartile (Q1) for GDPR had lower (P = 0.02) Inhibin A at PG than Q2, Q3, and Q4 (Q1 = 5.5; Q2 = 6.3, Q3 = 7.2, Q4 = 6.8 pg/ml) cows. In conclusion, inhibin A at PG was affected by parity and GDPR, but neither Inhibins A nor B could be used to predict ovulation and PAI. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86604 |
Watch |
2321W |
Hormone profiles at parturition in dairy cows. |
6 |
P. L. J. Monteiro |
cortisol estradiol prostaglandin F2α metabolite |
P. L. J. Monteiro1, W. S. Frizzarini1, E. M. Cabrera1, J. P. N. Andrade1, S. G. Schoenfeld1, L. L. Hernandez1, M. C. Wiltbank1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
This study aimed to evaluate the circulating concentrations of progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), testosterone (TST), cortisol (CTS), and prostaglandin F2a metabolite (PGFM) from 23 before until 3d postparturition. Additionally, we compared hormone profiles between cows with short vs. long gestation lengths. Twenty-eight d before expected calving date, primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows (n = 18; lactation = 2.3 and BCS 3.14) were blood samples daily from d-28 to −8, and 7 times daily at 1h intervals, from d-7 to d-1. After parturition (d0), cows were sampled at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 d after parturition. P4, E2, TST, and PGFM compared from d 260 to 270 of gestation in cows with shorter (n = 5; 277–279d) and longer (n = 5; 283–286d) gestation lengths. E2, TST and CTS were evaluated daily. P4 and PGFM were evaluated in daily samples and in the hourly samples. P4 and E2 were evaluated by RIA, and TST, CTS, and PGFM by ELISA. Data were analyzed by GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. At the end of gestation, P4 decreases (P < 0.01) gradually from d-23 to −2 (4.2 ± 0.4 to 1.6 ± 0.3 ng/mL, respectively) and rapidly decreased to nadir at calving (0.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL). In contrast, PGFM increases (P < 0.01) gradually from d-23 to −2 (138.9 ± 378.2 to 329.4 ± 299.4 pg/mL, respectively), and dramatically increases at calving (6,297.8 ± 299.4 pg/mL). E2 increases (P < 0.01) gradually from d-23 until calving (12.0 ± 34.2 to 307.7 ± 23.1 pg/mL, respectively), and reaches nadir after calving (4.3 ± 23.2 pg/mL on d3). TST decreases (P < 0.01) gradually from d-23 to 3 (153.5 ± 19.4 to 18.4 ± 14.2 pg/mL, respectively). CTS increases (P < 0.01) only at calving and decreases the subsequent day (2.7 ± 0.5 to 6.1 ± 0.6 to 3.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL for d-10, d0, and d1, respectively). Shorter gestation group had lower P4 (2.5 ± 0.2 vs. 3.9 ± 0.2 ng/mL; P < 0.01), and greater PGFM (251.1 ± 26.3 vs. 159.5 ± 26.3 pg/mL; P = 0.03) and E2 (73.0 ± 3.1 vs. 19.7 ± 3.1 pg/mL; P < 0.01) than the longer gestation. TST did not differ between groups. Thus, the first drop (d-23 to −2) of P4 is likely due to placental changes to E2 production instead of P4. The second P4 drop occurs due to luteolysis; therefore, occurring at the same time as the PGFM increase. CTS only increased at parturition. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86149 |
Watch |
2322W |
Whole-blood transcriptomic signature during early lactation of Holstein cows fed an immunomodulatory feed additive. |
7 |
M. Garcia |
OmniGen dairy cow immunity |
M. Garcia1, J. D. Chapman1, B. D. Humphrey1 |
1Phibro Animal Health Coorporation, Teaneck, NJ |
OmniGen AF (OG; Phibro Animal Health) is a feed additive with demonstrated effects in supporting the immune system of dairy cows. This study aimed to identify the whole-blood transcriptomic signature in early lactation Holstein cows fed OG. Cows (n = 16) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments at dry-off (60 d before expected calving date): CTL (no additive) or OG (56 g/cow/d). Blood was sampled postcalving at 1 (12–24 h), 7, 15, and 42 DIM. Isolated whole-blood RNA samples with RNA integrity number > 7 (5/treatment) were submitted for RNA sequencing (Novogene Co., Ltd.). Sequencing libraries were generated using NEBNext Ultra (NEB, Illumina, USA). Processed reads were mapped to the bovine genome. Differentially expressed genes (DEG, P < 0.05, DESeq2 R package) were used to run an enrichment analysis (clusterProfiler R package) of gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. Cows fed OG had 2,477, 894, 1772, and 463 DEG at DIM 1, 7, 15, and 42, respectively. Across all days, GO annotation revealed that OG resulted in a downregulation of genes involved in biological processes, molecular function and cellular components. More specifically, biological processes associated with anabolism, such as DNA replication, ribosomes, and translation, were all reduced. KEGG pathway analysis supported these results, with reduced ribosome pathway across all time points as well as reduced oxidative phosphorylation on 1 DIM, among others. Despite the reduction in anabolic GO terms and KEGG pathways, OG increased specific KEGG immune pathways on 1 and 7 DIM. Notably, pathways related to inflammation, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction on 1 DIM, and regulation of mucosal immunity, such as IL17 signaling on 7 DIM, were enriched in whole blood collected from cows fed OG. These findings suggest that immune cells from cows fed OG have reduced energy-demanding biosynthetic processes while maintaining a high level of immune competency. In addition, the inflammatory response to peripartum stressors was modulated in OG cows, potentially sparing energy for other economically important traits. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86592 |
Watch |
2323W |
Effects of 3 different prepartum diets on dry matter intake, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and mineral concentrations in multiparous Holstein cows. |
8 |
W. Frizzarini |
transition period dairy cow |
W. Frizzarini1, J. Diniz2, A. Vang1, P. Monteiro1, L. Hernandez1 |
1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 2Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil |
The objective of this study was to assess the dry matter intake prepartum (DMI), serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), total calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations, in cows fed 3 different prepartum diets. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 122) were randomly assigned to one of 3 diets: control (CON; +190.24 mEq/kg; n = 40), negative DCAD (DCAD; −64.71 mEq/kg; n = 41), and a diet with sodium aluminum silicate (XZ; +277.40 mEq/kg with 500 g/day X-Zelit, Protekta Inc., Lucknow, Ontario, CA/Vilofoss, Fredericia, DK). Dietary calcium levels were 0.78 ± 0.03%, 0.77 ± 0.03%, 0.79 ± 0.03% for CON, DCAD, and XZ, respectively. BHB (mg/dL), Ca (mmol/L), P(mg/dL), and Mg (mg/dL) were measured before start of treatments, and daily beginning 14d before parturition (D-14) until parturition (D0) and subsequently on d 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 35, and 49 postpartum. DMI (kg) was recorded daily beginning D-14 until D0. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with day as a repeated measurement. Models included treatment, day, and treatment by day interaction. CON and DCAD had higher DMI than XZ (13.51 ± 0.25, 13.11 ± 0.25, 11.92 ± 0.25, respectively; P < 0.01). On D-4, D-3, and D-2, XZ cows had increased BHB compared with CON and DCAD (P < 0.05). On D0, XZ cows had higher BHB compared with CON, but no differences were observed between XZ and DCAD or between CON and DCAD (6.89 ± 0.43, 7.24 ± 0.45, 8.30 ± 0.44 for CON, DCAD, and XZ, respectively). Ca was increased in cows fed XZ compared with CON during the prepartum (P < 0.05). On D0, cows fed XZ had the highest Ca concentrations, and cows fed DCAD had increased Ca compared with CON (2.18 ± 0.03, 1.95 ± 0.05, 1.86 ± 0.05, for XZ, DCAD, and CON respectively; P < 0.01). P concentrations were decreased in XZ cows compared with DCAD and CON cows in the prepartum period (2.67 ± 0.11, 5.22 ± 0.12, 5.08 ± 0.13, respectively; P < 0.05). On D0 CON had higher Mg (3.00 ± 0.10, 2.69 ± 0.10, 2.61 ± 0.10, for CON, DCAD, and XZ respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, XZ increased BHB and Ca concentrations and decreased DMI and P concentrations during the prepartum period. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86833 |
Watch |
2324W |
Systemic inflammation after intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenge alters gene expression and milk composition in noninflamed mammary glands. |
9 |
E. M. Shangraw |
milk composition inflammation milk fat RNA |
E. M. Shangraw1, T. B. McFadden1 |
1University of Missouri, Columbia, MO |
Coliform mastitis in a single mammary gland triggers systemic inflammation and reduces milk production in all mammary quarters. We determined how mammary function in noninflamed quarters is affected during the immune response to an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Eight Holstein cows were milked twice daily before experiment. Within each cow, one quarter with a somatic cell count (SCC) < 100,000 cells/mL was randomly assigned to receive an intramammary infusion of 50 μg LPS immediately after morning milking (0h). Quarter milk samples were collected immediately after milking, at 1, 3, 6h postmilking, and immediately before 12 h milking on d-1 and d0 to determine composition. Additional milk fat samples were collected at 1, 3, and 12h postmilking on d-1 and d0 for isolation of RNA and quantification of transcripts via qPCR. Symptoms of clinical mastitis developed within 3h in LPS-infused quarters. Cows had elevated rectal temperatures at 6h postchallenge and produced 29% less milk at 12h compared with pre-challenge yields. At 3 and 6h postchallenge, percentages of milk fat and lactose were lower while SCC was higher in LPS-challenged than in neighboring quarters (P < 0.05). In neighboring quarters, protein and lactose percentages were lower at 12h postchallenge compared with pre-challenge (P < 0.001), but milk fat was not different. By 12h, genes related to milk synthesis (FASN, LALBA) were downregulated in LPS-challenged quarters (P < 0.01) but not different in neighboring quarters. In contrast, 3 selected immune and stress-related genes (NFKBIA, PTX3, MTHFD2) were upregulated in both LPS-challenged and, to a lesser but significant degree, in neighboring glands (P < 0.05). In summary, changes in milk secreted by noninflamed quarters are linked to systemic immune and stress responses which may impact cellular metabolism but not to the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding milk-synthetic enzymes. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86106 |
Watch |
1425W |
Reducing endocannabinoid system activation by omega-3 fatty acids supplementation affects the proteome and phosphoproteome of insulin-stimulated adipose tissue in peripartum dairy cows. |
10 |
M. Zachut |
endocannabinoid adipose tissue insulin |
G. Kra1,2, J. R. Daddam1, U. Moallem1, H. Kamer1, R. Kocvarová3, A. Nemirovski3, G. A. C. Contreras4, J. Tam3, M. Zachut1 |
1Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel, 2Faculty of Agriculture, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel, 3Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, 4Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
In monogastrics, dietary omega-3 fatty acids (FA) reduce the activity of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). However, the effects of these FA on ECS are unknown in dairy cows’ adipose tissue (AT). We examined the effects of reducing ECS activity on the phosphoproteome and proteome related to insulin sensitivity in AT of peripartum cows. Thirty-five 256-d pregnant multiparous cows were individually fed: i) CTL – prepartum and postpartum (PP) common diets; ii) FLX – prepartum a diet containing 700 g/d/cow of extruded flaxseed supplement (Valomega 160, Valorex, France) providing C18:3n-3, and PP at 6.4% of diet (DM basis). At 5–8 DIM, a glucose tolerance test was conducted on 15 cows. At 20 min after glucose injection, AT was biopsied to obtain insulin-stimulated tissue. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses of AT were performed in 5 AT from each treatment using GC-MS/MS and nanoUPLC-MS/MS. A total of 2,309 proteins and 3,502 phosphopeptides were identified; 144 proteins and 169 phosphopeptides were differential by t-test between CTL and FLX, respectively [P ≤ 0.05 and fold change (FC) ± 1.5]. In phosphoproteomics, the enriched pathways in FLX vs. CTL AT were: Protein Kinase A Signaling, RHOA Signaling, Glycolysis I, p38 MAPK Signaling, LXR/RXR Activation, ERK/MAPK Signaling, Calcium Signaling, Insulin Receptor Signaling and AMPK Signaling. In proteomics, the enriched pathways were: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Acute phase Response Signaling, LXR/RXR Activation, Sirtuin Signaling, FXR/RXR Activation and Protein Ubiquitination Pathway related to insulin signaling. The differential regulation of phosphosite on a tyrosine residue (T1051) of phosphoinositide-5-phosphatase (SYNJ1; P = 0.04 and FC = 102.5) and MHC-class-I-region-proline-rich-protein (PPP1R10; P = 0.004 and FC = −151.7) were related to insulin receptor signaling. We present a complete map of phosphoproteome and proteome of AT in dairy cows with reduced ECS activation, and identified many unknown phosphorylation sites suggestive of increased insulin sensitivity in AT. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9955 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86062 |
|
2325W |
Adoption of automatic milk systems by Brazilian dairy farms. |
1 |
L. G. R. Pereira |
sensor precision livestock robotic |
L. G. R. Pereira1,3, R. R. Silvi2, C. A. V. Paiva1, T. R. Tomich1, M. M. Campos1, F. S. Machado1, J. R. R. Dórea3 |
1Brazilian Agricultural Reseach Corporation - Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 2Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Ba, Brazil, 3University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
The growing interest in AMS to reduce labor, maximize productivity, and increase welfare is noticeable in several countries. Information regarding AMS adoption, perception, and effectiveness in dairy farms could shed light on challenges that need to be addressed by scientific research and extension programs to improve AMS use in Brazil. The objective of this study was to quantify and understand the Brazilian AMS farms' profile. Factors such as willingness to invest in AMS, AMS metrics, farmer profile, farm characteristics, and production indexes were investigated. The quantification of farmers and AMS used in Brazil was obtained directly from the 4 companies that are selling AMS in Brazil (Boumatic, DeLaval, GEA, and Lely). Until 2020 there were 73 AMS farms and 143 AMS devices working in Brazil. The AMS are located mainly in the Southern states (76%), followed by southeast (19%) and Midwest (5%). A survey with 72 questions was developed and distributed via Google Forms, and 27(37%) returned the survey forms from July 2018 to December 2020. Regarding the size of the farms, 56% had less than 100ha, 37% from 100 to 500ha, and 7% more than 1,000 ha. The main systems used in AMS farms were the freestall (56%) and compost-backed pack (37%). The free flow (70%) was the main traffic system used by Brazilian farmers. The AMS metrics were (mean; SD): 3,768 ± 2,213 kg/day/farm; 31.30 ± 10.28 kg/cow/day; 120 ± 68 lactating cows/farm; 2.33 ± 1.41 AMS/farm; 1,724 ± 674 kg milk/AMS; 55.17 ± 14.8 cows/AMS; and 2.85 ± 0.37 milking/cow/day. The average of concentrate used per cow/day was 5.42 ± 1.5 and 5.5% of the cows demanded assistance to get milking. The main cow culling cause during the transition to AMS was teat recognition by AMS (57%), no adaptation to the AMS (34%), and lazy behavior (9%). The most important factors precluding investment in AMS were: wellbeing improvement (4.59 ± 0.68), milk yield improvement (4.48 ± 069), and labor flexibility (4.44 ± 0.63). AMS adoption decreased 28% of the staff involved in milking and 64% of time spent in milking procedures. Overall, the Bazilian AMS metrics is similar to farms in other countries. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86623 |
Watch |
2326W |
Do unbalanced databases affect the prediction of grazing behavior in cattle? |
2 |
L. H. Silva |
precision livestock data science |
L. H. Silva1, C. M. L. Silva1, E. G. Maziero1, M. A. C. Danes1 |
1University of Lavras, MG, Brazil |
The quality of data used to develop and validate prediction models may affect model performance and its application in commercial settings. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of data set balance among classifiers on grazing behavior prediction from sensor data. Data from 3-axis accelerometers located on the neck of Tabapuã heifers were matched with visual observations collected during 96 12-h grazing shifts to develop prediction models. Animal behavior was classified in grazing, ruminating and idle. The resulting data were unbalanced among the categories and predictions from the untreated data (UT) was compared with the ones from 2 data sets that were treated to balance the data by either removing or creating observations using NearMiss (NM) and SMOTE (SM) strategies, respectively. Prediction models were developed with Random Forest using Python and model performance was assessed by accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results are presented in Table 1. Overall accuracy decreased with NM, likely due to the reduction of the data set. Still, recall and F1-score for this treatment was better balanced across categories than in UT, demonstrating the importance of data balance on the predictions. Likewise, SM presented the most balanced precision, recall and F1-score across categories. However, despite the larger data set, SM overall accuracy was similar to UT, indicating that increasing number of observations helped to a certain extent, after which the quality of the data becomes more essential. The use of mathematical tools to artificially balance data sets for model development seems promising. However, it is important to notice that SM creates new data from the existing ones and thus the noise is also replicated. Table 1. The number of observations in thousand (n) of the categories: Grazing (GZ), Rumination (RM), and Idle (ID), and the model performance of the treatments: Untreated data (UT), NearMiss (NM), and SMOTE (SM)
| Trt |
Category |
n |
Precision (%) |
Recall (%) |
F1-Score (%) |
Accuracy (%) |
| UT |
GZ |
332 |
78 |
89 |
83 |
|
| |
RM |
151 |
70 |
67 |
68 |
|
| |
ID |
123 |
65 |
43 |
52 |
|
| |
Total |
607 |
|
|
|
74 |
| NM |
GZ |
123 |
70 |
73 |
72 |
|
| |
RM |
123 |
70 |
73 |
72 |
|
| |
ID |
123 |
66 |
61 |
64 |
|
| |
Total |
369 |
|
|
|
69 |
| SM |
GZ |
332 |
75 |
80 |
77 |
|
| |
RM |
332 |
79 |
78 |
78 |
|
| |
ID |
332 |
76 |
72 |
74 |
|
| |
Total |
997 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86136 |
|
2327W |
Evaluation of a selective dry-cow therapy on a New Mexico dairy farm. |
3 |
J. A. Garcia-Buitrago |
dry cow therapy somatic cells count |
J. A. Garcia-Buitrago1, J. M. Piñeiro2, R. Hagevoort1, J. Spencer2 |
1New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM, 2Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, College Station, TX |
Intramammary infusion with long-acting antibiotics on dry-off (dry cow therapy) is a common practice in dairy herds to cure existing infections and, decrease the risk of new infections, clinical mastitis cases, and the somatic cell count (SCC) during the early lactation. To evaluate a selective dry-cow therapy used on a New Mexico dairy, SCC records (2020–2021) from 2,136 multiparous cows were analyzed using a mixed repeated-measures model. A strict milking routine protocol was used in all cows, the linear somatic cell scores (LSCS) reported in the first 3 postpartum somatic cell tests (T1,2,3) were obtained from DairyCOMP 305 records. Selective dry-cow therapy (SDCT) was used in 999 cows with SCC >200,000 cell/ml at the last test before dry-off, and consisted of an intramammary infusion of Cloxacillin Benzathine in all functional quarters (TR), while cows with a SCC < 200,000 cells/ml did not receive treatment (NT). In addition, the effects of calving season (CS: Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring), lactation number (LN: 2,3,4, 5 or more), duration of the dry period (DP), days in milk at test (DIM), and milk production on test-day (MY) were considered in the model. The results showed a statistical difference (P < 0.001) for LSCS due to the effects of SDCT, CS, LN, DIM, and MY. The 3 SCC tests occurred at 74.9 ± 9.3 DIM and MY values for T1, T2, and T3 were 80.9 ± 23.2, 95.5 ± 21.3, and 94.4 ± 21.6 lb/day respectively (95% CI). The LSCS LS-means indicated a slightly higher value for the TR group (2.64 vs. 2.48); however, both groups had LSCS <3, indicating approximately SCC <72,000 cells (Shook and Saeman, 1983). LSCS were higher for cows that calved in summer and spring and lower for those that calved in winter and increased as LN increased. In successive SCC tests, LSCS values tended to increase marginally in the TR group and, in the NT group decreased between tests 1 and 2 and then increased slightly in the third. However, the LSCS values of both groups of cows ranged between 1.90 and 2.87. These results suggest that this selective dry cow therapy reduces SCC during the dry period and maintains acceptable SCC values in early lactation. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85936 |
Watch |
2328W |
Factors influencing the electrical resistance of dairy cattle and drinking water. |
4 |
R. Norell |
electrical resistance stray voltage dairy cow |
R. Norell1, A. Ahmadzadeh1, W. Sandberg1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
According to Ohm’s Law, current flow through a circuit is determined by the applied voltage divided by resistance. When cows are exposed to stray voltage, the current flow through their bodies varies depending on voltage and total pathway resistance. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of contact surface area and firmness of contact on electrical resistance through a muzzle to all hooves (M4) and shoulder to all hooves (S4) pathway. In a 3rd experiment, water samples were collected from 28 dairies and resistance was measured at 2 depths (8.9 and 17.8 cm) in a metal pail and 2 probe locations (water surface and 3.8 cm depth at 45 degrees). In experiments 1 and 2, 20 Holstein cows were moved to an electrically isolated chute where they stood on an electrically isolated concrete slab covered with a 2.5 cm of manure. In experiment 1, 3 flat aluminum probes differing in contact area (6.5, 25.8, 103.2 cm2) and a metal basket were sequentially applied to the cow’s muzzle with light or firm contact. In experiment 2, a metal pipe (5 cm diameter) was applied to one or both wetted shoulders with light or firm contact. The M4 pathway mimics a cow touching a dry metal surface with her muzzle and the S4 pathway mimics shoulder contact with a feed lockup. All data were analyzed as a randomized block design in SAS using Proc GLMMIX. In both experiments, electrical resistance was smaller for firm versus light contact (P < 0.001), decreased as contact area increased (P < 0.001), and the interaction was not significant (P > 0.2). In experiment 3, measuring below surface more closely represents the natural drinking position than on the surface. Water resistance was lower at a shallower depth (P < 0.001) and below the water surface (P < 0.001). The difference between measuring on surface and below varied linearly with water resistance (P < 0.01), but slopes and intercepts were not different (P > 0.5) between the 2 depths. In conclusion, at a given stray voltage level, electrical current flow will be greater when cows make firm contact with metal, touch a larger metal surface area, and when cows drink low resistance water. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86061 |
|
2329W |
Anaplasmosis prediction using microchip with a thermal sensor or clinical rectal thermometer. |
5 |
L. G. R. Pereira |
body temperature machine learning precision livestock |
G. M. Souza1, M. A. C. Danés1, V. A. Teixeira2, T. Bresolin3, T. R. Tomich4, J. P. P. Rodrigues5, S. G. Coelho2, J. E. F. Filho2, M. M. Campos4, L. G. R. Pereira4,3, J. R. R. Dórea3 |
1Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 3University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, 4Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 5Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil |
Calves' health assessments usually include measuring body temperature with a clinical rectal thermometer, which can be laborious, invasive, and stressful for the animal. The objectives of this study were to compare machine learning models to predict anaplasmosis based on data from rectal temperature or subcutaneously implanted microchips in dairy calves by 3 d in advance (−3 d) or at the day of clinical diagnosis (d0). Additionally, the effects of time-series length (5, 7, or 10d) used to define healthy and sick patterns on prediction quality were evaluated. Twenty-four Holstein calves with 132 ± 14 d of age and 146 ± 23 kg of body weight were challenged with 2 × 107 erythrocytes infected with the UFMG1 strain (GenBank no. EU676176) isolated from Anaplasma marginale. The animals were monitored by assessing the packed cell volume (PCV), and the lowest PCV value (15 ± 2.6%) characterized the animal as sick (d0). Microchip temperature data were collected daily by passive radiofrequency identification, and RT was measured by a clinical thermometer simultaneously. A sequence of 5, 7, or 10 d was randomly selected in a window of −50 to −15 d before d0 to ensure a data set where PCV was considered normal (32 ± 2.3%). Another sequence of −5, −7, or −10 d preceding d0 was used to determine a disease pattern. Long Short-term Memory was used as a predictive approach to detect sick events, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess models performance. The predictive performance of the models was not improved by more extended time series. With 5 d time-series, accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SEN), and specificity (SPE) for detecting anaplasmosis at d0 using microchip data were 73, 64, and 81%, while at −3 d they were 73, 76, and 70%, respectively. For the RT data on d0, ACC, SEN, and SPE were greater than 90%. At −3 d, ACC, SEN, and SPE were 81, 71, and 91%, respectively. Both devices can be used as an additional tool for the identification of anaplasmosis-related changes, and the microchip can be helpful for quick screening procedures in health check protocols. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85961 |
Watch |
2330W |
Effects of heat abatement during the preweaning on postweaning and first-lactation performances. |
6 |
A. B. Montevecchio |
heat abatement postweaning first lactation |
A. B. Montevecchio1, R. C. Chebel1,2 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate the effects of provision of cooling to pre-weaned calves on postweaning and first lactation performances. Female Holstein calves (0 to 68 d of age) from a dairy in southern GA were assigned randomly at birth (d0) to 1 of 2 treatments: individual hutch in a barn with no cooling (SH = 125) vs. individual hutch in a barn with ceiling fans (SHF = 101). All calves were housed in frame-wire hutches placed under the same barn and treatments were applied in 3 alternating sections of the barn. Fans (diameter = 2.1 m) were 4.1 m from the ground and 7.6 m distant from each other (center-to-center). Sections of the barn in the SHF treatment were 15.2 m long, ending 3.8 m from the center of the nearest fan. Shade cloths (80%) separated the sections of SH and SHF treatments. Postweaning, all heifers were managed identically. Body weight (BW) and ADG were recorded at weaning, 5, 7, and 10 mo of age. Pregnancy to first AI (P/1AI), hazard of first AI and pregnancy, and hazard of starting the first lactation are reported. Body weight at calving and milk yield up to 125 d postpartum are reported for the first lactation. Air velocity was greater for the SHF treatment at 0900h (1.23 ± 0.04 vs. 0.42 ± 0.04m/sec) and 1500h (1.22 ± 0.05 vs. 0.44 ± 0.05m/sec) and air temperature at 0900h (30.2 ± 0.1 vs. 30.5 ± 0.1°C) was lower. Treatment did not affect BW (SH = 222.7 ± 1.7, SHF = 221.8 ± 1.9kg) and ADG (SH = 0.93 ± 0.01, SHF = 0.93 ± 0.01kg/d) from 5 to 10 mo of age. Treatment did not affect the hazard of first AI (SH = referent, SHF–AHR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.66,1.28) and P/1AI (SH = 53.5, SHF = 45.9%). We did not detect an effect of treatment on hazard of pregnancy (SH = referent, SHF–AHR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.62,1.24), hazard of starting the first lactation (SH = referent, SHF–AHR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.72,1.45), and percentage of heifers starting the first lactation (SH = 86.4%, SHF = 76.2%). Finally, treatment did not affect BW at calving (SH = 611.5 ± 6.7, SHF = 617.2 ± 7.2kg) and milk yield up to 125 d postpartum (SH = 38.4 ± 0.6, SHF = 37.8 ± 0.7kg/d). In the current experiment, cooling of preweaning calves housed inside a barn had no effect on later life performance. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86470 |
Watch |
2331W |
Monitoring heat stress behavior in dairy calves through computer vision systems. |
7 |
A. Negreiro |
computer cision dairy calf heat stress |
A. Negreiro1, T. Bresolin1, R. Ferreira1, B. Dado-Senn1, J. Laporta1, J. Van Os1, J. R. R. Dórea1 |
1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI |
There is limited research on the management of heat stress on dairy calves due to constraints on monitoring behavior in hutch-housed calves, which account for > 60% of all calf housing in the US However, computer vision has emerged as a powerful technology for animal monitoring and could be used to develop novel tracking systems on dairy farms. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop a computer vision system to monitor heat stress behavior (e.g., shade seeking, increased standing) in hutch-housed dairy calves; and (2) to evaluate the predictive performance of 2 deep learning algorithms for object detection that can potentially be used in edge computing systems. Twelve calves (3 to 7 wk of age) were housed in individual outdoor hutches for 27 d (July to August 2021, average THI = 69.8). Trail cameras with night vision capability were placed 5 m in front of groups of 3–5 hutches. Images were collected every 5 min. For each image, calves were spatially located (inside or outside) and their postures when outside were classified (lying or standing). A total of 297 vs. 128 images were used for training and validation, respectively. Pretrained weights from COCO data set were used to train the algorithms. Two different deep neural network approaches (YOLOv3 and tinyYOLOv3) were used to generate the predictions and compared for precision and recall. All analyses were implemented in Python using the open-source frameworks TensorFlow and Keras. The precision of prediction for identifying calves inside and lying or standing outside were 94.7%, 97.3%, and 95.1% for YOLOv3; and 90.1%, 86.7%, and 90.0% for tinyYOLOv3. The recall of prediction for those behaviors were 96.9%, 98.3%, and 100% for YOLOv3; and 94.4%, 97.7%, and 90.0% for tinyYOLOv3, respectively. These results demonstrate great potential of computer vision systems for monitoring the position and posture of dairy calves in outdoor hutches to aid in early detection of heat stress. The great predictive performance observed for tiny YOLOv3 is a promising result toward the implementation of automated edge-computing applications. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86886 |
Watch |
2332W |
Effect of episodic heat stress on reticular temperature and pH on dairy farms with varying heat abatement systems in northern New York. |
8 |
C. S. Ballard |
heat stress reticular pH |
A. Pape1, C. S. Ballard1, R. J. Grant1 |
1William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY |
We examined the tripartite relationship between temperature-humidity index (THI), reticular pH (characterized by mean time pH was <6.0), and median reticular temperature (RT) of dairy cows on farms with varying degrees of heat abatement. Three farms in northern NY with either no heat abatement (NHA), fans only (FO), or fans and sprinklers (FS) each enrolled 5 early lactation Holstein cows averaging 61, 56, and 66 kg milk/d, respectively. Cows were administered a bolus logger (smaXtec; Graz, Austria) which measured continuous RT (°C) and pH. Environmental temperature and relative humidity were recorded continuously, and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated every 10 min. Data from July 7 through August 12, 2019 were analyzed in R version 3.6.3. Retrospectively, days were divided into 3 groups: mean THI ≤68, 68 < mean THI ≤72, and mean THI >72. Mean RT and mean minutes pH <6.0 were calculated for THI group by cow and compared within farm using ANOVA. The RT significantly increased with NHA from 39.2 to 40.0°C as THI increased from <68 to >72. Farms with FO and FS also realized significant, but smaller, increases in RT as THI increased. While no difference in mins reticular pH was <6.0 were observed for any farms on the day of heat events, the farm with NHA realized a significant increase in mins reticular pH <6.0 on the next day for THI <68 compared with THI >72 (161 vs 206 min/d, respectively; P = 0.01). No differences were observed in mins reticular pH <6.0 the day after heat events on farms with heat abatement (P > 0.05). In addition, the Pearson correlations of daily within-farm means of RT and mins reticular pH was below 6.0 were calculated. Without a lag, the correlation was 0.31 (P > 0.05), – 0.17 (P > 0.05), and – 0.11 (P > 0.05) for NHA, FO, and FS, respectively. With one lag (i.e., relating RT on day of heat event to reticular pH on the following day), these correlations were 0.58 (P < 0.05), – 0.25 (P > 0.05), and 0.22 (P > 0.05). This study demonstrated that lack of heat abatement will result in higher body temperature and reduced reticular pH following a heat event. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86927 |
Watch |
2333W |
Behavioral responses of lactating dairy cows challenged with intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion with or without evaporative cooling. |
9 |
T. N. Marins |
behavior LPS infusion heat stress |
T. N. Marins1, R. M. Orellana Rivas1, Y-C. Chen1, V. Lacerda1, Z. Wang2, H. Liu2, J. K. Bernard1, S. Tao1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
Both heat stress and mastitis affect lactating dairy cows’ behavior; however, it is unknown if heat stress would affect the cow’s behavioral responses to mammary inflammation. The objective was to examine the impact of evaporative cooling on feeding and lying/standing behavior of lactating dairy cows before and after an intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion (imLPS) under heat stress conditions. Multiparous cows (n = 12/treatment, parity = 2.4, DIM = 135) were randomly assigned to: evaporatively cooled (CL) or not cooled (NC) for 36 d (average temperature-humidity index = 78.4). The cooling system included misters installed on the face of fans over the feed bunk and free stalls. On d 31, the left rear quarters of a subset of cows (n = 7/treatment) were infused with a bolus of LPS (10 µg of Escherichia coli O111:B4 LPS). Feeding behavior (ruminating, eating, and inactive times), and lying/standing times were recorded every 15 min from 4 d before through d 36 of the treatment using Nedap SmartTag Neck and Leg (Nedap, The Netherlands). Data were summed every 24 h and analyzed by PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Before imLPS, a cooling by time interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for lying and standing times because the lying time of NC cows was lower (P = 0.04) on d 2 and tended (P ≤ 0.09) to be lower from d 9–11, but their standing time tended (P ≤ 0.09) to be higher on d 2 and 9 compared with CL. Following deprivation of cooling, eating and ruminating time of cows decreased (cooling × time: P ≤ 0.04), but their inactive time increased compared with NC cows (cooling × time, P < 0.01). No interaction of cooling × time (P > 0.10) was observed for behavioral data from 3 d before through 5 d after imLPS, but NC cows had lower ruminating and eating times (cooling: P ≤ 0.08) but greater (cooling: P = 0.02) inactive time. In conclusion, feeding and lying/standing behaviors are disturbed by deprivation of evaporative cooling, but behavioral responses to mammary inflammation were not different between CL and NC cows under heat stress conditions. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t87041 |
Watch |
2334W |
Direct effects of heat stress on hepatic mitochondrial function in lactating dairy cattle. |
10 |
A. S. Marquez-Acevedo |
oxidative phosphorylation oxidative stress metabolism |
A. S. Marquez-Acevedo1, P. Villamediana1, C. C. Josefson1, R. J. Collier1, A. L. Skibiel1 |
1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID |
Heat stress reduces hepatic mitochondrial protein expression, however the functional impact of heat stress on mitochondria is unclear. We hypothesized that heat stress has a direct effect on hepatic metabolism through impaired mitochondrial function and oxidant imbalance, with consequences for lactation performance. Mid-lactation (94 ± 6 d in milk) multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by mature equivalent milk yield (MY) and parity and randomly assigned to treatment. Treatments (n = 8/group) were heat-stressed (HT) or pair-fed thermoneutral (TN). Cows were housed in individual tie-stalls and acclimated for 3 d before experimental periods (P1 and P2). During P1 (7 d), all cows were under thermoneutral conditions and fed ad libitum. During P2 (10 d), HT cows were fed ad libitum and fitted with electric heat blankets. TN cows did not wear blankets and were pair-fed to match the reduction in feed intake of HT cows. Rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), and MY were recorded daily during P1 and P2. Milk samples were collected on D1,5,6 of P1 and P2 for composition. On d 10 of P2, liver biopsies were taken from all cows. Hepatic mitochondrial function was measured as the respiratory control ratio (RCR, maximal/basal respiration) using complex I (NADH-linked) and complex II (FADH2-linked) substrates. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission and liver antioxidant activity and oxidative damage were quantified. Expression of genes involved in mitochondrial activity were quantified by qRT-PCR. Repeated measures (RT, RR, MY, milk composition) were analyzed using mixed models with fixed effects of period, treatment, and period by treatment interaction and cow ID as a random effect. Differences between treatment groups in mitochondrial and liver variables were analyzed using t-tests. qRT-PCR data were analyzed using the 2(-delta delta CT) method with RPS9 and RPS18 as reference genes. THI of the barn was 58 ± 5 across the study. RT and RR were similar between treatment groups during P1 but were higher for HT compared with TN during P2 (P < 0.01). Liver complex I and II RCR, ROS emission, antioxidant activity, oxidative damage, MY, BW, and BCS did not differ between treatment groups. Milk protein was lower in HT cows (P < 0.01). Liver CAT expression tended to be upregulated in HT cows (P = 0.06), but all other genes showed similar expression patterns between treatment groups. Our results suggest heat stress does not have a substantial direct impact on hepatic mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9966 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86340 |
Watch |
1081W |
Effect of whole cottonseed inclusion to the calf starter on performance, metabolic profile, and rumination behavior of Holstein dairy calves. |
1 |
A. Minuti |
calf cottonseed metabolic profile |
V. Lopreiato1, M. Repetto2, G. Lovotti2, A. Minuti2, E. Trevisi2 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy, 2Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
Whole cottonseed (WCS) is high in energy, protein, and fiber, becoming an effective source in the calf solid diet to promote the rumen development. This study aimed to assess the effects of WCS inclusion in the concentrate on performance, metabolic profile, and rumination behavior of Holstein dairy calves. From 2 to 53 d of age, calves were fed milk replacer (MR) at rate of 12.5% twice daily (8 L/d), whereas from 54 to 65 d (weaning) calves received 1 meal, stepping-down from 4 to 1 L/d. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with the concentrate at 0 (CTR) or 8 % (WCS) of WCS. TMR and hay were delivered from 56 d. Measures of BW and blood collection were performed before morning feeding of MR at 0, 2, 7, 21, 65, and 80 d. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. WCS calves were heavier than CTR at weaning (82.46 vs 76.41 ± 1.86 kg; P < 0.05) and after weaning (101.86 vs 95.51 ± 1.86 kg; P < 0.05). WCS calves had greater starter intake than CTR from 60 to 72 d (2.45 vs 2.05 ± 0.09 kg/d; P < 0.05). in the 3 d after weaning, rumination time was longer in WCS than CTR calves (408 vs 308 ± 34 min/d; P < 0.05). Overall, WCS calves had greater plasma glucose, β-Carotene, and retinol (P < 0.05), whereas ceruloplasmin and myeloperoxidase were lower (P < 0.05) than CTR. Starting from 21 d, WCS calves had lower urea (P < 0.05) compared with CTR. At 80 d, WCS calves had lower plasma alkaline phosphatase and greater β-hydroxybutyrate, paraoxonase, fructosamine, and tocopherol (P < 0.05) than CTR. WCS inclusion led to greater DMI of concentrate around weaning, resulting in greater BW. However, it can be speculated that early inclusion of WCS in the diet of calves is associated with a lower oxidative stress and inflammation, a better energy metabolism, a greater liver functionality, and a quicker rumen development as suggested by higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and rumination time. These changes occurred mainly after weaning, when no differences in concentrate intake and ADG were detected, suggesting a better efficiency of nutrients utilization at this age. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85945 |
Watch |
2349W |
Sodium butyrate improves duodenal development even in calves with neonatal diarrhea. |
2 |
M. S. Nicola |
morphometry scours quantitative PCR |
M. S. Nicola1, M. N. Corrêa1, A. L. Kalb1, A.A. Barbosa1, J. A. A. Rincon2, R. G. Mondadori1, E. R. Komninou1, L. A. X. Cruz1, V. R. Rabassa1, B. S. Velasquez1, E. N. Dellagostin1, A. W. S. Martins1, F. Lopes3, W. Quinteiro3, E. G. Xavier4,1 |
1Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2Universidad de La Salle, Yopal, Casanare, Colombia, 3Adisseo Brasil Nutrição Animal, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 4Granjas 4 Irmãos S. A. Agropecuário, Industria e Comércio, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
The intestinal development in calves is known to be improved by oral supplementation of sodium butyrate. The present study aimed to evaluate the duodenal development of Holstein calves who received sodium butyrate in their diet during the first 15 and 30d of life and to investigate if episodes of diarrhea can affect the benefits of butyrate. For this, 24 male calves were randomly allocated after birth into 2 groups: Butyrate Group (BG, n = 12) received 4 g/day of Admix Easy (Adisseo, France) diluted in whole cow milk; and Control Group (CG, n = 12) with no supplementation. All the animals were housed in individual pens with water and concentrate ad libitum and fed with 6L milk/day. Using a score scale for feces, calves were classified “with diarrhea” (score 2 = smooth, 3 = watery or 4 = with blood) or “without diarrhea” (score 0 = well-formed or 1 = pasty). Euthanasia was performed at 15 (n = 12) and 30d (n = 12) and histological analyzes of villus length and depth of crypts were used to compare duodenal development. The expression of lactase (LCT), a marker of intestinal immaturity, and Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2), related to tissue repair was analyzed by qPCR. As results, there were 2 animals with and 4 without diarrhea in each group until 15d of life, and 3 animals with and 3 without diarrhea in each group until 30d of life. Duodenal morphometry at 15d did not differ between groups, but at 30d the length of the villi (BG = 488.14 ± 4.76 µm vs CG = 446.87 ± 4.76 µm) and the depth of the crypts were higher in BG (P < 0.05) (BG = 254.96 ± 2.75 µm vs CG = 231.32 ± 2.75 µm). Gene expression of LCT and GLP2 were highest in CG with diarrhea, compared with all the other groups at 30d, indicating a delay in duodenal development and an elevated repair rate in comparison to the other groups. The villus length (BG = 510.48 ± 4.16 µm vs CG = 448.77 ± 4.16 µm) and crypt depth (BG = 269.59 ± 2.37 µm vs CG = 233, 89 ± 2.37 µm) were higher (P < 0.05) in calves with diarrhea from BG compared with calves with diarrhea from CG. Duodenal development attributed to butyrate occurred in the first 30 d of life, and those episodes of diarrhea during this period did not impar the effects of its supplementation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85914 |
Watch |
2350W |
A polyphenol additive increased gain and economics of Holstein bull calves challenged with oxidative stress. |
3 |
J. Kaufman |
antioxidant calf stress |
J. Kaufman1, F. Mueller1, Y. Ma2, I. Girard3 |
1Kalmbach Feeds Inc, Upper Sandusky, OH, 2Hanley International LLC, Belmont, MA, 3Probiotech International Inc, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada |
The objective was to test polyphenol additives efficacy on oxidative status, performance, and economics of weaned calves under dietary-induced oxidative stress. Sixty-seven 8-week-old, calves (104 ± 2.5 kg body weight [BW]) were fed in a completely randomized design for 63 d with 8 pens of 9 calves each. For 28 d of period 1, 17 calves were fed a positive control diet with 330 IU/kg of vitamin E and 185 ppm of Fe (PC), and 50 calves were fed a negative control diet with 11 IU/kg of vitamin E and 1,200 ppm of Fe (induced oxidative stress; NC). To start period 2, calves provided NC in period 1 were fed one of 3 diets: NC, NC supplemented with AOX (Promote, Lewisburg, OH), and NC supplemented with BOREOX BX50 (Hanley International, Belmont, MA). The AOX and BX50 met the equivalent antioxidant capacity to PC. Calves were fed pelleted 16% crude protein grower diets once daily supplied by Kalmbach Feeds (Upper Sandusky, OH). Intake and BW were measured, and blood was analyzed for plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) during each period. Treatment means were analyzed in a mixed-effect model using SAS for significance (P ≤ 0.05) and tendency (0.05 < P ≤ 0.15). In period 1, NC decreased (P < 0.05) BW gain and increased (P < 0.01) SOD activity by 9% compared with the PC diet. In period 2, the NC diet continued to limit gain, whereas AOX and BX50 supplementation to NC tended to improve (P = 0.11) gain by 1.4 kg/d per calf. The fold change in daily gain from period 1 to 2 was 2-fold greater (P < 0.01) for calves fed BX50 compared with all treatments. Antioxidant supplementation tended to improve (P = 0.14) gain to feed ratio by 21% compared with NC and PC diets. The BX50 tended to reduce (P = 0.10) SOD activity compared with AOX. Supplying polyphenol-based antioxidants were on average $0.26 less (P < 0.01) in feed cost per kg of gain compared with NC and PC diets. The BX50 increased the income over feed cost value by $15/calf compared with PC, whereas AOX did not improve income over feed cost. In summary, BOREOX BX50 improved growth performance the greatest with a better economic return when calves experienced oxidative stress. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86283 |
Watch |
2352W |
Effects of a Megasphaera elsdenii oral probiotic capsule on foregut pH and development of crossbred Holstein × Angus calves. |
4 |
G. Mazon |
beef-on-dairy strategic intervention acidosis |
G. Mazon1, J. H. C. Costa1 |
1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY |
This study evaluated the effect of an oral probiotic capsule (Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125; Lactipro FLX Calf, MS Biotec) on the foregut pH and development of crossbred Holstein x Angus calves. Thirty-one calves (45.3 ± 7.1kg; 8.2 ± 2.0d) were enrolled in a 76d randomized block trial in 2 blocks. Calves were assigned to one of 3 treatments: placebo (ME0), single dose of probiotic on d 15 (ME15), or probiotic administration on d 15 and 39 (ME15+39). Calves were individually housed, had unlimited access to water and a pelletized calf starter (18% CP, 2.5% fat). Calves were fed 7L/d of milk replacer (Cows Match Warm Front, Land O Lakes; 150g/L) divided into 2 equal meals until d41. On d42, milk allowance was reduced in half and then weaned on d56. Calves were harvested starting on d77. Reticulorumen fluid was collected via esophageal tubing on d 14, 35, 49, 58, and 70. Following harvest, researchers recorded the weights of the rumen and abomasum as well as the weight of the visceral organs of each calf. A mixed linear model determined the effect of treatment on reticulorumen pH, reticulorumen weight, and organ weight. Stepwise backward elimination retained predictors with a P-value < 0.30 of treatment, age and weight at enrollment, and if treated with antibiotics. Block was considered a random factor. No differences in reticulorumen pH were observed (ME0 = 6.05 ± 0.28, ME15 = 5.97 ± 0.28, ME15+39 = 5.85 ± 0.28; P = 0.38). Treatment tended to affect full rumen weight (ME0 = 11.10 ± 1.27, ME15 = 13.54 ± 1.42, ME15+39 = 14.46 ± 1.14 kg; P = 0.06). Also, treatment had a significant effect on empty rumen weight (ME0 = 2.75 ± 0.23, ME15 = 3.55 ± 0.23, ME15+39 = 3.00 ± 0.22; kg; P = 0.01) and liver weight ME0 = 2.12 ± 0.16, ME15 = 2.60 ± 0.19, ME15+39 = 2.71 ± 0.14 kg; P = 0.02). No effects of treatment were observed on the weight of the abomasum (P = 0.29) nor the weight of other visceral organs (P > 0.49). Overall, strategic preweaning intervention with M. elsdenii affected reticulorumen and liver weights of crossbred Holstein x Angus calves. Future research should investigate the effects of M. elsdenii on reticulorumen histology, and VFA dynamics. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86624 |
Watch |
2353W |
Assessing intestinal barrier function of weaned calves using serum lactulose to mannitol ratio. |
5 |
H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe |
gut permeability heat stress heifers |
H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe1, N. Stepanchenko1, M. J. Oconitrillo1, B. M. Goetz1, M. A. Abeyta1, L. H. Baumgard1, J. A. D. R. N. Appuhamy1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
Serum lactulose to mannitol ratio (SLMR) is an appropriate marker to assess the intestinal paracellular permeability (IPP) of pre-weaned calves. In vitro experiments showing low ruminal fermentation rates of lactulose and mannitol suggest SLMR could be used for weaned calves and mature cattle as well. Hyperthermia induces IPP and thus, heat-stressed animals can be utilized to evaluate IPP markers. The objective was to examine the potential of SLMR to assess the IPP of heat-stressed weaned calves compared with other markers such as chromium (Cr)-EDTA and haptoglobin (HPT). Nine Holstein heifer calves at 5 mo of age were subjected to a 3 d diurnal heat stress bout (dHS) by increasing barn temperature to 33°C during the day. On d 0 (baseline) and d 3 of dHS, calves were orally dosed with Cr-EDTA (0.15 g/kg of BW), lactulose (0.24 g/kg of BW), and mannitol (0.06 g/kg of BW). Blood (jugular) was drawn 2 h after and analyzed for Cr, and lactulose and mannitol using inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Rectal temperature (40.7 vs 39.5°C) and respiration rate (127 vs 77 breaths per min) increased for dHS compared with baseline (P < 0.01). Serum lactulose increased from 0.11 to 0.37 µg/mL (P < 0.01), whereas serum mannitol remained unchanged at 0.84 µg/mL (P = 0.81) from baseline for dHS. The SLMR increased from 0.14 to 0.47 (P = 0.02) for dHS. Plasma Cr increased numerically (186.2 vs 156.1 µg/L, P = 0.14) and had a weak correlation with SLMR (r = 0.29, P = 0.25). Serum HPT tended to increase for dHS (P = 0.08) and was not correlated with SLMR (r = 0.01, P = 0.96) or Cr-EDTA (r = 0.03, P = 0.92). The results suggest that SLMR could be a better marker to assess the IPP of heifers compared with Cr-EDTA and HPT. The present lactulose concentrations and SLMR were, however, lower than those of pre-weaned calves in the literature. Therefore, more data on variable doses of lactulose and mannitol and blood sampling times relative to administration would help optimize SLMR protocols for weaned calves and mature cattle. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86713 |
|
2354W |
Effects of Lactobacillus and Bacillus species supplementation on performance and health of pre-ruminant calves through weaning. |
6 |
S. T. Quanz |
calf probiotic growth |
S. T. Quanz1, K. A. Habib1, K. J. S. Smith1, T. Rehberger2, A. J. Tarpoff1, J. S. Thompson2, C. S. Jones1, L. K. Mamedova3, W. E. Boomer2, S. E. Gragg1, B. J. Bradford3 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2Church and Dwight, Waukesha, WI, 3Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Our objective was to assess whether a probiotic administered preweaning could improve health and growth of calves. Sixty Holstein × Angus heifer calves (27.2 – 45.3 kg) were blocked by birthdate and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments and to harvest dates of 30, 60 or 90 ± 2 d of age (n = 20 per time point). Control calves received no supplementation, whereas probiotic calves were supplemented with 1.25x109 cfu of combined Lactobacillus and Bacillus species once daily in their milk replacer (2.8 L twice daily at 14.5% DM; 24% CP, 20% fat) beginning at first feeding. Calves had ad libitum access to water throughout and to starter grain (without probiotic) beginning on d 15. Calves were gradually weaned between 60 and 70 d. Dry matter intake was measured daily; body weight and hip height were collected on d 0, 30, 60, 70, 80, and 90 and ADG and feed efficiency (FE) calculated. Health (ears, nose, eyes, and feces) was assessed daily using the University of Wisconsin calf health scoring chart. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with covariate data, treatment, time, and treatment × time as fixed effects and block as a random effect. Control calves tended to have greater d 0 BW and so it was used as a covariate for BW, ADG, DMI, and FE variables. Health data were expressed as the proportion of observations with a score >0 (deviating from normal). No treatment or treatment × time effects were observed for performance variables (P > 0.05), except a treatment × time interaction for DMI (P < 0.001), which revealed decreased DMI for probiotic calves after 60 d of age (P < 0.01) due to lesser starter grain intake. A time effect was observed for all performance variables (P < 0.001). No treatment, time, or treatment × time effects were observed for eye, nose, or fecal scores (P > 0.05). Probiotic calves tended (P = 0.08) to have greater ear scores, but incidence of ear scores >0 was very low (0.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3% for control vs. probiotic). This preliminary study gives insight into the potential of supplementing a combination of Lactobacillus and Bacillus species to pre-ruminant calves, but more research is needed to carefully assess performance responses. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Calves & Heifers Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86970 |
Watch |
2355W |
Impact of season on birth weight, growth, and average daily gain of conventionally raised Holstein heifers in the Midwestern United States. |
7 |
K. N. Brost |
calf season growth |
K. N. Brost1, J. K. Drackley1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of season on calf birth weight, growth, and average daily gain (ADG) of Holstein heifers. This analysis included data from July 2018 to February 2022, and included 215 calves from the University of Illinois Dairy Research Unit. Calves were housed in individual hutches until weaned at 56 d. After weaning, calves moved to group housing until 120 d of age, at which time they moved to the heifer lots. Feeding rates remained consistent throughout the year, and weaning took place from d 50 to 56. Body weight (BW) data were collected at birth, weaning, and when moved to heifer lots. Calves were assigned a season based on month of birth: winter (December, January, February), spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July, August), and fall (September, October, November). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Winter calves had greater birth (P = 0.002) and weaning (P = 0.0002) weights when compared with summer calves. Birth weights of winter calves tended to be greater (P = 0.08) and weaning weights were greater (P = 0.0001) when compared with all non-winter calves. Similarly, preweaning ADG of winter calves were greater than summer calves (P = 0.0002) and all non-winter calves (P = 0.0001). Inversely, postweaning BW and ADG were greater for summer calves in comparison to winter calves (P = 0.0013 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Likewise, summer calves were observed to have greater BW (P = 0.0401) and tended to have greater ADG (P = 0.052) in contrast to all non-summer calves. When combining the pre- and postweaning ADG through the first 120 d of life, there were no differences between winter and summer calves, winter and non-winter calves, or summer and non-summer calves. These results indicate calf birth weight and growth performance are greater through weaning during colder seasons. Conversely, calves born during winter do not perform as well after weaning once the seasons get warmer. Summer calves were observed to have decreased birth weight and performance through weaning, but as the seasons became cooler, they excelled postweaning to 120 d of age. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9969 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86855 |
Watch |
2357W |
Effect of feeding whole cottonseed on nutrient digestion and fecal flow of intact seeds in dairy cows. |
1 |
Y. Adeniji |
whole cottonseed nutrient digestibility fatty acids |
Y. Adeniji1, R. Pierce1, T. Wedegaertner2, R. Goodall2, K. Harvatine1 |
1Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Cotton Inc, Cary, NC |
Whole cottonseed is fed unprocessed and intact seeds are sometimes seen in manure resulting in questions about digestibility. Four primiparous and 8 multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a 4x4 Latin square design with 21 d periods to investigate total-tract digestibility of WCS. Treatments were 0, 3.4, 6.8, and 9.9% WCS substituted for cottonseed hulls and soybean meal to balance NDF and crude protein. Total-tract (TT) digestibility was evaluated using indigestible NDF as a flow marker. Additionally, intact seed in feces were quantified by wet sieving with a 4.75mm sieve and analyzed for fatty acid concentration. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure in JMP Pro 16. Cow and period were random effects and treatments was a fixed effect. Preplanned contrasts tested the linear and quadratic effect of increasing cottonseed level. Increasing WCS decreased TT DM by 1.4, 3.2, 4.4 and NDF digestibility by 4.8, 7.3, 10.4 percentage units respectively (P < 0.001), but increased TT OM digestibility in both primiparous and multiparous cows (P < 0.001). Total FA digestibility was not changed by WCS level, but 18C FA tended to linearly decrease with increasing cottonseed (P = 0.09). In addition, WCS increased 16C FA digestibility linearly (P < 0.04), but with a quadratic response in multiparous cows. There was a linear increase in the total flow of intact WCS (242 to 762 seeds/d; P < 0.001), but there was no change in intact WCS as a percentage of seeds consumed (P = 0.94). An average 2.3% of WCS consumed escaped digestion and appeared intact in the feces but was higher in multiparous cows than primiparous cows (4.3% vs 1.2%). The intact seeds averaged 20.4% FA while the WCS fed was 16.7% FA. Also, there was a linear increase in the amount of total FA lost in seeds (3.38, 6.55, and 8.88 g of FA/d) and multiparous cows voided more cottonseed FA in feces than primiparous. However, when expressed as a percent of cottonseed FA consumed, there was no difference between parities. Overall, feeding more cottonseed improved OM digestibility and reduced the amount of fat lost in feces, although NDF digestion was reduced. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85863 |
Watch |
2358W |
A meta-regression evaluating the effect of increasing dietary whole cottonseed on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. |
2 |
J. M. dos Santos Neto |
|
J. M. dos Santos Neto1, A. M. Burch1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
We performed a meta-regression to evaluate each 1-percentage-unit increase of whole cottonseed (WCS) in diet DM on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. The data set comprised 48 peer-reviewed publications containing at least one control diet (CON; no WCS inclusion) and a diet with WCS included at ≤ 17% diet DM. Publications comprised 25 change-over and 25 continuous studies. CON diets (% DM) contained (mean ± SD) 34.6 ± 6.42 NDF, 17.4 ± 1.55 CP, and 3.44 ± 1.52 FA. WCS diets (% DM) contained 35.6 ± 7.49 NDF, 17.6 ± 1.78 CP, and 4.48 ± 1.29 FA. Cows averaged 29.5 ± 6.23 kg of milk/d. We calculated the difference between WCS means minus CON means, resulting in one observation per WCS-CON pair. The meta-regression was performed using PROC MIXED of SAS and included the fixed effects of the slope due to WCS in diet, the random effect of study, and residual error. There were no interactions between treatment and experimental design for any production variable (P ≥ 0.25). Each 1-percentage-unit increase of WCS in diet DM had no effects on CP digestibility (P = 0.43); decreased the digestibilities of DM (0.07 percentage units, P = 0.04) and NDF (0.02 percentage units, P = 0.03); and increased total fat digestibility (0.43 percentage units, P = 0.02). Each 1-percentage-unit increase of WCS in diet DM had no effect on DMI (P = 0.71), milk yield (P = 0.83), BW (P = 0.16), or BCS (P = 0.65); and increased the yields of milk fat (0.003 kg/d, P < 0.01), milk protein (0.002 kg/d, P = 0.05), and ECM (0.06 kg/d, P = 0.01). Each 1-percentage-unit increase of WCS in diet DM decreased the yield of de novo milk FA (1.57 g/d, P = 0.05), increased the yield of mixed milk FA (1.31 g/d, P < 0.01), and tended to increase the yield of preformed milk FA (P = 0.08). In conclusion, each 1-percentage-unit increase of WCS in diet DM decreased DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, and de novo milk FA yield; and increased total fat digestibility, the yields of milk fat, milk protein, ECM, and mixed and preformed milk FA. Given the low average milk production in our data set, future research should determine the effect of increasing dietary WCS in high-producing cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86806 |
Watch |
2359W |
Rumen-protected choline (RPC) influences hepatic metabolism during induction of fatty liver. |
3 |
U. Arshad |
choline fatty liver mRNA |
U. Arshad1, A. Husnain1, M. B. Poindexter1, R. Zimpel1, M. C. Perdomo1, J. E. P. Santos1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Objectives were to determine the effect of sources of RPC with a low (L, 28.8%) or high concentration (H, 60.0%) of choline chloride on hepatic metabolism. Holstein cows (n = 110) at 232 ± 3.9 d of gestation were blocked by body condition (4.02 ± 0.50) and fed 0 (CON), 12.9 or 25.8 g/d of choline ion either as L12.9, L25.8, H12.9, or H25.8 for 14 d. Feed was restricted to 50% of the net energy for lactation in the last 9 d, whereas intake of metabolizable methionine was maintained at 20 g/d. Hepatic tissue was collected on d 13. On d 14, 450 g fatty acids (FA) were fed, and blood sampled for 21 h. Lymph was sampled at 6 h in cows fed CON, L25.8, and H25.8. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects models, and orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effect of supplementing RPC [CON vs. 1/4·(L12.9+L25.8+H12.9+H25.8)], source [1/2·(L12.9+L25.8) vs. 1/2·(H12.9+H25.8)], amount [1/2·(L12.9+H12.9) vs. 1/2·(L25.8+H25.8)], and interaction [1/2·(L12.9+H25.8) vs. 1/2·(H12.9+L25.8)]. Feeding RPC reduced hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) and increased glycogen, and the effect was greater with the larger dose of RPC. Cows supplemented with RPC tended to have greater concentration of TAG in lymph after 6 h after fat feeding, and increasing the amount of RPC tended to increase serum TAG. Supplementation of RPC altered the mRNA expression of genes related to gluconeogenesis, hepatic uptake of FA, oxidation and reesterification of FA, export of TAG, synthesis of antioxidants, autophagy, and lipophagy. Feeding RPC during negative nutrient balance promotes lipotropic effects independent of source of RPC that reduces the risk of fatty liver in dairy cows. Table 1.
| Item |
CON |
L12.9 |
L25.8 |
H12.9 |
H25.8 |
SE |
RPC |
Source |
Amount |
| Liver, as-is % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| TAG |
9.32 |
6.59 |
5.05 |
6.61 |
6.00 |
0.55 |
0.01 |
0.28 |
0.02 |
| Glycogen |
1.83 |
2.59 |
3.55 |
3.13 |
4.07 |
0.18 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
| Serum TAG, mg/dL |
15.5 |
15.3 |
16.8 |
16.8 |
20.0 |
1.6 |
0.22 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
| Lymph TAG, mg/dL |
11.4 |
— |
15.7 |
— |
15.9 |
3.4 |
0.08 |
0.98 |
— |
| Hepatic mRNA, fold change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| PC |
1 |
1.06 |
0.91 |
1.18 |
0.99 |
— |
0.76 |
0.21 |
0.05 |
| CD36 |
1 |
1.12 |
1.22 |
1.16 |
1.06 |
— |
0.05 |
0.39 |
0.94 |
| ACADM |
1 |
1.08 |
0.95 |
1.09 |
0.99 |
— |
0.66 |
0.62 |
0.02 |
| FASN |
1 |
0.90 |
1.09 |
0.67 |
0.99 |
— |
0.51 |
0.19 |
0.06 |
| APOB100 |
1 |
1.08 |
1.15 |
0.92 |
1.21 |
— |
0.34 |
0.46 |
0.04 |
| SOD1 |
1 |
1.08 |
0.99 |
1.10 |
0.99 |
— |
0.24 |
0.68 |
0.01 |
| ATG3 |
1 |
1.18 |
1.12 |
1.09 |
1.11 |
— |
0.01 |
0.31 |
0.64 |
| RAB18 |
1 |
1.03 |
0.90 |
1.01 |
0.93 |
— |
0.53 |
0.87 |
0.06 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86658 |
Watch |
2360W |
Altering the ratio of palmitic and stearic acids in supplemental fatty acid blends impacts digestibility responses of mid-lactation dairy cows. |
4 |
A. M. Burch |
absorption fatty acids fat supplementation |
A. M. Burch1, M. E. Kloboves1, A. L. Lock1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
We determined the effects of altering the ratio of palmitic (C16:0; PA) and stearic (C18:0; SA) acids in supplemental fatty acid (FA) blends on digestibility responses of mid-lactation dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (109 ± 23 DIM; 47.1 ± 5.83 kg/d of milk) were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were a non-FA supplemented control diet (CON), and 3 diets incorporating 1.5% DM FA supplement blends, replacing soyhulls in the CON diet, containing 30% PA and 50% SA (L-PA), 50% PA and 30% SA (M-PA), and 80% PA and 10% SA (H-PA). FA blends were balanced to contain 10% oleic acid. Diets were formulated to contain (% DM) 31.0% NDF, 27.0% starch, and 16.9% CP. The statistical model included the random effect of cow within square and the fixed effects of period, treatment, and their interaction. Pre-planned contrasts included CON vs. overall effect of FA supplementation (FAT) and the linear and quadratic effects of increasing PA in the FA blends. Results are presented in the following order: CON, L-PA, M-PA, and H-PA. Compared with CON, FAT had no effect on DMI (P = 0.44), decreased NDF intake (10.1, 9.67, 9.86, 9.88 kg/d; P < 0.01), did not affect digestibility of DM (P = 0.32) or NDF (P = 0.12), but decreased the digestibility of 16-carbon (62.7, 58.3, 51.6, 48.1%; P < 0.01), 18-carbon (66.8, 55.4, 58.0, 63.8%; P < 0.01), and total FA (65.0, 56.2, 55.5, 56.5%; P < 0.01). Increasing PA increased DMI (linear; 29.9, 29.4, 29.8, 30.0 kg/d; P = 0.04) and NDF intake (linear; P = 0.04). Increasing PA tended to decrease digestibility of NDF (linear; P = 0.06) and decreased the digestibility of 16-carbon FA (linear; P < 0.01) and increased the digestibility of 18-carbon FA (linear; P < 0.01). In summary, feeding FA supplements containing PA and SA decreased NDF intake and decreased FA digestibility compared with a non-FA supplemented diet. Increasing the level of PA in the FA blend increased DMI, decreased NDF intake and 16-carbon digestibility but increased 18-carbon digestibility. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86146 |
Watch |
2361W |
Evaluating factors affecting accuracy of neutral detergent fiber estimates for effluent samples from dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. |
5 |
M. L. Miller |
ruminant nutrition feed analysis fiber digestibility |
M. L. Miller1, K. E. Mitchell1, B. A. Wenner1 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
Dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (DFCC) are used to mimic rumen function and examine feedstuff digestibility. However, the utility of DFCC relies on accurate NDF estimates. Effluent samples from fermenters are finely ground which makes it more challenging to filter the sample during the NDF procedure. Previous data exposed susceptibility for elevated NDF estimates compared with true values when using common paper filters. Our objectives were to 1) compare filter types (paper vs. microfiber) for accuracy compared with a commercial laboratory standard and 2) evaluate the effect of ash contamination on NDF estimates. Our hypothesis was that the 934-Ah microfiber filters (MF) would return predicted NDF content of fermenter samples closer to known values from external analysis. Our second hypothesis was that increasing ash percentage in feed samples would have a direct effect on NDF accuracy, elevating predicted NDF based on filter recovery. To make this comparison, dried effluent samples (n = 24) from 3 previously published DFCC trials were assayed for NDF in triplicate and filtered by 541 paper filters (PF) or MF. In a second experiment, 3 feed samples (alfalfa hay, brewer’s grains, and corn silage) were dried (55°C), ground (2mm) and assayed for NDF using the PF. Ash was obtained by ashing biochar at 550°C and each feed sample was contaminated with ash (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) and run in triplicate for NDF using PF. Both MF and PF had a mean difference from the commercial laboratory analysis of −2.86 and −2.50 respectively, yet neither treatment differed from each other (P = 0.50). However, MF decreased the coefficient of variation compared with PF (P = 0.03) and implied greater reliability. In experiment 2, ash contamination linearly increased (P < 0.0001) the weight retained on the filter and commonly defined as NDF. Ash contamination at 50% was significantly different from noncontaminated samples for NDF recovery in all 3 types of feed (P < 0.01). These data indicate that ash contamination has a significant effect on the recovery of NDF values using the reflux method. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Carbohydrates & Lipids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t87020 |
Watch |
2362W |
Effect of dietary palmitic acid supplementation and milking frequency on milk production and composition in early lactation dairy cows. |
6 |
M. Landry |
dairy cow palmitic acid milking frequency |
M. Landry1,2, F. Huot1,2, R. Lessard3, Y. Lebeuf1,2, J. Chamberland1,2, G. Brisson1,2, D. E. Santschi4, É. Paquet1, D. E. Rico5, P. Y. Chouinard1,2, R. Gervais1,2 |
1Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 2Centre de recherche en sciences et technologie du lait, Quebec, Canada, 3Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 4Lactanet, Quebec, Canada, 5Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Quebec, Canada |
This study was conducted to evaluate if combined effect of feeding palmitic acid (PA) and increasing milking frequency (MF) may benefit milk responses of early lactation dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 45 ± 14 DIM were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the effects of dietary PA (0 or 2% on a DM basis), MF (twice- or thrice-daily, at regular intervals), and their interaction on milk production and composition. Treatment periods were 21 d in length, with the last 5 d used for data and sample collection. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment (28.2 ± 0.8 kg/d; P ≥ 0.32), and no interaction between PA and MF was observed on any measured parameters (P ≥ 0.16). Regardless of MF, supplementing cows with PA increased milk (48.0 vs. 46.2 kg/d; P < 0.01), energy-corrected milk (ECM; 47.0 vs. 43.9 kg/d; P < 0.01), and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM; 47.9 vs. 44.5 kg/d; P < 0.01) yields along with ECM:feed efficiency (1.67 vs. 1.56; P < 0.01). Compared with no supplementation, feeding dietary PA increased milk fat concentration (4.03 vs. 3.77%; P < 0.01) and yield (1.92 vs. 1.73 kg/d; P < 0.01), as well as protein yield (1.54 vs. 1.47 kg/d; P < 0.01), whereas milk protein concentration was not affected (3.21 ± 0.07%; P = 0.34). Thrice-daily MF increased milk (48.6 vs. 45.6 kg/d; P < 0.01), ECM (46.6 vs. 44.3 kg/d; P < 0.01), and FCM (47.4 vs. 45.0 kg/d; P < 0.01) yields along with ECM:feed efficiency (1.65 vs. 1.58; P = 0.01). Increasing MF decreased milk fat concentration (3.84 vs. 3.96%; P = 0.05) but increased milk fat yield (1.86 vs. 1.79 kg/d; P = 0.01). Whereas milk protein concentration was not affected (3.21 ± 0.07%; P = 0.24), protein yield was increased (1.55 vs. 1.46 kg/d; P < 0.01) with MF. Milk free fatty acid concentration was similar among treatments (0.70 ± 0.07 mEq/100g of milk fat; P ≥ 0.70). This study demonstrated that both PA supplementation and thrice-daily MF increased milk and fat yields, but the absence of interaction reveals that their effects were additive. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9963 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86771 |
Watch |
2335W |
Effects of 2 rumen-protected choline sources during transition period on Holstein dairy cow performance. |
1 |
V. Sáinz de la Maza-Escolà |
choline transition production |
V. Sáinz de la Maza-Escolà1, E. Trevisi2, E. Grilli1,3, F. Piccioli-Cappelli2 |
1Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, 2Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy, 3Vetagro S.p.A, Reggio Emilia, Italy |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 sources of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplemented from 21 d pre- to 35 d postpartum. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows (248 ± 4.9 d carrying calf, 3.6 ± 2 parity, 2.7 ± 0.3 BCS) were enrolled in a completely randomized design. A corn-silage based total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated to provide 2.38 (pre-) and 2.19 (postpartum) Met of % MP. Cows were assigned to 1 of 3 groups (n = 8/group): unsupplemented TMR (CTR), TMR supplemented with 60 g/d of RPC (RPC1; lipid-microencapsulated choline chloride [CC] 25%; Ruprocol, Vetagro S.p.A., Italy) and TMR supplemented with 25 g/d of RPC (RPC2; lipid-encapsulated CC 60%; Reashure XC, Balchem Corp., USA). Both supplements were applied once per day as top-dress on TMR and equally provided 15 g/d of CC. Cows were fed once and milked twice daily. Milk yield, milk components, and postpartum dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight (BW) were recorded daily. Data were analyzed under a mixed model with the random effect of cow and the fixed effects of parity and days in milk (DIM), treatment and their interaction. Due to a significant interaction treatment × DIM (P < 0.05) in all dependent variables, data were analyzed separately in 3 time periods: 0 to 10 (1), 11 to 21 (2) and 22 to 35 (3) DIM. No clinical health disorders were recorded. No differences were detected for DMI, BW and milk protein between treatments. RPC1 increased yields of energy-corrected milk (ECM) and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) compared with RPC2 and CTR during period 1 (P < 0.10) and period 2 (P = 0.05). This is probably explained because milk fat yield was higher for RPC1 relative to the other groups, mainly in period 2 (P = 0.04). Although milk fat yield tended to be higher in period 3 (P = 0.12) for RPC1, no differences were detected regarding ECM and FCM. RPC1 also tended to increase milk yield (P = 0.07) and milk efficiency (P = 0.11) in period 2 compared with CTR and RPC2. These preliminary results would suggest a greater RPC effect on lactation performance within the first 21 d postpartum, with a more pronounced response for RPC1. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86421 |
Watch |
2336W |
Effect of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) strategy and level of dietary calcium on peripartum performance of multiparous Holstein cows. |
2 |
G. Graef |
calcium dietary cation-anion difference transition cow |
G. Graef1, A. Kerwin1, L. Ferro1, S. Ordaz-Puga1, C. Ryan1, T. Westhoff1, D. Barbano1, K. Glosson2, K. Zanzalari2, J. Chapman2, T. Overton1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ |
Periparturient hypocalcemia can be mitigated by reducing prepartum dietary DCAD; however, neither the extent of DCAD adjustment nor the level of dietary Ca fed with negative DCAD have been evaluated fully. The objective was to determine the effect of 2 levels of DCAD and 2 levels of dietary Ca on productive performance. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 98) were enrolled in a covariate period 32 d before expected calving. Cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments at 26 d before expected calving in a design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Main effects were DCAD (PART: −2.6 mEq/100 g DM or FULL: −10.3 mEq/100 g DM) and dietary Ca (HIGH: 1.50% or LOW: 0.70% DM). All cows were fed the same postpartum diet. Prepartum urine pH (UpH) was recorded 3X/wk. Dry matter intake (DMI) was calculated, and milk yield (MY) was measured daily to 63 DIM. Body weight (BW) and milk components were collected weekly. Colostrum was analyzed for IgG composition. Statistical analysis was conducted with PROC MIXED (SAS v. 9.4) and repeated-measures analysis when applicable. Interactions of main effects were generally not significant. Cows fed FULL had lower UpH than cows fed PART (5.64 vs. 6.71 ± 0.10; P < 0.001); dietary Ca did not affect UpH (P = 0.30). Prepartum DMI main effects were generally not significant. Postpartum DMI from wk 1 to 9 tended to be greater in cows fed HIGH (21.8 vs. 20.9 ± 0.5 kg/d; P < 0.07); DCAD did not affect postpartum DMI (P = 0.70). Cows fed FULL produced greater colostrum yield than PART (8.8 vs. 7.0 kg P = 0.02); with cows fed HIGH-FULL reporting greatest production (P = 0.10); and no differences in IgG concentrations. In wk 1 to 9, a trend (P = 0.10) for an interaction of DCAD, dietary Ca, and week existed such that cows fed the PART and LOW had the lowest MY and cows fed the FULL and HIGH had the highest MY. Milk composition showed cows fed HIGH produced milk with higher percentages of lactose (4.66 vs. 4.60 ± 0.03; P = 0.05). Overall, results support feeding HIGH in conjunction with FULL DCAD during the prepartum period for colostrum and MY. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85967 |
Watch |
2337W |
Effect of supplementing diets of dairy cows with essential oils on rumen fermentation profile in vivo and milk yield and composition: A meta-analysis. |
3 |
M. E. Rodriguez-Prado |
essential oils rumen fermentation in vivo milk yield and composition |
S. Calsamiglia1, G. Fernandez-Turren2, M. E. Rodriguez-Prado1, L. Castillejos1 |
1SNIBA, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 2Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay |
Essential oils are a natural alternative to the use of antibiotic growth promoters in dairy diets. The objective of the research was to evaluate the impact of feeding essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation in vivo, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows using meta-analytical procedures. A literature search was conducted to identify peer-reviewed research papers of studies conducted in vivo from different databases. Inclusion criteria were: in vivo, dairy cows, essential oils, rumen fermentation, production, milk yield and composition. Abstracts were excluded from all the analysis and small Latin square studies were excluded from performance evaluation analysis. A total of 21 studies for the evaluation of rumen fermentation profile and 37 for performance were selected. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., NC). The model included the fixed effect of EO inclusion and study as random effect. WEIGHT statement was used to provide a weight for each observation in the input data set. The supplementation with essential oils did not affect (P > 0.10) total volatile fatty acid concentration (n = 21; 118 ± 4.18 mM); acetate (n = 21; 62.0 ± 0.26 mol/100 mol), propionate (n = 21; 21.5 ± 0.25 mol/100mol), the C2:C3 ratio (n = 21; 2.91 ± 0.04) and ammonia-N (7.05 ± 0.41 mgN/dL). However, the supplementation of essential oils increased milk yield (n = 28, 31.1 vs 32.4 ± 1.41 kg/d, P < 0.05), and milk protein content (n = 34; 3.04 vs 3.10 ± 0.04%; P < 0.01), and tended to reduce milk fat content (n = 37; 3.63 vs 3.56 ± 0.07%; P < 0.09) without affecting DMI (22.1 ± 0.81 kg DM/d), and feed efficiency (n = 23; 1.57 ± 0.04 kg milk/kg DM intake). Essential oils provide an opportunity to improve production performance in spite of the lack of changes in ruminal fermentation profile. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86332 |
Watch |
2338W |
Evaluation of macromineral meters to detect dietary cation-anion difference concentration in a total mixed ration. |
4 |
S. R. Poldervaart |
dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) TMR hypocalcemia |
S. R. Poldervaart1, H. A. Rossow1 |
1University of California–Davis, Davis, CA |
The most common failures of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) in a TMR are a dilution of acidifying minerals or inadequate mixing of the TMR. Current lab-based methods to detect DCAD in the TMR are relatively expensive and require a lot of time to obtain results. Macromineral meters could be used to predict DCAD concentration quickly and cheaply. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate meters ability to predict DCAD macromineral concentrations using the Oakton SaltTestr (Oakton Instruments, Vernon Hills, IL) to measure Cl, the LAQUA Twin K meter (Horiba Scientific, Kyoto, Japan), and the Hanna Instruments Ca/Mg Meter (Hanna Instruments, Smithfield, RI) and compare results to lab macromineral analyses, and 2) determine if the meters can predict the overall DCAD concentration in TMR for close-up and lactating cows. Samples of TMR were collected from 2 pens (close- up and high lactating cows) at 10 commercial dairies by collecting 10 grab samples per mixer wagon load. Samples were sent to Analab (Fulton, IL) for analysis and were also analyzed using the macromineral meters. For meter analyses, feed samples were soaked in room temperature deionized water in 500 mL beakers and then mineral concentrations were measured using their respective meters. Time length of soaking each TMR sample was pre-determined by identifying the time of plateau for each mineral. Data were analyzed using PROC REG in SAS (SAS Institute v. 9.4, 2021), regressing lab mineral concentration on meter mineral concentration with pen as a covariate. Prediction of Cl and K concentrations in the TMR were best with R2of 0.64 and 0.56, respectively. Regression of DCAD concentration from lab analyses on meter K and Cl concentration in the TMR had an R2of 0.60. Both regressions had slopes not different from 1, y-intercepts not different from 0, and normally distributed residual errors. Therefore, Cl and K meters can be used to predict Cl and K concentrations and predict the DCAD concentration of TMR. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86961 |
Watch |
2339W |
Effects of prepartum energy intake on blood variables reflecting inflammation in dairy cows. |
5 |
M. M. Efil |
inflammation periparturient transition |
M. M. Efil1, N. A. Janovick1, E. Trevisi2, G. Bertoni2, J. K. Drackley1 |
1University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 2Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
The goal of this experiment was to establish the effect of prepartum diet on blood variables related to inflammation in dairy cows. Primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) Holstein cows were randomly assigned by expected date of calving to 1 of 3 prepartum energy intakes. A moderate-energy diet (1.63 Mcal of NEL/kg DM; 15% CP) was fed for either ad libitum intake (OVR) or at restricted intake (RES) to supply 150 or 80% of NRC (2001) energy requirements, respectively. A control diet (CON) was formulated with chopped straw to limit energy intake to 100% of NRC requirements at ad libitum allowance. Blood was sampled on d −21, −14, −7, −1, +1, +3, +7, +14, +21, and +28. Pre- and postpartum data were analyzed separately as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Prepartum, CON (0.06 ± 0.006) was lower than REST (0.08 ± 0.006) and OVR (0.08 ± 0.006) (P < 0.05) for β-carotene concentration. The OVR group (102.30 ± 2.02) had lower creatinine concentration than CON (112.12 ± 2.08) and REST (113.30 ± 2.07) (P < 0.05). Total bilirubin concentration was lower for the OVR (0.91 ± 0.14) group than CON (1.31 ± 0.15) and REST (1.11 ± 0.15) (P < 0.05). Urea concentration was higher for CON (6.03 ± 0.17) than OVR (4.34 ± 0.16) and REST (4.61 ± 0.17) (P < 0.05). Albumin (33.93 ± 0.33 vs. 35.25 ± 0.33), Ca (2.51 ± 0.03 vs. 2.62 ± 0.03), P (1.94 ± 0.04 vs. 2.16 ± 0.04), Mg (0.97 ± 0.008 vs. 1.02 ± 0.008), cholesterol (2.22 ± 0.07 vs. 2.69 ± 0.07), globulin (33.16 ± 0.88 vs. 39.73 ± 0.77), paraoxonase (56.83 ± 2.64 vs. 63.36 ± 2.58), total protein (67.08 ± 1.00 vs. 74.98 ± 0.80), vitamin A (32.40 ± 2.45 vs. 42.53 ± 2.38), and Zn (10.91 ± 0.30 vs. 13.81 ± 0.30) were lower on day −1 than day −21 (P < 0.05). Creatinine (112.77 ± 1.65 vs. 107.05 ± 1.15) and total bilirubin (2.52 ± 0.24 vs. 0.36 ± 0.05) were higher on day −1 than day −21 (P < 0.05). Postpartum, CON group (0.05 ± 0.007) was lower (P < 0.05) than OVR (0.07 ± 0.007) for β-carotene. The CON group (2.09 ± 0.04) was higher (P < 0.05) than OVR group (1.89 ± 0.04), for P concentration. Total bilirubin concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for the OVR (3.26 ± 0.25) group than CON (2.59 ± 0.26) and REST (1.89 ± 0.26). Cholesterol (2.03 ± 0.09 vs. 4.24 ± 0.10), Ca (2.29 ± 0.03 vs. 2.57 ± 0.03), β-carotene (0.06 ± 0.004 vs. 0.09 ± 0.008), globulin (33.08 ± 0.85 vs. 44.05 ± 0.86), Mg (0.95 ± 0.01 vs. 1.03 ± 0.01), paraoxonase (50.40 ± 2.87 vs. 67.89 ± 2.90), total protein (67.38 ± 0.88 vs. 78.54 ± 0.89), vitamin A (27.11 ± 1.75 vs. 40.67 ± 1.76) and Zn (7.56 ± 0.34 vs. 11.04 ± 0.34) were lower (P < 0.05) on day +1 than day +28. Creatinine (109.58 ± 1.30 vs. 90.22 ± 1.31) and total bilirubin (5.18 ± 0.44 vs. 1.11 ± 0.08) concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) on day +1 than day +28. Little evidence was uncovered for inflammatory effects of prepartum diet in periparturient dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85894 |
Watch |
2340W |
Evaluating effects of dietary stabilized liquid propionic acid on milk production, energetics, and inflammation in postpartum dairy cows. |
6 |
E. A. Horst |
propionate inflammation |
E. A. Horst1, C. Sousa1, L. A. Rodriguez1 |
1Innovative Liquids LLC, El Dorado Hills, CA |
Study objectives were to evaluate effects of stabilized liquid propionic acid (PA; Innovative Liquids, LLC.) on milk production, energetics, and inflammation in postpartum cows. Ninety-six multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatment pens at 2 d in milk (DIM): (1) control diet (CON; n = 48) or (2) a diet containing PA (2% dry matter of diet as stabilized propionic acid; n = 48). Pen was replicated 6 times/treatment and each pen housed 8 cows. Cows received their respective dietary treatments for 70 d. Cows were milked 3 times daily and yield was recorded. Samples for composition analysis were obtained at 3 consecutive milkings once a week. Blood samples were collected at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 70 DIM. Fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Pen nested within treatment was included as a random effect. Overall, dietary PA increased daily milk yield (2.1 kg; P < 0.01) relative to control cows. Milk fat, protein, and lactose content were similar between treatments; however, protein and fat yields were or tended to be increased in PA relative to control cows (4 and 5%, respectively; P ≤ 0.07). Energy and fat-corrected milk yield and somatic cell score did not differ between treatments. Dietary PA decreased milk urea nitrogen (5%; P = 0.05) relative to control cows. Pen-level dry matter intake and feed efficiency were similar between groups. Mineral and energetic parameters were unaffected by treatment. Circulating serum amyloid A was similar between groups at 7 DIM but concentrations decreased (50%; P = 0.04) in PA-supplemented cows at DIM 14 relative to controls. No differences were observed in the other positive and negative acute-phase proteins evaluated. In summary, PA supplementation improved milk performance and alleviated inflammation, but did not alter mineral and energetic metabolism. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86094 |
Watch |
2341W |
Effects of increasing stabilized liquid propionic acid inclusion on production, energetics, and health in lactating dairy cows. |
7 |
C. Sousa |
propionate inflammation insulin |
E. A. Horst1, C. Sousa1, J. Haringa1, L. Rodriguez1 |
1Innovative Liquids LLC, El Dorado Hills, CA |
Objectives were to evaluate effects of stabilized liquid propionic acid (PA; Innovative Liquids, LLC.) inclusion level on metabolism and inflammation in lactating Holstein cows. Data were obtained from 2-hundred 13 cows calving on a commercial dairy between May and August 2019 and 2-hundred 90 cows calving between May and August 2020. Cows calving in 2019 were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments (1) control (CON; n = 102) or (2) PA supplemented (2PA; 2.3% dry matter of diet as liquid propionic acid; n = 111) whereas all cows calving in 2020 were supplemented with PA at a rate of 4 lbs/cow/d (4PA; 4.5% of DM as liquid propionic acid). Cows received their respective dietary treatments for 28 DIM. Blood samples were obtained from a subset of cows at 7 and 14 ± 1 DIM and were submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory for analysis. Each animal’s respective parameter was analyzed using repeated measures with an autoregressive covariance structure. The repeated effect was DIM. Fixed effects of treatment, DIM, and their interaction were assessed as a CRD using PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and cow was included as a random effect. Linear and quadratic effects of dose were analyzed using preplanned orthogonal contrasts. Additionally, a preplanned contrast of Control vs. PA treatments (2PA and 4PA) was included. Calcium concentrations tended to linearly increase with increasing PA inclusion rate (P ≤ 0.07) whereas sodium and chloride linearly decreased (P < 0.01). Overall, NEFA, BHBA, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations linearly decreased (P < 0.01) whereas circulating insulin linearly increased (P = 0.05) with increasing PA level (P < 0.01). No effects of PA were observed on albumin and cholesterol concentrations, however, the NEFA to cholesterol ratio tended to linearly decrease with increasing PA level (P = 0.08). No differences were observed for circulating fibrinogen, however, haptoglobin concentrations tended to decrease linearly with PA supplementation (P = 0.06). In summary, increasing PA inclusion resulted in more pronounced changes in metabolism and inflammation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86603 |
Watch |
2342W |
Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis on lactation performance of adult lactating dairy cattle. |
8 |
A. D. Corpus |
milk production lactation performance diet |
A. D. Corpus1, L. P. Bielamowicz1, B. W. Jones1,2, W. B. Smith1,3 |
1Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 2Texas A&M Agrilife Research, Stephenville, TX, 3Auburn University, Auburn, AL |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis on lactation performance of dairy cows. The study was conducted from July 13 to August 18, 2020, at the Southwest Regional Dairy Center at Tarleton State University. Crossbred cows (n = 98) averaging 103 DIM, were assigned randomly to one of 4 pens, each pen contained 24 cows. During this research, 2 pens were given treatment while the other 2 were treated as control groups. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis treatment probiotics were sprayed at a dosing rate of 1X109 cfu/G. Treatments were top-dressed on the total mixed ration daily at the 6am feeding for 35 d. The first 14 was an adaptation period, and the last 21 were treatment. The cows were targeted to eat 45.36 kg of feed/day. Milk weights were recorded at each of the 3 daily milking periods. Composite milk samples were collected weekly and submitted to the Texas Dairy Herd Improvement Association for assay of milk components. Blood was collected and refrigerated; a complete blood count was preformed using the IDEXX ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Westbrook, ME). Milk weight and milk components were summed and averaged weekly. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9.4 (SAS, Cary, NC), normality of the data were determined using PROC UNIVARIATE. Alpha was established at 0.05, and significant differences were considered when P < α. No interaction of (P = 0.59) treatment and week for weekly milk yield was found. Control cows produced 43.32 kg/day and treatment cows produced 41.96 kg/day. Percent milk fat (P = 0.15), milk protein (P = 0.59), lactose (P = 0.70), solids-not-fat (P = 0.78), milk urea nitrogen (P = 0.33), β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.44), or acetone (P = 0.47) showed no effect from treatment. The results of this study highlight no differences between control groups and treatment groups. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85873 |
Watch |
2344W |
In vitro adsorption efficiency of mycotoxins by different mycotoxin adsorbents. |
9 |
V. Akay |
thermo-modified powdered cellulose bentonite yeast cell wall extract |
V. Akay1, T. Akay2 |
1Global Nutritech Biotechnology LLC, Richmond, VA, 2Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey |
The objective of this study was to compare 3 different mycotoxin adsorbents for their adsorption efficiency by different mycotoxins in vitro. The adsorbents used were thermo-modified powdered cellulose (Global Nutritech Biotechnology LLC), bentonite, and yeast cell wall extract. The mycotoxins were aflatoxin, DON, Ochratoxin, Fumonisin, T-2 toxin and zearalenone. In vitro conditions were as follows: adsorption pH was 6; desorption pH was 3; inclusion rate of adsorbents was 2 kg per ton; mycotoxin levels were 1,000 ppb for each mycotoxin; each binding assay was replicated 3 times; and incubation temperature was 39°C and incubation time was 45 min. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS and significance was declared at P < 0.05. Results are shown in the table below. Powdered cellulose adsorbed DON, Ochratoxin, Fumonisin, T-2 toxin and zearalenone better than bentonite and yeast cell wall extract (P < 0.05). Bentonite adsorbed aflatoxin the highest followed by powdered cellulose (P < 0.05). Yeast cell wall extract adsorbed zearalenone better than bentonite (P < 0.05). In conclusion, thermo-modified powdered cellulose is a better broad-spectrum mycotoxin adsorbent when compared to yeast cell wall extract or bentonite. Table 1. Percent adsorption efficiency of mycotoxins by different adsorbents (%)
| Mycotoxin |
Adsorbent |
SE |
| Powdered cellulose |
Bentonite |
Yeast cell wall |
| Aflatoxin |
84.50b |
95.47a |
4.33c |
4.34 |
| DON |
2.20a |
0.03b |
0.03b |
0.29 |
| Ochratoxin |
63.93a |
10.67b |
13.10b |
1.99 |
| Fumonisin |
54.23a |
31.97b |
26.70b |
5.00 |
| T2-Toxin |
57.60a |
18.63b |
20.93b |
5.26 |
| Zearalenone |
85.63a |
9.87c |
43.20b |
0.94 |
a,b,cMeans having different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05). |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86860 |
Watch |
2345W |
Testing palatability of alfalfa hay of different relative feed value compared to brome hay in lactating Jersey cows. |
10 |
K. Buse |
alfalfa hay palatability feed preference |
K. Buse1, A. Carroll1, P. Kononoff1 |
1University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE |
Forages comprise a large portion of dairy cattle rations, and quality can also have a large influence on feed intake and milk production. While factors like particle size, fiber content, and digestibility affect it, palatability can also play a role in feed intake. The objective of this study was to conduct an experiment to evaluate the effect of relative feed value (RFV) on feed preference. A taste preference experiment using 16 lactating Jersey cows (210 ± 4 DIM, 27.4 ± 3.24 kg/d milk yield, 19.6 ± 1.52 kg/d DMI) were conducted to test this objective. Reduced-lignin alfalfa hay with a high RFV (213; HIRFV), mid-RFV (163; MDRFV), and low RFV (94; LORFV) were compared with a control smooth brome grass hay (75 RFV; BROME). Cows were offered 0.45 kg of each alfalfa treatment and 0.23 kg of the hay treatment in a randomized arrangement within the feed bunk for 1 h or until the feed was fully consumed or consumed in the greatest amount. Feeds were offered for 9 d with all treatments offered the first 4 d. The most preferred feed was then removed, and the remaining 3 feeds were offered for 3 d. The process was repeated for the last 2 d. Feed preference was ranked from 1 to 4 with 1 being the most preferred and 4 the least; this was in the order they were removed. The rankings of each treatment for each cow were summed and averaged. The chances of a treatment being chosen first was determined using the Plackett-Luce model. The preference ranking of HIRFV was highest (1.06 ± 0.25) followed by LORFV (2.56 ± 0.63), MDRFV (2.75 ± 0.58), and BROME (3.25 ± 0.93). The probability of HIRFV being selected first is 95.7 ± 0.79% while the probability of LORFV, MDRFV, and BROME being selected first is 2.09 ± 0.38, 1.70 ± 0.38, and 0.55 ± 0.46%, respectively (P < 0.01). These results support the notion that higher quality alfalfa hay is preferred by cows. The secondary preference of LORFV could be associated with the presence of by-products of Maillard reactions, which would lower the RFV while providing more favorable flavors that was is present in MDRFV and BROME. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86364 |
Watch |
2346W |
Examining feed preference of pellets used in automated milking systems (AMS). |
11 |
A. L. Carroll |
robotic pellets palatability |
A. L. Carroll1, K. K. Buse1, J. D. Stypinski1, C. J. R. Jenkins1,2, P. J. Kononoff1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2Standard Nutrition Company, Omaha, NE |
Pelleted feeds are often provided within the automated milking system to provide an incentive for animals to enter. However, little data has compared the feed preference of different pellet formulation strategies. The objective of this experiment was to compare 4 different pelleting strategies and measure the effects of feed preference in lactating Jersey cattle. To test the objective, a taste preference experiment was conducted with 8 multiparous lactating Jersey cattle (289 ± 25.3 DIM, 26.0 ± 2.45 kg milk yield, 19.36 ± 1.29 kg DMI). Four strategies tested included: 1) a single pellet of corn gluten feed (CGF), 2) a pellet including feedstuffs believed to be highly palatable this included 53.2% wheat middling (WM), 15.7% dried distillers grains (DDGS), 15.2% cane molasses, and 1.81% oregano (HPO), 3) an high-energy pellet (EB) consisting of 61% corn grain (COR) and 26.2% WM, and 4) a pellet containing feeds commonly included in the grain mixture of a TMR including 43.1% COR, 26.3% DDGS, 3.18% soybean meal and vitamin and mineral premix (TPCL). Cows were offered 0.50 kg of each in a randomized arrangement within the feed bunk for 1 h or until the feed was fully consumed. Cows were offered all 4 treatments for the first 4 d. The most preferred feed for each cow was removed, and the remaining 3 feeds were offered for 3d. The process was repeated for the last 2d. Feed preference was ranked from 1 to 4 with 1 being the most preferred and 4 the least. Data were analyzed with the Plackett-Luce model (R) and a Z test was conducted to determine the percentage chance a treatment was chosen first differed from the mean value of no preference at 25%. The resulting P-values were P < 0.01 CGF, P = 0.49 HPO, P = 0.04 EB, P = 0.04 TPCL and the probability of first choice was determined at 78.6 ± 0.60% CGF, 9.38 ± 0.438% HPO, 4.94 ± 0.453% EB and 7.11 ± 0.439% TPCL. Results suggest that animals exhibit a high degree of preference for corn gluten feed pellets and that this preference is greater than pellets containing other feed ingredients. Alternatively, cows appeared to exhibit lowest preference for a high-energy pellet containing mostly corn and wheat middlings. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86370 |
Watch |
2347W |
Preliminary models to predict dry matter intake of lactating Jersey cows. |
12 |
K. V. Almeida |
dairy cow feed intake model evaluation |
K. V. Almeida1, D. C. Reyes1, E. A. Cruz1, M. A. Rahman1, A. L. Konopka1, P. J. Kononoff2, A. F. Brito1 |
1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2University of University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE |
We aimed to derive equations to predict DMI in lactating Jersey cows. The initial data set consisted of 489 individual weekly observations of DMI, BW, and milk yield and composition gathered from 13 studies (n = 135 cows; 180 ± 70 DIM; 453 ± 48 kg of BW; 25 ± 5.7 kg of milk/d). The model included DMI as dependent variable, and BW, metabolic BW (BW0.75), ECM, milk fat, and milk protein as independent variables. Full models were subjected to a STEPWISE selection method using the PROC GLM SELECT of SAS to identify the best predictor variables. Two models were selected: (Model 1) DMI, kg/d = 1.09 + 0.30 × ECM + 0.08 × BW0.75 (R2 = 0.59) and (Model 2) DMI, kg/d = 3.44 + 0.33 × ECM − 0.86 × milk fat (%) + 2.51 × milk protein (%) (R2 = 0.64). The evaluation data set was constructed with treatment means obtained after performing a systematic literature search on Web of Science, PubMed, and CAB direct. The following terms were used: (1) “Jersey cow” OR “Jersey cows” OR “Bos taurus taurus”; (2) “dry matter” (OR feed AND intake OR DMI), and (3) milk. Study selection criteria included articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 1970 and 2021, with measured DMI and milk performance and correspondent SEM or SD. A total of 560 records was identified but following our inclusion criteria, only 78 articles (n = 271 treatment means) were used to build the evaluation data set. A linear regression between observed and predicted DMI was conducted using the PROC REG of SAS. Comparisons of model accuracy were based on the mean squared error of prediction (MSEP), root of MSEP (RMSEP), and MSEP decomposed into mean bias, slope bias, and random error (as % of MSEP). Model 1 generated the following equation: DMI = −0.74 + 1.06 × predicted DMI (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.51; MSEP = 4.55; RMSEP = 2.13; mean bias = 0.93; slope bias = 0.32; random error = 98.7), while Model 2 was fitted as: DMI = 0.19 + 0.95 × predicted DMI (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.48; MSEP = 4.50; RMSEP = 2.12; mean bias = 10.0; slope bias = 0.24; random error = 89.7). Overall, preliminary Models 1 and 2 appear to be reliable to predict DMI when animal variables such as BW and milk production and composition are available. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: General Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t87081 |
Watch |
2348W |
Modified tools for placement of abomasal infusion lines in cattle. |
13 |
L. R. Rebelo |
abomasum delivery tool insertion tool |
L. R. Rebelo1, C. Lee1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
The abomasal infusion of nutrients and markers is a fundamental technique used to improve understanding of postruminal metabolism and promote the advancement of nutritional strategies. When the original device was used, difficulties to insert, place, and maintain the infusion line inside the abomasum for days were experienced. Therefore, modifications were designed for easier and more successful placement of abomasal infusion lines in dairy cows. The structure of the modified device (insertion and delivery tool) and the principal of placing the infusion line into the abomasum with the device is similar to the original device. Updates include altering the dimensions and design of both tools. The primary changes include that the insertion tool has a 1.2-cm wide parallel cut and the delivery tool has a 1.3-cm wide parallel cut along the entire length of the tools. Those cuts allow encasement of the infusion line and flange inside the tools, significantly decreasing breadth and irregularities of the insertion tool when it passes through the reticulum-omasum orifice, omasum, and omasum-abomasum orifice. Additionally, the o.d. of both ends of the delivery tool was increased to reduce the gap between the delivery tool and insertion tool, avoiding jams when the flange is ejected. The length of both tools was increased by 1.5 cm to ensure the insertion tool end containing flange fully passes the omasum-abomasum orifice in large Holstein cows. The modified device was used in an experiment with 4 cannulated cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Placement of the flanges and infusion line was checked immediately after insertion and twice daily for all cows during 6 d of continuous infusion in each period. We did not observe any flanges pulled from the abomasum for 6 d of infusion and reinsertion of the flanges was not necessary during the entire experiment. Because of the altered shape and design, the placement of the flange through the reticulum-omasum orifice and omasum and into the abomasum was smoother and quicker compared with the original device. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9972 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85867 |
Watch |
2363W |
Effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 supplementation on acute-phase proteins and gastrointestinal tract permeability in transition dairy cows. |
1 |
B. M. Goetz |
periparturient probiotic Cr-EDTA |
B. M. Goetz1, E. J. Mayorga1, M. A. Abeyta1, S. Rodriguez-Jimenez1, J. Opgenorth1, A. Freestone1, G. M. Jakes1, C. E. Moore2, D. J. Dickson2, J. E. Hergenreder2, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2Kemin Industries Inc, Des Moines, IA |
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CLOSTAT; Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA) on inflammatory biomarkers and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) permeability in Holstein dairy cows. Forty-eight multiparous cows were stratified by previous 305 ME and parity and assigned to 1 of 2 top-dressed dietary treatments 21 d before expected calving: 1) CON (13 g/d calcium carbonate; n = 24) or 2) CST (13 g/d Bacillus subtilis PB6; n = 24). Following calving, cows remained on their respective dietary treatment until 63 DIM. In vivo intestinal integrity was evaluated on d −14, 3, 14, and 28 relative to calving using the paracellular permeability marker chromium (Cr)-EDTA. Plasma Cr concentrations were measured hourly for 24h following each infusion and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Blood samples were obtained on d −14, 3, 14, and 28 relative to expected calving. Effects of treatment, time, and treatment × time were assessed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Circulating lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin were similar between treatments both pre- and postpartum (P > 0.38), however, regardless of dietary treatment, inflammatory biomarkers peaked early in lactation and decreased from d 3 to 28 (P < 0.01). Postpartum LBP tended to be decreased on d 3 in CST-fed cows relative to controls (19%; P = 0.10). Plasma Cr AUC (24h postinfusion) did not differ due to dietary treatment or stage of lactation (P > 0.71). Time to peak plasma Cr concentration was similar among treatments and stage of lactation (P > 0.76). In conclusion, cows were in an inflammatory state following calving and CST supplementation slightly reduced peak LBP concentrations. Neither CST or stage of lactation affected Cr-EDTA metrics suggesting that whole GIT hyperpermeability may not have been the source of periparturient inflammation, or that oral Cr-EDTA may not be an appropriate technique to evaluate GIT barrier integrity during the transition period. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86111 |
Watch |
2364W |
Effects of guanidinoacetic acid in dairy or beef microbial conditions on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous culture system. |
2 |
R. Temmar |
guanidinoacetic acid rumen fermentation cattle |
R. Temmar1, M. E. Rodríguez-Prado1, A. Kihal1, V. K. Inhuber2, S. Calsamiglia1 |
1Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 2Alzchem Trostberg GmbH Dr, Trostberg, Germany |
Eight dual-flow culture fermenters were used in a randomized block design with 2 periods to evaluate the effect of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient digestion. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, with factors being the type of fermentation conditions: dairy (pH between 5.8 and 6.8; diet 50:50 forage:concentrate, 17.1% CP and 30.0% NDF) or beef (pH between 5.5 and 6.5; diet 10:90 forage:concentrate, 16.3% CP and 17.6% NDF); and GAA: 0 vs. 2 g/d. Temperature (38.5°C), liquid (0.10/h) and solid (0.05/h) dilution rates were kept constant. Diets (90 g/d DM) were fed 3x/d. Effluent samples were collected from a composite of the 3 sampling days, and bacteria were isolated on the last day of each period from fermenters. Fermenter samples were taken 3h after the morning feeding for microbiome analysis. Fermentation data were analyzed with the PROC MIXED of SAS and the microbiome diversity and composition with R Studio. Significance was set at P < 0.05. No differences were observed on true OM (59.4 ± 7.94%) degradability. Degradability of NDF (49.9 vs 31.2 ± 3.79%), the proportions (mol/100 mol) of acetate (51 vs 44 ± 1.7) and butyrate (19 vs 11 ± 1.5), the acetate-to-propionate ratio (2.02 vs 1.12 ± 0.091), NH3-N concentration (8.18 vs 2.92 ± 0.662 mg/100mL), the flow (g/d) of total (2.83 vs 2.67 ± 0.023) and ammonia (0.27 vs 0.09 ± 0.021) N, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (32 vs 22 ± 2.3 g N/kg OM truly degraded) and the relative abundance and diversity of microbial population were higher in dairy than in beef. Total VFA (113 vs 100 ± 1.9 mM) and the propionate proportion (41 vs 26 ± 1.8 mol/100 mol) were higher in beef than in dairy. The GAA increased NH3-N concentration (7.31 vs 3.78 ± 0.662 (mg/100mL) and the flow (g/d) of total (2.97 vs 2.71 ± 0.023) and ammonia (0.24 vs 0.12 ± 0.021) N. The degradation of GAA was higher in dairy (69.8%) than in beef (6.3%). The use of GAA in dairy cow, but not in beef, may require protection. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86652 |
Watch |
2366W |
Effects of a novel direct-fed microbial feed additive on performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows. |
3 |
L. N. Ferro |
rumen native microbes direct-fed microbial |
L. N. Ferro1, A. L. Kerwin1, C. M. Ryan1, G. M. Graef1, T. M. Nelson1, H. Green2, F. Yang2, M. Embree2, D. M. Barbano1, T. R. Overton1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Native Microbials Inc, San Diego, CA |
The objective was to determine the effects of a microbial feed additive (MFA; Galaxis Frontier, Native Microbials, San Diego, CA) containing native rumen microbes on performance of lactating dairy cows. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows (n = 152) were assigned to 1 of 5 stages of lactation groups based on days in milk (DIM) at treatment start (G1 = 47 to 66 DIM, G2 = 69 to 99 DIM, G3 = 100 to119 DIM, G4 = 120 to 138 DIM, G5 = 139 to 160 DIM). Each lactation group was divided into 2 treatment groups [n = 5 pens per treatment; control (no additive) vs. MFA (targeting 5 g/d per cow)] in a randomized complete-block design balanced for parity, body weight, and DIM. The same base total mixed ration (TMR) was fed during the 3-wk pretreatment (7-d adaptation followed by a 14-d covariate period for baseline data) and treatment periods. The treatment was mixed into the TMR using ground corn as a carrier and the TMR were fed ad libitum once daily for 20 wk. Milk yield, pen feeding, and refusals were recorded daily. Milk components were collected weekly. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with repeated measures in R. Overall, cows fed MFA produced less milk than control cows (45.4 vs. 46.4 ± 0.5 kg/d; P = 0.05), but energy-corrected milk (ECM; 50.8 vs. 51.1 ± 0.6 kg/d; P = 0.57), dry matter intake (DMI; 28.4 vs. 28.9 ± 0.5; P = 0.50), and feed efficiency (ECM:DMI) (1.76 vs. 1.73 ± 0.04; P = 0.58) were not different. Further analysis suggested that cows in G1 fed MFA produced more milk (54.4 vs. 52.0 ± 1.9 kg/d; P = 0.05) with no differences in the concentration of milk fatty acids, while cows fed MFA in G2, G3, G4 and G5 produced less milk (43.3 vs. 45.4 ± 0.5 kg/d; P = 0.01), had lower DMI (28.0 vs. 29.3 ± 0.3; P = 0.04), and had a higher proportion of preformed fatty acids in milk (30.3 vs. 29.8 ± 0.2% of total fatty acids; P = 0.01) compared with the control cows. Further investigation is necessary to understand the effect MFA has on cows starting treatment at different stages of lactation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t85972 |
Watch |
2367W |
Essential oils manipulated rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. |
4 |
A. Park |
essential oils digestibility fermentation |
A. Van De Kerchhove1, A. Delaquis2, T. Steen3, F. Mueller4, A. Park5 |
1Federated Co-Op Limited, Saskatoon, SK, CA, 2Sollio Agriculture, Montréal, Quebec, CA, 3Tennessee Farmers Cooperative, La Vergne, TN, 4Kalmbach Feeds, Inc, Upper Sandusky, OH, 5Cooperative Research Farms, Richmond, VA |
The trial objective was to determine the impact of cinnamaldehyde (CIN), carvacrol (CAR), and Oleobiotec (OLEO) on production and ruminal fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Four fistulated and 4 nonfistulated multiparous Holstein cows at 108 d in milk were utilized in a double Latin square design with 28 d periods. The cows were housed in tie-stalls and individually fed control (CON), CIN (1g/d), CAR (1g/d) and OLEO (1g/d) diets ad libitum each day. Essential oils were from PHODÉ, France. Cows were milked (2X / d) and sampled weekly for milk composition. Individual dry matter intake, milk yield, and composition were averaged by week. Cow body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated twice per period. Cow ruminal samples were collected twice in each period for pH, ammonia, α amino nitrogen (AAN), peptides, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and lactate. Samples were collected during wk 4 in each period for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), β hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acid, aspartate amino transferase, and albumin) and total-tract digestibilities. Data were analyzed with PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with differences noted at P < 0.05 and trends at P < 0.15. No differences were noted for production, BW, BCS. or plasma parameters. Ruminal pH was depressed (P < 0.005) by all essential oils (5.87 for CON versus mean of 5.73, SEM = 0.03). Ruminal deamination appeared to be inhibited in cows fed CIN versus CON due to higher levels of peptides (0.68 mM, P < 0.015, SEM = 0.21). Feeding CIN or OLEO yielded higher propionate (3.17 and 2.09 mM, P < 0.001, SEM = 0.69, respectively) and tended to increase acetate concentrations (3.62 and 5.31 mM, P < 0.07, SEM = 1.51, respectively) compared with CON (71.63 and 23.97). In addition, CIN and OLEO had higher branched-chain (0.54 and 0.59 mM, P < 0.009, SEM = 0.11) and total VFA (7.79 and 8.13 mM, P < 0.04, SEM = 2.45) concentrations over CON. Carvacrol tended to depress total-tract acid detergent digestibility (48.19 versus 50.80%, P < 0.03, SEM = 0.79) compared with CON. Additional research looking into the interaction between degradable or undegradable protein and essential oils should be evaluated. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86176 |
Watch |
2368W |
Effects of exogenous amylolytic or cellulolytic enzymes inclusion on in vitro fermentation of lactating dairy cow diets in a dual-flow continuous culture system. |
5 |
J. R. Vinyard |
α-amylase glucanase xylanase |
J. R. Vinyard1, A. Ravelo2,1, E. Sarmikasoglou1, H. F. Monteiro3,1, J. A. Arce-Cordero1, M. L. Johnson1, B. C. Agustinho4,1, R. R. Lobo1, M. G. Yungmann1, A. H. R. Winter1, L. M. Gilbertson1, M. P.L Soltis5,1, K. D. Klanderman6, L. F. Ferraretto7, A. P. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 3University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, 4University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 5University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 6Adisseo USA Inc, Alpharetta, GA, 7University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of including different exogenous amylolytic or cellulolytic enzymes in a diet for high-producing dairy cows on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments were control (CON), a xylanase and glucanase mixture (T1), an α-amylase mixture (T2), or a xylanase, glucanase, and α-amylase mixture (T3). Treatments were included at a rate of 0.008% of diet DM for T1 and T2 and 0.02% for T3 and all treatments replaced SBM compared with CON. All diets were balanced to have the same nutrient composition (30.2% NDF, 16.1% CP, and 30% starch; DM basis) and fermenters were fed 106 g/d divided into 2 feedings. At each feeding T2 was pipetted into the respective fermentern, as T1 and T3 were included in the fed diet. Experimental periods were 10 d (7 d adaptation and 3 d sample collection). Composite samples of daily effluent were collected and analyzed for VFA, NH3-N, and lactate concentration, digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP, and starch, and flow and metabolism of N. Samples of ruminal content were collected from each fermenter at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding to determine kinetics of pH, NH3-N, lactate, and VFA concentration over time. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS and the repeated variable of time was included for kinetics measurements. There was no effect of treatment on the mean pH, digestibility, N flow and metabolism or the concentrations of any VFA, NH3-N, and lactate in the effluent samples, nor for pH, acetate:propionate, or the concentrations of lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, or caproate. However, the concentration of total VFA tended to change (P = 0.09) at each time point depending upon the treatment and T2 tended (P = 0.08) to have a greater proportion of 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate than CON, T1, or T3. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86621 |
Watch |
2369W |
In vitro evaluation of the effects of high-protein duckweed on ruminal fermentation. |
6 |
N. Stepanchenko |
duckweed ruminal fermentation methane |
N. Stepanchenko1, D. E. Wasson1, S. Welchez1, L. Martins1, R. A. Brennan1, A. N. Hristov1 |
1Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA |
Contamination of water by nitrogen (N) and other nutrients from agricultural waste has been a global problem for decades. Due to its absorptive properties and nutritional quality, duckweed (DW) can be used for the mitigation of water contamination and on-farm nutrient recycling. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of high-protein DW on ruminal fermentation in vitro, which had been grown in various concentrations of wastewater: dairy wastewater (20, 30, 40, and 50 mg N/L; DW1 to 4, respectively); partially treated municipal wastewater (DW5); and treated municipal wastewater effluent (DW6). Three incubations were carried out using an automated gas production system for 24 or 72 h at 39°C with rumen inoculum from 2 cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a typical mid-lactation diet, which also served as the fermentation substrate. The first 2 incubations included all 6 DW treatments at 10% (substrate dry matter basis) inclusion rate. A third incubation was carried out with DW 1, 2, 4, and 5 at 20% inclusion rate. Treatments were analyzed for their effect on total gas and enteric methane production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations (24 h incubation), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFd; 72 h incubation). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with treatment in the model. At a 10% inclusion rate, DW had no effect (P ≥ 0.11) compared with control on total gas and methane production, VFA and ammonia concentrations, or NDFd. Increasing the inclusion rate to 20% resulted in decreased (P = 0.003) total gas production by an average of 13% for all DW treatments, suggesting inhibited fermentation, and resulted in small changes in molar proportions of the minor VFAs, with no effect on ammonia concentration and NDFd. Overall, DW included at 10% of dietary dry matter did not negatively affect ruminal fermentation and NDFd, whereas 20% inclusion rate decreased gas production, indicating potential inhibition of ruminal fermentation in vitro. These results indicate that DW may be suitable as a feed supplement for ruminants at a 10% inclusion rate. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86900 |
Watch |
2370W |
Effect of a high-shear dry extruded shaped corn on milk production and components in dairy cattle. |
7 |
Y. Adeniji |
fermentable starch milk production dairy cattle |
Y. Adeniji1, R. Bomberger1, K. Harvatine1 |
1Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
Feeding a highly fermentable starch source to high-producing dairy cows may improve starch availability and ruminal starch digestion, however the effect of corn grain processing on performance has been variable. The extent to which starch and protein sources could be replaced by a more rapidly available starch source was investigated in 48 lactating multiparous Holstein cows [183 ± 57 d in milk; 39.2 ± 5.9 kg/d of milk]. Cows were blocked by parity and milk yield and assigned in a randomized block design with a 14-d pretrial and for 28 d experimental period with 2 dietary phases. In the first 21 d, treatments were 3% high shear dried extruded shaped corn (ESC) substituting either the starch sources (NS) or expeller soybean meal (NSB) in a corn silage based total mixed ration. During the last 7 d, the treatment substitution was increased to 5% of the diet. All data generated were analyzed using the mixed procedure in SAS and time dependent data were analyzed as repeated measure. Extruded corn had no effect on DMI; however, there was a day x treatment interaction as DMI was increased by extruded corn at 5%. Milk yield was increased 1.8 kg units by extruded corn throughout the study (P < 0.001), however, milk fat and protein yield and concentration were not changed by treatment. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was also not changed. Extruded corn increased milk trans-11 18:1 when fed at 3%, with no change in the concentration and yield of trans-10 18:1 indicating no increase in biohydrogenation induced milk fat depression (milk fat averaged 4.30 ± 0.2%). The yield and concentration of mixed source (total C16), preformed, and odd and branched-chain (OBCFA) were not changed by the treatment. In addition, the yield and concentration of OBCFA increased, but yield of FA by source (de novo, mixed and preformed) were reduced from d 22 to 28, corresponding with feeding extruded corn at 5%. Overall, a high shear dry ESC at 3% of ration DM of diet can replace soybean meal and starch sources in postpeak multiparous cows without compromising production performance. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86294 |
Watch |
2371W |
Effect of corn hybrid on in vitro starch digestibility at silage maturities I: Kernels. |
8 |
N. Schlau |
starch digestibility particle size |
N. Schlau1, D. R. Mertens2, D. Taysom1 |
1Dairyland Laboratories, Inc, Arcadia, WI, 2Mertens Innovation and Research, Belleville, WI |
Objective was to determine whether differences in kernel starch can be detected in silage maturity corn. Sets of 8 ears were harvested from Brevant hybrids (7-B99B79SX, BMR; 6-B96T79SX, standard/non-BMR - STAN; and 7-B95U78SXE, floury - FL) and kernels removed from the ears, dried, then ground to pass a 4-mm screen. Approximately 20g of 4-mm ground material was dry-sieved to determine particle size. Particle size data were log-transformed and analyzed according to a model that included the fixed effect of hybrid. In vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) was measured on 4-mm ground material after 3, 8, and 24h using 30 mL of Goering and Van Soest (1970) media and 20 mL of blended ruminal fluid from 3 steers fed a 30% starch diet. Samples were assigned to 4 blocks of 5 samples balanced for DM and starch content. Each block included at least one sample of each hybrid. Two blocks were measured in triplicate over 4 in vitro runs. Data were fit to a first-order model to determine fractional rate of starch digestion (kd) and discrete lag time (Lag). The statistical model included the fixed effect of hybrid and random effect of Block-within-Run. Kernel DM was higher for BMR vs. FL, but STAN was not different (59.0 vs. 53.8 and 54.3 ± 1.46%, respectively, P < 0.05). Starch content was lower for FL vs. BMR and STAN (68.5 vs. 72.0 and 71.5 ± 4.67%DM, respectively, P < 0.001). Although the samples were ground to pass the same screen, BMR particle size was larger than FL (765 vs 692 ± 1.0 µm, respectively, P < 0.05) and standard deviation of particle size was larger for BMR vs. FL (2.21 vs 2.11 ± 1.012µm, respectively, P < 0.05). The IVSD was not different among hybrids after 3h. After 8h, IVSD was lowest for BMR and highest for FL (30.0 vs. 35.4 vs. 41.6 ± 2.36, respectively, P < 0.001) and after 24h, IVSD for BMR was lower than FL (96.1 vs. 96.7 ± 0.26, respectively P < 0.05). Differences were not detected for kd, but Lag was shorter for the FL vs. BMR kernels (2.93 vs. 4.97 ± 0.78h, P < 0.01). Differences in kernel starch characteristics among corn hybrids can be detected at similar maturities by routine laboratory methods. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86297 |
Watch |
2372W |
Effect of corn hybrid on in vitro starch digestibility at silage maturities II: Whole-plant corn. |
9 |
N. Schlau |
starch digestibility |
N. Schlau1, D. R. Mertens2, D. Taysom1 |
1Dairyland Laboratories Inc, Arcadia, WI, 2Mertens Innovation and Research, Belleville, WI |
Objective was to determine whether differences can be detected among corn hybrids at silage maturities. Whole-plant corn (WP) from Brevant hybrids (7-B99B79SX, BMR; 6-B96T79SX, standard/non-BMR-STAN; and 7-B95U78SXE, floury-FL) was collected. Sets of 8 ears were harvested concurrently and kernels (KERN) removed from the ears by hand. Whole-plant DM ranged from 30.7 to 38.4, 29.2–38.4, and 29.1–37.7, and starch was 37.1 ± 3.38, 34.8 ± 2.32 and 30.2 ± 3.83% of DM, respectively, for the BMR, STAN, and FL. Whole-plant and KERN were dried and ground to pass a 4-mm screen, then dry-sieved through sieves with nominal apertures of 600, 300, and 150µm with a bottom pan. Sieve residues were collected and ground to pass a 1-mm screen to determine starch. Data were analyzed with a statistical model that included the fixed effects of Hybrid and Type (WP or KERN). In vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) was measured on 4-mm ground WP after 3, 8, and 24h using 30 mL of Goering and Van Soest (1970) media and 20 mL of blended ruminal fluid from 3 steers fed a 30% starch diet. Samples were assigned to 4 blocks of 5 samples balanced for DM and starch content. Each block included at least 1 sample of each hybrid. Two blocks were measured in triplicate over 4 in vitro runs. Data were fit to a first-order model to determine fractional rate of starch digestion (kd) and discrete lag time (Lag). The statistical model included the fixed effect of hybrid, the random effect of Block-within-Run, and WP DM as a covariate. More starch was retained on the 600µm screen for KERN vs. WP, but more starch was retained on the 300, 150, and pan for WP vs. KERN (P < 0.05). After 3h, IVSD was lower for BMR vs. STAN or FL (7.55 vs. 13.3 and 15.0 ± 2.05, respectively, P < 0.01), which continued through 8h (44.1 vs. 51.4 and 54.3 ± 2.81. respectively, P < 0.001). Differences were not detected among hybrids after 24h or for kd, but Lag was higher for BMR vs. STAN or FL (3.86 vs. 2.69 and 2.14 ± 0.373h, respectively, P < 0.01). The IVSD was lower for KERN vs. WP (P < 0.001). Difference in WP starch can be detected at silage maturities using routine laboratory methods when adjusted for small differences in DM. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86156 |
Watch |
2373W |
Effects of cashew nut shell extract and monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and ruminal microbial community. |
10 |
E. Sarmikasoglou |
cashew nut shell extract methane monensin |
E. Sarmikasoglou1, P. Sumadong1,2, S. Halima1, X. Ma1, K. Arriola1, Z. Yuting1, K.C. C. Jeong1, D. Vyas1, C. Hikita3, T. Watanabe3, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 3Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cashew nut shell extract (CNSE) and monensin on ruminal in vitro fermentation, methane production, and ruminal microbial communities. Treatments were: control (CON, without additives); 2.5 μM of monensin (MON); 100 ppm of CNSE granule (CNSE100); and 200 ppm of CNSE granule (CNSE200), each incubated with 52 mL buffered ruminal content and 500 mg of total mixed ration for 24 h using serum vials. The experiment was done as a complete randomized block design with 3 runs. Run was used as blocking factor. Each treatment had 5 replicates, in which 2 were used to determine nutrient digestibility and 3 were used to determine pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids, lactate, total gas, and methane production and microbial community composition. Treatment responses were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) CNSE-(MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE-(CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. We observed that pH (P = 0.02), acetate (P = 0.04) and acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.01) of CNSE100 treatment were lower compared with CNSE200, propionate in CNSE100 treatment was greater (P < 0.01) compared with CNSE200, total gas production of CON was greater (P = 0.02) by 2.63% compared with all treatments and total methane production was lower (P = 0.04) by 10.64% in both CNSE treatments compared with MON. Also, compared with MON, DM digestibility in CNSE treatments were greater (P = 0.05). Compared with MON, CNSE treatments tended to decrease (P = 0.06) DL-lactate concentration. No effects (P > 0.05) were observed for NH3-N, and NDF digestibility. Overall, the inclusion of CNSE decreased methane production in ruminal fermentation, making CNSE a possible methane mitigation additive for dairy cattle diets. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86334 |
Watch |
2374W |
Milk yield and microbial community composition changes in response to a rumen-native direct-fed microbial. |
11 |
C. Marotz |
rumen native microbes direct-fed microbial |
C. Marotz1, A. Washburne1, F. Yang1, B. Anderson1, J. Lefler1, M. Embree1 |
1Native Microbials, San Diego, CA |
Identifying feed additives to improve livestock digestibility was identified as one of the most important ways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and improve productivity in the dairy industry. Ruminant digestion is dictated by the complex ecosystem of microbial organisms inhabiting the rumen. Supplementing dairy cow rations with rumen-native microbes [Galaxis Frontier (GF); Native Microbials, Inc., CA, USA] has been shown to improve milk yield and feed efficiency, but the mechanism of action and impact on the rumen microbiome remains unclear. We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on 703 rumen fluid samples collected from 150 cows across 6 trial sites in the United States and compared the rumen microbial composition of cows supplemented with GF to control animals (352 vs 351 samples, respectively). After quality filtering, our data set contained approximately 24,239 unique amplicon sequence variants. While sharing similar microbial populations, the cows from each trial had distinct microbial compositions, likely due to differences in geography, diet and genetics. Despite these variations, phylofactorization of isometric log-ratio abundances identified a subset of microbes with a false-discovery rate < 0.05 that were consistently increased on GF supplementation across all studies. Relevant taxa found to be associated with altered microbiomes in treatment cows included members of the genera Prevotella and Selenomonas, and a member of the family Lachnospiraceae. When looking exclusively in control cows, these microbes were significant bioindicators of milk yield controlling for study and days in milk. The lineage of Lachnospiraceae, in particular, was positively associated with greater milk production. This suggests that supplementing GF leads to reproducible changes in the rumen microbiome that underly the observed positive production effects. Together, these results demonstrate the close association of microbial composition with milk production, and at least partially explains a mechanism of action for the ability of rumen-native direct-fed microbials to improve animal efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Gut Physiology, Fermentation, & Digestion Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t87151 |
Watch |
2528W |
Effects of α-amylase enhanced corn silage on silage fermentation and total-tract nutrient digestibility early post-harvest when fed with different starch concentrations to lactating dairy cows. |
12 |
K. C. Krogstad |
forage carbohydrates digestibility |
K. C. Krogstad1, B. J. Bradford1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Forages constitute ~50% of dairy lactation rations, making forage genetics critical for sustainable milk production. Corn silage with enhanced endogenous α-amylase activity (Enogen [ENO], Syngenta Seeds LLC, Downers Grove, IL) may improve silage fermentation profile and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. We conducted an 8-week randomized complete-block experiment with 44 cows to evaluate effects of corn silage hybrid and dietary starch concentration on total-tract nutrient digestibility. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design; factors were ENO corn silage or control (CON; same background hybrid) included at 40% of diet DM, and 25% (LO) or 30% (HI) dietary starch. Silage was fed 41 d after ensiling and samples were collected weekly during the experiment to assess fermentation profiles. Digestibility was analyzed with a linear mixed model including corn silage, starch, week, and their interactions as fixed effects and block and cow as random effects. Fermentation profiles were analyzed using t-tests. Silage dry matter was similar (P = 0.32) but starch was 40.4 ± 1.38% for ENO and 37.5 ± 3.35% for CON (P = 0.06). Total VFA and acetic acid concentrations were greater in ENO silage (P < 0.04). Silage pH was 3.9 ± 0.06 and 4.0 ± 0.12 for ENO and CON, respectively (P = 0.26). Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was affected by the interaction of silage × week (P < 0.01); ENO had greater DMD during wk 1 (P < 0.01) but not wk 6 (P = 0.22). An interaction of silage, starch, and week (P < 0.01) affected NDF digestibility (NDFD). LO consistently had greater NDFD than HI (P < 0.01) and ENO improved NDFD by 8.0 ± 0.93% in wk 1 (P < 0.01) but its effect diminished to 2.4 ± 0.93% in wk 6 (P = 0.06). Starch and CP digestibility were affected by interactions of silage × week (P < 0.01); starch and CP digestibility were greater for ENO during wk 1 (P < 0.07) but not during wk 6 (P > 0.22). Use of an α-amylase enhanced corn silage improved DM, starch, NDF, and CP digestibility after 6 wk but not after 11 wk of ensiling. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9975 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86880 |
Watch |
2375W |
Effects of Leu, Met, and hyperinsulinemic clamp on plasma concentration and mammary extraction of amino acids. |
1 |
V. Pszczolkowski |
insulin clamp amino acids |
V. Pszczolkowski1, H. Hu1, J. Zhang3,1, M. Connelly1, A. Munsterman2,1, S. A. Apelo1 |
1UW-Madison, Madison, WI, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China |
Insulin and certain amino acids (AA), including Leu and Met, interact to regulate mTORC1 activity in mammary epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to test whether Leu and Met (LM) stimulate mammary extraction efficiency of AA, and if insulin potentiates the effect of LM in vivo. Six lactating Holstein cows (155 ± 9 d in milk) were ruminally cannulated. The experiment had an incompletely replicated Latin square design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments (abomasal and intravenous infusion). Cows were fed a 20% metabolizable-protein-restricted diet and abomasally infused with water (8 L/d) or LM (Leu 70 g/d, Met 26 g/d) for 8 h/d, for 7 d. The last day of each period, cows were intravenously infused with saline (0.9% NaCl, 110 mL/h) or subject to 8 h hyperinsulinemic clamp alongside abomasal infusions. For the clamp, insulin was infused at 1 µg/kg/h. Normoglycemia was maintained by varying glucose infusion rate. Carotid arterial and subcutaneous abdominal (mammary) vein blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h from start of infusions. Plasma was assayed for AA by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using the Phenomenex EZ:faast kit. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni adjustment. Results for grouped AA (total AA, essential AA (EAA), nonessential AA (NEAA), Group 1, and Group 2) exclude Leu and Met where relevant. LM decreased arterial total AA, EAA, Group 2, and NEAA concentrations (P ≤ 0.01), but did not affect Group 1 (P ≥ 0.15). Insulin decreased arterial EAA and Group 2 AA concentrations, while total and Group 1 AA concentrations tended to be decreased (0.05 < P < 0.15), and NEAA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.15). For individual AA, arterial Ile and Val concentrations were decreased by LM (P < 0.05), with no effect of insulin. Mammary extraction efficiency was affected by neither LM or insulin for any AA. Overall, we found that while both abomasal infusion of LM and an 8 h insulin clamp decreased circulating levels of some AA, this was not explained by any increase in mammary extraction efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86313 |
Watch |
2376W |
Linking amino acids to milk fat synthesis. |
2 |
Y.C. T. Taguti |
amino acid de novo fat synthesis milk fat |
Y.C. T. Taguti1,2, A. C. Hruby2, M. D. Hanigan2, I. A. M. A. Teixeira1 |
1Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, 2Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Most milk is priced based on its end use. Milk fat is one of the most important milk components considered in the establishment of the final milk price. Increased milk fat yield has been observed when dairy cows are supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA). This effect has been related to the role that EAA play in regulating mTORC1, which is associated with SREBP-1, an essential factor involved in the regulation of the de novo fatty acid synthesis. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of each EAA, at physiological levels, in de novo milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Primary cells from bovine mammary gland were submitted to 12 treatments, varying EAA profile. The positive control simulate the physiological EAA concentration, in the negative control all EAA were omitted, and for the other treatments one EAA was omitted at time. For measuring the de novo milk fat synthesis, we used, as a tracer, isotopically labeled acetate. Least Squares Means (LS Means) was used for the analysis of the linear model-based data using the package 'lsmeans' version 2.30–0. Omission of L-methionine (Met), L-leucine (Leu), and L-isoleucine (Ile) decreased (P < 0.05) the isotopic enrichment of lauric and myristic acids. Removal of these EAA were associated with reductions in de novo synthesis of both fatty acids. Synthesis of palmitic acid seemed to be more responsive with removal of Leu, L-lysine (Lys), and L-histidine (His) resulting in a significant reduction in the isotope enrichment. Omission of Met, Leu, Ile, His, and Lys influenced milk fat synthesis in the primary mammary epithelial cells subjected to physiological levels of EAA. It is important to understand the relationship between EAA and milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland to make it possible to formulate diets that can increase milk fat synthesis. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86194 |
Watch |
2378W |
Effects of dietary crude protein level and feeding pattern on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility. |
3 |
M. G. Erickson |
total collection protein oscillation dairy cow |
M. G. Erickson1, G. I. Zanton2, M. A. Wattiaux1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI |
Limited research has assessed nitrogen (N) partitioning in relation to dietary crude protein (CP) level and feeding pattern. To test a hypothesized interaction, we examined 8 mid- to late-lactation Holsteins (M = 142, SD = 23 DIM) in a Latin Rectangle with 2x2 factorial treatments CP level (LP, 13.9%; HP, 15.4%) and feeding pattern (O = oscillating, S = static). O alternated 2 diets (O-LP 12.2–15.5%, O-HP 13.9–16.9% CP) every 48 h so mean diet composition equaled that of corresponding S treatments (S-LP, S-HP). Diets exchanged soy hulls and ground corn with solvent soybean meal to maintain constant ratios of NDF:starch (1.18), rumen-degradable protein:CP (0.61), and forage:concentrate (60:40). Each 28-d period on d-25–28, we weighed and sampled total collections (3x/d) of feces and urine and collected samples of milk (2x/d) and orts (1x/d). We analyzed feed and feces period composites and individual urine samples. We fit linear mixed models with fixed CP level, feeding pattern, and period effects, and a random intercept for cow; computing model-implied means and standard errors (SEM). Neither CP level, feeding pattern, nor the interaction affected production of milk (38.9 ± 1.9 kg/d) or fat-protein-corrected milk (37.1 ± 1.4 kg/d). Neither CP level, feeding pattern nor the interaction affected dry matter intake (25.0 ± 0.8 kg/d) or apparent total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom; 56.6 ± 1.3%) or organic matter (72.9 ± 0.7%). Relative to LP, HP increased N intake (546 vs. 627 g/d, SEM = 23) and urine N (153 vs. 207 g/d, SEM = 6), and tended to increase fecal N (183 vs. 201 g/d, SEM = 8). Neither CP level, feeding pattern, nor the interaction affected milk N (177 ± 7 g/d), N digestibility (69.6 ± 0.6%), or apparent N balance (38 ± 11 g/d). Compared with LP, HP reduced N use efficiency (32.4 vs. 28.9%; SEM = 1.1) and increased N intake allocated to urine (28.4 vs. 33.5%; SE = 0.8) both of which were unaffected by feeding pattern or the interaction. Results showed CP level affected N partitioning regardless of feeding pattern, which had minimal effects. |
| Ruminant Nutrition: Protein/Amino Acids Posters 3 |
In-Person Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86522 |
Watch |
2379W |
Meta-regression analyses of the relationship between plasma concentrations and duodenal flows of amino acids in dairy cows. |
4 |
R. A. Patton |
amino acids dairy cow AA supply |
R. A. Patton1, E. Mahjoubi2, A. N. Hristov3, H. Lapierre4, C. Parys5, J. Guyader5 |
1Nittany Dairy Nutrition, Inc, Mifflinburg, PA, 2University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, 3The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 4Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, QC, Canada, 5Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau, Germany |
The objective of this work was to study the relationships between the duodenal flow of essential AA (EAA) in lactating dairy cows and their concentration in plasma. A database was constructed with peer-reviewed literature studies. To qualify, each study must have reported individual EAA concentration in plasma samples. Moreover, sufficient information on the cows, their performance and diets was necessary in order that MP supply and individual duodenal EAA flow could be predicted for each dietary treatment by the NittanyCow Dairy Ration Evaluator (NittanyCow Software Services) after validating this model against peer-reviewed studies. All statistical analyses were conducted in JMP version 14.3 with study as a random variable, testing linear relationships between predicted duodenal flow (g/d) and plasma EAA concentrations (μmol/dl). To reveal factors affecting these relationships, a multivariate meta-analysis was conducted that included animal- and dietary-related variables. Terms were removed by backward elimination until all remaining variables were significant (P ≤ 0.05). The final data set consisted of 131 individual studies and 519 treatment means including a wide variation in production, diet types, breeds, and years of publication. Plasma Met had the lowest correlation with Met duodenal flow (0.63) whereas plasma Ile had the highest (0.99). All other EAA had correlations of around 0.80 or greater. For most EAA (except branched-chain AA and Met), the intercepts of multivariate equations explained a significant amount of variance, suggesting that there must be significant control over plasma concentration in addition to the demand and supply of EAA. Factors that were common among EAA equations and which affected the relationship between duodenal flow and plasma EAA concentrations were difficult to find. The MP supply negatively impacted the equations related to Met, Lys, and His. Based on this data, we conclude that using only plasma profiles to assess Met supply does not appear to be justified. |
| Small Ruminant Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
s9978 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Small Ruminant Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86059 |
Watch |
2380W |
Assesment of nutrient digestibility and ruminal protozoa count in lambs fed babassu oil associated with sunflower oil. |
1 |
M. R. Santos |
defaunation lipids rumen ph |
G. K. S. M. Vilela1, H. N. Parente1, M. R. Santos1, K. S. Rocha1, A. A. Rodrigues1, S. S. Reis1, I. A. L. Cunha1, F. N. S. Santos1, A. B. M. Lima1, R. M. Oliveira1, G. M. Oliveira1, M. O. M. Parente2 |
1Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil, 2Federal University of piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil |
Babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) oil is abundant and available in Northeast Brazil. Because of the increased medium-chain fatty acid content, especially lauric acid (12:0), its addition in lamb diet is limited due to rumen defaunation issues. Thirty 5 lambs (BW 28 ± 3.9 kg) were used in a complete randomized block design to determine the effects of replacing babassu oil (BAO) with sunflower oil (SO) on apparent digestibility and ruminal protozoa count. Lambs (7 per group) were penned individually during 50 d. Control diet (CONT) consisted of 70% concentrate and 30% Tifton 85 hay. In the remaining 4 treatments, SO replaced BAO (4.5%, DM basis) at 0 (0SO), 33 (33SO), 50 (50SO), and 66% (66SO). The intake was registered and total feces collected during the last 5 d of feedlot. Then, lambs were slaughtered and ruminal content was collected for pH measurements and protozoa count by microscope examination. The previously described contrasts (CONT vs 0SO and CONT vs. diets containing SO blend) were performed. The effects of SO blend content (0SO, 33FO, 50FO or 66FO) added in the diets as the replacement for BAO were evaluated using linear and quadratic orthogonal contrasts (P < 0.05). Dry matter (DM) intake (0.96, 0.50; 0.79; 0.87; and 0.79 kg/day for CONT, 0SO, 33SO, 50SO and 66SO, respectivelly) and intakes of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were lower (P < 0.05) for lambs fed oil diets. Further, a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed on intake of DM and nutrients with increasing SO. However, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of oil source on DM, CP, OM and NDF digestibilities (79 ± 3.6, 83 ± 3.2, 80 ± 3.4 and 77 ± 5.2%, respectivelly). By contrast, 0SO reduced (P < 0.05) ruminal pH and protozoa count compared with CONT, and a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) in response to increasing levels of SO was found (6.36, 6.14, 6.30, 6.49 and 6.36 for pH and 5.6, 1.7, 3.3, 4.5 and 2.0 log10/ml protozoa for CONT, 0SO, 33SO, 50SO and 66SO, respectivelly). In conclusion, replacing BAO with SO up to 50% (50SO) in the diet improved DMI without negative effects on digestibility, ruminal pH and protozoa count. |
| Small Ruminant Posters 1 |
In-Person Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 7:30 |
t86063 |
Watch |
2381W |
Biohydrogenation patterns in digestive contents of lambs fed greasy babassu by-product. |
2 |
M. R. Santos |
Attalea speciosa Mart lipolysis medium-chain FA |
M. O. M. Parente2,1, M. R. Santos1, G. O. Santos1, E. A. Sousa1, N. A. F. Machado1, V. L. F. Santos2, F. C. S. Sousa1, A. F. Perazzo1,2, A. B. M. Lima1, G. M. Oliveira1, D. O. Maia1, H. N. Parente1 |
1Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil, 2Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil |
The oil extracted from babassu coconut, a palm native to Brazil, is marketed locally and contains more than 400 g/kg of lauric (12:0) FA. One of the by-products resulted from the oil extraction process is known as greasy babassu by-product (GBB), which has greater fat content. The medium-chain FA are known to have antibacterial agents and consequently may also exert an inhibitory effect on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding increasing levels of greasy babassu by-product (GBB) in the diet of lambs on BH patterns in digestive contents. Twenty 8 lambs (initial BW 20.6 ± 4.1 kg) were penned individually for 60 d and were distributed in a complete randomized design. Animals fed one of 4 diets: C - control diet containing 800 and 200 g/kg of concentrate and Tifton 85 hay, respectivelly (basal diet); 50 GBB: basal diet added 50 g/kg GBB ; 100 GBB: basal diet added 100 g/kg GBB and 150 GBB: basal diet added with 150 g/kg GBB. At the end of trial, lambs were slaughtered and samples of abomasal digesta contents were collected from each lamb and representative samples were frozen, freeze-dried, milled and stored at −20°C until analysis by gas chromatography. The completeness BH (%) was calculated assuming a complete biohydrogenation of the C18 unsaturated FA from diet. When significant treatments effects were found (P < 0.05), polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of the different GBB levels. The GBB addition decreased linearly the ruminal BH extent of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6; 92.7, 90.2, 90.8 and 88.2%, respectivelly) and completeness BH (73.5, 69.2, 65.7 and 65.1% for 0GBB, 50 GBB, 100 GBB and 150 GBB). However, GBB addition did not change the ruminal BH extent of oleic (C18:1 cis-9; 69.9 ± 4.41%) and linoleic fatty acids (C18:3 n-3; 70.7 ± 3.79% for 0GBB, 50 GBB, 100 GBB and 150 GBB). The addition of GBB reduces the completeness BH, and consequently the proportion of stearic fatty acid (18:0) in digestive content. |
| Farm Bill and Science Policy Discussion with USDA NIFA |
In-Person Forum |
NULL |
6/22/2022 8:00 |
s10074 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9893 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t85927 |
Watch |
1317 |
How can the dairy industry benefit from cattle cognition research? |
1 |
M. V Rørvang |
cattle welfare learning social behavior |
C Nawroth1, M. V Rørvang2,3 |
1Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany, 2Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Biosystems and Technology, Lomma, Sweden, 3Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Dept Animal Environment and Health, Skara, Sweden |
The process of learning arises from the motivation to acquire information through experience. Many of the behaviors performed by conventional cattle in their daily life are acquired by learning processes, such as visiting a milking robot, and navigating a barn or pasture. Dairy cows, as with other non-human animals, differ from humans in how they perceive and learn from their environment. As a result, we as humans may not always consider a cow’s perspective when designing facilities or creating management practices for cattle. Knowledge on how cattle perceive and interact with their physical and social environment, and the practical implications this may have, is therefore essential to ensure adapted management and handling practices, improving the safety of the work environment (for both animals and handlers), and to sustain production, health and welfare. In this presentation, we highlight 3 key topics of cattle cognition research that are currently understudied and propose promising research areas from an industry point of view: 1) the transmission of information from cow to calf, 2) mechanisms to attenuate fear in cattle and 3) cognitive processes involved in the human-cow relationship. We critically review the currently available literature on all 3 topics and highlight potential pitfalls caused by the limited knowledge. Lastly, we elucidate promising future research questions, which could positively benefit the industry. Future studies into these topics could constitute an important part of the discussion of e.g., whether to keep cows and calves together for a longer time after calving in the dairy industry, or how to improve the human-cattle relationship to decrease risk of injury during handling for the cow and handler. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86223 |
Watch |
1318 |
Effects of positive reinforcement training dairy heifers. |
2 |
J. Heinsius |
training human-animal relationship stress |
J. Heinsius1, J. Lomb1, J. Lee1, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk1, D. M. Weary1 |
1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Dairy cattle are normally restrained for veterinary procedures, but this restraint can cause fear responses that can make the procedure more challenging for both the animals and the human handlers. Positive reinforcement training (PRT) is used in other species to reduce fear responses and there is now some evidence that this can also facilitate low stress handling in cattle. The objectives of this study were to test the effect of PRT on fear related behavior and handling time in dairy heifers. This study used 20 heifers (5 ± 0.6 mo [MvK1] old) that had been previously habituated to the chute area. Heifers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments: control (n = 10) and PRT (n = 10). PRT heifers were subjected to a training protocol that included target training and food rewards; initially the target was placed at the entrance to the chute and then progressively moved forward until the heifers voluntarily entered the chute and placed their head through the headgate. Control heifers were moved to the chute using low stress handling but no food rewards. We predicted that heifers trained with PRT would show increased time spent oriented toward the gate leading to the test pen, increased voluntary exit from home pen, and decreased latency to enter the chute. We used a mixed linear model to compare treatments. We found that PRT heifers (22 ± 1.7 s) exited the home pen faster than control heifers (32 ± 1.6 s), were faster to enter the experimental area (23 ± 1.6 s vs. 37 ± 1.5 s) and faster to approach the chute once in the experimental area (3 ± 0.4 s vs. 14 ± 2.4 s). There was no differences in latency to enter the chute from the experimental area (57 ± 10.8 s vs. 55 ± 11.0 s). These results suggest that PRT can facilitate low stress handling of cattle. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86319 |
Watch |
1319 |
An innovative approach to analyzing behavior in an automated calf feeding system using social network analysis. |
3 |
M. E. Montes |
social network analysis automatic milk feeders dairy calf |
M. E. Montes1, J. Doucette2, J. P. Boerman1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2Agriculture Data Services, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN |
Automatic milk feeders (AMF) have made it possible to record the intake of individual calves when they are housed in groups. Our objective was to explore social network analysis tools that can represent the social structure, preferential relationships, and disease spread utilizing the AMF data. We integrated data from the AMF and herd management software from a commercial dairy farm in Plymouth, IN. Calves had ad libitum access up to 24 L/d of non-salable pasteurized milk until d 32, after which milk allowance gradually decreased until calves were entirely weaned by d 60. We observed 5 groups each of 54 ± 4 calves for 60 d. The groups were selected to include at least 85% Holstein females born between January 2020 and April 2021 and had a birthweight (41.13 ± 5.1 kg, mean ± SD). We used undirected networks with weighted edges to represent interactions between calves that visited the feeding station in consecutive order (Igraph 1.2.7, R software 4.1.2). To evaluate the effect of birthweight and enrollment order on degree, betweenness, and PageRank, we divided the period from when the pen was full until when the first calf was 60 d into 4 stages of 13 ± 1 d each. During the first stage, enrollment order was inversely related (r = −0.37, P < 0.05) to degree, indicating that calves introduced first were more connected with pen mates than the calves introduced later. However, birthweight was not associated with degree at any stage. Similarity of communities was numerically greater but not statistically different across stages [P > 0.15; Normalized Mutual Information (1 vs. 2) 0.18 ± 0.09, (2 vs. 3) 0.23 ± 0.04 and (3 vs. 4) 0.35 ± 0.21, mean ± SD]. The AMF data allowed us to continuously observe feeding behavior across multiple groups, which have not been included in previous calf social network analyses. The next step will be to validate the use of AMF data to study social interactions with onsite video recordings. This approach can provide information to develop group confirmation strategies that promote positive interactions. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86069 |
Watch |
1320 |
Wound healing and sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves. |
4 |
A. M. Drwencke |
caustic paste disbudding wound healing |
A. M. Drwencke1, S. J. J. Adcock2, C. B. Tucker1 |
1University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI |
Caustic paste disbudding is increasing in popularity on commercial dairy farms, but little research is available on the associated pain and wound healing. Studies have shown it takes 6 to 13 wks (mean = 8.3) for hot-iron disbudding wounds to re-epithelialize in dairy calves. Our objective was to describe wound healing and sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding. Jersey and Holstein female calves were disbudded using Dr. Naylor’s caustic paste at 3 d of age (n = 18) while control calves received a sham procedure (n = 15). Before disbudding, calves received a local block and systemic pain relief. Calves ≥ 34 kg and < 34 kg had 0.3 mL or 0.25 mL of paste applied per unshaved horn bud, respectively. Following disbudding, wounds were scored 2x/wk for the presence/absence of 8 tissue categories including the final stages: new epithelium and fully healed. Control calves were removed from the experiment after wk 6 to be hot-iron disbudded and avoid more invasive procedures. Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold (MNT) measures were collected weekly until they were removed from the study or wounds were healed to evaluate sensitivity; wk 6 results are reported as the latest time point when control and paste calves were monitored. Wounds were slow to re-epithelialize (mean = 14.1; min to max: 6.3 to 19.0 wks; n = 23 horn buds) and to fully contract and be considered healed (mean = 15.2; min to max: 8.7 to 19.6 wks; n = 27 horn buds). Indeed, these data only represent a subset of the entire sample size (n = 36 horn buds) because the remaining calves still have unresolved wounds. Compared with non-disbudded controls, paste calves exhibited lower MNT values during wk 6 of age (mean ± SE, Control:1.44 ± 0.07; Paste:1.12 ± 0.04 N; P < 0.001; t-test with equal variance). These data indicate that wounds from caustic paste disbudding are more sensitive than undamaged tissue for at least 6 wks and take twice as long to heal compared with cautery methods described in the literature. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86944 |
Watch |
1321 |
Response to novel TMR in dairy calves is affected by prior experience. |
5 |
B. C. Downey |
feeding behavior forage welfare |
B. C. Downey1, C. R. Morrow1,2, C. B. Tucker1 |
1Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
Dairy calves are often raised without access to forage until weaning, at which point they must rapidly adapt to processing a solid-based diet. We assessed how early feed experience, particularly the type and presentation of forage, affected initial response to a novel TMR at weaning. Holstein heifer calves (n = 27) were housed individually on sand and fed starter and milk replacer (5.7–8.4 L/d step-up) via a bottle (C) or given access to mountaingrass hay in a bucket (B) or in a PVC pipe feeder (PF). Treatments were applied from birth through 50 d of age, when weaning began. All calves had 3 buckets (l to r: grain, water, hay or empty) and pipe feeder (empty or with hay) in the same location. On d 50, each calf was briefly blocked inside their hutch. TMR (novel grain+alfalfa) was put in the 3rd bucket that previously contained hay (B) or was empty (C, PF). The calf was released and video-recorded for 30 min. We analyzed: latency to begin eating TMR (s) and amount of TMR consumed (g) with GLMs, number of startles and retreats with a chi-squared test, and proportion of time eating TMR with a β regression. B calves began eating TMR in 5 ± 1 s (mean ± SE), faster than both PF (38 ± 14 s; P < 0.01) and C (60 ± 12 s, P < 0.01) calves. Startles and retreats differed across groups (P = 0.02), with C calves reacting more than H (20 vs. 2 combined occurrences) and PF calves (10 occurrences). Prior location of forage (bucket or pipe) thus seemed to modulate neophobic responses to TMR, with PF and C calves showing more hesitancy than B calves. Intake was similar across groups (C: 40 ± 10 g, B: 42 ± 15 g, PF: 39 ± 8 g; P = 0.98), suggesting this apparent neophobia was transient, but B calves spent less time eating TMR than C calves (proportion of time: 0.26 ± 0.10 vs. 0.57 ± 0.10; P < 0.01), while PF calves tended to spend less time eating than C calves (0.38 ± 0.10; P = 0.07). This suggests that previous experience with hay improves processing ability when presented with novel TMR. Overall, response to a novel feed is affected by both early life experience, such as opportunities to process forage, and the presentation of the feed itself. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86949 |
Watch |
1322 |
Social housing affects immune development of dairy calves. |
6 |
T. L. Wells |
dairy calf housing immunity |
T. L. Wells1, E. E. Lindner1, J. G. Bonney1, G. M Pighetti2, E. K. Miller-Cushon1, C. D. Nelson1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
The objective was to determine the impacts of early housing systems for replacement dairy heifers on immune development. Holstein heifer calves were enrolled at birth and assigned to individual (IH, n = 24 focal calves), pair (PH, n = 20 focal calves; 1 focal calf/pen), and group (GH, n = 5 pens, 5 focal calves/pen) housing treatments. All calves received milk replacer (8 L/d) and were offered ad libitum pelleted starter and water. Heifers were vaccinated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) with adjuvant Quil A and heat-killed whole cell Candida albicans at 14 d with a booster at 28 d of age. Blood was collected at 14, 28 and 42 d of age for determination of peripheral blood leukocyte profiles using antibodies against CD21, CD8, CD11b, CD14, CD62L, and CD4 and plasma antibody titers (IgG and IgM) against KLH and C. albicans. Whole blood responses to ex vivo CA stimulation were measured by gene expression of IL1B, IFNG, IL17A and IL4 cytokines at 42 d of age. Data were analyzed using mixed models with treatment and age as fixed effects and calf within treatment as random effect. Interactions between treatment and age (P < 0.05) were observed for percentages of monocytes, neutrophils, CD8 and CD4 T cells. Percentages of monocytes decreased with age for GH calves (18.9, 19.5, and 16.5 ± 0.01%) but increased with age for IH (16.5, 17.8 and 19.3 ± 0.01%) and PH calves (15.0, 18.6, and 17.4 ± 0.01%). CD8 T cells increased with age for GH (18.3, 13.5, 24.3 ± 0.02%) but decreased with age for IH (19.5, 17.7, 16.5 ± 0.02%) and PH (19.3, 16.8, 16.6 ± 0.02%) calves. CD4 T cells decreased with age for PH (34.2, 30.6, 30.0 ± 0.02%) and IH (34.8, 31.9, 28.6 ± 0.02%) calves but did not decrease with age for GH calves. B cells increased with age (9.0, 18.5, and 22.7 ± 0.01%) but did not differ among treatments. The percentages of CD62L positive B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells decreased (P < 0.01) with age. Moreover, an interaction between treatment and age (P = 0.02) was observed for the percentage of CD62L positive CD4 T cells. Ex vivo C. albicans stimulation increased expression of IFNG, IL17 and IL4 expression, but not IL1B. The GH calves tended to have greater IL4 responses compared with IH and PH, but other responses were not affected by housing treatment. Housing system of dairy heifers affects immune development in early life. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86725 |
Watch |
1323 |
Effects of social housing on dairy calf social preferences. |
7 |
E. E. Lindner |
dairy calf social housing social preference |
E. E. Lindner1, K. N. Gingerich1, K. C. Burke1, S. B. Doyle1, E. K. Miller-Cushon1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Social housing for dairy calves has a range of benefits for social development, yet there is limited understanding of how social bonds form early in life. We characterized effects of early life social contact on the development of social preference for calves varying in familiarity. We hypothesized that pair-housed calves would prefer to spend more time near their pen-mate, whereas individually housed calves would express a lesser preference for a calf reared within visual contact, compared with unfamiliar calves. Calves were randomly assigned to either individual (IH; n = 20 calves), or pair-housing (PH; n = 20 calves, 1 focal calf/pair) at birth. At approximately 4 weeks of age (29.3 ± 1.9 d of age, mean ± SD), calves were tested in a social preference test to assess the formation of social bonds and preference for their peers. Within the social preference test, focal calves were presented with 2 test calves, one ‘more familiar’ (pen-mates for PH calves and adjacent penned calves for IH calves) and one ‘less familiar’ (adjacent penned for PH calves and a calf from elsewhere in the barn for IH calves) calf. During the social preference test, we recorded the first approached calf, proximity, attention-directed behaviors, and contact, and calculated preference ratios. Data were analyzed in linear mixed models with fixed effects of housing treatment and 'more familiar' calf side. We found that PH calves tended to spend more time in close proximity with either test calf (3.0 vs. 2.2 min; PH vs. IH; SE = 0.23; P = 0.03). We also found that IH calves directed less behavior toward the ‘more familiar’ calf if they approached the other calf first, whereas behavior of PH calves was not affected by the first approached calf, indicating that they had stronger social preferences. Of calves that approached both test calves, PH calves had greater preference ratios for the side of the arena with the ‘more familiar’ calf (0.64 vs. 0.48; PH vs. IH; SE = 0.05; P = 0.05), and tended to have greater preference ratios for contact with the ‘more familiar’ calf. These results suggest that physical, but not visual, contact with conspecifics promotes social bonding, providing further insight into the role of social housing in the development of social behavior in intensively-housed dairy calves. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86712 |
Watch |
1324 |
Effects of multimodal pain relief on stress in disbudded dairy calves under organic management. |
8 |
M. Bacon |
organic farming calf welfare disbudding |
M. Bacon1,2, M. Endres1, B. Heins2 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 2West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN |
Disbudding is a standard procedure on most dairy farms, but organic options to alleviate pain are limited. White willow bark (WB) is commonly used to reduce pain in dairy calves under organic management. Dull It (DU) is a tincture of organic alcohol, apple cider vinegar, WB, St. John’s Wort, chamomile, arnica, and fennel. The objective of this study was to assess the analgesic effects of oral WB and DU on the heart rates, salivary cortisol concentration, and lying behavior of disbudded Holstein and crossbred dairy calves. Calves were disbudded with a hot iron between 5 to 7 weeks of age (Mean = 44 d) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: Lidocaine only (LID; n = 18), Lidocaine and DU (n = 18), or Lidocaine and WB (n = 17). Polar H10 monitors recorded heart rates continuously during the 5-h study period; readings were averaged in 5-min intervals. HOBO loggers recorded lying behavior during the study and the following 3 d in 1-min intervals. Saliva samples were collected from 30 randomly selected “minimally-invasive” (MIN) calves 1 h before disbudding, at the time of disbudding, 5 min, 10 min, and every 30 min until 240 min after disbudding; the remaining 23 calves served as a “non-invasive” (NI) group to control for stress from repeated sampling. Results were analyzed with the fixed effects of treatment, group (NI or MIN), time, and the interactions of treatment, group, and time, with calf as a random effect. There was no main effect of treatment on heart rate or cortisol concentrations. The heart rates of MIN WB calves were above baseline in 30 (of 48) 5-min intervals post-disbudding (P < 0.05); by comparison, heart rates of NI WB calves were above baseline in only 2 intervals post-disbudding (P < 0.01), MIN LID calves were above baseline in 3 intervals (P < 0.05) and MIN DU calves were above baseline in 1 interval (P < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations of DU calves (100.40 pg/mL) were higher (P < 0.05) than WB calves (88.37 pg/mL); neither DU nor WB differed from LID. There was no difference in lying behavior between treatments. These findings indicate that DU and WB offer little to no analgesic effect. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86305 |
Watch |
1325 |
Feeding behaviors that lead to changes in feed intake across the transition period. |
9 |
P. D. French |
DMI feeding behavior transition |
P. D. French1, S. A. Hagerty1, J. D. Chapman2 |
1PHD R&D, Fort Atkinson, WI, 2Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ |
The objective of this study was to identify feeding behaviors that lead to changes in DMI during the transition period and determine if differences exist between parities. Data from 4 transition (−21 to +21 d) experiments conducted at a common site encompassing 154 cows were analyzed using the mixed-effects model of JMP with lactation group at dry-off (LG1 = parity 1, n = 57; LG2 = parity 2, n = 57; LG3 = parity 3+, n = 40) as a fixed effect and trial as a random effect. Prepartum (PRE) and postpartum (POST) data were analyzed separately. Linear (L), quadratic (Q), and cubic (C) effects of day partum, simple effects of LG and trial, and interactions were evaluated using forward stepwise regression. PRE DMI (13.4 ± 0.1 kg) did not differ across LG, but POST DMI was less (P < 0.01) for LG3 (20.7 vs 22.0 ± 0.3 kg) compared with LG1 and LG2. PRE (200 vs 173 ± 4 min) and POST (202 vs 175 ± 4 min) eating time (ET) was greater (P < 0.01) for LG1 vs LG2 and LG3. PRE (67 vs 81 ± 3 g DM/min) and POST (112 vs 127 ± 3 g DM/min) eating rate (ER) was less (P < 0.01) for LG1 vs LG2 and LG3. PRE DMI decreased (L,Q,C; P < 0.01) as parturition approached with LG3 declining the most (37%), followed by LG2 (29%), and LG1 declining the least (18%). Similarly, PRE ET decreased (L,Q; P < 0.01) with LG3 declining the most (25%), followed by LG2 (21%) and LG1 (15%). POST DMI increased (L,Q; P < 0.01) with LG3 (83%) increasing the most, followed by LG2 (70%) and LG1 (58%). POST ET increased (L,Q; P < 0.01) with LG3 and LG2 increasing (64%) more than LG1 (55%). Eating rate remained unchanged over the PRE period but increased (L; P < 0.01) POST with LG3 increasing the most (16%), followed by LG2 (10%), and LG1 (6%). PRE feedbunk visits decreased (L,Q; P < 0.01) similarly for LG. POST visits increased (L; P < 0.01) for LG2 and LG3 but decreased (L, P < 0.01) for LG1. Visit DMI remained unchanged over the PRE period but increased (L,Q; P < 0.01) POST with LG3 increasing the most (72%), followed by LG1 (63%), and LG1 (54%). In conclusion, a decrease in visit frequency and ET were the primary behaviors that led to the decline in prepartum DMI, whereas an increase in ET and ER led to the increase in postpartum DMI. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86387 |
Watch |
1326 |
Effects of willow bark (Salix) on pain and stress in recently disbudded organic dairy calves. |
10 |
M. Bacon |
calf wellbeing disbudding organic farming |
M. Bacon1,2, M. Endres1, B. Heins2 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 2West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN |
White Willow Bark (Salix) is commonly used to alleviate pain in disbudded calves under organic management, but there is no scientific evidence that willow bark (WB) has an analgesic effect in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an oral WB bolus on heart rate, salivary cortisol, ocular temperature, and lying behavior of 42 Holstein and crossbred heifer calves disbudded between 4 to 7 weeks of age (Mean = 42 d). Calves (n = 14 calves per treatment) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: hot-iron disbudding with lidocaine (5 mL per horn bud), hot-iron disbudding with oral WB (200 mg/kg), or a cold iron “sham” disbudding. Thermal images of the eye and saliva samples were collected 1 h before disbudding, at the time of disbudding, 5 min, 10 min, and every 30 min until 240 min after disbudding. Polar H10 heart rate monitors recorded heartrates continuously throughout the 5-h study period; readings were analyzed in 5-min intervals. HOBO loggers recorded lying behavior during the study period and the following 2 d in 1-min intervals. Results were analyzed with the fixed effects of treatment, time within the study, and the interactions of treatment and time, with calf as a random effect. The mean heart rate of sham calves was lower than both lidocaine (P < 0.05) and WB calves (P < 0.001) by 11.44 ± 4.13 bpm and 14.71 ± 4.21 bpm, respectively. The WB calves’ heart rates were 11.64 ± 5.78 bpm higher than lidocaine calves during the 5 min immediately following disbudding (P < 0.05) and 17.00 ± 5.72 bpm higher during the next 5 min (P < 0.05). Salivary cortisol concentrations were higher in lidocaine calves (98.93 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and WB calves (108.03 pg/mL, P < 0.001) than sham calves (87.44 pg/mL). Cortisol peaked 90 min after disbudding in WB calves (146.161 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and 120 min after disbudding in lidocaine calves (121.98 pg/mL; P < 0.05). No differences were observed for ocular temperature or lying time or bouts. These results indicate that neither WB nor lidocaine alone are sufficient for relieving disbudding-related pain in dairy calves. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86407 |
Watch |
1327 |
Does an acidogenic bolus at dry-off alter rumination and activity behavior in the first 2 weeks after administration? |
11 |
C. C. Florentino |
dry-off rumination and activity acidogenic bolus |
C. C. Florentino1, E. Shepley1, M. Ruch1, D. Moreira1, S. M. Godden1, G. Cramer1, W. Knauer1, L. Tikofsky2, L. Caixeta1 |
1University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 2Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, Duluth, GA |
A cow’s health and comfort during the dry period are important to support a successful subsequent lactation. Toward the goal of a successful dry period, the administration of acidogenic boluses aims to reduce milk production at dry-off and, in doing so, decrease udder pressure and increase in cow comfort, particularly when lying. Our objective was to assess whether rumination and activity behaviors are affected by acidogenic bolus administration at the time of dry-off. In this randomized clinical trial, cows were randomly assigned to one of 2 different groups: treatment (TRT; n = 481) or control (CON; n = 475). Treatment cows received 2 acidogenic boluses (Bovikalc Dry; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) immediately after being milked for the last time in their current lactation. Rumination and activity time was recorded continuously using an ear-tag accelerometer and was assessed from day −7 to d 14 relative to the day of dry-off. Total daily rumination and activity (defined as the time when cows were not lying down) were analyzed using a mixed-effects model approach with repeated measures and included the fixed effects of treatment, milk production at dry-off, the repeated measures of day relative to dry-off and interactions between treatment and the other terms. Cows in the TRT group had lower total daily activity after acidogenic boluses were administered (384 min/d; 95% confidence interval CI: 377, 391) when compared with the CON group (410 min/d; 95% CI: 402, 418). Total daily rumination time was similar between TRT (546 min/d; 95% CI: 540, 552) and CON cows (538 min/d; 95% CI: 532, 543). The decreased daily activity, indicative of increased lying time, without an effect on rumination behavior in our study indicates that the administration of acidogenic boluses at dry-off could be used as an alternative management strategy to improve animal comfort in the first 2 weeks after dry-off. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86724 |
Watch |
1328 |
Daily variation and annual seasonality in cow's ruminating, eating, and resting behavior according to parity. |
12 |
T. C. Marques |
seasonality behavior sine and cosine functions |
T. C. Marques1,2, F. S. Lima1, F. C. Ferreira1,3 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Federal Institute of Goias, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil, 3Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA |
Our aim was to quantify the daily variation and annual seasonality in the time a cow spends ruminating (RUM), eating (EAT), and resting (REST). Data from Holstein cows wearing a CowManager device from calving until leaving the herd were used. Initial data consisted of 20,063,468 hourly data points of RUM, EAT, and REST (in minutes = min) of 3,212 cows from 03/2020 to 03/2021. Cows were classified as primiparous (PRIM) or multiparous (MULT). Sine and cosine functions in linear regression models were used. We identified the annual low (minimum) and peak (maximum) curves. Daily variation and annual seasonality were measured by annual low-to-peak (LP) ratios. Daily variation along the year in LP (median, P25, P75) in RUM were 0.69, 0.66, and 0.72 (PRIM) and 0.73, 0.70, and 0.78 (MULT); in EAT they were 0.44, 0.41, and 0.48 (PRIM) and 0.43, 0.40, and 0.46 (MULT); and in REST they were 0.52, 0.36, and 0.59 (PRIM) and 0.53, 0.41, and 0.63 (MULT). The overall averages ± SE (min/d) PRIM spent RUM, EAT, and REST were 493, 281, and 336. Average time (min/d) spent by PRIM and MULT RUM by season were 486 ± 0.37 and 512 ± 0.31 (winter), 488 ± 0.48 and 511 ± 0.41 (spring), 499 ± 0.45 and 517 ± 0.37 (summer), and 497 ± 0.28 and 522 ± 0.31 (fall); for EAT, averages were 283 ± 0.37 and 225 ± 0.25 (winter), 278 ± 0.42 and 225 ± 0.33 (spring), 271 ± 0.38 and 208 ± 0.27 (summer), and 288 ± 0.34 and 228 ± 0.22 (fall); for REST, averages were 367 ± 0.43 and 405 ± 0.40 (winter), 315 ± 0.45 and 354 ± 0.40 (spring), 284 ± 0.38 and 324 ± 0.35 (summer), and 356 ± 0.35 and 397 ± 0.32 (fall). Average time spent by MULT RUM, EAT, and REST were 516 ± 0.16, 222 ± 0.13, and 376 ± 0.19. Annual seasonality (dates of peak and low) for RUM, EAT, and REST were 0.96 (07/26 and 01/24), 0.71 (03/01 and 08/31), and 0.71 (01/18 and 07/20) for PRIM. For MULT, annual seasonality (dates of peak and low) for RUM, EAT, and REST were 0.95 (07/08 and 01/06), 0.92 (02/03 and 08/05), and 0.75 (01/18 and 07/20). Dairy cow behavior varies throughout the year and by parity, but investigation adjusting for DIM is needed. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9845 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86936 |
|
1329 |
International collaboration to improve sustainability and resilience in dairy: Current and future studies. |
1 |
C. F. Baes |
resiliency efficiency international |
C. F. Baes1,2, G. Kistemaker3, R. Baldwin5, A. Butty4, J. Burchard5, O. González-Recio6, J. Lassen7, M. VandeHaar8, D. Segelke9, R. Tempelman8, K. Weigel10, J. Koltes11, F. Miglior1,3, RDGP Consortium Partners11, FARR Consortium Partners88 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Universität Bern, Bern, BE, Switzerland, 3Lactanet, Guelph, ON, Canada, 4Qualitas AG, Zug, ZG, Switzerland, 5CDCB, Bowie, MD, 6INIA-Madrid, Madrid, MD, Spain, 7Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, 8Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 9VIT, Verden, NS, Germany, 10University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 11Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
The global demand for dairy products is increasing continuously, however, the dairy industry is concurrently facing criticism for potential issues related to human and animal health, environmental impacts, sustainability, and overall social acceptability. The Resilient Dairy Genome Project (RDGP) is one of several large-scale international collaborations between research and industry partners with the goal of integrating genomic approaches to enhance dairy cattle resilience. In this project, resilience is defined as the capacity of an animal to adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions, without compromising its productivity, health or fertility, while becoming more resource-efficient and reducing its environmental burden. Here we describe a strategy for incorporating data from multiple national and international partners for use in dairy cow genomic evaluation programs. We discuss current and future research studies and direct use of the data in routine genomic prediction. Potential long-term strategies for continuous data collection are also presented. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86141 |
Watch |
1330 |
Accuracy of genomic predictions including or excluding foreign data in reference populations. |
2 |
R. R. Mota |
genomic validation dairy cattle international evaluation |
R. R. Mota1, P. M. VanRaden2 |
1Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB), Bowie, MD, 2Animal Genommics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD |
Genomic predictions often include foreign data obtained from Interbull’s multi-trait across-country evaluation (MACE), but accuracy advantages may be reduced as domestic data sets grow and many cows are genotyped. To test this, accuracies of predictions were compared from truncated domestic data vs. a combined reference that also included truncated MACE (TMACE) data. The predictions used the current multi-step models instead of testing with previously official methods that may have been revised during the past 4 years. Predictions were tested for 10 traits and Net Merit $. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were compared for 7,651 bulls born 2012 or later that had no daughter records in August 2017 but had > 75% reliability of conventional EBV in August 2021. The validation bulls consisted of 4 groups: 3,623 domestic Holsteins and 544 Jerseys with USA (or country code 840) identification and 3,386 foreign Holsteins and 98 Jerseys with other country identification. Smaller subsets of these bulls were used for traits with less reliability. Most squared correlations (R2) were unexpectedly higher for predicting foreign than USA bulls, possibly because the foreign bulls were less selected or obtained less reliability than the USA bulls on USA scale. Inclusion of TMACE gave largest benefits to predict less heritable traits such as productive life and somatic cell score in both breeds. Gains were larger for foreign bulls than for the same traits of USA bulls. For predicting higher heritability yield traits, benefits were near 0 for USA bulls, small (1 to 2%) for foreign Holsteins, and larger (5 to 11%) for foreign Jerseys. All regressions (B1) were near 1.0 and changed only a little with the inclusion of TMACE. MACE can increase prediction reliability even when large domestic reference populations are available, and results from TMACE more accurately demonstrate that by comparing predictions using the same current model. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86971 |
Watch |
1331 |
Daily body weight of cows compared to estimates of body weight. |
3 |
M. McClure |
body weight robot milking growth |
B. Shonka-Martin1, H. Templeton1, A. Sewalem1, L. Chang1, J. Nani1, R. Starkenburg1, M. McClure1 |
1ABS-Global, Deforest, WI |
Daily weights of cows on commercial dairy farms were collected to compare with current genetic estimates of body dimensions. Accurately estimating a cow’s body weight has numerous benefits, including calculating body maintenance needs, feed efficiency and carbon footprint. Data were obtained from 61 Lely AMS farms that had body weight scales integrated into their milking systems. In total there were 23,960 females with 18,046,329 unique daily body weights recorded. These farms are located in Canada (4), France (11), Italy (12), the Netherlands (2), UK (28), and USA (4). Two USA located farms had 753 females with both CDCB genomic evaluations (Dec 2021 values) and scale weights (n = 261,257) across multiple lactations, with the majority of the genotypes provided by ABS. These data were analyzed to compare genomic evaluations for Body Weight Composite (BWC from Holstein Association USA) to actual daily live weight (pounds). Average weekly weights were calculated per animal to minimize random day-to-day variation. A cow’s BWC values were correlated with her average weekly weight for the first 4 lactations from wk 9 to 44. Week 9 was chosen as the starting week because the data set showed that a cow regained her post-freshening weight loss by wk 9. The correlation between BWC and weekly weight increased in later lactations (Table 1). The highest weekly correlation values resulted from cows as they neared mature weight. By modeling changes in body weight measurements of cows from all 61 farms throughout and across lactations, further analysis can better assess the accuracy of body trait genetic evaluations in predicting the actual body weight of a cow over its lifetime. Table 1. Analysis of weekly cow weights, week 9-44 in milk, and BWC
| Lactation |
Correlation: Scale weight and BWC |
# Weekly weighted cows |
Average weight |
| Average |
SD |
Average |
Max |
Week 9 |
Week 44 |
| 1 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
668 |
702 |
1248 |
1488 |
| 2 |
0.42 |
0.03 |
325 |
379 |
1407 |
1589 |
| 3 |
0.44 |
0.07 |
67 |
91 |
1465 |
1667 |
| 4 |
0.64 |
0.14 |
14 |
23 |
1499 |
1639 |
|
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86707 |
Watch |
1332 |
Estimates of genetic parameters for feeding behavior traits and its association with feed efficiency in Holstein cows. |
4 |
L. Cavani |
heritability meal RFI |
L. Cavani1, W. E. Brown1, K. L. Parker Gaddis2, R. J. Tempelman3, M. J. VandeHaar3, H. M. White1, F. Peñagaricano1, K. A. Weigel1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 2Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD, 3Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Residual feed intake (RFI) is commonly used to measure feed efficiency, but individual intake recording systems are needed. Feeding behavior may be used as an indicator trait for feed efficiency using less expensive systems. Our goal was to estimate genetic parameters for feeding behavior and the genetic correlations with feeding efficiency in Holstein cows. Data consisted of 75,877 daily feeding behavior records of 1,328 lactating Holstein cows in 31 experiments conducted from 2009 to 2020 with a Insentec system. The feeding behavior traits were: number of feeder visits per day, number of meals per day, duration of each feeder visit, duration of each meal, total duration of feeder visits, intake per visit, intake per meal (kg of dry matter), feeding rate per visit, and feeding rate per meal (kg of dry matter per min). The meal criterion was 26.4 min. The statistical model included lactation and days in milk as fixed effects, experiment-treatment, animal, and permanent environment as random effects. Estimates of heritability for feeding behavior traits ranged from 0.09 ± 0.02 (number of meals) to 0.23 ± 0.03 (feeding rate per meal), with repeatability estimates ranging from 0.23 ± 0.01 (number of meals) to 0.52 ± 0.02 (number of feeder visits). Most of the feeding behavior measures were strongly genetically correlated, showing that, with more visits or meals per day, cows spend less time at each feeder or meal with a lower intake per visit or meal. Number of meals was genetically correlated with milk energy (0.48), metabolic body weight (−0.27) and RFI (0.19). Duration of each feeder visit and each meal were genetically correlated with milk energy (0.4). Intake per visit and per meal were genetically correlated with dry matter intake (0.63 and 0.87), milk energy (0.47 and 0.69), metabolic body weight (0.47 and 0.68), and RFI (0.31 and 0.65). Feeding rate was genetically correlated with dry matter intake (0.69), metabolic body weight (0.67), and RFI (0.47). We conclude that measures of feeding behavior could be useful indicators of dairy cow feed efficiency and individuals that eat at a slower rate may be more feed efficient. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86878 |
Watch |
1333 |
Genetic analysis of leukosis in Canadian Holstein cows. |
5 |
R. Bongers |
leukosis bovine leukemia virus genetics |
R. Bongers1, K. Houlahan1, F. Miglior1,2, H. Oliveira2, F. S. Schenkel1, C. F. Baes1,3 |
1Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Lactanet, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
Leukosis is a retroviral disease caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and spread through the transmission of infected lymphocytes. Infection with BLV is associated with decreased production, impaired immunity and response to vaccination, and increased cull rates. None of these symptoms are unique to leukosis, making disease diagnosis challenging without routine testing. Clinical signs of leukosis include persistent lymphocytosis, which will develop in 30% of cases and malignant lymphoma, which will develop in 5% of cases. However, these clinical signs do not develop until 2–5 years after infection, during which time the cow can be spreading leukosis to herd-mates, making leukosis a particularly difficult disease to manage. A more traditional test-and-cull strategy to control leukosis is not economically feasible, as in infected herds there is an average of 39% of cows testing positive. With disease prevelance this high, it is not economically feasible to cull all positive animals. However, genetic selection could be used to reduce prevalence of leukosis. To assess this, we studied 86,550 individual leukosis milk ELISA test records from 926 Canadian herds from 2007 to 2021. Cows were classified as sick or healthy and analyzed using an animal model. The first positive record was used if a cow had more than one test. Cows with only negative test results were considered healthy. Heritability was estimated to be 0.09 (SE = 0.01), indicating a genetic component to leukosis, which could be used in a selection program to reduce the prevalence of leukosis. Further work needs to be done to assess the correlations between leukosis and other economically important traits. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86045 |
Watch |
1334 |
Genetic parameter estimation of heat tolerance in the US Holstein and Jersey breeds. |
6 |
T. M. McWhorter |
dairy cattle heat stress variance components |
T. M. McWhorter1,2, M. Sargolzaei2, C. G. Sattler2, M. D. Utt2, I. Misztal1, S. Tsuruta1, D. Lourenco1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Select Sires Inc, Plain City, OH |
The objective of this study was to investigate changes in genetic parameters for production traits in US Holstein and Jersey cows under heat stress. Data included 12.8 and 2.1 million test-day records from the first 5 parities for Holstein and Jersey, respectively. Milk, fat, and protein yield (kg) records were available from 923,311 Holstein and 153,714 Jersey cows. Test-day records from 2015 to 2021 represented 331 herds from 27 US states. Herds were matched to the nearest airport for weather data from automated surface observing systems. Hourly temperature and relative humidity for 4 d before and the day of each test-day were utilized to calculate a mean temperature-humidity index (THI) over the 5-d period. The 3-trait, repeatability model included effects of herd test-day, days-in-milk class by calving season class, lactation, state, age at calving class, general additive genetic effect, additive genetic random regression effect of heat tolerance, general permanent environmental effect, permanent environmental random regression effect of heat tolerance, and residual. Variance components were estimated using Bayesian methods with pedigree information. Heritability for the general genetic merit of Holstein was 0.21 for milk, 0.16 for fat, and 0.17 for protein, whereas Jersey was found to be 0.20, 0.11, and 0.13. For Holstein (Jersey), the changes in heritability from the THI threshold of 69 (72) to the max THI of 82, were 0.20 to 0.35 (0.19 to 0.23) for milk, 0.15 to 0.16 (0.10 to 0.12) for fat, and 0.16 to 0.31 (0.12 to 0.13) for protein. Negative correlations observed between general additive and heat tolerance additive effects for Holstein (Jersey) were −0.38 (−0.37) for milk, −0.51 (−0.49) for fat, and −0.43 (−0.52) for protein across all THI. Due to these antagonistic genetic relationships, high-producing cows are expected to have a lower heat tolerance. However, the low to moderate correlations and the increasing heritability for heat tolerance over THI show potential to use a selection index to improve production traits and heat tolerance simultaneously. |
| Breeding and Genetics Platform Session: Breeding for Sustainability and Environmental Efficiency |
Hybrid Symposium |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86709 |
Watch |
1335 |
Evaluation of heat tolerance in dairy cattle using test-day production records and NASA POWER meteorological data. |
7 |
P. L. Rockett |
temperature-humidity index heat tolerance NASA POWER |
P. L. Rockett1, I. Campos1, C. F. Baes1,2, F. Miglior1,3, D. Tulpan1, F. Schenkel1 |
1Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3Lactanet Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Weather station data and test-day records can be combined to quantify the impact of heat stress on production traits. However, data collected at ground-based weather stations can be nonexistent or unreliable. The NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) database provides meteorological data over regions where surface measurements are sparse. The overall aim of this study was to evaluate heat tolerance in Canadian dairy cattle using NASA POWER meteorological data instead of weather station data. The 3 objectives were: 1) to determine the temperature-humidity index (THI) thresholds for milk, protein, and fat yield in 5 different regions in Canada; 2) to estimate the genetic parameters for the same traits while accounting for heat stress; and 3) to determine if genotype by environment interaction causes re-ranking of sires at high THI values. The results showed that productivity was negatively affected by heat stress and that the pattern of response to an increasing THI differed between traits. The THI thresholds and production decays also varied between the 5 different climatic regions in Canada. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = −0.10 to −0.34) between production traits and heat tolerance, indicating that continued selection for production without consideration for heat tolerance will likely increase the susceptibility of dairy cattle to heat stress. The results also showed that heat tolerance had a low to moderate heritability (h2 = 0.13 to 0.29), indicating there is genetic variability for thermotolerance. Therefore, genetic selection for heat tolerance is possible, but the genetic gain would be slow due to low heritability. Finally, the rank correlations between breeding values when the effect of heat stress is accounted for and breeding values without the heat stress effect for the top 50 ranked bulls for each trait were low to moderate for protein and milk yield (rs = 0.29 to 0.82) and moderate for fat yield (rs = 0.78 to 0.83). Therefore, there was a strong interaction between protein and milk yield, and THI resulting in re-ranking. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9844 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
n8765 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87123 |
|
1339 |
The role of gut microbiome in metabolic health of pre-weaned calves. |
2 |
L. L. Guan |
gut microbiome microbial metabolites host-microbiome interaction |
L. L. Guan1 |
1University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
There is increasing evidence highlighting the critical roles of gut microbiome in influencing performance and health of pre-weaned calves. It is commonly accepted that microbes colonize the calf gut soon after the birth and the establishment a stable and balanced gut microbiota during early life can have a life-long impact on their performance. The establishment of calf gut microbiome is a complex process that can be influenced by both host and microbes, together with the environment factors (diet, management, farm and so on). In addition, the gut microbiome has difference ecological niche within the gut (lumen associated and mucosal tissue attached) and such variation can be gut regional specific, as a result, they can have varied impact on host’s functions. The microbiota can have direct and indirect impact on the gut function including development and metabolism, nutrition absorption, barrier and immune function, endocrine and neuron transmitter secretions. Compared with the monogastric animals, the understanding of gut microbiota and its functions and how they can affect functions of animals in ruminants, especially in pre-weaned calves is still in its infancy. More and more evidence has revealed that gut microbiota in in pre-weaned calves can be affected by early life nutrition, rearing environment, and their health status and the treatments. In the gut of pre-weaned calves, the gut microbiota in the small intestine is essential for the development and differentiation of the intestinal mucosal epithelium as well as the mucosal immune system, while those colonize the hindgut are mainly contribute to digestion, and fermentation. However, the metabolic functions of this gut microbiome and how it influences the energy metabolism, grow and development, as well as metabolic and physiologic changes of calves during this period is still not known. This presentation will highlight to date research on the gut microbiome and its potential metabolic functions as well as their contributions to calf carbohydrate metabolism, gut tissue development, immune functions and gut health in pre-weaned caves, aiming to find the solutions and potential strategies that can be used to manipulate the early microbiome to improve calf growth and health. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86087 |
Watch |
1340 |
Prophylactic feeding of neomycin to Holstein calves alters bile acid metabolism, increases intestinal permeability and results in changes in adipose and liver tissue gene expression. |
3 |
L. R. Cangiano |
prophylactic antibiotics intestinal inflammation |
L. R. Cangiano1, G. A. Contreras2, M. Chiviri2, L. N. Buss1, I. R. Ipharraguerre3, M. A. Steele1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, 2Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of feeding neomycin to Holstein bull calves on intestinal permeability, bile acid (BA) metabolism, and transcript abundance of genes involved in BA sensing, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Thirty-six Holstein bull calves of approximately 6 ± 3 d old were blocked by body weight and assigned to one of 3 treatments: Control (CON: nonmedicated milk replacer, MR), short-term (ST: neomycin for 14 d), or long-term antimicrobial (LT: neomycin for 28 d). Neomycin was dosed in MR at a rate of 20 mg/kg BW/day, and the MR was fed at 6 L/d (900g of MR powder) split over 2 meals. Intestinal permeability was measured on wk 2 and 4 of life by analyzing the plasma recovery of orally dosed chromium-EDTA. On d 28 calves were euthanized and samples of intestine, liver, omental and subcutaneous fat were collected. Transcript abundance was determined by high-throughput quantitative RT-PCR, and the concentration of BA were analyzed using LC-MS. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model, including the fixed effects of treatment, tissue, and their interaction. Compared with CON, ST and LT increased intestinal permeability on wk 2 (P = 0.05). In addition, concentrations of primary, secondary, and total BA were increased by ST in ileal tissue (P < 0.05), whereas total and secondary BA were increased in the liver by LT (P < 0.02). Gene expression of the BA receptors FXR and TGR5 were increased in ileum and liver by both ST and LT (P < 0.04), and both treatments increased TGR5 transcripts in adipocytes. Furthermore, ST decreased gene expression of genes related to triglyceride and glucose synthesis (FABP4, GPAT1; P < 0.05) while upregulated the expression of genes related to immune activation (ITGAM3, SIRPA, FUT3; P < 0.04) in adipocytes. These data demonstrate that neomycin altered intestinal homeostasis resulting in increased mucosal permeability, altered BA metabolism, and modified gene expression in peripheral fat depots. These changes were possibly linked to neomycin-induced intestinal dysbiosis. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87124 |
Watch |
1341 |
Impacts of nutrition precalving on neonatal calf health. |
5 |
J. F. Mee |
precalving nutrition calf |
J. F. Mee1 |
1Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Department, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland |
Relatively little attention has been paid to the effects of gestational nutrition of the dairy (as opposed to beef) dam on the health of its calf with most focus in calf health being on the health management of the calf, not her dam. This mini-review focuses on the impacts of pre-calving nutrition on the dairy calf health. The impacts of maternal nutrition precalving on calf health are mediated directly through perinatal calf mortality (PCM), perinate thermogenesis and neonate immunity and micronutrient status and indirectly through effects on colostrum quantity and quality. Pre-calving feeding which causes fetal oversize or micronutrient deficiency are significant risk factors for PCM. In addition, over-conditioning of dairy heifers pre calving is a significant independent risk factor for PCM. The limited data on the effects of maternal dairy nutrition on colostrum quantity and quality indicate that pre-calving nutrition has little effect on colostrum quantity and quality but influences calf Ig absorption. However, dietary selenium supplementation can improve colostrum and calf serum Ig concentrations. Cows in better pre-calving BCS can have better colostrum quantity and quality and calf serum Ig concentrations. There are insufficient data on the effects of precalving energy and protein feeding of dairy cows on neonatal calf health to reach any firm conclusions. Results from beef cows suggest that maternal protein or energy restriction can reduce perinatal calf vigor and young calf health. Maternal micronutrient status precalving is the major determinant of the risk of micronutrient disorders in neonatal calves. Theoretically, there is real potential for perturbations during critical fetal developmental periods to have long-term impacts on offspring outcomes. Dairy cows may undergo undernutrition or overnutrition during these developmental windows. However, only limited data supporting effects of fetal programming due to precalving nutrition on the health of dairy calves have been published. Given these limitations in our existing knowledge of the interactions between maternal nutrition and offspring health, it is concluded that the impacts of nutrition pre-calving on neonatal dairy calf health and dairy fetal programming warrant further research. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86096 |
|
1342 |
Effects of milk allowance and calf starter starch content on gut health and function in male Holstein calves. |
6 |
A. H. Laarman |
calf starch milk allowance |
M. N. Bennett1, K. Moline1, T. T. Yohe2, T. S. Dennis3, J. C. Costa4, M. A. Steele2, A. H. Laarman1 |
1University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3Provimi - NA, Lewisburg, OH, 4University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY |
This study investigated how preweaning milk allowance and starch content of calf starter impacts gut morphology and physiology in weaned Holstein calves. Male Holstein calves (n = 48) were individually housed, blocked by body weight, and assigned to one of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 12 per treatment) of milk allowance (600 vs. 1200 g/d) and calf starter starch content (10 vs. 40% DM): Low milk allowance and low starch (LL), low milk allowance and high starch (LH), high milk allowance and low starch (HL); and high milk allowance and high starch (HH). All calves were fed milk replacer (25% CP, 17% fat) twice daily. Weaning began on d 42, when milk allotment was halved, and completed on d 49. On d 50, calves were given 3 indigestible permeability markers whose absorption into blood was measured for 10 h. On d 57–60, calves were harvested; gastrointestinal tissue from the rumen, duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, ileum, and colon were harvested. Tissue was analyzed for mRNA abundance of digestive and metabolic enzymes, protein abundance of energy metabolite transporters, and histological scoring of gastrointestinal tract development. Groups fed high milk allowance had increased sodium-glucose linked transporter 1 expression (P < 0.01) in the proximal jejunum and increased gut permeability. In high starch calf starter groups: 1) Ruminal papillae sloughing decreased (P < 0.01) and expression of monocarboxylate cotransporter 1 increased (P = 0.02); 2) Proximal jejunum showed tendency to increase villous blunting (P = 0.07) and expression of maltose-glucose amylase; and 3) Ileum showed tendency to increase epithelial separation (P = 0.08). Rumen pH was positively correlated to monocarboxylate cotransporter 1 expression in the rumen (r = 0.32) and negatively correlated to ileal Goblet cell loss (r = −0.34) and colon crypt depth (r = −0.27). High milk allowance increases gut permeability, possibly to improve post-prandial glucose uptake. High starch content in starter mitigates morphological damage in the rumen but exacerbates it in the lower gut. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87140 |
Watch |
1343 |
Importance of the intestinal microbiota: What we learn in monogastrics |
9 |
E. Santin |
microbiome modulation low-grade inflammation |
E. Santin1 |
1Jefo Nutrition Inc, Saint Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada |
The microbiota is defined as the assemblage of living microorganisms and microbiome as all genes, microbiota metabolites and host environment in a mucosa. The microbiota represents a highly variable and compartmentalized ecosystem that happens in many different body regions as skin, intestinal and other mucosa. Specifically, the brain-intestine axis explains many interactions that modulated both host and microbiota metabolism and behavior. Despite that, there are still lack of standardization for analysis and interpretation of the results to apply this in animal production. The inferences of the microorganism’s effects on monogastric animals are compared to human, and this can be misinterpreted (i.e. activating the metabolic pathways to weight lost, to eat more to gain less). In animal production, the genetic, nutrition and management actions target metabolic pathways to fast weight gain, high productivity, and feed efficiency. The balance microbiota for an optimal animal performance is related to lower activation of the host immune response where the development of tolerance is fundamental. Disruption in the host-microbiota relationship will release metabolites that drive a low-grade inflammation which will affect the digestion and adsorption and directly result in loss of animal performance. These metabolites release during this process could be used as biomarkers and could in the future help to predict and solve problems. The knowledge that diets and environment directly affect the microbiota and the host immune response is the most interesting finding to better understand how to modulate positively the animal performance. The profile of metabolites produced by the microbiota is far more important than the mapping all the microorganisms present in microbiota. The focus of all effort in nutrition and management actions should be driven to modulate the microbiota and its metabolites. However, there is still needs to conduct inter-collaborative studies to allow establish the best microbiota and metabolome profile adapted to animal production. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86089 |
Watch |
1344 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii affects intestinal microbiota colonization in neonatal dairy calves. |
10 |
L. R. Cangiano |
microbiome probiotics gut immunology |
L. R. Cangiano1, C. Villot4, R. Gruninger2, N. Malmuthuge2, L. L. Guan3, M. A. Steele1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, 3Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 4Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac, France |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of supplementation of the live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SCB) on microbial colonization of newborn calves. A total of 20 newborn bull calves, were randomly assigned to one of the 2 treatments: Control (CON, n = 10) fed at 5 g/d of carrier with no live yeast; and SCB (n = 10) fed at 5 g of live SCB per day (10 × 109 cfu). SCB was added in the first colostrum feeding and subsequently in the morning milk replacer feeding until d 7 of life when calves were euthanized. Intestinal tissue and contents were sampled at proximal jejunum, ileum, and colon. Total DNA was extracted from intestinal tissues and contents and the V1–V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, followed by amplicon sequencing. Sequence data were analyzed using QIIME2, and taxonomic classification was performed using the SILVA database. Alpha diversity indices (Chao 1, Shannon, and Simpson), and Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the microbial profiles was conducted using UniFrac distance matrices. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to test the statistical differences among the observed microbial profiles based on treatment. Supplementation with SCB from birth increased the species richness/ Chao1 index in the ileal content (P = 0.01) of neonatal calves, and the PCoA revealed that the bacterial profiles tended to cluster according to treatment in the ileum content (ANOSIM R = 0.24; P < 0.01). At the genus level, in ileal contents the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella was lower in the SCB group (P < 0.01). Lastly, Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed that species richness in the ileum content was positively correlated with the number of viable SCB (R2 = 0.50, P = 0.03), and the number of viable SCB in the ileum was positively correlated with the IgA concentration (R2 = 0.58, P < 0.01). In conclusion, supplementation of SCB during the first week of life modulates microbial colonization by increasing species richness and stimulates regulatory mucosal immune responses by increasing the production of secretory IgA in neonatal dairy calves. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86876 |
Watch |
1345 |
Effects of a live yeast supplementation on Holstein calf performance and health. |
13 |
S. J. Davies |
S. cerevisiae boulardii growth intake |
S. J. Davies1, G. Esposito2, C. Villot3, E. Chevaux3, E. Raffrenato1 |
1Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, WC, South Africa, 2Università di Parma, Parma, Italy, 3Lallemand, Blagnac, France |
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a live yeast supplementation (S. cerevisiae boulardii) on calf growth, intake, and health, with or without a stressor. Eighty calves, from 5d of age until weaning were randomly assigned to one of the 4 treatment groups which were devised according to the presence or absence of a nutritional stressor (SY or SN) and a yeast supplementation (YY or YN). Calves were blocked according to date of birth, BW, and blood total protein. The nutritional stress consisted in delaying one of 2 feedings by 2h, every other day. Feed consumption, fecal scores, and health status were recorded daily. Body weights and blood samples were collected every 10d, for glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and total blood count. A repeated-measure model was used with yeast and stress and their interaction as fixed components, time as the within-subject fixed factor, and calves as a random component. Calves in the SY group had a lower intake of starter (P < 0.01) at 724 g/d vs. 830 g/d than the SN group. The inclusion of yeast tended to result in higher intake (P = 0.08) at 799 g/d vs. 754 g/d than the YN group. The stress resulted in lower average BW (P = 0.03; 66.8 vs. 64.1 kg) while yeast tendency was to increase BW (P = 0.07). The interaction between stress and yeast tended to be significant (P = 0.08), with the yeast resulting in a larger effect when stress was present. While red blood cells parameters were not affected (P = 0.23), yeast, stress, and their interaction affected most of the white cells parameters. A physiologic leukocytosis was apparent for the SY group (P = 0.04), but not for the YY calves (P = 0.17). The leukogram of the SYYN group was characterized by neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia (P < 0.05). This was also associated to lower fecal scores (P < 0.05) and less health problems (P = 0.01). Glucose was not affected by either stress or yeast and interestingly the pre-ruminant phase, described by lower β-hydroxybutyrate, was longer in the SYYN calves (P = 0.04). The inclusion of the yeast was therefore able to decrease the negative effect of the stressful condition in both performance and health of the calves. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86321 |
Watch |
1346 |
Evaluating neonatal calf diarrhea case definitions: A scoping review. |
14 |
D. Wilson |
fecal consistency synthesis |
D. Wilson1, C. Winder1, G. Habing2, D. Renaud1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio |
Various case definitions are used to diagnose neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), which prevents direct comparison of results between trials. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to map out the methods of diagnosing NCD to aid in developing a standardized case definition. A literature search was undertaken to identify articles investigating neonatal calf diarrhea using 3 databases (Medline, CAB Direct, and Agricola), along with Google and Google Scholar. This returned 16,855 unique articles which were then screened for eligibility, resulting in 557 articles being selected for data extraction. Studies were conducted in 49 different countries, most commonly in North America or Europe (57%; n = 317/557). Most studies used experimental designs (66%; n = 371/557), while the remainder were observational trials (31%; n = 171/557) or were used to validate a diagnostic test (3%; n = 15/557). Studies primarily used neonatal dairy-bred calves (88%; n = 488/557) while the remainder evaluated beef, crossbred or dual-purpose beef/dairy calves (10%; n = 53/557), or did not report breed (3%; n = 16/557). Most commonly, fecal consistency alone (30%; n = 283/937), or with at least 1 other characteristic (26%; n = 240/937) was used to evaluate the occurrence of diarrhea. Diarrheic fecal consistency was either described qualitatively (e.g., “profuse liquid feces”), or evaluated semiquantitatively, for example using a scoring system that frequently included 4 or 5 levels (51%; n = 266/523). Other reported NCD case definitions included fecal color, volume or odor (10%; n = 98/937), physical exam parameters (8%; n = 79/937), the duration of time calves had experienced abnormal feces (7%; 67/937), the presence of abnormal contents (e.g., blood, 7%; n = 61/937), farm treatment records (6%; n = 54/937), fecal dry matter 1%; (n = 12/937), or another metric (5%; n = 43/937). At least one reference was cited for the NCD case definition by 49% of studies (n = 273/557). Of these references, the most common citations were Larson et al. (1977) (n = 85), and McGuirk (2008) (n = 60). This review identified numerous NCD case definitions across various study designs and populations, suggesting a need for standardization. |
| Growth and Development Symposium: Metabolic Derangements in Calves During the Preweaning Period |
Hybrid Symposium |
Growth and Development |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
n8769 |
|
|
Round table with invited speakers and the Growth and Development Committee |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint ADSA Midwest Branch/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Grazing to Improve Profitability of Midwest Dairy Farms |
Hybrid Symposium |
Forages and Pastures |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9848 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint ADSA Midwest Branch/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Grazing to Improve Profitability of Midwest Dairy Farms |
Hybrid Symposium |
Forages and Pastures |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
n8698 |
|
|
Introduction |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint ADSA Midwest Branch/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Grazing to Improve Profitability of Midwest Dairy Farms |
Hybrid Symposium |
Forages and Pastures |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86815 |
|
1336 |
Precision technologies to improve dairy grazing systems. |
2 |
J. Heins |
grazing sensors precision technology |
J. Heins1, K. T. Sharpe1, G. M. Pereira1 |
1University of Minnesota, Morris, MN |
Pasture-based dairy herds continue to grow around the world as the demand for sustainable farming practices increases. Grazing dairy producers may benefit from the utilization of precision dairy technologies. The application of precision dairy technologies on grazing dairy farms has the potential to improve animal welfare, increase farm efficiency, and reduce costs. However, the adoption of precision technologies on grazing farms is still a challenge because of the lack of research-based information that addresses the accuracy of wearable cow technologies in grazing-based systems. Precision dairy technologies have provided novel information about activity, rumination and grazing behavior of various breeds in pasture-based systems. Previous research with wearable technologies of cows has indicated that rumination, eating, and no activity has high correlations (r = 0.65 to 0.88) with visual observation; however, activity may be difficult to record in grazing herds. Grazing is a complex behavior to define because cows may walk to an area and stop to eat or continuously walk and take bites of grass from the pasture. However, grazing behavior data collected with wearable technologies was highly correlated (r = 0.92 to 0.95) with visual observations. Grazing is a behavior that should continue to be explored especially with precision dairy technologies. Accurate pasture biomass measurements can improve efficiency and production of pastured dairy cows; however, few farms use technology to determine forage availability. Therefore, using dairy technologies to monitor pasture forage may provide a potential benefit for grazing-based dairy farms. Current satellite technology with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and electronic rising plate meters may provide new technologies for farms to monitor pasture forage biomass and fine-tune grazing within pastures. In the future, pasture-based dairy farms may rely on virtual fencing, drones to detect animal health issues and forage availability, and autonomous vehicles to move cattle and to detect weeds on pasture. Data from current technologies, application to farms, and future technologies will be presented. |
| Joint ADSA Midwest Branch/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Grazing to Improve Profitability of Midwest Dairy Farms |
Hybrid Symposium |
Forages and Pastures |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86190 |
Watch |
1337 |
Mitigation strategies for reducing enteric methane emissions in grazing dairy systems. |
3 |
K. J. Soder |
grazing methane mitigation |
K. J. Soder1, A. F. Brito2 |
1USDA-ARS, University Park, PA, 2University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH |
Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in livestock production is a global priority to mitigate climate change. Methane is an important GHG with a global warming potential 28 times greater than carbon dioxide. Enteric methane emissions account for approximately 6% of global total GHG emissions from agriculture and represent loss of dietary energy, thus contributing to reduced animal production efficiency. Grazing systems have been targeted as a particular source of GHG emissions, primarily due to decreased forage quality and digestibility and reduced feed efficiency that frequently result in increased enteric methane production. Compared with confinement operations, grazing systems provide additional challenges due to lack of control of diet quality and difficulty in quantifying dry matter intake and methane emissions of cows on pasture. While emerging technologies are making GHG data collection less onerous in extensive environments, data is limited on enteric methane emissions and mitigation strategies in grazing systems. Our presentation will cover current and potential animal and forage management strategies to mitigate enteric methane emissions in grazing dairy systems, including: 1) improving forage biodiversity and quality for greater digestibility and animal production; 2) utilizing forages with beneficial secondary/bioactive compounds; and 3) strategic supplementation strategies, including ruminal methane inhibitors. While various feeding and management strategies show promise in reducing enteric methane emissions, limitations such as economics, commercial availability, method of delivery, or milk market constraints (e.g., grassfed or organic) have restricted widespread adoption in dairy grazing systems. Additionally, current research has failed to consider the impact of many of these inputs on the entire milk production system, such as management considerations for producing high-quality forage, costs of growing, processing, and transporting supplements, and potential negative effects of higher milk yield on herd fertility and health. |
| Joint ADSA Midwest Branch/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Grazing to Improve Profitability of Midwest Dairy Farms |
Hybrid Symposium |
Forages and Pastures |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86218 |
Watch |
1338 |
Once-a-day milking in dairy grazing systems. |
4 |
N. Lopez-Villalobos |
milking frequency fertility once-a-day milking |
N. Lopez-Villalobos1, J. M. D. R. Jayawardana1,2, L. R. McNaughton3, R. E. Hickson1 |
1School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka, 3Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand |
About 55% of New Zealand herds are milked twice a day (TAD) and 10% of the herds are milked once-a-day for their whole lactation. The remainder of herds use a mixture of TAD and OAD milking. Once-a-day milking has been adopted by several farmers due to its benefits of reducing the cost of labor, feed and management and creating alternative employment opportunities. Production and reproductive performance traits of cows in a sample of 1206 TAD and 260 OAD herds were analyzed with mixed linear models declaring a Gaussian distribution for continuous variables, and binomial distribution and log-link function for binomial variables, considering herd as random effect. Cows in OAD herds had lower yields of milk (−35%) and milksolids (fat+protein, −29%) and higher percentages of fat and protein than cows in TAD herds (Table 1). Cows in OAD herds had better fertility performance with a higher 6-week pregnancy rate (+13%) and lower not in-calf rate (−4.3%) than cows that were milked TAD. Continuous selection for milk production in OAD milking herds requires cow replacements that are more suitable for these systems and can be produced by sires selected based on a OAD selection index. This index includes the same traits that are included in the national selection index plus udder support, front teat placement, milking speed and body capacity. The relative economic emphasis for the traits in the OAD selection index is different to those of the national selection index. Further economic analyses are required to evaluate long-term effects of selection for OAD on-farm profitability, survival, health (lameness and mastitis), environmental impact and farmer wellbeing. Table 1. Productive and reproductive performance of cows in twice (TAD) and once (OAD) milking herds during production season 2017–2018 in New Zealand
| Item |
TAD herds |
|
OAD herds |
| Number of herds |
1206 |
|
|
260 |
|
| Production per lactation |
Mean |
SD |
|
Mean |
SD |
| Milk (kg) |
4,687 |
1,574 |
|
3,069 |
1,023 |
| Fat (kg) |
223 |
72 |
|
162 |
54 |
| Protein (kg) |
179 |
58 |
|
125 |
41 |
| Milksolids (kg, fat+protein) |
402 |
128 |
|
287 |
94 |
| Fertility |
|
|
|
|
|
| Start of mating to conception |
27.0 |
27.4 |
|
21.9 |
19.0 |
| Calving interval |
370.3 |
30.9 |
|
368.1 |
25.0 |
| 3-week submission rate |
77.8 |
41.6 |
|
83.8 |
36.9 |
| Pregnancy rate to first service |
54.1 |
49.8 |
|
62.8 |
48.3 |
| 6-week pregnancy rate |
67.4 |
46.9 |
|
75.9 |
42.8 |
| Not in-calf rate |
14.2 |
34.9 |
|
9.9 |
29.9 |
| 6-week calving rate |
82.4 |
38.1 |
|
87.7 |
32.8 |
|
| Joint ADSA Midwest Branch/Forages and Pastures Symposium: Grazing to Improve Profitability of Midwest Dairy Farms |
Hybrid Symposium |
Forages and Pastures |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
n8697 |
|
3003INV |
Discussion with Speaker Panel |
5 |
Brad Heins |
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9913 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87004 |
Watch |
1347 |
Leveraging computer vision systems to better understand feeding behavior patterns in dairy cows. |
1 |
A. Negreiro |
computer vision dairy cow feeding behavior |
A. Negreiro1, T. Bresolin1, R. Ferreira1, S. I. Arriola Apelo1, J. R. R. Dórea1 |
1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI |
Dairy cows are commonly fed total mixed rations (TMR), which allow the delivery of a specific profile of nutrients by mixing chosen feed ingredients at specific concentrations. However, cows commonly sort TMR, resulting in a different intake of nutrients than intended which negatively impacts cow health and milk composition. Additionally, the extra time spent sorting contributes to increased eating time, but not necessarily greater feed intake. Traditionally measured behavior parameters hide such patterns. Currently, the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) is the gold-standard method to quantify sorting, but it has practical limitations. Computer vision systems (CVS) could be an alternative to track the cow mouth and reveal hidden patterns. The objectives of this study were: 1) to build a CVS to detect and track mouth movement, and 2) to investigate the association between mouth motion features and feed intake and sorting. Images were collected from 36 individually housed dairy cows by 12 different RGB cameras on 8 separate days. Fresh TMR and orts were collected on sampling days and separated using a PSPS. Annotated images were trained using Mask-RCNN. The precision and recall for correctly detecting the cow mouth were 90.7% and 99.5%, respectively. The trained model was applied to 4,008,630 sequential images, and the following mouth motion patterns were calculated: acceleration, velocity, time spent eating, and vertical and horizontal movement. For diets containing high forage (diet 1) or low forage (diet 2) inclusion, moderate correlations were observed between the average sorting index (measured using a PSPS) and horizontal velocity (diet 1: r = 0.31, diet 2: r = 0.39), vertical velocity (diet 1 = 0.45, diet 2 = 0.57), and total acceleration (diet 1 = 0.21, diet 2 = 0.63). The positive correlation found here indicates an association between head motion and sorting behavior, regardless the preference for sorting different particle length. These preliminary results indicate that tracking cow mouth motion through computer vision systems can generate more detailed information related to feeding behavior. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86925 |
|
1348 |
Using computer vision for animal identification in dairy barns using isometric view images. |
2 |
J. C. F. Silva |
deep learning computer vision behavior |
J. C. F. Silva1, J. R. R. Dorea1, R. E. P. Ferreira1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Individual animal identification is central to an efficient herd management. Farmers that have access to individual animal data have more control of their herd inventory and can make better informed decisions to increase milk production. Additionally, animal identification is particularly useful when individual phenotypes are being collected for animal breeding programs or for management decisions. Recent research has indicated that top-down view images allow for accurate animal identification based on coat color patterns. However, placing top-down view cameras in large livestock operations may be unfeasible due to costs and labor to support hardware infrastructure, since top-down view cameras may have a narrow field of view and thus require the installation of multiple units. In this context, placing cameras in isometric view may be an alternative to increase field of view, but may also create challenges related to occlusion. The objective of this study was to evaluate if deep learning algorithms can accurately identify Holstein dairy cows through isometric view images. A total of 2,223 images were collected from 16 cows in a dairy barn. Images were manually annotated, and 2,023 images were used to train a deep learning algorithm (YOLOv5), with the remaining 200 used for testing. To evaluate the algorithms, F1-score, precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP) were calculated in the validation set. The results indicated great predictive ability of YOLOv5 to detect individual cows in isometric view images (F1-Score = 0.73, Precision = 0.77, Recall = 0.75, and mAP = 0.80). Although we have found satisfactory results, cow occlusion hindered the performance when compared with using top-down view images. Our results indicate that despite the expected occlusion, isometric view images can be used to identify individual animals in dairy barns and potentially track behavior of multiple subjects. This type of approach would allow for large-scale implementation of computer vision systems in livestock operations, especially considering that commercial farms already use cameras positioned in isometric view. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87006 |
Watch |
1349 |
Using computer vision and mixed reality to detect compliance with standard milking procedures in real time. |
3 |
R. E. P. Ferreira |
mixed reality milking |
R. E. P. Ferreira1, J. C. F. Silva1, J. R. R. Dorea1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Mixed reality (MR) technology can enhance a human’s view of their environment by rendering 3D models and graphics through a transparent headset display. MR headsets allow the user to see the real world mixed with a virtual overlay containing 2D visual interfaces and 3D objects they can interact with. Additionally, they can capture videos from the user’s first-person view through a frontal camera. Traditionally, users need to interact with the device to request and send information to a database. In nontraditional workplaces, such as farms, this interaction is cumbersome and could drastically reduce efficiency and user adoption. An alternative for that is the development of systems that automatically collect information from the user environment. In this study, we explored the use of MR headsets to monitor milking parlor procedures and potentially notify employees in real-time about errors following correct milking protocols. Using a Microsoft HoloLens 2 device attached to a farm employee’s head, we captured 3 videos during milking. From those videos, 604 frames were extracted and manually annotated by defining bounding boxes in each image with examples of forestripping, pre- and post-dipping, and wiping on each of the 4 teats of 18 Holstein dairy cows. We used 483 images to train a YOLOv5 neural network (NN) to detect examples of these 4 procedures in the remaining 121 images. The trained NN achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.910 when considering as correct those predictions with an Intersection over Union above 0.5 relative to the manual annotation. Our results suggest that MR headsets synchronized with an NN can detect whether an user is performing each of the required steps for milking cows in a dairy farm. The temporal series of detection could then be used to catch when a certain step is mistakenly skipped and notify the user in real-time about the incident, preventing further mistakes. Such system has the potential to reduce labor errors in dairy farms, and the framework developed in this study can be further explored in many different scenarios, such as detecting wounds, misplaced objects, or sick animals. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86314 |
Watch |
1350 |
An information theoretic approach to quantifying resiliency in residual milk yield records. |
4 |
C McVey |
resiliency information entropy unsupervised machine learning |
C McVey1, F Hsieh2, D Manriquez3, P Pinedo3, K Horback1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Statistics, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 3Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO |
Sensor technologies allow farmers to continuously monitor key behavioral and biological indicators over extended periods of time. By identifying perturbations in such data streams, we might quantify the relative resiliency of animals in response to environmental stressors. Emerging research suggests that residual milk yield records, or the difference between daily measured yield and the projected yield trajectory, may be genetically correlated to health and longevity traits. To date this work has relied on standard summary statistics – variance, skew, autocorrelation – to compress the information in such records. In this methodological case study, we pair the flexibility of information theory with the power of hierarchical clustering algorithms to explore the nonlinear dynamics of this system. Data were repurposed from a 6-mo feed trial conducted on a closed herd of 200 mixed-parity organic Holstein cattle milked 3x daily in a rotary parlor, with encodings of time budget and milking order data available from previously published work. Residual yield was calculated using a Wilminks lactation curve via quantile regression. An ensemble simulation strategy was developed to account for both measurement precision and confidence in model fit. In analyses of the marginal residual yield distributions, mutual information tests revealed health outcomes were more strongly associated with encodings based on Earth Movers Distances than those using summary statistics. Neither of these encodings, nor those using entropy spectra, were strongly associated with patterns in milking order. Cows with low time spent eating were, however, overrepresented among the most variable yield distributions regardless of encoding strategy. In analyses of temporal correlation, auto-information spectra were significantly associated with health status, but encodings with autocorrelation were not. Both encodings revealed associations between high memory yield curves and patterns in entry order and time budgets. Further work seeks to refine these results using additional metadata on observation date. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86504 |
Watch |
1351 |
Data mining of milk mid-infrared spectra in search for potential biomarkers to assess transition success. |
5 |
M. Bahadi |
cow transition FTIR spectroscopy biomarkers |
M. Bahadi1,2, D. Warner1, R. Lacroix1, R. Moore1, R. Cue2, D. E. Santschi1 |
1Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, 2Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada |
The transition period is recognized as a critical phase in cows’ lactation. Poor transition cannot always be linked to routinely measurable metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether milk mid-infrared spectra from cows with poor transition were different from those with good transition, and to determine the affected milk components, specially those that are not routinely measured in monthly milk samples. First test-day records within lactation and their corresponding spectra between 2015 and 2020 were extracted from Lactanet’s database for Holstein cows in Québec, Canada. Two transition categories were created based on the value of Transition Cow Index (TCI), high and low, corresponding to TCI ≥66th and ≤33rd percentiles, respectively (TCI range −6,855–13,759; average TCI ± SD: high category 1,342.2 ± 564.00, low category −790.8 ± 669.55). Analysis of variance–simultaneous component analysis+ (ASCA+) was used to test the effect of the TCI category on spectral variability. In the first round of analysis, the ASCA+ statistical model included the effects of the TCI category, DIM, and parity (2, 3+). Spectra of samples collected during the first 2 weeks of lactation had the highest variability attributed to the TCI category, which peaked on 8–11 DIM at 3.02%. The effect of the TCI category on spectra was significant (P = 0.001) in comparison to 1000 permutations of the ASCA+ model. The second round of analysis included 41,464 spectra of samples collected during the first 2 weeks of lactation. The loading spectrum of the TCI category revealed direct relationship between low TCI category and spectral features that can be attributed to milk fat, protein, creatine, phosphate, sulfur containing compounds and trans fatty acids. It also revealed an inverse relationship between low TCI category and spectral features attributed to lactose and glucose. To conclude, poor performance during transition can lead to changes in minor milk components that are not currently reported. These changes are more noticeable during 5–14 DIM. Metabolomics studies on milk will follow to corroborate these findings. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86666 |
Watch |
1352 |
Evaluation of post-breeding walking activity data as an indicator of abortion occurrence in dairy farming systems. |
6 |
C. J. Chen |
precision dairy activity data signal processing |
C. J. Chen1, G. Ferreira1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Precision dairy technologies are useful tools for the reproductive management of the herd. The objective of this study was to determine whether pregnant cows can show sudden increased activity (hereafter activity peaks) after conception. Such activity peaks might be confounded with a loss of pregnancy due to abortion and lead farmers to rebreed cows. Therefore, the tested hypothesis of this study is that pregnant cows do not show activity peaks during gestation. Data from a 300-cow dairy in Blacksburg, VA, were obtained from PC-Dart (Dairy Records Management System; Raleigh, NC) and AfiAct pedometers (Afimilk, Israel). Breeding in this herd occurs following fixed-timed artificial insemination while following a double OvSynch synchronization protocol. Data included reproductive records (i.e., breedings, pregnancy checks, and abortions) and walking activity from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021. From the period analyzed, 545 breedings resulted in a calving and were labeled as successful breeding events. In each event, activity peaks were identified by the local maxima of activity signals observed after the conception date. To avoid false peaks, the peaks were screened using their prominence, which measures how much higher the peak is relative to its neighbors. Only the peaks with the prominence greater than the top 20% of activity signals were used in the analysis. Of the 545 cows with a successful breeding, only 103 cows did not show any activity peak until the end of the lactation. The number of activity peaks observed in pregnant cows ranged from 1 to 21 with a median of 1. Activity peaks during pregnancy occurred as soon as 1 d and as late as 265 d after breeding. The hypothesis of no activity peak after a successful breeding was rejected by a binomial test (P < 0.01). The implication of this data analysis is that dairy farmers should ignore activity peaks observed after a cow is confirmed pregnant and, therefore, should not rebreed a cow before confirming an abortion by a veterinarian. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86584 |
Watch |
1353 |
Using statistical inferences for risk assessment of spontaneous metritis cure in non-antibiotic-treated dairy cows. |
7 |
E. B. de Oliveira |
uterine health spontaneous metritis cure dairy cow |
E. B. de Oliveira1,2, F. C. Ferreira1,2, D. R. Williams1,2, K. N. Galvao3, R. V. Pereira1, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Veterinary Medicine Teaching Research Center, Tulare, CA, 3Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
The study objectives were to identify cow-level and environmental factors associated with spontaneous metritis cure (SMC) and evaluate traditional statistical methods' ability to predict SMC. Study participants were a subset of 438 primiparous and multiparous lactating Holstein cows from 2 studies in Florida, Texas, and California that remained untreated after metritis diagnosis. Cows were diagnosed with metritis at 5, 7, and 9 d in milk using the Metricheck device. Cows with fetid, watery, reddish-brown uterine discharge, with or without necrotic tissue, were classified as having metritis. Spontaneous metritis cure was defined as an absence of fetid, watery, reddish-brown uterine discharge up to 14 d after enrollment. Cow and environmental level data were recorded. Variables were offered to univariate logistic regression models. Variables with P < 0.10 were included in the multivariable logistic regression. A multivariable ROC curve analysis was performed for significant continuous variables in the multivariable logistic regression model. Cows developing metritis after the first week postpartum had 1.24 times higher odds of SMC than cows having metritis in the first week postpartum (P < 0.01). Each degree Celsius above 39.3°C was associated with 0.63 lower odds of SMC (P = 0.02). Each kilogram of milk production increase above 0.91 kg from the day before to the day of metritis diagnosis was associated with 1.05 greater odds of SMC (P < 0.01). The multivariable ROC curve revealed an area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, and F1 score of 0.68, 0.66, 0.65, and 0.78, respectively. The current study suggests that cows developing metritis after the first week postpartum and increasing milk production from the day before to the day of metritis diagnosis have increased odds of SMC. Rectal temperature ≥39.3°C was associated with lower odds of SMC, and the final ROC model accuracy was 66%. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t85985 |
Watch |
1354 |
Use of an NPV model to estimate the value of additional selective replacement of dairy cattle during first lactation. |
8 |
M. Overton |
culling dairy economics replacement |
M. Overton1, S. Eicker2 |
1Zoetis, Parsippany, New Jersey, 2VAS, Tulare, California |
The objective was to estimate the value of replacing 5% of first-lactation cows at 75 DIM based on projected 70 DIM 305d milk (D70_305M). Production data from the first 5 lactations for a random sample of 1000 cows first calving in 2014–2015 were extracted from 15 herds. Cows were split into 2 groups at herd level: those in the bottom decile of D70_305M (L10) or in the upper 90% (U90). Removal risk and lactation length for culled vs. retained were determined by parity within group. Curves for energy-corrected milk (4.0% fat and 3.2% protein) were fit by group for lactations 1–5. Milk for lactations 6–10 were estimated by adjusting the lactation 5 curve based upon herd average 305d milk across subsequent lactations. Parity and group-specific removal risks (sold and died) were estimated for the first 5 lactations; herd-level average removal risk by lactation was used for lactations 6–10. Herd-level averages for dry period length and calf type (dairy heifer, dairy bull, or beef cross) were used for each group. Economic inputs included: market cow value = $1.54/kg, milk = $0.44/kg, replacements = $1700, lactating feed = $0.31/kg, dry cow feed = $3.00/d, transition management and diseases = $200/calving, and calf value = $109. Annualized Income over Cost (IOC) was estimated across 10 potential lactations where income = milk + calf revenue and cost = lactating and dry cow feed + transition disease and management costs + net replacement cost. Removal risk was higher in the L10 overall (50 vs. 35%) and for lactations 1–3 (1, 54 vs. 21%; 2, 42 vs. 34%, 3, 45 vs. 41%) but lower in lactation 4–5 (4, 45 vs. 53%; 5, 49 vs. 62%). Milk was lower in L10 (34.8 vs. 39.5 kg) and net replacement cost/d was higher ($1.57 vs. $0.98). Annualized IOC for the L10 was lower ($1491 vs. $2123). Removing half of the L10 resulted in a cash loss of $18/cow slot, but due to differences in culling risk, only 15 new average replacements were needed to maintain herd size, resulting in a final net gain of $14 IOC/cow slot/year. Economic opportunity exists to selectively replace poor performing animals early in their first lactation. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86011 |
Watch |
1355 |
Animal life cycle submodule in the Ruminant Farms Systems (RuFaS) model: A sensitivity analysis to evaluate heifer reproductive protocols. |
9 |
Y. Gong |
dairy management Monte Carlo model simulation |
Y. Gong1, M. Li1, M. A. Sotirova2, K. F. Reed2, V. E. Cabrera1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The Ruminant Farm Systems (RuFaS) model is a whole dairy farm simulation model. Its animal life cycle submodule simulates animals at an individual level using stochastic, Monte Carlo methods, incorporating the probability of life events and distributions of random variables. This animal submodule was evaluated under 2 heifer reproduction protocols: (1) pure estrus detection (ED) or (2) timed AI (TAI) finishing up with ED using the global sensitivity analysis (SA). The objective was to identify the most important inputs by allocating the variance in the output from the model to the variance of the input parameters. Eight input parameters were included in the global SA for the scenario of ED whereas 9 were included for TAI. A fractional factorial design was used to generate input parameters according to the upper and lower bounds given ± 10% of the original value or ± 2 SD when an empirical distribution. Twenty-five output variables were assessed to determine the most influential input parameters. With respect to each output variable, the main effect of each input parameter and interaction effect between each pair of parameters were calculated by the SALib Python package. Simulations were run for 5 years with a herd of 1000 adult cows. In the ED case, estrus conception rate was the most influential parameter to reproduction cost, culled heifer number, 21-d conception rate, ED time, and AI number while estrus detection rate contributed the most to net return, heifers produced, and 21-d service rate. As expected, TAI conception rate was the most important variable when the TAI protocol was used, but ED-related inputs also had important effects on the numbers of heifers produced, culled, and sold because ED was used after the first breeding. Breeding start day and breeding time before culling impacted heifer culling age, feed cost, culled heifer number, and the young animal ratio in both scenarios. This study provides a preliminary evaluation of the submodule’s functionality and robustness, helping identify the most important variables that can facilitate the decision-making process. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86034 |
Watch |
1356 |
Stability of dairy herd performance: Toward a better understanding of it as a key element for assessing resilience and building sustainable livestock systems. |
10 |
D. E. Santschi |
performance stability resilience dairy farms |
A. Ben Abdelkrim1, D. E. Santschi1, D. M. Lefebvre1, R. Lacroix1 |
1Lactanet, Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada |
As part of the development of a strategy for assessing the resilience of Canadian dairy farms, a methodology to evaluate performance stability was developed and used. This methodology was based on a differential smoothing approach, for application at first to highlight the relationships between short- and long-term variations in Canadian farms performance and then to understand the reasons for these variations. This approach was applied on the bulk tank data of 3284 farms with more than 1 646 965 records referring to a 2-year period (January 2019−December 2020). During this period, the stability of 8 variables (protein, fat, lactose, urea, somatic cell count, and fatty acids: preformed, mixed and de novo) was evaluated and allowed to identify and distinguish the farms with the most stable performance (MSP) from the most unstable performance (MUP). A total of 376 farms were identified as the MUP and 286 farms as the MSP during this period. The MSP farms had an average of 86 ± 65 lactating cows with an age at first calving of 24.7 ± 1.5 mo and produced over 10,000 kg of milk per year. The MUP farms had an average of 47 ± 22 lactating cows with an age at first calving of 27.0 ± 2.5 mo and produced less than 9,000 kg of milk per year. The proportion of dry cows did not differ between the 2 groups (13.8% for MSP farms and 13.7% for the MUP farms). There was a difference in voluntary and involuntary culling between the 2 groups (6.5% for the MSP farms and 2.7% for the MUP farms regarding voluntary culling (P < 0.01) and 18.6% for the MSP farms and 10.3% for the MUP farms regarding involuntary culling (P < 0.01)). The results of this work provided the necessary elements to assess the performance stability of farms and showed the importance of culling and breeding for building sustainable livestock systems. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t85935 |
Watch |
1357 |
Effects of increased longevity of dairy cows on milk composition and technological properties. |
11 |
M. Johansson |
cow longevity milk quality animal welfare |
M. Johansson1, Å. Lundg1, S. Agenäs2, M. Lindberg2 |
1Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden |
The average life expectancy for Swedish dairy cows, i.e., the longevity, is 5 years, meaning that a cow will have approximately 2.5 lactations during her lifespan. This is much shorter than the natural life expectancy, and a large proportion of dairy cows are culled before their full potential is reached. Increased cow longevity is associated with better animal welfare and would also reduce the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of milk solids and cow. However, if cows should be retained in production for longer time, it is important that there are no negative effects on the composition and technological properties of the milk. The objective of this study was to investigate if there are differences in raw milk quality (e.g., composition, somatic cell count, pH, protein profile, total proteolysis and plasmin and plasminogen activity) and technological properties (e.g., ethanol stability, gel firmness, rennet coagulation time, curd yield) between cows with different lactation number. In total, 11 farms were visited within a period of 12 weeks for sampling of milk during autumn 2020. Samples from the individuals were not collected repeatedly. Participating farms were visited on one single occasion and during this visit, milk samples from 5 younger (lactation one and 2) and 5 older (lactation 3 and higher), were obtained. In total, individual cow milk samples from 24 Swedish Holstein (SH) and 84 Swedish red (SRB) cows were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to illustrate the overall variation in the investigated milk quality attributes and potential clustering of milk from young and older cows, respectively. An effect of breed and farm was observed, whereas there was no clear effect of lactation number. For SH, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed higher plasmin (PL) activity in milk from older cows. In contrast, younger cows had lower plasminogen (PG) related activity, lower contents of total solids, fat, SFA, and lower total proteolysis. For SRB, milk from older cows had higher PL, whereas the young cows had lower PG activity and lower total proteolysis. To conclude, with the exception of PL and PG related activities, results from this study indicated no major differences in composition and technological properties when comparing milk from old and young cows. |
| Production, Management & the Environment 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86805 |
Watch |
1070 |
Predicting dairy pen dry matter intake using a Weibull density function. |
12 |
P. M. Lucey |
DMI distribution Weibull |
P. M. Lucey1, H. A. Rossow1 |
1UC Davis Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA |
Precision agriculture is the optimization of resource use for efficient production. Prediction of the TMR and quantity fed by group is an important calculation for precise and accurate feed use. Deterministic equations estimate dry matter required by a cow, but do not account for within-group variation when extrapolated to the population. The objective of this study is to predict the distribution of dry matter intake (DMI) of a dairy pen using a Weibull probability function and estimate the distribution parameters. Weekly DMI and milk production data of 426 cows from 8 published data sets were cleaned, visually assessed for consistency, and collated and homogenized into a SQL database. The density of DMI were plotted by week of lactation from 6 weeks pre-calving to 44 weeks post-calving. Each data set were plotted separately and combined. Skew and kurtosis for each week were calculated and Jarque-Bera normality test performed. The distribution of wk 1 DMI was normal with a skew value of −0.07. The distribution for wk 2 to wk 10 violated normality with a Jarque-Bera test of P < 0.05. Skew values ranged from −0.42, −0.43, −0.46, −0.30, −0.33, −0.44, −0.51, −0.42, −0.44, showing consistent left skew. The 2-parameter Weibull distribution was selected by visual comparison to observed data, and its ability to plot negative and positive skew values. Two methods of Weibull parameter estimation were tested: method of moments, and maximum-likelihood estimation. Milk yield and body condition score population data were used in parameter estimation to generate values for the shape and scale Weibull parameters. The predicted models were compared with the observed using the root mean square error prediction to assess parameter estimation methods. We can predict the distribution of feed intake for a group using other population measures to calculate Weibull distribution parameters, this density may calculate a more accurate quantity of DMI required by the group than using an assumption of normality from a single cow estimate. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9915 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86794 |
Watch |
1358 |
Effect of elevating LH action using low doses of hCG on double ovulation, follicle dynamics, and circulating FSH in lactating dairy cows. |
1 |
V. E. Gomez-León |
co-dominance luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
V. E. Gomez-León1,2, A. D. Beard2, O. J. Ginther2, M. C. Wiltbank2 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Double ovulation and twin pregnancy are undesired in dairy cattle. We tested the hypothesis that increased LH action (low dose hCG) before diameter deviation would change FSH, maximum size of the second (F2) and third largest (F3) follicle, and frequency of double ovulation in lactating dairy cows with minimal progesterone (P4). Synchronized, multiparous, non-bred, lactating Holstein dairy cows had their corpus luteum regressed on d5 post-ovulation and were submitted 24h later to follicle aspiration to induce a new wave. Cows were randomized to control (CONT, untreated) or to receive 100 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin every 24h for 4 d after aspiration (hCG). In replicate 1 cows (n = 18) had no P4 (NoP4 and NoP4+hCG). In replicate 2, cows (n = 16) received an intravaginal P4 insert previously used for 18d (LowP4 and LowP4+hCG). Ultrasound and blood collections were performed every 12h for 7 d after aspiration. Then, all cows received 200ug of GnRH to induce ovulation. Only cows with single (n = 15) and double (n = 16) ovulations were used in the analysis. No significant differences were detected between NoP4 vs. LowP4 and NoP4+hCG vs. LowP4+hCG, so data were combined. Double ovulation was 40% for CONT and 62.5% for hCG. Double ovulation increased as maximum size of F2 increased (P < 0.05), i.e., F2: < 9.5mm (0%), 9.5–11.5mm (16.7%), and ≥ 11.5mm (94.1%). The hCG group had more (P < 0.05) cows with F2 > 11.5 (69%) than with 9.5 ≥ F2 ≤ 11.5 (25%) and F2 < 9.5 (6%). Regardless of hCG treatment, cows with double ovulation had greater FSH before F1 ~8.5mm, shorter time from aspiration to F1 > 8.5 mm, and faster F1, F2, and F3 growth rate before diameter deviation when compared with cows with single ovulation (P < 0.01). In conclusion, greater FSH and follicle growth before deviation seems to be a primary driver of double ovulation in lactating cows with low P4. Moreover, the increase in follicle growth before deviation and in maximum size of F2 during hCG treatment suggests that increased LH may also have a role in stimulating double ovulation. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86477 |
Watch |
1359 |
Developing a synchronization program using only GnRH and PGF2α for dairy heifers. |
2 |
I. M. R. Leão |
heifer 5-d Synch fertility |
I. M. R. Leão1, E. Anta-Galvan1, M. S. El Azzi1,2, T. Valdes-Arciniega1, F. P. J. da Silva Junior1, J. P. N. Martins1 |
1Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil |
Our study aimed to determine the effects (1) of PGF 2d before initiating a 5-d Synch protocol without a CIDR and (2) only one PGF 6d after the initiation of the protocol on follicle and luteal responses, detection of estrus and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in Holstein heifers. Heifers (n = 525) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups before 1st AI. Control consisted of d0: GnRH (G1), d5: PGF (PG1), and d6: PGF. PG5P heifers received a PGF on d −2 (Pre-PG) and the same treatments as in control. PG6P heifers were treated similarly to PG5P but with only one PGF on d6 (PG1). Ovarian scans and blood sampling were conducted on d of treatments and 1, 3, and 5 d after PG1 to determine ovulation and serum P4 concentrations. Estrus detection (tail chalk) and AI were performed daily for 5d after the PG1. Binary and continuous variables were analyzed by logistic and linear regression, respectively. Heifers that received Pre-PG (PG5P and PG6P) had lower (P < 0.01) serum P4 at G1 (0.6 ± 0.0 vs. 4.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL) and a greater (P < 0.01) ovulatory response to G1 (68.0 vs. 43.7 %) than control. PG5P heifers had the lowest serum P4 at PG1. Only one PGF 6d after G1 decreased luteolysis rate but did not affect the proportion of heifers detected in estrus and ovulating after PG1. Yet, PG6P increased the proportion of heifers in estrus 2d after PG1. P/AI did not differ among groups. In summary, Pre-PG decreased serum P4 at G1 and increased ovulatory response to G1 but did not affect P/AI. In addition, although using only one PGF 6d after G1 reduced luteolysis rate, it did not affect estrus detection rate and P/AI. Table 1. Effect of treatment on reproductive parameters (means and percentages)
| Item |
Control |
PG5P |
PG6P |
P-value |
| n |
175 |
175 |
175 |
|
| Heifers with P4 >1 ng/mL on d-2, % |
69.1a |
58.9Bb |
68.6Aab |
0.08 |
| Heifers with P4 >1 ng/mL on d0, % |
65.1a |
13.1b |
14.9b |
<0.01 |
| Ovulatory response to G1, % |
43.7a |
62.9b |
73.1c |
<0.01 |
| Serum P4 on PG1, ng/mL |
4.6 ±0.4a |
2.9 ±0.2b |
4.0 ±0.2a |
<0.01 |
| Heifers with complete luteolysis, % |
98.3a |
96.6a |
86.9b |
<0.01 |
| Estrus detection, % |
68.0 |
70.3 |
68.5 |
0.90 |
| Estrus 2d after PG1, % (n) |
25.2 (119)a |
34.1 (123)a |
59.2 (120)b |
<0.01 |
| Estrus 3d after PG1, % (n) |
66.4 (119)a |
65.9 (123)a |
33.3 (120)b |
<0.01 |
| P/AI, % (n) |
58.8 (119) |
59.0 (122) |
51.7 (120) |
0.40 |
a-cP ≤ 0.05; A,BP < 0.10. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86531 |
Watch |
1360 |
High dose of gonadorelin hydrochloride at the first GnRH of the breeding-Ovsynch increases pregnancy per AI in randomized controlled multi herd study in lactating dairy cows. |
3 |
F. S. Lima |
conception rates ovulatory response dairy cow |
F. S. Lima1, R. G. S. Bruno2, R. M. Cleale2, F. T. Silvestre2, G. Pena2, T. H. Short2, R. Martinez1, D. B. Melo1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Zoetis Inc, Parsippany, NJ |
A positive association between ovulation at the first GnRH (G1) of the breeding-Ovsynch and pregnancy outcomes has been well characterized. Recent studies suggest the benefits of increasing gonadorelin hydrochloride's dose on the ovulatory response at G1. This study's objective was to determine the effects of receiving 2 mL or 4 mL of GnRH (gonadorelin hydrochloride, 50 µg per ml, Factrel Zoetis Inc.) at the first GnRH (G1) of breeding Ovsynch in lactating Holstein cows receiving a Double OvSynch (DO) program on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) for the first service on 4 large commercial dairies. The study was a complete randomized block with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments within study sites, with 2 parity groups (Primiparous or Multiparous) and 2 treatments at G1 of breeding Ovsynch (2 mL vs. 4 mL). A total 2,525 primiparous (2mL = 1,235 vs. 4mL = 1,290) and 4,096 multiparous (2 mL = 2,075 vs. 4 mL = 2,021) were enrolled across 4 farms (A = 2,460; B = 948; C = 1,245; D = 1,938). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS to evaluate the fixed effects of treatment, parity, and the treatment by parity interaction. There was an overall treatment effect on P/AI (P = 0.04), with P/AI being greater for 4 mL (51.8%) than 2mL (48.6%). There was not an effect of parity (P = 0.11) nor a treatment by parity interaction (P = 0.13). However, the treatment effect was largely due to a robust response among multiparous cows, where P/AI increased from 45.4% for those treated with 2 mL to 50.7% among those treated with 4 mL (P < 0.01). Among primiparous cows, the first-service conception rate was 51.8% for those treated with 2 mL and 52.8% among those treated with 4 mL (P = 0.66). Increasing the dose of GnRH at G1 from 2 mL to 4 mL increased P/AI, but the magnitude of the effects was contingent on parity. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86536 |
Watch |
1361 |
Association of progesterone and ovulation in Holstein cows receiving a high dose of gonadorelin hydrochloride at the first GnRH of the breeding-Ovsynch. |
4 |
S. Salman |
parity ovulatory response dairy cow |
S. Salman1, R. Martinez1, R. G. S. Bruno2, R. M. Cleale2, G. H. Choi2, K. A. Conner1, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Zoetis Inc, Parsippany, NJ |
This study’s objectives were to determine plasma P4 concentration and ovulatory response at the first GnRH (G1) of breeding Ovsynch in lactating Holstein cows receiving 2mL or 4mL of GnRH (gonadorelin hydrochloride, 50 µg per mL, Factrel Zoetis Inc.) during a Double OvSynch (DO) program. A total of 505 lactating Holstein cows was ranked by GDPR and then blocked by parity and sequential ascending GDPR to receive 2mL or 4mL at G1 of the breeding OvSynch of DO starting at 61 ± 3 DIM. Ultrasound exam and blood sampling were performed at the G1 and PGF2α, given 7 d later to characterize P4 concentration and ovulation. Statistical analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, and P4 was categorized as Low (<3.0 ng/mL) and High (≥3.0ng/mL). At G1, the percentage of cows with a functional CL (P4 > 1.0 ng/mL) was similar (P = 0.56) between 2mL (95.1% = 234/246) and 4 mL (95.7% = 248/259) with no differences (P > 0.1) between parity and interaction treatments and parity. Plasma P4 concentrations at G1 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.40) and averaged 4.7 ± 0.2 and 4.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL for 2mL and 4mL, respectively. Treatment did not impact P4 at PGF2α (2mL = 3.6 ± 0.2 vs. 4mL = 3.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL, P = 0.58) nor there were effects of parity or interaction treatment by parity. At G1, the percentage of cows with follicle ≥ 10mm was similar (P = 0.29) between 2mL (99.2% = 244/246) and 4 mL (97.7% = 253/259). The average largest follicle diameter was similar (P = 0.91) between 2mL (17.1 ± 0.3) and 4 mL (17.1 ± 0.3), and no interactions treatment by parity occurred. Only an interaction of treatment, parity, and P4 was significant (P = 0.04) for ovulation at G1. In multiparous High P4, treatment increased ovulation (4mL = 76.9% vs. 2mL = 60.0%), but in primiparous High P4, no differences were observed (4mL = 63.8% vs. 2mL = 61.8%). In primiparous Low P4, treatment increased ovulation (4mL = 78.3% vs. 2mL = 61.8%), but in multiparous Low P4 no differences were observed (4mL = 71.0% vs. 2mL = 77.7%). The benefits of ovulation at G1 for a higher dose of 4 mL of gonadorelin hydrochloride differ contingent on parity and P4. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87059 |
Watch |
1362 |
Fertility programs for lactating dairy cows: A novel Presynch+TAI program (ESALQ-Synch) produces similar reproductive outcomes as Double-Ovsynch. |
5 |
C. E. C. Consentini |
dairy cow timed AI fertility |
C. E. C. Consentini1,2, T. B. Abadia3, J. P. A. Galindez2, A. L. M. Lopes2, Y. A. M. Pazini2, P. P. C. Ferro2, N. V. Faria2, T. C. Pereira3, F. Machado3, D. Ferreira3, M. Duarte3, E. Campos3, L. F. Melo4, M. C. Wiltbank1, R. Sartori2 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 3Céu Azul Farm, Silvânia, GO, Brazil, 4Rehagro, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 5School of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil |
Fertility programs were evaluated for first timed artificial insemination (TAI) in 827 (primiparous and multiparous) lactating dairy cows. Weekly, cows were enrolled in 1 of 4 groups (Ovsynch [Ovs]+Ovs, Ovs+OvsP4/E2, PreP4/E2+Ovs and PreP4/E2+OvsP4/E2). On d-17, cows in the Ovs presynchronization received 10 µg buserelin acetate (GnRH), 0.5 mg cloprostenol (PGF) on d-10, and 10 µg GnRH on d-7. The PreP4/E2 presynchronization initiated on d-17 with a 2 g progesterone (P4) implant, that was removed on d-10, with 0.5 mg PGF and 1 mg estradiol cypionate (EC). Regarding breeding protocols, the Ovs consisted of: d0: 20 µg GnRH, d7: PGF, d8: PGF, d9.5: 10 µg GnRH, and d10: TAI (16 h after GnRH). Cows submitted to OvsP4/E2 received on d0: 20 µg GnRH and a 2 g P4 implant, d7: PGF, d8: P4 implant removal, PGF and EC, and d10: TAI. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 was used for binary variables analysis, with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Percentage of cows with CL on d-17 (70%) was similar between treatments and parity. In general, presence of CL on d0 was high, and Ovs presynchronization increased the proportion of cows with CL (94 vs. 89%). However, at the time of first PGF, there was no effect of presynchronization, and 98% of cows had at least 1 CL. Ovulation after d0 was greater in cows submitted to PreP4/E2 (72 vs. 65%), and those ovulating had greater pregnancy per AI (P/AI, 51 vs. 42%). Expression of estrus in breeding protocols OvsP4/E2 was greater than Ovs (69 vs. 42%), and cows expressing estrus had greater P/AI in both Ovs (57 vs. 43%) and OvsP4/E2 (58 vs. 23%) protocols. Ovulation after TAI was high (94%), with low incidence (7%) of multiple ovulation, and none were influenced by treatments. There was no interaction between presynchronization and TAI protocol on P/AI on d31 (49, 49, 53, and 53% for Ovs+Ovs [Double-Ovsynch], Ovs+OvsP4/E2, PreP4/E2+OvsP4/E2 [ESALQ-Synch], respectively). In summary, the 2 protocols for presynchronization and both TAI protocols, despite differences in the pharmacological bases, induced notable ovarian dynamics, synchronization, and fertility outcomes. ACK: CAPES, FAPESP #2018/03798–7, GlobalGen. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86068 |
Watch |
1363 |
Fertility of Jersey cows inseminated with sexed Jersey or conventional beef semen and submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol and timed artificial insemination versus artificial insemination after synchronization of estrus. |
6 |
M. R. Lauber |
sexed semen beef semen pregnancies per AI |
M. R. Lauber1, P. D. Carvalho1, P. M. Fricke1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Our hypothesis was that lactating Jersey cows submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol for timed AI (TAI) at 1st service would have more pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows inseminated after synchronization of estrus regardless of semen type (sexed Jersey or conventional beef semen). Lactating Jersey cows (n = 1,005) from a commercial dairy farm were randomized by ear-tag number (odd vs. even) within parity and semen type to 1 of 2 treatments for 1st service: 1) a Double-Ovsynch protocol [DO, n = 564 (sexed, n = 286; beef, n = 278); d 0 GnRH; d 7 PGF2α; d 10 GnRH; d 17 GnRH; d 24 and d 25 PGF2α; 32 h GnRH (d 26); 16 h TAI (d 27)] or 2) a protocol for synchronization of estrus with twice-daily detection of estrus [EDAI, n = 441 (sexed, n = 253; beef n = 188); d 3 GnRH; d 10 PGF2α ; d 24 and d 25 PGF2α]. Continuous variables were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure, whereas binomial variables were analyzed by logistic regression using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Within a semen type, P/AI were analyzed using separate statistical models because cows were not randomized to semen type. Among all cows, mean (±SEM) days from PGF2α (d 24) to AI was greater (P < 0.001) for EDAI than for DO cows (4.0 ± 0.11 vs. 3.0 ± 0.01), whereas the proportion of cows inseminated was greater (P < 0.001) for DO than for EDAI cows (100% vs. 78.7%). For cows inseminated with beef semen, DO cows had more (P = 0.04) P/AI than EDAI cows at 31 ± 2 (60.2% vs. 49.6%) and 61 ± 4 d (55.9% vs. 45.7%) after AI. For cows inseminated with sexed Jersey semen, P/AI did not differ (P = 0.21) between DO and EDAI cows, respectively at 31 ± 2 (51.2% vs. 47.3%) or 61 ± 4 d after AI (47.5% vs. 43.6%) d after AI. These results partially support our hypothesis that lactating Jersey cows submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol for TAI at 1st service had more P/AI than cows inseminated after synchronization of estrus, but only for Jersey cows inseminated with beef semen. Supported by NIFA USDA CARE project 2021–68008–34105. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87073 |
Watch |
1364 |
Lactating cows inseminated following estrus have greater early pregnancy losses compared to the fertility program Double-Ovsynch. |
7 |
T. Minela |
Double-Ovsynch estrus conceptus attachment |
T. Minela1, A. Santos1, J. R. Pursley1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Programs such as Double-Ovsynch (DO) improve pregnancy rates per AI compared with AI after estrus detection (ES). The objective of this study was to determine time to the increase in pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) as a marker of conceptus attachment (CA) in lactating dairy cows receiving AI following ES or DO. We hypothesized that DO would result in reduced time to CA compared with ES based on previous data. We also hypothesized that cows with delayed conceptus attachment would have greater chances for pregnancy loss. Lactating dairy cows were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to treatment. Cows synchronized with DO (n = 54) received AI 16 h after the final GnRH, between 74 and 80 DIM. Cows detected in ES between 69 and 89 DIM received AI from 8 to 23 h after onset of estrus (n = 55). Daily blood samples were collected from d 16 to d 28 post-AI to determine PSPB concentrations. Time of CA was determined as the first d of at least 12.5% increase in PSPB from baseline (average d 16 to 18), followed of 2 d of 12.5% increase from the previous d. Cows with CA were considered pregnant. Pregnancy was then confirmed at d 28 post-AI (PSPB levels) and again ~35 d post-AI via ultrasound. Time to CA was not different between treatments (DO 21.0 ± 0.3 vs. ES 21.2 ± 0.3 d). However, ES cows had greater pregnancy losses occurring between CA and 35 d post-AI (8/55 vs. 1/54; P = 0.04). Greater d to CA decreased likelihood of pregnancy at d 28 post-AI (P = 0.02). There was no effect of treatment on PSPB concentration between d 16 and 28 post-AI. Overall, cows that maintained pregnancy had higher concentration of PSPB between d 22 and 28 post-AI in comparison to cows that lost pregnancy (P < 0.01). Increase in PSPB concentration was delayed in 1 d in cows that experienced pregnancy loss (d 22 post-AI) in comparison with cows that maintained pregnancy (d 21 post-AI), utilizing cows with no CA as reference for comparisons (P < 0.01). Within DO 7/30 cows had CA later than 21 d and 13/32 out of ES cows (P = 0.15). Cows receiving AI following ES had greater pregnancy losses (between CA and 35 d post-AI) than DO cows. |
| Reproduction 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t85875 |
Watch |
1365 |
Late embryo mortality in Holstein cows inseminated with Holstein and Limousin bulls. |
8 |
P Melendez |
late embryo mortality Holstein Limousin |
P Melendez1,3, P Pinedo2, J Gibbons1, H Naikare3 |
1School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo TX, 2Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, 3University of Georgia, Tifton GA |
Crossing dairy x beef breeds may improve fertility trough hybrid vigor. The objective was to compare the late embryo mortality (LEM; between 30 and 60 d of gestation) in Holstein cows bred by AI to Holstein bulls (HH) or Limousin bulls (HL). The study was conducted at a large dairy farm (Georgia, USA), with 12,847 Holstein cows, 171 d open, 3X milkings, rolling herd average of 14,600 kg/year, and fed a TMR based on corn and grass silage and concentrates. Reproductive program consisted of a 60-d VWP and TAI using Ovsynch as ovulation synchronization protocol. Cows were diagnosed for pregnancy by ultrasound between 28 to 35 d post insemination. Cow diagnosed open were resynchronized for TAI. Cows diagnosed pregnant, were rechecked for pregnancy between 50 to 57 d post AI. An expected difference based on historical data of 4.0% in LEM between HH (expected LEM = 14.0%) and HL (expected LEM = 10.0%), with a 95% confidence, 80% of power, resulted in a required sample size of 1,082 cows per group diagnosed pregnant between 28 and 35 d post AI. The study compared pregnancy losses after the first breeding between 28 and 35 d post AI and 50–57 d post AI in HH (n = 3,492) and HL (n = 8,355). Days in milk at breeding were 119 ± 53 d. A logistic regression model for LEM was developed considering as independent variables the effect of group (HH vs HL), lactation (1, 2, 3, 4 or more), season (summer, no summer), days in milk at breeding (<100, 100–150, > 150), and AI technician (1 to 8). HH embryos had a greater LEM (15.2%) than HL embryos (9.8%) (P ≤ 0.0001). Regardless of type of embryo, first (10.0%) and second lactation cows (11.1%) had lower LEM than 4 or more lactation cows (12.8%) (P ≤ 0.0001), and cows bred in summer had greater LEM (15.2%) than cows bred during other seasons (9.9%) (P ≤ 0.0001). There were no differences among AI technicians (P > 0.05). Within summer there was no difference in LEM (%) within each lactation number (P > 0.05); however, during the non-summer periods, LEM (%) was greater in HH embryos than HL embryos within each lactation number (P ≤ 0.05). It is concluded that HL group had lower LEM than HH group. This was largely observed during the non-summer season within each lactation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9821 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86807 |
Watch |
1385 |
A multi-species direct-fed microbial supplement alters the milk lipidome of dairy cows. |
1 |
G. Taiwo |
lipidome dairy cow LC-PUFA |
G. Taiwo1, A. Oyebade2, M. Idowu1, A. Pech-Cervantes3, D. Vyas2, I. Ogunade1 |
1Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 2Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 3College of Agricultural, Family Sciences, and Technology, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA |
The study evaluated the effects of supplementing a direct-fed microbial supplement (DFM) on milk lipidome of lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (41 ± 7 DIM) were used in a randomized complete block design with experimental duration of 91 d. Cows were blocked based on the energy-corrected milk yield from a 14 d pre-experimental period, and were randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) Control (CON): Corn silage-based total mixed ration; 2) BOV: control diet top-dressed with a mixture of L. animalis, P. freudenreichii, Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis at 11.8 × 109 cfu/day. Milk samples were taken from morning and evening milking on 2 consecutive days of each week of the pre-experimental period and the experimental period. Composite of pre-experimental period and experimental period samples were separately prepared for individual cows and used for lipidome analysis. Lipidome analysis of the milk samples was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph linked to mass. Volcano plot analysis was used to determine the differentially abundant lipid species using FDR ≤0.05. The relative concentrations of 14 lipid species including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) such as FA 20:8, FA 28:7, and triacylglycerides (TG) 40:3 were increased (FDR ≤0.05) while 13 lipid species including saturated fatty acids such as FA 24:0, FA 20:0, and some sphingolipids were decreased (FDR ≤0.05) by supplemental BOV. The relative concentration of de novo FA in milk was greater (P = 0.02), while that of pre-formed FA was lower (P = 0.04) in dairy cows fed supplemental BOV. Results from this study demonstrates the potential of DFM containing of L. animalis, P. freudenreichii, Bacillus subtilis, and B. licheniformis to alter milk lipidome in lactating dairy cows toward increased relative concentration of LC-PUFA, which are of significant health benefits to consumers. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86052 |
Watch |
1386 |
Effects of abomasally infused rumen fluid from corn-challenged donor cows on production, metabolism, and inflammatory biomarkers in naïve recipient cows. |
2 |
M. A. Abeyta |
fecal pH acidosis leaky gut |
M. A. Abeyta1, B. M. Goetz1, E. J. Mayorga1, S. Rodriguez-Jimenez1, J. Opgenorth1, A. D. Freestone1, J. M. Lourenco2, T. R. Callaway2, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
Objectives were to evaluate if abomasal infusion (AI) of acidotic rumen fluid (AF) induces systemic inflammation and alters production and metabolism in naïve recipient cows. Ten rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows (249 ± 63 DIM; 753 ± 32 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 AI treatments: 1) healthy rumen fluid (HF; 5L/h; n = 5) or 2) AF (5L/h; n = 5). Eight rumen-cannulated cows (4 dry, 4 lactating: 391 ± 220 DIM; 760 ± 70 kg BW) were used as AF donors (DNR). Pre-trial start, all 18 cows were acclimated to a high fiber diet (46% NDF; 14% starch) for 11d during which rumen fluid was collected for use in HF cows during P2. During P1 (5d), baseline data were obtained and on d5 DNR were given an acidosis challenge (AC; 2.75% BW ground corn after 16h of 75% feed restriction). Cows were fasted until 36h relative to acidosis induction (RAI), and 0.50% BW of corn was added at 12h RAI. At 12h RAI, AF collections began (7L/DNR/2h; 2M HCl added until pH ≤ 5.2). On d1 of P2 (4d), HF/AF were abomasally infused with their respective treatments for 16h, and data collected for 96h relative to the first infusion (RFI). Data were analyzed in SAS using PROC MIXED. Rumen, fecal, and blood pH decreased in DNR following the AC (6.82, 6.97, and 7.46 during P1 vs. 5.64, 4.65, and 7.28; P < 0.01) with nadirs occurring at 8, 36, and 30h RAI, respectively. Relative to HF (RH), fecal pH decreased in AF from 6 to 12h RFI (6.33 vs. 7.07; P < 0.01); however, milk yield, dry matter intake, and energy-corrected milk were similar (P > 0.23). In AF, blood glucose and insulin increased at 8h RFI (9 and 69% RH; P ≤ 0.06). Further, AF decreased free fatty acids (36% RH; P < 0.01) and increased β-hydroxybutyrate (15% RH; P = 0.01), but blood urea nitrogen, serum amyloid A (SAA), and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were unaltered. Interestingly, SAA and LBP markedly increased by 48h RAI in DNR (30- and 3-fold relative to P1; P < 0.01). Overall, fecal and blood but not rumen pH decreased to acidotic levels and initiated inflammation in DNR, while AI of AF decreased fecal pH and altered metabolism but not inflammation in recipient cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86415 |
Watch |
1387 |
Supplementation of branched-chain volatile fatty acid increased bacterial branched-chain amino acid synthesis in dual-flow cultures varying in forage and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. |
3 |
K. E. Mitchell |
|
K. E. Mitchell1, B. A. Wenner1, C. Lee2, D. H. Kleinschmit3, M. T. Socha3, J. L. Firkins1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 3Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN |
Cellulolytic bacteria have limited ability to uptake branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) or decarboxylate them, thus depending on cross feeding for branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) precursors for membrane lipids or for carboxylation to BCAA. Our objective was to assess BCVFA uptake for BCAA synthesis in continuous cultures administered high forage (HF) and low forage (LF) diets. We hypothesized that BCVFA would be used for BCAA synthesis in the HF diet more than LF. Although BCVFA were hypothesized to lessen bacteriostatic effects of PUFA on cellulolytics, BCVFA were expected to increase synthesis lipids and away from BCAA in HF and high PUFA diets. The study was an incomplete block design with 8 dual-flow fermenters used in 4 periods with treatments (n = 4) arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. The factors were: HF or LF (67 or 33% forage, 33:67 alfalfa:orchard grass pellets), without or with supplemental corn oil (CO, 3% DM), and without or with 2.15 mmol/d (5 mg/d 13C) each of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate. Data were analyzed in a mixed model with random effects of period and fermenter and fixed effects of diet, CO, BCVFA, and their interactions assessed using ANOVA. The recovery of 13C in BCAA decreased (P < 0.01) from 8.81% of the total 13C dose to 5.61% with LF. Of the total 13C recovered in bacteria, 14.1, 24.3, and 23.6% were recovered in Val, Ile, and Leu, respectively; essentially no 13C was recovered in other AA. The flow of bacterial BCAA increased (P < 0.01) by 10.7% with BCVFA and 8.94% with LF vs HF. Dosing BCVFA increased (P = 0.02) BCAA by 0.39 percentage units in total AA, whereas LF increased (P = 0.04) BCAA by 0.35 percentage units vs HF. Additionally, BCVFA increased (P = 0.07, Diet × CO × BCVFA) bacterial AA flow by 16.6% when supplemented in HF-CO and 12.4% in LF+CO diets, whereas LF-CO increased flow by 12.8% compared with HF-CO and by 13.7% vs HF+CO. Recovery of 13C in BCAA increased for HF vs LF, but both converted more BCVFA into Ile and Leu compared with Val. Increased ruminal outflow of bacterial AA could potentially explain post-absorptive responses from BCVFA. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87078 |
Watch |
1388 |
Effects of ruminal lipopolysaccharides on growth and fermentation end products of pure cultured bacteria. |
4 |
E. Sarmikasoglou |
Megasphaera elsdenii Selenomonas ruminantium Streptococcus bovis |
E. Sarmikasoglou1, J. Ferrell2, J. Vinyard1, M. Flythe2, A. Tuanyok1, A. Faciola1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY |
Elevated levels of ruminal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been linked to ruminal acidosis; however, their structure may exhibit lower endotoxicity compared with LPS derived from species like Escherichia coli. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of E. coli-LPS (E. COLI), ruminal-LPS (RUM), and a 1:1 mixture of E. coli and ruminal-LPS (MIX) on the growth and fermentation end products of lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus bovis JB1, Selenomonas ruminantium HD4) and lactate-utilizing bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii T81). Rumen bacteria were obtained from the ruminal content (7 L) of a TMR (60:40; forage: concentrate) fed cow, extracted with phenol-water, purified with ultracentrifugation, and lyophilized. Concentrations of E. COLI (Escherichia coli O111:B4), RUM and MIX were 200,000 EU. Optical densities were recorded hourly except in the case of S. bovis JB1, for which measurements were collected every 30 min, until bacterial growth reached a plateau. Samples for ammonia-nitrogen and organic acids were collected at mid-exponential phase to represent continuous fermentation conditions. At least 3 biological replicates were done for each strain. Data were statistically analyzed using Proc MIXED of SAS; in which treatments were analyzed as fixed effect and experimental runs analyzed as random effect. Results show that, compared with the control group (LPS-free anaerobic water; CTRL), the maximum specific growth rate of S. bovis JB1 decreased (P = 0.03, SEM = 0.07) by approximately 19% and 23% when RUM and MIX were dosed, respectively. In addition, acetate (P = 0.01, SEM = 0.05) and lactate (P = 0.03, SEM = 0.36) concentrations in Se. ruminantium HD4 were reduced by approximately 30% and 18%; respectively, in response to MIX dosing. Compared with CTRL, lactate concentration from S. bovis JB1 was reduced (P = 0.01, SEM = 0.78) approximately by 31% and 22% in response to RUM and MIX dosing; respectively. In summary, ruminal-LPS decreased the growth and lactate production of lactate-producing bacteria, potentially mitigating the development of acidosis, whereas it did not affect the growth of Megasphaera elsdenii T81. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86835 |
Watch |
1389 |
Rumen microbiome contributions to dry matter intake modulation in lactating dairy cows. |
5 |
H. F. Monteiro |
residual feed intake parity gross feed efficiency |
H. F. Monteiro1, R. S. Bisinotto2, C. C. Figueiredo2, J. E. P. Santos3, F. Penagaricano4, E. S. Ribeiro5, F. Schenkel5, M. Marcondes6, B. C. Weimer1, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 5Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 6Department of Animal Sciences, University of Washington, Pullman, WA |
Models to predict dry matter intake (DMI) of lactating dairy cows are based on host characteristics. Although other physiological mechanisms contribute to DMI levels, the rumen microbiome composition of these animals plays a critical role in nutrient digestibility. It could further explain the variability of this trait. We hypothesized that dairy cows differing in DMI levels would have different rumen microbiomes and that the association of rumen microbes to variables used to calculate residual feed intake (RFI) could be used to assess the contribution of the rumen microbiome to DMI modulation. We aimed to assess rumen microbiome differences in a large cohort of dairy cows grouped by DMI levels and variables used to calculate RFI. A cohort of 495 lactating dairy cows from the US and Canada had DMI measured daily between 50 ± 13 to 99 ± 13 d in milk. During this period, production parameters were measured, and rumen contents were collected using an esophageal tubing procedure. The rumen microbiome composition was characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing as amplicon sequence variants in DADA2. Rumen microbiome differences were assessed through diversity indexes and permutational multivariate ANOVA. Microbial taxa contributing to group differences were identified through linear discriminant effect size analysis. A total of 275 microbiome-related parameters were associated with DMI and variables used to calculate RFI. Cows stratified by DMI levels had a similar proportion of microbial taxa associated with lower and higher intakes, which greater relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were key taxa in each group, respectively. For parity, 110 microbial taxa were associated with primiparous cows, while 44 were associated with multiparous ones, showing a possible shift in predominancy toward fewer taxa in multiparous cows. For the remaining variables, most of the differences were associated with a lower efficiency of the trait, such as the efficiency in producing milk and gaining weight. Future studies should evaluate the use of these variables to improve predictions of DMI in lactating dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86271 |
Watch |
1390 |
Impact of calcium gluconate feeding on growth performance, ruminal and intestinal microbial activity and morphology in a growing steer model. |
6 |
O. Y. Koyun |
calcium gluconate butyrate gastrointstinal morphology |
E. E. Rowland1, O. Y. Koyun1, J. M. Lourenco1, T. D. Pringle1, A. M. Stelzleni1, F. L. Fluharty1, R. L. Stewart1, M. McCarthy2, S. Fry2, K. E. Griswold2, T. R. Callaway1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2Micronutrients Inc, Indianapolis, IN |
We examined the effect of a fat-embedded rumen-protected calcium gluconate product (Selko Lactibute, Trouw Nutrition) on growth performance, ruminal and intestinal morphology, and microbial fermentation activity in growing steers. Steers (n = 20) with an initial weight of 449 kg (10 kg SEM) were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: the control group (CON, n = 10) received a daily feedlot ration ad libitum; and the calcium gluconate treatment group (LAC, n = 10) was fed the control diet top-dressed with the calcium gluconate product at 16 g/hd/d, for 55d. All steers were adapted to the control diet for 49d followed by a 7d covariate data collection period before treatment initiation at d0. At slaughter (d56), gastrointestinal tract tissue, and digesta samples were collected. Crypt depth in tissues was determined, and pH and VFA concentrations in digesta samples from different gut sections were measured. Animal performance data were analyzed using a mixed model that included treatment as fixed effect, time as the random variable, and the interaction between treatment x time. Least squares means were separated using Tukey HSD post-hoc test and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Growth performance (total weight gain or ADG), carcass characteristics, and gut morphology did not differ between treatments. Rumen pH from the LAC group was higher than CON (P = 0.04); however, the cecal pH in CON was higher (P = 0.03) than in LAC, and colonic pH tended to be higher in CON (P = 0.07). Acetate concentrations were higher in the cecum and rectum (P = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively), and butyrate concentration tended to be higher (P = 0.09) in the colon of steers in the LAC group. Propionate was higher in the cecum, colon, and rectum of LAC group steers (P = 0.02, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively). Dietary supplementation of a fat-embedded rumen-protected calcium gluconate demonstrated modest changes in pH, altered VFA production in the hindgut, but did not impact the growth performance of steers. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86110 |
Watch |
1391 |
Impact of a high-concentrate diet on fecal proteome of lactating dairy cows. |
7 |
N Reisinger |
acidosis proteome |
N Reisinger1, A Stauder2,3, J Faas1, Q Zebeli2,3 |
1BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln, Austria, 2Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 3Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria |
Typically, high concentrate-rich diets are needed to meet the high nutritional needs of cows during lactation. However, these diets might increase the risk of gut disorders being a challenge for both the gut microbiome and the host. Furthermore, the extent by which these diets affect the proteome of the gut has not been established yet. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a high concentrate diet on the fecal proteome of lactating cows. Twelve Simmental cows (73 ± 25.4 DMI) were fed a total mixed ration with 60% forage and 40% concentrate (on DM basis; Baseline) for 2 weeks before switching to a high concentrate diet (on DM basis; HCD) with 40% forage and 60% concentrate for 4 weeks. Fecal samples were collected during baseline, wk 1 and wk 4 of HCD. For proteomic analysis, proteins were extracted with a lysis buffer. Thereafter, digestion was performed with trypsin before peptides were analyzed via nano LC-MS/MS. Data were searched against the Uniprot Bos taurus reference FASTA database. Data normalization and statistical analysis were performed using ProVision. P-values were adjusted for multiple testing using Benjamini–Hochberg's false-discovery rate (FDR). Overall, 455 host-derived proteins were identified in the fecal samples. In wk 1 of HCD, one protein was downregulated and 4 proteins were upregulated compared with the baseline (FDR <0.05). While in wk 4 of HCD 6 proteins were downregulated and 38 proteins were upregulated compared with the baseline (FDR <0.05). In wk 4 of HCD, pathway analysis revealed that affected proteins were associated with innate immune system, neutrophil degranulation as well as digestion and absorption (Reactome pathway analysis; FDR <0.05). In conclusion, high concentrate diet affected fecal proteome of lactating cows by altering proteins associated to digestive processes as well as increasing proteins associated to the immune response. Our results highlight the challenges the gut microbiome and the host face with when adapting to a high concentrate diet. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t85866 |
Watch |
1392 |
Effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 supplementation on metabolism and production parameters in transition dairy cows. |
8 |
B. M. Goetz |
periparturient probiotic |
B. M. Goetz1, E. J. Mayorga1, M. A. Abeyta1, S. Rodriguez-Jimenez1, J. Opgenorth1, A. Freestone1, G. M. Jakes1, C. E. Moore2, D. J. Dickson2, J. E. Hergenreder2, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2Kemin Industries Inc, Des Moines, IA |
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CLOSTAT; Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA) on metabolism and production parameters in periparturient Holstein cows. Forty-eight multiparous cows were stratified by previous 305 ME and parity and assigned to 1 of 2 top-dressed dietary treatments 21 d before expected calving: 1) CON (13 g/d calcium carbonate; n = 24) or 2) CST (13 g/d Bacillus subtilis PB6; n = 24). Following calving, all cows were fed 20 g/d of Cr-propionate and remained on their respective dietary treatment until 63 DIM. Blood samples were obtained on d −14, 3, 14, and 28 relative to expected calving. No prepartum differences in any variable were observed between treatments. Supplementing CST decreased postpartum DMI relative to CON (0.7 kg; P = 0.05) and this became more pronounced after the 5th week of lactation. Milk yield and ECM were increased in CST cows compared with CON (1.6 and 1.8 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). The decrease in DMI and increase in production collectively increased feed efficiency of MY and ECM in CST cows (6 and 5%, respectively; P < 0.01). CST decreased MUN concentrations (5%; P ≤ 0.02), but increased milk protein yield (5%; P ≤ 0.01). Fecal pH decreased from pre- to postpartum (0.7 pH units; P < 0.01), and postpartum fecal pH was increased in CST-fed cows relative to CON (0.09 pH units; P = 0.04). Fecal acetic and butyric acid concentrations were similar between treatments (P > 0.67), but compared with CON, CST-fed cows had decreased fecal propionate concentrations (24%; P < 0.01). No treatment differences were detected in circulating glucose, free fatty acids, L-lactate, or insulin, but CST decreased circulating BHB compared with CON (21%; P = 0.04). In summary supplementing CST had no detectable effects prepartum but increased key postpartum production parameters and this was associated with decreased BHB, reduced fecal propionate concentrations, and increased fecal pH. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86231 |
Watch |
1393 |
Effect of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate on lactation performance in commercial settings. |
9 |
M. V. Sanz-Fernández |
gluconate hindgut dairy cow |
M. V. Sanz-Fernández1, D. J. Seymour1, J. B. Daniel1, J. Doelman1, J. Martín-Tereso1 |
1Trouw Nutrition RandD, Amersfoort, the Netherlands |
Upon fermentation in the hindgut, the prebiotic gluconic acid and its salts have shown benefits in multiple species. In previous studies, rumen-protected hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (HFCG) improved milk and component yields in controlled research settings. The objective of the current study was to confirm these results in commercial dairies. Six farms, comprising a total of 907 lactating Holstein cows, were enrolled in a randomized crossover design where 2 treatments (HFCG supplemented at 16 g/cow/d and control) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 consecutive periods (~56 d long) with 2 milk test-days per period (~d 28 and 56). Milk yield and composition were analyzed with 2 approaches: 1) using observed performance from test-day analyses, and 2) using residual performance obtained by subtracting the observed from the predicted values estimated by the model of the cooperative CRV (Arnhem, the Netherlands), which uses national, farm and individual cow data (e.g., genetic, physiological, environmental) to estimate expected performance. Both analyses were done using the HPMIXED procedure of SAS v9.4, including test-day, treatment, and their interaction as fixed effects, and period, farm, animal by farm and treatment by period by farm interactions as random effects. Farm was considered the experimental unit and test-day was included as a repeated statement. No treatment differences (P > 0.10) were detected at d 28 for any of the parameters. However, by d 56, supplementation of HFCG increased milk (3.1%), protein (4.7%), and solids-corrected milk (2.8%) yields, as well as protein% (1.3%), resulting in significant treatment by test-day interactions (P ≤ 0.03). Milk fat yield declined from d 28 to 56 in both treatments, however, supplementing HFCG attenuated this response resulting in a significant interaction (P < 0.03). Urea tended to increase (7.4%; P ≤ 0.10) after 56 d of supplementation in line with previous studies. The analysis of the residual performance retrieved similar trends. Overall, these results confirm the effectiveness of HFCG supplementation at improving performance at farm level. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86129 |
Watch |
1394 |
Differences in composition and dynamics of rumen microbial cultures fed 2 different monensin sources. |
10 |
D. Susanti |
rumen microbiome microbial diversity microbial dynamics |
G. Plata1, D. Susanti1, G. D. Mechor1, C. Compton2, O. M. Peña2, C. Velasquez2, G. Lascano2, T. C. Jenkins2, M. J. Aguerre2 |
1Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, 2Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC |
The goal of this study was to determine the effect of 2 sources of monensin (Rumensin/R and Monovet/M) on microbial community diversity, composition, and dynamics in continuous culture fermenters. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments fed to the fermenters: Control (56 g of 16.7% CP, 30.0% NDF, 26.6% starch, and 4.23% fatty acids, DM basis, divided equally between 2 feedings at 0800 and 2000 h), and control plus the equivalent of 300 or 500 mg/d per cow of Rumensin or Monovet (R300, R500, M300, M500). Treatments were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 fermenters for 4 periods of 10 d. Samples were collected from each fermenter on each period on d 0 and 3 before the morning feeding, and on d 10 at 4, 8 and 12 h after the morning feeding. Microbial species and gene function relative abundances per sample were estimated via shotgun metagenomics analysis. In general, microbial diversity (Shannon index) increased between d 0 and 3 and stabilized between d 3 and 10 of each period. A 2-way mixed model ANOVA revealed a significant difference in the trajectories of Shannon diversity during d 10 between R500 and M500 (P = 0.006). Beta-diversity, quantified by the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between samples, showed more similar microbial communities among replicates of R500 than M500 at 4h on d 10 (Wilcoxon P = 0.057), indicating more homogeneous early responses to R500. Differential abundances of species and gene functions between monensin sources on d 10 were tested using a generalized additive model with dose and time as fixed effects and fermenter period as a random effect. Rumensin led to higher abundances of producers of lactate and succinate (e.g., species of Bifidobacterium, Succinivibrio), both of which support propionate production in the rumen, whereas Monovet enriched succinate and butyrate producers (e.g., species of Treponema, Ruminococcus). Altogether, our results indicate significantly different dynamics of microbial communities between continuous fermenters fed 2 different monensin sources. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t85946 |
Watch |
1395 |
Effects of feeding 3-nitrooxypropanol in combination with varying concentrate-to-forage proportions on methane emission, rumen fermentation and structure of ruminal microbiota of periparturient dairy cows. |
11 |
M. Schilde |
3-nitrooxypropanol methane ruminal microbiome |
M. Schilde1,3, D. von Soosten1, F. Billenkamp1, D. Höper2, S. Bühler1, L. Hüther1, J. Frahm1, S. Kersten1, U. Meyer1, A. Zeyner3, S. Dänicke1 |
1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany, 2Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany, 3Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle (Saale), Germany |
The study aimed at investigating interactive effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and varying concentrate feed proportions (CFP) in the ration on CH4 emission, rumen fermentation and microbiota of dairy cows. From d 28 antepartum until d 120 postpartum, 45 pluriparous German Holsteins were grouped in a 2 × 2 factorial design by low (LC) or high (HC) CFP with (NOP-LC, 48.4 mg/kg dry matter (DM); NOP-HC, 51.2 mg/kg DM) or without 3-NOP supplement (CON-LC, CON-HC). Before calving, LC and HC groups received CFP of 15% and 40%, whereas postpartum CFP was adjusted to 30% and 55%, respectively. CH4 gas mass flux was measured by using 2 GreenFeed units. Rumen fluid was collected for analyses of volatile fatty acids and of the V4 region of 16S (IonTorrent 5S). Adonis and Mantel test (QIIME2) and MIXED (SAS v9.4) were applied; the latter with 3-NOP, CFP, time relative to parturition (TIME), and their interactions as fixed effects, cow as random effect and sampling day as a repeated measure. Under the conditions of the present experiment, 3-NOP and high CFP reduced CH4 emissions (g/d, g/DM intake, g/energy-corrected milk) in an additive manner, whereas CH4 emissions increased in NOP-LC to the level of CON groups from wk 12 until the end of the trial (3-NOP × CFP × TIME; P < 0.001). 3-NOP and high CFP decreased molar proportion of acetate but increased that of propionate, butyrate and valerate (3-NOP and CFP × TIME; P < 0.01). A reduction in microbial community richness was observed in 3-NOP and HC groups over time (Shannon, 3-NOP × TIME and CFP × TIME; P < 0.01). Unweighted UniFrac distance between microbial communities and the distribution of the ruminal microbiota (Pielou evenness) were influenced by 3-NOP and CFP in the course of the trial (3-NOP × TIME; P < 0.05; CFP × TIME; P < 0.01). In sum, 3-NOP and high CFP reduced ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio and microbial diversity, whereby interactive effects between both dietary factors became only apparent in CH4 emissions insofar as 3-NOP was less efficient when feeding low CFP in the course of the trial. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 7: Digestion and Fermentation 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86007 |
Watch |
1396 |
Effects on rumen pH and feed intake of a dietary concentrate challenge in cows fed rations containing pH modulators with different neutralizing capacity. |
12 |
M. Baudon |
DCAD intake rumen acidosis |
M. Baudon1, A. Bach2,3, G. Elcoso4, A. Courillon1 |
1Timab Magnesium, Dinard, France, 2Marlex Recerca i Educació, Barcelona, Spain, 3nstitució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain, 4Blanca from the Pyrenees, Hostalets de Tost, Spain |
Forty-five Holstein lactating cows (41 ± 8.8 kg/d of milk yield, 96 ± 35.6 DIM, and 607 ± 80.4 kg of BW) were enrolled to assess the effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio (FCR), the neutralizing capacity (NC) of the agent used to control rumen pH, and dietary DCAD on rumen pH and performance. Cows were randomly allocated to 3 TMR differing in the type of supplement to modulate rumen pH: Control: no supplementation, SB: supplemented with 0.82% of sodium bicarbonate (with a NC of 12 mEq/g), and MG: supplemented with 0.25% of magnesium oxide (pHix-Up, Timab, France) with a NC of 39 mEq/g. Thus, SB and MG rations, had in theory the same NC. The 3 TMR differed in their DCAD, which was 18.6, 28.1, and 18.7 mEq/100 g for Control, SB, and MG, respectively. The study lasted 63 d, with the first 7 d serving for a baseline, followed by a fortnightly progressive decrease of FCR starting at 48:52 and finishing at 36:64. Individual DMI was recorded daily. Seven cows per treatment were equipped with electronic rumen boluses to record rumen pH at 10-min intervals. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. As FCR decreased, DMI tended (P = 0.06) to decrease from 24.9 ± 0.25 kg/d with a FCR of 48:52 to 24.0 ± 0.25 kg/d with a FCR of 36:64. This decrease was more (P < 0.05) marked in Control and SB than in MG cows. Eating rate progressively increased (P < 0.05) as FCR decreased, starting at 111 ± 2.1 g/min and finishing at 131 ± 2.1 g/min. This increase, was mainly due to an increased (P < 0.05) eating rate in Control cows, whereas SB and MG cows maintained as similar eating rate throughout the study. Rumen pH decreased, and the proportion of the day with rumen pH < 5.8 increased, as FCR decreased and these changes were less (P < 0.05) marked in MG compared with Control and SB cows. Reducing DCAD from 28 to 18 mEq/100 g had no negative effects on DMI. Cows Supplemented with ~62 g/d of magnesium oxide (pHix-Up) maintain a greater rumen pH and consume more DM than cows supplemented with ~200 g/d of sodium bicarbonate when fed a low FCR diet. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
s9843 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
n8734 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86209 |
Watch |
1375 |
The NASEM process. |
2 |
R. Erdman |
nutrient requirements committee |
R. Erdman1, W. Weiss2 |
1University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 2Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
We will briefly review the process by which the 8th Revised Edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (NASEM, 2021) was developed. The final report represents a collaborative effort between the Board on Agriculture (BOA) within the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) and the dairy science community. After seeking input from stakeholders the BOA staff prepared the study proposal including the objectives and topic areas to be covered. The next step was to secure external funding for BOA staff time, meeting expenses, travel costs of committee members, and software development costs associated with preparing the report. Committee members were not compensated. Report funding came from a variety of sources including government agencies, nonprofits, and commercial entities with the stipulation that no more 50% could come from commercial entities. For NASEM 2021, the ADSA Foundation provided 50% of the funding. Once funding had been secured, the process of identifying committee members began with a call for committee nominations. The final committee was selected to ensure the breadth [BW1] of scientific expertise in the different aspects of dairy nutrition needed to cover the study proposal. Our first committee meeting was convened in Washington DC to organize the committee’s activities and develop a plan to meet the study objectives including a list of anticipated chapters. Based on their individual expertise, committee members were assigned to lead the writing effort for one or more [BW2] of the chapters. Two or more committee members were assigned for each chapter depending on the anticipated work load. Progress on each chapter was periodically reviewed by the committee as a whole through a combination of online and in-person committee meetings. Software development coincided with anticipated revisions in the nutrient requirements. Once the final report had been assembled, the BOA began the report review using external reviewers. Upon receipt of the review comments, the committee was required to address each individual reviewer comment before final approval by the review coordinator, the BOA, and the NASEM. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86858 |
Watch |
1376 |
Assembling the feed library for the NASEM Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Edition. |
3 |
P. J. Kononoff |
dairy feed chemical composition |
P. J. Kononoff1, W. P. Weiss2 |
1University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
The committee constructed tables on the composition of common feeds fed to dairy cattle in North America. Where applicable, variations in moisture, processing, grade, and harvest practices are reflected in the name. Feedstuffs are also further assigned a classification and type (dry forage, wet forage, and concentrate). This classification scheme is used in various equations within the model. Original data were provided by 4 commercial laboratories and represented 5 years of feed composition data. A published statistical procedure designed to screen feed composition data were employed and modified with output used to generate the feed composition table. This procedure can be briefly described as follows; 1) standardization of feed names and nutrients across laboratories, 2) removal of erroneous and duplicated records, 3) generation of histogram, univariate, and principal component analyses to identify and remove outliers, 4) clustering procedures used to identify subgroups of feeds within a large data set, 5) manual evaluation of the resulting mean. The input data set contained 42, 94, 162, and 270 feeds from 4 laboratories and were comprised of 25 to 30 nutrients. The final database included 174 feeds and 1.48 million records. The developed procedures effectively classified by-products (e.g., distillers grains and solubles as low or high fat), forages (e.g., legume or grass-legume mixture by maturity), and oilseeds vs. meal (e.g., soybeans as whole raw seeds, soybean meal expellers or solvent extracted) into distinct subpopulations. Feed composition tables lists individual fatty acid (FA; not total fatty acids) and amino acid data that were provided by Cornell University. Based on published information, the committee also updated a table which describes composition of inorganic mineral sources and element absorption coefficients. Information included in this publication now provides nutritionists, feed manufacturers, animal producers, and other professionals a comprehensive description of the chemical composition and SD surrounding the mean of feeds fed to dairy cattle. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86733 |
Watch |
1377 |
Major changes in feed energy values and energy requirements in the 2021 NASEM Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. |
4 |
M. J. VandeHaar |
nutrient requirements energy lactation |
M. J. VandeHaar1, W. P. Weiss2 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
Energy supply and requirements were addressed in Chapter 3 of the 2021 NASEM Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. The net energy (NE) system was retained, but the method to estimate dietary NE content was modified. Most importantly, changes were made to feed fractions and their digestibilities and to maintenance requirements. Dietary digestible energy (DE) is calculated as the sum of digestible feed fractions, including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), starch, fatty acid, protein, and a new fraction, residual organic matter. Each fraction for each individual feed has a base digestibility. Instead of using a cow at maintenance for this base, the new system uses a cow eating a 26% starch diet at 3.5% of BW for the base. The digestibility discount with increasing intake is less than in the 2001 NRC; however, the digestibility of fiber is now decreased with increasing starch content. Thus, similar to the 2001 system, energy values can only be estimated for complete diets, not individual feeds. The conversion of DE to Metabolizable Energy (ME) depends on gas and urinary energy losses, which depend on the diet content of fat and digestible NDF and on expected protein excretion. The conversion of ME to NE for Lactation was set at 0.66. Energy requirements for maintenance were increased by 25%, and refinements were made to NE requirements for pregnancy, lactation, and body gain. Body gain was portioned into frame growth (true structural growth) and body condition change. Gut fill is 18% of frame gain but does not change with body condition change; thus, condition change is all body tissue, unlike in 2001. Compared with the 2001 NRC, the new system does a better job of estimating the energy supply of diets as diet composition changes and diet NE values are typically higher; in addition, NE requirements for cows are higher, and calculated feed efficiency will be lower for larger cows. Balancing diets for energy still will require more than the model. How diet composition affects intake and nutrient partitioning must be considered and monitored when feeding dairy cattle. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t87158 |
Watch |
1552 |
Major changes in protein and amino acid supply and recommendations. |
5 |
H. Lapierre |
NASEM revision efficiency |
J. L. Firkins1, M. D. Hanigan2, H. Lapierre3 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada |
Rumen-degraded protein (RDP) was derived as in NRC (2001) except that 1) a Bayesian approach was used to derive static ruminal passage rates (kp) for the B fraction of CP in concentrates and forages and 2) a constant 6.4% of A to pass from the rumen. Library values for A, B, and C and degradation rate (kd) of B were used to predict RDP, which, along with predicted rumen-degraded NDF and starch, predicts microbial CP (MCP) supply. Improved techniques for AA analysis increased the true protein in MCP from 80 to 82.4%, but its intestinal digestibility remained at 80%. Accounting for protozoal AA outflow improves the contribution of microbial essential AA (EAA), especially Lys, to the metabolizable EAA supply. Rumen-undegraded protein (RUP = CP-RDP), its AA composition, and its intestinal digestibility are predicted from a revised feed library. Duodenal endogenous N no longer contributes to MP supply. The supply of metabolizable EAA is now based on a factorial approach with no regression correction. For the recommendations of MP and EAA for the lactating dairy cows, a factorial approach is proposed. The net demand of true protein and EAA includes the functions that are pulling EAA irreversibly out of the pool of free AA, i.e., protein secretions and accretions. Secretions include the endogenous urinary loss, scurf, metabolic fecal and milk proteins, whereas accretions include growth, body gain and gestation. Estimations of endogenous urinary loss, metabolic fecal proteins, and accretions have been revisited, and their EAA composition has been determined. Then, based on their predicted respective supply, efficiency of utilization of MP and EAA was calculated for each treatment mean of the database used to develop supply prediction. A fixed efficiency of 1 and 0.33 has been assigned to endogenous urinary loss and gestation, respectively, whereas all the other functions shared a common variable efficiency calculated as described. Based on the relationship between secretions plus accretions and the calculated variable efficiency, a target efficiency is established for each EAA and MP, assuming that energy supply is adequate, to guide decisions on EAA nutrition of dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86955 |
Watch |
1378 |
Major changes in protein and amino acid supply and recommendations. |
6 |
J. L. Firkins |
NASEM revision efficiency |
J. L. Firkins1, M. D. Hanigan2, H. Lapierre3 |
1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada |
Rumen-degraded protein (RDP) was derived as in NRC (2001) except that 1) a Bayesian approach was used to derive static ruminal passage rates (kp) for the B fraction of CP in concentrates and forages and 2) a constant 6.4% of A to pass from the rumen. Library values for A, B, and C and degradation rate (kd) of B were used to predict RDP, which, along with predicted rumen-degraded NDF and starch, predicts microbial CP (MCP) supply. Improved techniques for AA analysis increased the true protein in MCP from 80 to 82.4%, but its intestinal digestibility remained at 80%. Accounting for protozoal AA outflow improves the contribution of microbial essential AA (EAA), especially Lys, to the metabolizable EAA supply. Rumen-undegraded protein (RUP = CP-RDP), its AA composition, and its intestinal digestibility are predicted from a revised feed library. Duodenal endogenous N no longer contributes to MP supply. The supply of metabolizable EAA is now based on a factorial approach with no regression correction. For the recommendations of MP and EAA for the lactating dairy cows, a factorial approach is proposed. The net demand of true protein and EAA includes the functions that are pulling EAA irreversibly out of the pool of free AA, i.e., protein secretions and accretions. Secretions include the endogenous urinary loss, scurf, metabolic fecal and milk proteins, whereas accretions include growth, body gain and gestation. Estimations of endogenous urinary loss, metabolic fecal proteins, and accretions have been revisited, and their EAA composition has been determined. Then, based on their predicted respective supply, efficiency of utilization of MP and EAA was calculated for each treatment mean of the database used to develop supply prediction. A fixed efficiency of 1 and 0.33 has been assigned to endogenous urinary loss and gestation, respectively, whereas all the other functions shared a common variable efficiency calculated as described. Based on the relationship between secretions plus accretions and the calculated variable efficiency, a target efficiency is established for each EAA and MP, assuming that energy supply is adequate, to guide decisions on EAA nutrition of dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86937 |
Watch |
1379 |
Predicting milk protein production. |
7 |
M. D. Hanigan |
milk protein prediction amino acids |
M. D. Hanigan1, H. Lapierre2, R. Martineau2, J. L. Firkins3 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, 3The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
Prior NRC Dairy Nutrient Requirement models provided estimates of NE and MP allowable milk production, but did not consider essential amino acids (EAA) or predict milk protein production. Both were remedied with the NASEM 2021 model. The equation was chosen from 3+ million potential equations given possible independent variables of absorbed supplies of EAA, their squared values, nonprotein digested energy intake (DEInp), dietary concentrations of digested starch, NDF, and fatty acids, BW, parity, and days in milk. All possible equations were derived using the dredge function of the MuMin package in R, and ranked by AIC. Use of individual squared EAA terms was not better than simpler combined squared term. Expressing each EAA as a proportion of total EAA had similar precision as direct EAA use. Because such ratios introduce artificial interactions among EAA through the common denominator, this form was deemed inferior. Expressing EAA as a ratio to DEInp was statistically inferior. Among the equations using unadjusted EAA supplies and a combined squared term, those containing absorbed His, Lys, Met, and Ile, Leu, DEInp, digested NDF, BW, and the sum of squared EAA terms were found to yield the greatest precision. A slight improvement in precision occurred with the addition of the sum of the remaining EAA and NEAA, and the squared term was reduced to only those EAA with linear terms to yield mathematical uniformity. The equation had a root mean squared error of 14.5% with no mean or slope bias when tested by exhaustive cross-evaluation as compared with greater than 25% error using 2001 concepts. Because predictions plateaued at about 1300 g/d, which is below that achieved on well managed dairies, a quadratic scaling algorithm using the 305-d rolling herd average for milk protein production was developed. The full model in R and a script to execute the R code using inputs from the last saved simulation is provided in the NASEM/scripts folder after installation of the NASEM software. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86261 |
Watch |
1380 |
Major changes in mineral and vitamin supply and requirements. |
8 |
W. P. Weiss |
requirements update supply |
W. P. Weiss1, R. A. Erdman2 |
1Ohio Ag Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, 2University of Maryland, College Park, MD |
The NASEM Committee evaluated information on all known essential minerals and vitamins. Depending on the mineral or vitamin, the 8th Revised Edition defines either a requirement or an ‘Adequate Intake or AI’. A requirement is the amount of mineral needed to meet the needs of the average cow within a specific population. In diet formulation, AI can be considered the requirement but with more uncertainty because of limited data. An AI was set for all fat-soluble vitamins and for Co, I, Fe, Mn, and Se, and requirements were established for Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S, Cu, and Zn. For some minerals (Ca, Na, Cl, and K) equations and absorption coefficients (AC) were changed substantially; however dietary requirements (i.e., absorbed requirement divided by AC) changed very little. Diet requirements or AI changed markedly for Mg, Cu, and Mn. For Mg, maintenance requirement is now a function of intake and increased substantially from NRC (2001). A much larger data set allowed more accurate estimation of the AC for Mg resulting in at least a 50% reduction in the AC for supplements. The software calculates the negative effect of K on Mg absorption. Overall, diet requirements are about twice as high as previously. Based on new data, the maintenance requirement for Cu is about twice as great as NRC (2001), but the lactation requirement decreased about 65%. This results in an increased dietary requirement for dry cows but a decreased requirement for high-producing lactating cows. The AI for Mn is about twice as high because of an increase in the maintenance and a substantial decrease in AC. The AI for vitamin A is similar to NRC (2001) except that it now increases as milk yield increases. The AI for vitamin D was increased 25% for lactating cows but was not changed for dry cows. The AI for vitamin E was not changed except it was increased to about 2000 IU/d for prefresh cows. In addition to revised equations, the text contains substantial discussion about factors that can affect requirements and absorption but were not included in the model because insufficient data were available to quantify. This information will be useful to nutritionists for fine-tuning diets for specific situations. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86689 |
Watch |
1381 |
Major changes in calf and heifer requirements. |
10 |
J. K. Drackley |
calf heifer growth |
J. K. Drackley1, M. J. VandeHaar2 |
1University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Nutrient requirements for young calves < 18% of mature BW and growing heifers > 18% of BW have been addressed in Chapters 10 and 11, respectively, of the 2021 NASEM Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. For young calves, new predictions of starter intake were modeled from a data set of nearly 27,000 individual observations. A database of 255 calves from 7 studies that determined whole-body chemical composition was used to develop equations for energy and protein requirements. Maintenance metabolizable energy (ME) requirement was nearly unchanged from the NRC, 2001 value but net energy for maintenance was 10.5% lower. Efficiency of ME use for growth was set at 55%, considerably lower than the previous value (69%). Metabolizable protein (MP) was adopted as the system for protein requirements, and the MP requirement for tissue net protein accretion was modeled from the database. Efficiency of MP use for tissue protein was a declining function of age. Mineral and vitamin requirements were estimated using a factorial approach. For growing heifers, maintenance ME requirement was set to match that of cows, which represents an increase from NRC 2001. New equations were developed based on body composition data of Holstein cattle from birth to maturity in 26 publications with 129 treatment means. Between weaning and first calving, the fat content of empty BW increased linearly and equations were developed to predict the fat and protein content of empty gain for heifers as a percentage of expected mature BW. Protein requirements were set to ensure a minimum amount of metabolizable protein (MP) per Mcal of ME to optimize structural growth and maximize mammary development. Efficiency of ME use for growth was set at 40%, and the efficiency of MP use for growth was set to decrease with maturity. More research is needed for dairy calves and heifers, and all relevant data for setting more accurate requirements should be measured and reported. When feeding heifers, BW gain and body condition should be monitored to ensure optimal skeletal growth. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86917 |
|
1382 |
Applying the NASEM model to lactating cows. |
11 |
P. S. Yoder |
diet formulation NASEM 2021 field nutrition |
P. S. Yoder1, D. L. Morris1, J. de Souza1 |
1Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
Improving diet formulation for lactating cows represents an ongoing industry objective primarily due to the competitive nature of dairy farming. Dietary formulation impacts profit, health and productivity of cows, and environmental outputs, and formulation should be dynamic in respect to milk and feed prices. The NASEM 2021 model provides new strategies and tools for ongoing improvement of ration formulation. This talk will focus on specific areas that should be impactful for field nutritionists. Several field level concepts put forth by the NASEM model will be compared with the NRC 2001 model and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS; v6.55). The topics included but are not limited to the following: feedstuff characterization updates and effects on understanding and economic valuation, updates on energy requirements and what that can mean for field nutritionists, concepts on the utilization efficiency of amino acids, application of milk protein response model, usefulness of dry matter intake predictions, and changes in fatty acid digestibility characterization. Specific farm-level examples of using the NASEM model will be discussed in detail to provide practical knowledge for field application. For instance, feeding one additional kg of expeller SBM or blood meal in a typical lactating cow diet (24.5 kg/d DMI) yielded a NASEM model predicted milk protein response that was 63 to 65% lower than the CNCPS prediction. In this case, the NASEM prediction appears more aligned with field and research observations. For rumen-protected Met (23 g/d), the NASEM model predicted milk (or milk protein) response 2.7 times greater than the CNCPS prediction. Other specific examples, though not all encompassing at this time, include better assessment of fat digestibility and different digestibility coefficients across various fatty acid supplements and how changes in maintenance and grazing energy requirements affect certain production systems such as organic dairy farming. In summary, the NASEM model and concepts contained within are useful for improving everyday ration formulation on dairy farms regardless of what field level ration balancing software is being utilized. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86828 |
|
1383 |
Moving forward—Missing data the committee wished it had. |
12 |
M. D. Hanigan |
model nutrition data |
M. D. Hanigan1 |
1Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
Biological models underpin our nutrient requirement and response prediction systems. Early systems were simple and derived from small data sets. As computing power increased, model complexity, the size of the data sets used to derive model parameters, and the tools available for model fitting have increased in size and scope. Thousands of data points were used for development of the NASEM 2021 dairy model; however, there were many areas of development that could not be explored due to inadequate or incomplete data. Failure to fully report all ingredients used in the diet resulted in the discard of many valuable data points. Failure to report parity, days in milk, days pregnant, and body weights for each treatment group hampered consideration of those potential terms, and the lack of studies designed to explore those factors specifically forced derivation across studies which is confounded by random study effects. Data availability for physiological states other than lactating is limited. Data availability also limited our efforts to estimate the variance in the relationship between model inputs and outputs. Expected input variance around the mean inputs required to achieve a production target is an important factor in field application. Is the diet likely to be nutritionally adequate given our knowledge of input and output measurement variance and the variance in the representation of the group of animals by the model? Error estimates reported in manuscripts are an aggregation of these errors and cannot be unbundled for use in a simulation analysis. Work focused on separating the contributors to the overall variance is required if we are to derive such estimates in the future. Data collection, collation, and verification is an arduous process. Geneticists have addressed the problem, but the nutrition science community has not. We need a seamless way for investigators to upload study details and all individual animal observations to a repository for general use. This would greatly accelerate progress and better leverage public money spent on research. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th Revised Edition |
Hybrid Symposium |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/22/2022 9:30 |
t86511 |
Watch |
1384 |
Moving forward—Improving the report process. |
13 |
R. Erdman |
nutrient requirements committee |
R. Erdman1, W. Weiss2 |
1University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 2Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
The 8th Revised Edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (NASEM, 2021) is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of the Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Dairy Cattle in 1945. The initial report (NRC 1945) consisted of a 34-page pamphlet compared with the most recent version of 502 pages. As the complexity of the nutrient requirements increased, software to assist users in calculating requirements was added in 1988 and expanded in 2001 and 2022 to include diet evaluation. The initial report was updated every 5 years until the 1970s when the time between reports gradually expanded; the 5 most recent reports being published in 1971, 1979, 1988, 2001, and 2021. As the report length and scope increased, so has the resulting workload. Writing committees for the early versions consisted of 4–5 members as compared with 12 in the 2021 report. Perhaps the biggest criticism of the report is the length of time between the reports and the amount of time required to complete them. Over time, the amount and the complexity of data assembly and analysis has changed. Data assembly and analysis used in preparing the 2021 report was considerably greater than used in the 2001 report which added to the study length. The National Animal Nutrition Program provided invaluable assistance in this report for feed composition data and has a framework in place for data collection that could be invaluable to future committees. For some nutrients, the pace of advancement in new knowledge warrants more frequent updates than for other nutrients. One charge of the committee was to identify areas of needed research. The National Academy [BW1] of Medicine followed a similar path to those used for domestic livestock species in updating dietary allowances for humans every 5 years until 1989. Since adopting the Dietary Reference Intake System for defining human nutrient requirements, they have moved to a system of publishing updates on subgroups of nutrients rather than updating requirements for all nutrients simultaneously. Perhaps such a system could be adopted for dairy and other livestock species? Possible methods of improving the timeliness of NASEM updates will be discussed. |
| Small Ruminant 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 10:00 |
s9916 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Small Ruminant 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 10:00 |
t87007 |
Watch |
1397 |
Feeding chicory silage to transition ewes has a minimal effect on blood metabolic parameters but a strong effect on blood micromineral levels. |
1 |
H. Ford |
sheep peripartum microminerals |
H. Ford1, M. Bionaz1, S. Ates1, E. Trevisi2, D. Hasan1 |
1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 2Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of silage type and selenium supplementation on plasma parameters associated with antioxidant response, liver function, metabolism, and inflammation during the peripartum period in sheep. Approximately 40 d before parturition, 36 pregnant Polypay ewes were moved into individual pens and randomly assigned to one of 2 types of silage (grass or chicory) and supplemented with Se-yeast (DiaMune, Diamond V) or placebo. Besides DMI, blood was collected throughout the transition period and the plasma was profiled for 18 different parameters related to metabolism, liver function, and immune and oxidative status. The concentration of 11 trace minerals (Be, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se) was measured in whole blood after extraction using HNO3 and measured via ICP-MS. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (v9.4). Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. DMI was lower in ewes fed chicory vs. grass silage. Regarding the blood metabolic profile, BHBA and NEFA were higher while concentration of urea was lower in ewes fed chicory silage than those fed grass silage, likely driven by the overall lower DMI among these animals. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), 2 biomarkers of liver damage, were lower in chicory silage-fed ewes compared with the ewes fed grass silage. None of the parameters related to oxidative stress and immunity were affected by silage type or Se supplementation. Se supplementation increased > 1.5-fold the Se levels in whole blood but did not affect other microminerals. The type of silage affected all microminerals measured, except B, Cu and Se. Concentrations of those minerals was higher in the blood of ewes fed chicory vs. grass silage. Overall, the data indicated that animals fed with chicory had a higher lipid mobilization as consequence of lower feed intake and a healthier liver. Despite the lower feed intake, chicory silage provided higher amounts of microminerals to the ewes. The supplementation of Se-yeast had a minimal effect on the measured parameters. |
| Small Ruminant 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 10:00 |
t86435 |
Watch |
1398 |
Bee pollen in Alpine goat kids’ performance, health status, and intestinal microbiome. |
2 |
G. Invernizzi |
bee pollen goat kids microbiome |
V. Fumo1, G. Moscovio2, S. Minieri2, C. Viti3, R. Pastorelli4, M. Daghio3, F. Mannelli3, A. Buccioni3, F. Coppola2, L. Casini2, A. Felicioli2, G. Invernizzi1 |
1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy, 2Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 3Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, 4CREA Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Florence, Italy |
Bee pollen is a promising commercial feed which the main composition includes protein-bounds aminoacids, free aminoacids, enzymes, and coenzymes and bio elements. The goal of this work was to evaluate whether the administration of pollen from the second to the 36th day of life of dairy goats’ kids was able to improve their performance, health status and intestinal microbiome. The trial lasted 28 d. 48 alpine male kids were included in the test. Kids were divided into 3 homogeneous groups for age and LBW by a randomized block design: a control group (C); a group T1 (2g/h/d of pollen); a group T2 (4g/h/d of pollen). Kids were individually fed ad libitum only milk replacers and pollen supplementation was assured by melting it in a small amount of milk first consumed once a day. Live body weight (LBW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were weekly assessed. On d 0 and 28, blood was sampled to perform complete blood count exam. On d 36, goat kids were slaughtered, and samples of cecum and its content were collected. Microbiome analysis was performed throughout DGGE of V6-V8 region of 16S rRNA gene amplicons of a subsample of 21 kids. Performance and blood data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS for repeated measures with diet, time and their interaction considered as fixed effect (LSM ± SEM). Microbiome data were analyzed by ANOSIM and PERMANOVA. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. No significant differences on performance parameters were identified among treatments (P > 0.05). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was significantly higher in T2 at 28 d compared with both C and T1 (6.02 ± 0.09 vs. 5.60 ± 0.1 and 5.58 ± 0.09) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was significantly lower in T2 at 28 d compared with C and T1 (41.04 ± 0.72 vs. 44.68 ± 0.84 and 44.83 ± 0.72). Results on blood could be related to iron metabolism and its availability. Results of ANOSIM test highlighted a difference in bacterial banding profiles among T2 vs C and T1 that were similar. PERMANOVA pairwise confirmed that T2 microbial community structure was different from C and T1 (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, bee pollen was able to affect cecal microbial community and some blood parameters without impacting performance. |
| Small Ruminant 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 10:00 |
t86108 |
Watch |
1399 |
Partial litter loss in the last trimester of multifetal sheep pregnancy is affected by litter size and male ratio. |
3 |
T. Alon |
sheep partial litter loss male ratio |
T. Alon1,2, A. Rosov1, L. Lifshitz1, U. Moallem1 |
1Department of ruminants Science, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel, 2Department of Animal Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel |
In sheep, 11.9% of the multifetal pregnancies experience late partial litter loss (PLL). The male fetus is an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including delivery distress and perinatal death. The objective of this study were to examine the association between litter size, fetal sex, PLL, dam’s physiological and metabolic state, and pregnancy outcome in multifetal pregnant ewes. The study includes 2 parts: 1) the first part was a retrospective study, in which we analyzed data of 751 multifetal lambings (2003 lambs; litter size (LS) range 2–6) and examined PLL incidence as affected by LS, or by the male ratio (MR). For MR analysis, lambings were categorized as a high male ratio (HMR; > 50% males) or low male ratio (LMR; ≤ 50% males). Both tests were done as repeated measurements using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. The odd ratio (OR) was done using the nominal logistic regression procedure of JMP pro 16 (SAS, 2021). The PLL prevalence was 27% of all pregnancies compared with 5% of complete litter loss. The PLL prevalence was 15%, 35%, 49%, 57%, and 100% for LS of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 fetuses, respectively. MR strongly affected PLL, where the general survival rate was reduced from 91% in LMR to 85% in HMR (P < 0.0003). The odd ratio for PLL in HMR litters was 2.1 as compared with LMR (P < 0.0001). In both cases, LS and MR, no gender-specific death was observed nor effect on pregnancy duration or litter total weight. In the second part, we followed the physiologic and metabolic status of 24 ewes during the last trimester of pregnancy, the fetuses' heart rate, and lambs' metabolic state at lambing. We performed ultrasound scanning to monitor the maternal heart rate and followed the litter vitality using Doppler ultrasound every 10 d from 80 DIP until 138 DIP, and then daily until lambing. Blood samples from dams were taken at the same days of scanning. Heart rate of fetuses and dams, and metabolites of dams were analyzed by MR as repeated measurements using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Dams' HR in LMR pregnancies was higher at 5.5% than HMR during the last trimester (P < 0.05), with no effect on fetuses’ HR. The plasma glucose concentration of HMR ewes was 1.1 fold higher than LMR (P < 0.02), with no difference in insulin concentration. The BHBA and NEFA plasma concentrations were 31% (P < 0.009) and 18% (P < 0.02) lower in the HMR than LMR ewes, respectively. In conclusion, late pregnancy PLL can cause great losses in the sheep industry, and the underlining mechanism is unknown. HMR affects dam metabolic and physiologic state and pregnancy outcomes; it suggests that male fetuses influence the dam metabolism and the litter survival rate. |
| Small Ruminant 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 10:00 |
t86024 |
Watch |
1400 |
The nutritional value and metabolic energy of green fodder for ruminants in vivo. |
4 |
S. J. Sameer |
green fodder metabolic energy N retention |
S. J. Sameer1, K. Haj1, C. Sabastian1, P. Wagali1, L. Kopty1, H. Tagari1, Y. A. Ben-Meir2 |
1The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel, 2Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Reshon leTzion, Israel |
In many parts of the world especially in arid and semiarid regions competing for freshwater between humans, sustainable agriculture, and animal farming is becoming a major issue. Sprouts (e.g., green fodder; GF) have become an important source as a substitute for standard feed because it is high digestible protein, dietary fiber, and water-soluble carbohydrates, which may substitute roughages and high-quality concentrates. However, there is scarce information on its palatability, metabolizable energy, and N retention values in vivo for ruminant species. Hence, we designed this metabolic experiment to evaluate the nutritional values of different GF combinations. Four sprouts combinations were generated and harvested at 7 d of growth; 1. Barley, 2. Barley + maash (Vigna radiata; BM), 3. Barley + sunflower (BS), and 4. Barley + Vetch (BV). A replicated Latin square design 4x4 was utilized with 8 Israeli crossbred Assaf sheep (4 females and 4 males; BW 32.2 ± 1.01 kg) using metabolic cages. Each experimental period included 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of total collection including urine (females only), blood and rumen fluid. Diets differed in their CP content being higher for BM and BV (18.7%) compared with barley and BS (14.9%). The highest ether extract (EE) content was found in BS (14.4 vs. 2.84%). Dry matter intake was the lowest (P < 0.001) for BS (481 vs. 677 g/d). NDF digestibility was similar for all GF combinations and averaged 60.4 ± 6.2% while GE digestibility was lowest (P < 0.01) for BS compared with other GF diets (74 vs. 79%). Negative N retention (−1.24 g/d; P < 0.04) was found in BS diets, highest in BM (7.62g/d) and intermediate in barley and BV (3.62g/d). ME values were similar to all GF combinations and averaged 3.41 Mcal/ kg DM. It is concluded that GF is rich in CP, highly digestible NDF and ME values. However, when barley is combined with sunflower sprouts it has a negative effect on DMI and N retention mainly because of high content of EE. It is believed that GF limited DMI to satisfy full growth requirements of lambs because of negative impact of secondary plant metabolites. |
| Small Ruminant 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/22/2022 10:00 |
t86150 |
Watch |
1401 |
Individual variation in responses to a nutritional challenge in goats. |
5 |
M. Gindri |
resilience dairy goats environment |
M. Gindri1, N. Friggens1, L. Puillet1 |
1Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Paris, France |
Between-animal variation during a nutritional challenge can provide the basis to identify useful proxies for genetic selection of goats adapted to environmental challenges. The objective of this study was to evaluate between-goat milk yield (MY) variation in response to a 2-d nutritional challenge. An experiment with 35 Alpine goats in their first lactation was carried out. Goats derived from 2 bucks divergently selected for longevity (190 d in lifespan difference). They were previously fed with 2 diets (different in energy density; 15 or 45% of concentrate) from weaning to middle gestation. The experiment started at 29 ± 2.5 d in milk (DIM) and at 33 ± 2.5 DIM all goats switched from a normal lactation diet into a straw-only diet for 2 d. Individual MY (kg/d) were recorded daily for 17 d (5 d before challenge, 2 d of challenge and 7 d after the challenge). Time-series data were split into 4 time variables representing the phases pre-challenge (PC), rate of response to challenge (RC), and linear and quadratic rate of recovery from challenge (LRC and QRC) and used to investigate the between-animal variation with a piecewise mixed model. The 4 time variables interaction with animal was specified as random effect and the same 4 time variables interaction with line and diet was specified as fixed effect to take into account the variance of line and diet, not explored here. Coefficients of variance (CV) were calculated as standard deviation of variance components divided by the respective mean value of the estimated fixed effects across line and diet. The mean of estimated parameters (PC, RC, LRC, and QRC) across line and diet were 3.17, −0.989, 0.851, −0.103 kg/day. The PC and RC presented the lowest CV (0.135 and 0.176) indicating low between-animal variation. The LRC and QRC presented the highest CV (0.291 and 0.604) indicating high between-animal variation. The QRC presented low correlation (−0.350) with the PC indicating room for selecting animals with quick recovery from challenge without affecting MY. The high variation in the recovery from challenge suggests that there is meaningful variation in animal resilience. |
| ADSA Southern Branch Symposium: On-Farm Labor, and Southern Branch Business Meeting |
Hybrid Symposium |
ADSA Southern Branch Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
s9849 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ADSA Southern Branch Symposium: On-Farm Labor, and Southern Branch Business Meeting |
Hybrid Symposium |
ADSA Southern Branch Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t85993 |
Watch |
1402 |
Skills required for personnel in charge of robotic milking systems. |
1 |
F. Soriano |
AMS personnel robotic |
F. Soriano1 |
1APN Dairy, LLC, |
Robotic milking systems or also called automatic milking systems (AMS) are increasing in popularity in the United States, independently of the herd size of the farm. Some of the main reasons for this increase are the difficulty that dairy employers have in finding enough capable and willing personnel to perform the daily milking and animal care tasks, the continuous increase in labor cost, and the adoption of more and harder labor laws and regulations in parts of the country. Furthermore, animal welfare is becoming a forefront concern to dairy producers and the dairy industry in general. Even though the amount of labor hours required in AMS barns may be reduced compared with a conventional system, the skills required to manage a robotic milking system are higher. Therefore, employing highly skilled, efficient, and more professional personnel becomes more important. It is critical that a person working at an AMS barn enjoys working with dairy animals, and that their cattle handling skills are very good. This person should also have some mechanical abilities and skills, and should enjoy technology and have capacity to run herd management computer software. Also, the person in charge of an AMS barn must have some herd health knowledge and experience. Good communication and organizational skills are important behavioral aspects of the personnel working with robotic milking barns. This position requires having open communication lines with the supervisor and the manager as well as with technicians and consultants working with the dairy operation. Furthermore, establishing and maintaining good working and maintenance schedules for the robots is critical. For dairy producers wanting to adopt new technologies like robotic milking systems it becomes very important to establish good recruiting and training programs for the operation. Furthermore, having a great work environment and excelling as leaders and managers can promote employee retention and allow the dairy farm to be more competitive in the employment market. The development of academic programs tailored for this segment of the dairy market would be of great benefit to the new technologically advanced dairy operations. |
| ADSA Southern Branch Symposium: On-Farm Labor, and Southern Branch Business Meeting |
Hybrid Symposium |
ADSA Southern Branch Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86601 |
|
1403 |
Transitioning to robots: Our experience with labor. |
2 |
M. Rodgers |
robotic milking labor technology |
M. Rodgers1 |
1Hillcrest Farms Inc, Dearing, GA |
Hillcrest Farms is the first robotic dairy farm in Georgia. The reasons of the transition from conventional milking parlor to robotic milking are (1) equipping our fourth-generation dairy farmers for the future; (2) competition for labor with metro Augusta Georgia; and (3) tired of dealing with human resource problems in traditional dairy facilities. Over the 30 mo of milking with robots, we have concluded some thoughts that will be presented and discussed in this symposium: (1) Creating a transition advisory team. Who to include? (2) Identify new roles for staff to fill and roles to be eliminated. (3) Be open and honest about the paradigm shift in labor with staff and set up a severance package which has obtainable goals to receive it. (4) At week of transitioning to robots from parlor, utilize additional staff from off farm. Who do you need to include? (5) Discuss the moving goalpost that is “Less labor over time.” Teamwork becomes more essential with less employees. Increased dependence on data and technology becomes a realization. Changing skillsets and duties. (6) Attracting and retaining higher quality staff by switching from a parlor dairy to robotic milking. How we use robotics, camera systems and cutting-edge technology and software to create a more flexible work environment. (7) Comparing robotic facilities in our region. Flow patterns for cattle and number of robots vs. number of employees needed. (8) Where do we go from here? Agri-tourism, Cyber school and technology training, research projects with local colleges. (9) Through the entire process, what were our expectations and how did they compare with reality. (10) The changes have we seen in our herds key performance indicators. Specifically, their reproduction, behavior, production, mobility, SCC, mastitis detection, metabolic issues. |
| ADSA Southern Branch Symposium: On-Farm Labor, and Southern Branch Business Meeting |
Hybrid Symposium |
ADSA Southern Branch Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86388 |
Watch |
1404 |
Labor impacts economics of robotic milking. |
3 |
J. Salfer |
automatic milking system labor profitability |
J. Salfer2, M. Endres1 |
1University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 2University of Minnesota, St. Cloud, MN |
Robotic milking systems (RMS) are being adopted by dairy producers at a relatively fast rate. Labor factors along with lifestyle improvement reasons are influencing adoption of RMS. Labor cost inflation and milk production per cow have a large impact on profit. USDA reports that wages paid to livestock workers increased 6% in both 2020 and 2021 averaging $15.45/hour. We used a partial budget spreadsheet simulation model to compare the economics of RMS and conventional milking systems with $16/hour wage rate. Our simulation showed that 240-cow RMS had higher net annual income compared with a double 8-parlor system. For each pound change in daily production per cow, the net annual impact changed by $7362. For a 1,500-cow dairy, 3% annual wage inflation and 0.9 kg less milk/cow per day the parlor system was more profitable ($106,502) than RMS. The robot was more profitable ($7598) at a 5% annual wage inflation. The primary reason for the differences in profit is the more intensive use of the milking system. The RMS assumed full utilization at 60 cows per robot across all herd sizes. For the 1,500-cow herd, both the robot and parlor were at near maximum utilization. Since the 1,500-cow RMS was less profitable than the parlor system at $16/hour with 3% wage inflation, we calculated a breakeven wage at which the 2 systems had similar net annual impact. This breakeven wage rate was $21.08/hr. We also examined how increased milk production per cow in RMS would affect the profit comparison. If the RMS achieves similar milk per cow as the parlor with 3% annual wage inflation, the annual income is only $14,467 higher for the parlor. At 1.0 kg/d more milk, the RMS is more profitable at all wage inflation rates. Milk production and labor assumptions between the systems greatly affect the profitability projections. More research is needed to understand the economics of how these systems perform with different herd sizes and management practices. |
| ADSA Southern Branch Symposium: On-Farm Labor, and Southern Branch Business Meeting |
Hybrid Symposium |
ADSA Southern Branch Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
n8709 |
|
|
Southern Branch Business Meeting |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
s9896 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t85937 |
Watch |
1115 |
Case studies of hyperketonemia and its association with reproduction in grazing dairy cows. |
1 |
S. J. Hendriks |
ketosis pasture |
S. J. Hendriks1, J. R. Roche2,3, J. A. A. McArt4, T. M. Grala3, S.-A. Turner5,3, C. R. Burke3, B. K. Sherlock3, C. V. C. Phyn3 |
1Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 2University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 3DairyNZ Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand, 4Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 5Dairy Goat Co-operative, Hamilton, New Zealand |
Hyperketonemia (HYK) is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated circulating concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). A blood BHB concentration of ≥ 1.2 mmol/L has been used to define HYK associated with negative effects on reproduction in housed cows, but it is unclear whether this threshold is appropriate for grazing cows. We characterized the incidence of HYK in 3 seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy herds and investigated its association with reproductive outcomes. Cows were tested 15 times for HYK between 1 and 35 DIM using a hand-held meter (FreeStyle Optium Neo, Abbott). Of the 980 cows tested, 749 (76.4%) had moderate HYK (blood BHB ≥ 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L) and 68 (6.9%) had severe HYK (blood BHB ≥ 3.0 mmol/L) at least once within 35 DIM, whereas 231 (23.6%) were consistently non-hyperketonemic (blood BHB < 1.2 mmol/L). The incidence of moderate HYK varied among the case study herds, with a peak incidence of 20% at 7 DIM on Farm A, 38% at 4 DIM on Farm B, and 58% at 3 DIM on Farm C. Cows were categorized (n = 546; e.g., ≥ 1.2 or < 1.2) on their maximum blood BHB test within 7 DIM (Max7BHB) and reproduction outcomes analyzed using multivariable models. There were no statistically significant effects of Max7BHB status at BHB thresholds ≥ 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 mmol/L on risk of submission to breeding within 21 d and, pregnancy within 42 d of the start of seasonal breeding, or pregnancy by the end of breeding; however, cows with BHB ≥ 1.8 mmol/L within 7 DIM were less likely (P < 0.05) to become pregnant within 42 d of the start of seasonal breeding (relative risk (RR): 0.31; 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.75) and become pregnant by the end of breeding (RR: 0.46; 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.88) than cows testing < 1.8 mmol/L within 7 DIM. Hence, blood BHB concentrations associated with negative effects of HYK on reproduction in grazing cows are likely to be greater than the 1.2 mmol/L cut-point commonly used to identify HYK in housed cows. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86742 |
Watch |
1109 |
Oral administration of monopropylene glycol to treat hyperketonemia in grazing dairy cows. |
2 |
S. J. Hendriks |
ketosis |
S. J. Hendriks1, J. R. Roche2,3, J. A. A. McArt4, T. M. Grala3, S.-A. Turner5,3, C. R. Burke3, B. Kuhn-Sherlock3, C. V. C. Phyn3 |
1Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 2University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 3DairyNZ Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand, 4Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 5Dairy Goat Co-operative, Hamilton, New Zealand |
Oral administration of monopropylene glycol (MPG) to postpartum cows in housed systems can resolve hyperketonemia [HYK; blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ≥ 1.2 mmol/L], prevent clinical ketosis, and improve milk production and reproductive outcomes. We investigated the efficacy of MPG to treat moderate HYK (blood BHB ≥ 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L) in 3 seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy herds and the effects on milk production and reproduction. Cows were tested 15 times for HYK between 1 and 35 DIM using a hand-held meter (FreeStyle Optium Neo, Abbott). Of the 980 cows tested, 749 (76.4%) cows had moderate HYK and 68 cows (6.9%) had severe HYK (blood BHB ≥ 3.0 mmol/L) at least once within 35 DIM. Cows with moderate HYK were randomized to MPG treatment or control groups; cows allocated to the control group (n = 362) were left untreated, whereas those in the MPG group (n = 387) were drenched with 300 mL of MPG (equivalent dose 310 g) on each occasion their BHB test was ≥ 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L. The MPG treatment was repeated daily until moderate HYK resolved (BHB < 1.2 mmol/L). Median day that cows first tested Mod-HYK was 4 DIM for both groups. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we determined that MPG-treated cows were 1.5 times more likely [hazard ratio (HR) 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3 to 1.8] to resolve moderate HYK (median time to resolution = 2 d; 95% CI = 2 to 3 d) compared with control cows (3 d; 95% CI = 3 to 4 d). Furthermore, MPG-treated cows were 0.3 times less likely (95% CI = 0.2 to 0.6) to develop severe HYK. We observed that MPG-treated cows had lower (P < 0.05) mean (±SEM) energy-corrected milk yields than control cows within 105 DIM (24.5 ± 0.15 vs. 24.9 ± 0.16 kg/d; P < 0.05), but there were no differences in risk of submission within 21 d and, pregnancy within 42 d of the start of seasonal breeding, or pregnancy by the end of breeding season. Further, the time to conception from the start of seasonal breeding did not differ (P = 0.51) for MPG cows relative to control cows (HR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.8 to 1.1). Hence, although MPG resolved moderate HYK and prevented severe HYK, it did not improve milk production or reproduction performance in grazing dairy cows diagnosed with moderate HYK based on a blood BHB cut-off of 1.2 mmol/L. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86844 |
Watch |
1407 |
Assessment of the association between single somatic cell count measurement, milk culture and selective dry cow therapy algorithms. |
3 |
F. P. Mosca |
somatic cell count intramammary infections mastitis |
F. P. Mosca1, C. C. Florentino1, J. Miranda1, C. Rial2, A. L. Laplacette2, A. Masic3, M. Borchers3, D. Aspers3, L. Caixeta1 |
1Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 2Cornell University, Department of Animal Science, Ithaca, NY, 3Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI |
The objective of this study was to investigate the predictive value of single somatic cell count (SCC) measurement to identify cows/quarters with intramammary infections (IMI) at dry-off and at high risk according to a selective dry cow therapy algorithm (SDCTa). This observational study enrolled 409 cows from 1 dairy farm in Minnesota between September 2019 and March of 2020. SCC was measured on-farm in quarter (Q) and composite/pooled (C) milk samples. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off and submitted for bacterial culture. Cow-level IMI was defined as IMI present in any quarter. Major-IMI was defined as an IMI caused by Streptococcus spp. and Streptococcus-like organisms, Staphylococcus aureus or coliforms in any quarter. Cows were considered to be at high risk by the SDCTa if they had at least one high SCC (>200.000 cells/mL), 2 or more cases of clinical mastitis during the previous lactation or clinical mastitis in the 14 d before dry-off. A receiver operating characteristic was built to determine the optimal SCC cut-off, using the Youden index, to predict IMI at the C- and Q-level, major-IMI, and to be at high risk as per the SDCTa. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and area under the curve (AUC) were reported for the selected cut-offs. IMI at dry-off was 42.2% in Q and 79.8% in C. Major-IMI was present in 30.0% of Q and 68.2% of C. 50.9% of the cows were at high risk based on SDCTa. The optimal cut-off for IMI was 90.000 cells/mL for Q (Se = 49.6%, Sp = 67.5% and AUC = 0.60) and 114.000 cells/mL for C (Se = 46.4%, Sp = 70.3% and AUC = 0.55). For major-IMI the optimal threshold was 98.000 cells/mL in Q (Se = 45.3%, Sp = 66.6% and AUC = 0.57) and 176.000 cells/mL in C (Se = 34.5%, Sp = 77.6% and AUC = 0.53). Based on SDCTa the estimated cut-off was 142.000 cells/mL for Q (Se = 37.6%, Sp = 85.2% and AUC = 0.65) and 202.000 cells/mL for C (Se = 46.2%, Sp = 91.5% and AUC = 0.74). Our results showed low and moderate predictive value of single SCC measurement on the identification of cows/quarters with IMI at dry-off and at high risk as per the SDCTa, respectively. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86597 |
Watch |
1408 |
Evaluation of the performance of an intra-reticuloruminal remote sensor for the prediction of clinical mastitis in dairy cows challenged with Streptococcus uberis. |
4 |
Z. Rodriguez |
mastitis precision dairy farming sensor |
Z. Rodriguez1, Q. Kolar2, K. Krogstad2, I. Yoon3, B. Bradford2, P. Ruegg1 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3DiamondV, Cedar Rapids, IA |
Despite multiple sensors having been developed for the prediction of clinical mastitis (CM), limitations either in terms of performance or applicability remain. Recently, a reticuloruminal sensor (HerdStrong) has been developed to detect disease events based on the variations in reticuloruminal temperature (RT), offering a potential use for CM prediction. Our objectives were to assess if the sensor can (a) detect variations in RT relative to an intramammary (IMM) challenge with Streptococcus uberis, (b) and to predict initial signs of CM based either on severity score or on the concentration of bacteria (cfu/mL) in the infected quarter. Clinically healthy Holstein cows (n = 37, parity 1 to 5, with ≥ 120 DIM) were enrolled if their pre-trial test-day SCC was <200,000 cells/mL and had no history of CM in the previous 60 d. All cows received sensors before the trial. Cows were challenged with 1,500 cfu/mL of S. uberis administered into one rear quarter. An interrupted time-series analysis detected a 0.49°C (95%CI: 0.33, 0.61) increase in RT at 24 h post-IMM challenge (P < 0.0001). Sensors correctly classified 78.3% (95%CI: 65.8, 87.9) of first occurrences of CM with at least 24 h in advance, with a sensitivity of 70.0% (95%CI: 50.6, 85.3) and a specificity of 86.7% (95%CI: 69.3, 96.2). The correct classification for CM of a given severity score (independently of previous occurrence of clinical signs of other severity) was 90.9% (95%CI: 70.8, 98.9) for mild cases, 85.2% (95%CI: 72.9, 93.4) for moderate cases, and 92.9% (95%CI: 66.1, 99.8) for severe cases. The test characteristics of the sensor to predict initial signs of CM improvement constantly until bacteria count in the infected quarter reached 5.0 log10 cfu/mL, reaching a sensitivity of 73.5% (95%CI: 55.6, 87.1) and a specificity of 90.6% (95%CI: 75.0, 98.0). Overall, the results indicate that the reticuloruminal sensor was able to detect variations in RT after the IMM challenge with S. uberis with reasonable accuracy. Further research that includes natural infections with other pathogens is warranted. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86342 |
Watch |
1409 |
Sodium lignosulfonate antibacterial effects against environmental mastitis pathogens across various levels of bedding cleanliness in vitro. |
5 |
G. Oppong |
mastitis inhibition bedding |
G. Oppong1, J. Romero1, M. Killerby1, Z. Ma2, D. Zamudio1 |
1University of Maine, Orono, ME, 2Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME |
Our objective was to evaluate sodium lignosulfonate (NaL) antibacterial activity against mastitis pathogens across various levels of bedding cleanliness. These included sawdust only (SD), sawdust + urine (SDU; 1:0.2, fresh weight ratio), sawdust + manure (SDM; 1:1), and sawdust + manure + urine (SDMU; 1:1:0.2, respectively). Conditioner treatments included untreated (CON) or NaL-treated (3% wt/wt, fresh basis) bedding. Treatments were randomly allocated to 4 batches of sawdust and were prepared within bottles (40 g, fresh basis). All beddings were previously sterilized and then inoculated with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus uberis (each applied at 5 log cfu/fresh g). Afterward, bottles were incubated for 6 d at 25°C, with samples obtained at 0, 2, and 6 d for counts using Chromagar Mastitis plates. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (n = 4) with a 2 (conditioner) x 4 (bedding cleanliness) factorial and sampling day as a repeated measure. Differences were declared at P < 0.05. Across all days, NaL-treated beddings had lower E. coli counts vs. CON, especially SDU (3.48 vs. 3.88 ± 0.032, SEM) and SD (3.75 vs. 4.07), and to a lesser extent SDM (4.98 vs. 5.10) and SDMU (4.89 vs. 5.05, respectively). The E. coli counts were higher after 6 d of incubation vs. 0 and 2 d, which were no different, for SDM (6.36 vs. x = 4.32 ± 0.032) and SDMU (6.37 vs. x = 4.27), but to a lesser extent for SD (4.06 vs. x = 3.84) and SDU (3.79 vs. x = 3.63, respectively). For K. pneumoniae, NaL-treated beddings decreased counts vs. CON to a greater extent for SD (3.94 vs 4.19 ± 0.02) and SDU (3.67 vs. 4.00) relative to SDM (5.01 vs 5.13) and SDMU (4.98 vs. 5.10). The extent of the reduction in S. uberis counts caused by NaL vs. CON was lessened across d 0, 2, and 6 (1.72 vs. 3.02, 2.11 vs. 3.19, and 3.19 vs. 3.69 ± 0.15, respectively). Overall, NaL can reduce E. coli and K. pneumoniae counts up to 6 d, but to a lesser extent when manure is present. For S. uberis, NaL effects were reduced across beddings as days passed. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86549 |
Watch |
1410 |
Evaluation of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) as a treatment for chronic intramammary infection in dairy cows. |
6 |
P. M. G. Peixoto |
chemokine haptoglobin persistent subclinical mastitis |
P. M. G. Peixoto1, G. Podico1, L. L. Cunha1, W. M. Coelho Jr.2, L. B. Ribeiro1, I. F. Canisso1, F. S. Lima2 |
1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
The study's objective was to assess if recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) improves neutrophil migration and function in the mammary gland and resolve chronic high somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows. We hypothesize that intramammary (i.m.) treatment with a high dose of rbIL-8 would transiently increase SCC and improve neutrophil chemotaxis and killing ability in the udder, resolving the persistent high SCC. Holstein, multiparous cows (n = 8), with SCC of more than 300,000 cells/ml for at least 3 consecutive months, were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 i.m. treatments: (1) Control: 10 mL of saline solution or (2) rbIL-8: 1.57 mg/ml of recombinant bovine IL8 diluted in 9 mL of saline (d 0). The quarter with the highest SCC received the treatment and analysis were based on the same quarter response. Milk samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 144h post-treatment to measure the milk SCC, haptoglobin, and IgG concentrations. Blood and milk PMN phagocytosis was assessed via flow cytometry. A biochemistry profile was characterized at 0, 4, and 24 h. On d 0, SCC was 2657.7 ×103 ± 703 x and 3265.5 ×103 ± 703 cells/ml for control and rbIL-8 and similar (P = 0.65) between the groups. The SCC was greater (P < 0.05) at 24 (3788.5 ×103 ± 703 vs 1355.5 ± 703 cells/ml) 48h (3812.2 ×103 ± 630 vs 2197 ± 630 cells/ml) post-treatment in cows receiving rbIL-8 compared with control. At 144 h, SCC decreased but was not different between groups (P > 0.10), and cows in the rbIL-8 failed to resolve high SCC. There were no differences (P > 0.10) for milk haptoglobin and IgG. Cows receiving the rbIL-8 tended to have (P = 0.10) greater number of PMN stained with propidium iodide and dihydrorhodamine suggesting potentially improved neutrophil chemotaxis and killing ability at 24h post-treatment. The biochemistry profile was similar between groups. Albeit treatment with rbIL-8 increased SCC and tended to improve neutrophil function, the magnitude of the effect was not sufficient to resolve the chronic high SCC. More studies are needed to investigate if contingencies for levels of SCC and dose of rbIL-8 can be effective to resolve chronic SCC. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86759 |
Watch |
1413 |
Evaluating the effects of USDA organic approved topical treatments on white line disease. |
8 |
C. Krebill |
lameness organic preventive medicine |
C. Krebill1, J. Shearer1, H. Scott2, H. Bothe3, S. Umase3, I. Sanabria3, R. Rodriguez3, R. Rodriguez3, P. Plummer1 |
1Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 3Organic Dairy Cattle Farm, Colorado |
White line disease is a disease caused by the separation of the white line often leading to an abscess in the corium of the hoof. This causes damage to the joint and tendons, leading to lameness. The purpose of this prospective randomized clinical trial was to determine if the application of antibiotic-alternative topical therapies improved healing through more rapid re-epithelization and decrease in locomotion score for animals with clinical white line lesions. Three hundred and 21 lactating dairy cows diagnosed with white line disease were enrolled by veterinarians from April 2018 to December 2020. Locomotion scores were recorded before corrective trimming, then the randomized treatment was applied and the foot was lightly bandaged. Animals were randomized to one of 5 treatment groups including a) copper sulfate and water, b) honey, c) 7% iodine tincture, d) hydrogen peroxide and e) no topical treatment. Treatments were applied on D 0, 7, and 14. Mixed linear models were used for: a) absolute locomotion score at each observation day and b) change in locomotion score from the previous observation. Full-factorial models of treatment * day effect were generated. Cox proportional hazards regression was used for time-to-recovery. The results of this study show no significant differences (P > 0.10), in recovery rates or locomotion scores, among the 5 treatment groups. We observed reduced locomotion scores by D 112 with all treatment groups suggesting consistent recovery from this condition. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine the association between cure (locomotion score of 1 and no granulation tissue present) and treatment. There was a statically significant association between cure and treatment for all treatment groups (P = 0.034). This outcome suggests that the time, cost, and effort of applying one of the 4 topical treatments beyond corrective trimming is unlikely to provide a positive return on investment nor improved health or welfare outcomes. This finding is consistent with arguments that corrective trimming alone is sufficient for most of these lesions. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86904 |
Watch |
1414 |
Investigation of possible bovine leukemia virus transmission pathways within herds through analysis of genomic and epidemiological data. |
9 |
B. M. Nyokabi |
bovine leukemia virus transmission phylodynamics |
B. M. Nyokabi1, T. Lenskaia2, V. K. Singh2, S. K. Mor2, D. C. Schroeder2, S. J. Wells2 |
1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 2University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, St Paul, MN |
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a highly prevalent retrovirus in US dairy herds. The objective of this analysis was to use phylogenetic analysis through linking pathogen genomic data with farm data to provide inference to transmission pathways in dairy herds. Blood samples were collected from cattle at least 12 mo of age 3 times over 18 mo in 2 different dairy herds. Following testing, we extracted, sequenced and assembled the proviral DNA from test-positive samples. The assembled near-complete genomes were aligned, converted to distance-based trees and a single nucleotide variant (SNV) matrix was created. From 101 total BLV sequences from Herd A, 23 cattle had more than one sample sequenced from different sampling periods. From 69 total BLV sequences in Herd F, 21 cattle had more than one sample sequenced from different sampling periods. In Herd A, 57% of the cattle with multiple sequences available had a maximum of < 10 SNV differences between sequences (max = 334, min = 0). From Herd F, 81% of the cattle with multiple sequences available sequences had a maximum of < 10 SNV differences (max = 46, min = 0). These results indicate that variability of the BLV genome through time within infected cattle varies by herd, with higher variability in some cattle (Herd A) that may represent multiple strain infections. In addition, there were 18 dam/daughter (DD) cattle pairs with sequence data available from Herd A and 7 DD cattle pairs from Herd F. Within the DD cattle pairs from Herd A, 39% had a maximum of < 10 SNVs within paired sequences, and within the DD pairs from Herd F, 29% had a maximum of < 10 SNV differences, consistent with potential DD transmission in 29–39% of daughters of BLV-infected cattle. In summary, preliminary results from the 2 study herds indicate herd-level differences in SNV variability within cattle sampled at different points of time with potential multiple strain infection in some cattle, and that DD cattle pair genomic clustering indicates likely DD transmission in 29–39% of daughters of BLV-infected cattle. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86817 |
Watch |
1415 |
Regional survey of Clostridium populations across the United States. |
10 |
J. S. Thompson |
Clostridia C. perfringens dairy cow |
J. S. Thompson1, J. M. Rehberger1, M. N. de Jesus1, V. G. Bretl1, S. R. Paszkiewicz1, F. R. Mazza1, L. J. Wardecke1, A. H. Smith1, T. G. Rehberger1 |
1Arm and Hammer, Waukesha, WI |
Clostridium are gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria that have been detected at a high prevalence in samples from dairy systems. C. perfringens, C. septicum, and Paeniclostridium sordellii have been associated with enteric diseases in ruminants which can lead to rapid death. C. beijerinckii and Paraclostridium bifermentans have also been detected at a high prevalence, but their effect in ruminant systems is not well studied. The objective of this survey was to examine Clostridium populations from concentrated dairy regions across the United States to identify regional similarities and differences. From August 2019 to November 2021, fecal samples (n = 2,400) were collected from 58 dairy farms from 8 different US regions: Southwest, Northwest, I-29 Corridor, South Central, Western Great Lakes, Eastern Great Lakes, Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. Five to 14 dairies were sampled from each region as representatives. Clostridia from fecal samples was enumerated on tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar, isolates harvested, and DNA was isolated. Species were identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA gene. Genetic fingerprinting was done on C. perfringens to further characterize their diversity. From the 11,459 isolates identified, clostridia populations from each region were analyzed by redundancy analysis constrained by region. Species were log-transformed and centered. P-values were Bonferonni corrected. The analysis indicated differences (P < 0.05) from the Southwest, Northeast and Western Great Lakes regions. A trend toward different populations (P < 0.10) was detected in the Mid-Atlantic and Northwest regions. The Western Great Lakes region had a low species diversity, the Southwest region had a higher prevalence of Paeniclostridium sordellii while the Northeast had the most diverse clostridia population, with 16 species identified. C. perfringens diversity was highest in the Eastern Great Lakes, the Shannon-Weiner (SW) index value was 4.7 compared with the Western Great Lakes which was the least diverse, with a SW index value of 3.6. This survey indicates regional differences in clostridial populations which can provide insight on how to best control target clostridia populations specific to each region. |
| Animal Health 3 |
In-Person Oral |
Animal Health |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t85850 |
Watch |
1417 |
Cause of death by age group in dairy cattle necropsied in Utah and the Western United States |
11 |
D. J. Wilson |
dairy mortality pathogens |
D. J. Wilson1, T. J. Baldwin1, A. Vanwettere1, E. J. Kelly1, R. Stott1, M. Clayton1, M. Mainenti2 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT, 2Iowa State University, Ames, IA |
The objective was summarizing and prioritizing causes of death, unknown to producers before necropsy, of dairy cattle of all ages. Dairy cattle (n = 857) from farms in Utah (76%), Idaho (16%) or other states (8%) were necropsied from 2008 - 2019 at the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Primary cause of death was diagnosed in 833 cattle (97%) based on reported clinical signs, pathology, bacteriology, histology, molecular diagnostics, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, and vitamin and mineral analyses. Six diseases accounted for 653 (76%) of the deaths across all ages of cattle: gastrointestinal 318 (37%), pneumonia 166 (19%), abortion 90 (11%), peritonitis 30 (4%), navel ill 26 (3%), and metritis 23 (3%). No cause of death was evident in 24 cattle (3%). For cattle with no age provided, age was estimated from body weight; 74% of known age cattle matched with those estimates. Sexes were female 620 (72%), male 214 (25%), not recorded 23 (3%). Most common causes of death by age were: fetal abortions (90, 11% of all deaths): unknown cause 45 (50%), bacterial 20 (22%), Neospora caninum 14 (16%), congenital 5 (6%). One to 5 d old (36, 4% of deaths): enteritis/colitis 10 (28%), dystocia 7 (19%), congenital 5 (14%). Six to 55 d old (340, 40% of deaths): enteritis/colitis 165 (49%), pneumonia 51 (15%), reticulitis/rumenitis 31 (9%). 56 d to 5 mo old (117, 14% of deaths): pneumonia 59 (50%), enteritis/colitis 21 (18%), bloat 3 (3%), polioencephalomalacia 3 (3%). > 5 to 12 mo old (39, 5% of deaths): bacterial pneumonia 16 (41%), enteritis/colitis 7 (18%), bloat 3 (8%). One to 4 yr old (90, 11% of deaths): pneumonia 16 (18%), metritis 12 (13%), hardware 9 (10%), peritonitis 7 (8%), displaced abomasum (2 left, 2 right) 4 (4%), water hemlock toxicity 3 (3%). Five to 9 yr old (116, 14% of deaths): pneumonia 8 (16%), metritis 11 (9%), hardware 11 (9%), enteritis/colitis 10 (9%), lymphoma 9 (8%), peritonitis 9 (8%), displaced abomasum (4 left, 3 right) 7 (6%), bloat 5 (4%). The most common causes of dairy cattle mortality were infectious diseases, mainly of digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems. The next most important category was dietary/ration related diseases, increasing in adult cattle. |
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
s9846 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
n8763 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86306 |
|
1418 |
ADSA®-EAAP Speaker Exchange Presentation: Challenges and solutions for climate care dairy farming from a system’s perspective. |
2 |
P. W. G. G. Koerkamp |
environmental impact housing technology manure management |
P. W. G. G. Koerkamp1, P. J. Galama2, A. Kuipers2 |
1Wageningen University, Farm Technology Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 2Wageningen Livestock Research, Livestock and Environment, Wageningen, the Netherlands |
The Dutch AgriandFood sector has developed very successfully after WWII. This success is largely attributed to the focus on maximizing production at minimal costs. This led to homogeneous low stress environments, the use of large quantities of external inputs (N-fertilizers and fossil energy), chemical control of pests and diseases (biocides), intensive soil intervention (plowing and tillage) and plant and animal varieties adapted to those specific conditions. This development was facilitated by excellent infrastructure and policies, mechanization (e.g., milking robots) and upscaling of farm sizes. The Dutch dairy sector currently highly contributes to national environmental impacts such as acidification of nature areas (mainly by NH3), eutrophication of water bodies (losses of N and P), global warming (emissions of CH4), reduced water and soil quality (e.g., by pesticides) and biodiversity loss. Improvements and reductions have been achieved, to various extents, by single-issue policies and solutions (e.g., 65% NH3 reduction by slurry injection). Further strong improvements on all environmental aspects are needed, without causing negative side-effects. This is a huge challenge for typical highly populated regions as the Netherlands with intensive livestock production and a very critical society. An integrated approach to the long-term challenges (2050) is developed and specific technologies and practices are designed, developed and tested. In this contribution we focus on innovative cattle housing and technology and integrated manure and air handling systems, which adapt the environment to the animal. We will present an integrated approach and how a range of technical solutions (at different Technical Readiness Levels), such as flooring systems that segregate urine and feces, manure treatment like acidification and digestion, autonomous robots collecting feces, a cow toilet collecting 30% of excreted urine, ventilation and air treatment systems for ammonia and methane fit in this approach. Environmental impacts as well as the coherence with farm economics, societal acceptance (grazing) and animal welfare will be indicated. |
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t87141 |
|
1419 |
Modeling the environmental impact of enhanced production efficiency. |
3 |
J. A. Dillon |
sustainability efficiency animal protein |
J. A. Dillon1 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO |
Production efficiency is an economic concept that was popularized in the United States in the 1800s, but has origins in the 1700s. Applications of the concept of efficiency in the animal sciences has been widespread, from driving innovation in technology development, to informing best management practices and genetic selection. Environmental impacts arise directly and indirectly from animals and their associated crop production and land use systems, and can be modeled using several different approaches (e.g., from empirical, static models to mechanistic, dynamic models at individual, herd, and whole-farm scales) and metrics (e.g., environmental footprints). The environmental footprint—which estimates the potential impact (e.g., the “global warming potential,” or “carbon footprint”) of a product as a function of total production—represents a product-scale metric of increasing popularity. A measure of efficiency itself, there is a direct correlation between production efficiency of dairy systems and environmental footprints, with historic improvements in production efficiency generally leading to reductions in the environmental footprints of dairy products. Efficiency is just one metric of the environmental performance of a dairy system that provides critical insight to the prudence with which resources are used. However, it does not inherently capture critical dynamics of dairy systems that also contribute to environmental impacts. This presentation will explore the origins of production efficiency, its contribution to innovation in the animal sciences, and its complicated relationship with environmental impacts. |
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t85928 |
Watch |
1420 |
ADSA®-EAAP Speaker Exchange Presentation: Potential of reducing cow methane emissions from a breeding perspective. |
4 |
S. König |
methane emissions dairy cow breeding strategies |
S. König1 |
1Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen Germany |
Dairy cattle breeding goals rapidly changed during the past decades shifting from a strong focus on farm economy toward societal demands. In this regard, the dairy cattle sector is forced to contribute to global greenhouse gas reductions, especially including methane emissions. From a cow-level perspective, methane emissions can be lowered due to feeding optimization, via indirect approaches addressing breeding on improved longevity and female fertility, or direct breeding strategies influencing the microbiome composition. The basis for direct breeding approaches is the availability of proper methane phenotypes. Methane values for eructation and respiration in the field can be measured via mobile-laser-methane detectors or using dense longitudinal data from so-called sniffers installed in automatic milking system. The challenge of both techniques in ongoing data preparation, including outlier elimination, the separation of cow methane emissions from environmental gas concentrations and the allocation of values to eructation or respiration. Heritabilities for methane measurements varied from 0.01 to 0.29, with higher estimates for dense sniffer records. A more accurate approach directly focuses on the rumen microbiome population via genome sequencing of archaea and ongoing construction of diversity indices. Regarding methane indicator traits, most accurate predictions based on milk fatty acids derived from infrared spectra. The construction of selection indices including methane implies the availability of genetic correlations with other breeding goal traits. Favorable association have been identified with female fertility traits, but contradictory results have been published for health traits, longevity and conformation. A useful practical application addresses consideration of methane records for the prediction of dry matter intake. Prediction accuracies were larger than 0.97 when additionally considering body weight and energy-corrected milk yield. A last topic of this presentation will focus on the estimation of genotype x greenhouse gas emission interactions, considering gas emissions inside the cow barn. |
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86896 |
Watch |
1421 |
Fuel economy: Managing nutrition to drive a sustainable dairy industry. |
6 |
A. J. Carpenter |
water emissions decision tools |
A. J. Carpenter1, B. A. Wenner2 |
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH |
Nutrition and feed management on most dairy farms accounts for the largest cost of production on a commercial dairy farm, and it is a major contributing factor to the production and efficiency of a farm. Advances in genetics and overall management have resulted in tremendous reductions in a cow’s environmental footprint scaled per unit of production over the past several decades. We propose the following metrics as talking points for the future sustainability conversation surrounding dairy products: 1) Proportion of upcycled human-edible nutrient supply relative to dairy emissions, and 2) Practical consideration of natural resource cost of production. To progress a data-driven systems discussion on the situational advantages and disadvantages within sustainability initiatives, the following knowledge gaps are proposed: 1) Applied research quantifying the cost and variability implications of shrink, 2) Holistic carbon cycle analysis integrated with ammonia and other volatile N-compound emissions, 3) Paired comparisons of alternative forages incorporating land and water use, and 4) Tools for nutritionist to deliberate ration inputs and their predicted emission footprint. Dairy producers rely on academia to develop projects to address the practical bottlenecks experienced daily. With the rise in carbon credit trading initiatives, dairy producers will require evidence-based decision tools validated by peer-reviewed science and founded in reality. |
| Joint ADSA Production, Management, and the Environment Committee/EAAP Exchange Symposium: Harnessing Cow Efficiency and Technical Innovation for a Climate Caring Dairy Sector |
Hybrid Symposium |
EAAP Exchange Symposium (Invitation Only) |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86931 |
Watch |
1422 |
Longevity impact on sustainability and welfare. |
7 |
S. Eicker |
longevity sustainability welfare |
S. Eicker1, D. Nydam2, M. Overton3 |
1Valley Ag Software, King Ferry, NY, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 3Zoetis Animal Health, Parsippany, NJ |
Sustainable animal agriculture should accomplish these goals: High-quality food to humans (milk and meat). Minimize use of resources (land, air, water). Maximize well-being and minimize suffering. Sustainability can be defined as less resources/kg milk (or meat) which means more kg nutrition/cow. Food examples include more fat, milk, and meat per cow. Dry Matter Intake (DMI) is a proxy for most resources. DMI is allocated into maintenance, growth, then milk. Maintenance is generally uniform, after adjusting for body weight, walking distance, and environmental extremes. Increased milk yield dilutes maintenance. A crude stratification of milk by age appears to demonstrate that older cows produce more milk. But selection bias, and suboptimal heifer growth greatly over-estimates effect of age: poorly producing cows are less likely to be kept for additional lactations, and undersized heifers divert excess DMI to growth instead of milk. Additional methods exist to produce more milk per cow, including cow comfort, better reproduction, genetics, and increased selection. In a stable herd, the “longevity” is the average age of the cows. This average age is determined solely by the replacement rate (new cows entering the herd every year), which determines the “cull” rate. Lower replacement rates cause decreased meat production which needs to be compensated by increased production from suckler beef farms at greater greenhouse costs. Older cows / lower replacement rates are not optimal for increasing milk per cow. Welfare Issues with older cows: Decreased replacement rates requires waiting until cows are sick, lame, mastitis, skinny. Increased replacement rates allow increased replacement of low yielding cows, instead of waiting for them to be sick. This improves animal welfare, genetics, and greatly increases cull cow values. Older cows are often in poorer body condition. They bring less money at salvage, and present a poorer image to the public. The milk increase from older cows is over-estimated. Longevity (older cows, lower replacement rate) is not better welfare. Longevity is not optimal at increasing milk/cow or meat/cow. Increasing longevity is not a solution to sustainability. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
s9910 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86344 |
Watch |
1423 |
Single-nuclei transcriptomic analysis reveals depot-specific cellular heterogeneity in adipose tissue of dairy cows. |
1 |
T. C. Michelotti |
single-cell sequencing adipose tissue metabolism depot differences |
T. C. Michelotti1, B. Kisby3, M. Fokar4, C. Crasto4,5, I. Ponomarev3, C. Strieder-Barboza1,2 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 2School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 3Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, 4Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 5Department of Computer Science, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues differ in function and metabolism. Single-cell RNA sequencing has revealed depot-specific cell subtypes involved in AT dysfunction and metabolic disease in humans and mice. In dairy cows, VAT- and SAT-specific cell subtypes, and their involvement in metabolic disease pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Our aim was to define dairy cows’ VAT- and SAT-specific transcriptional diversity at a single-cell level. VAT (omentum) and SAT (abdomen) were collected from the same lactating Holstein cows (n = 3). Nuclei was purified by dounce homogenization and flow cytometry sorting (PI+). Single-nuclei RNA sequencing was performed using 10x Genomics and Cell Ranger pipelines and analyzed by BBrowser 2.9. Across SAT and VAT, we identified 22 cell clusters among 15,214 nuclei. Cell types were identified by signature genes e.g., FASN, PPARG, and FABP4 for adipocyte progenitor cells (APC); ADIPOQ and LEP for mature adipocytes (AD); CD248 and MFAP5 for fibroblasts (FB); VWF and PECAM1 for endothelial cells (EC); CD9, CD68, and CD63 for macrophages (MAC). Across SAT and VAT, we identified 3 APC subtypes, which were the most abundant cell type (30%/total), followed by 5 FB (21%), 2 AD (10%), and 2 EC (7%). Among immune cells (13%/total), we identified 3 MAC subtypes, which were the most represented immune cell type (55%), followed by neutrophils (31%), T cells (12%), and dendritic cells (2%). SAT had a lower proportion of EC (9% vs 4%), FB (19% vs 23%), and AD (9% vs 11%) than VAT, and higher proportion of all 3 APC subtypes (38% vs 21%), mainly on APC3 (17 vs 7%), marked by increased FASN and SIK2. We identified 2 mesothelial cell clusters (WT1, UPK3B, MSLN) that were overrepresented by VAT (73%) more than SAT (27%), suggesting that mesothelium is a major source of VAT adipocytes. Unprecedently, we demonstrate depot-specific transcriptional heterogeneity at a single-cell level in VAT and SAT of dairy cows. Defining depot-specific cell types is a promising step toward elucidating mechanisms linking AT dysfunction metabolic diseases in dairy cows. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86105 |
Watch |
1424 |
Reducing endocannabinoid system activation by supplementing omega-3 fatty acids affects insulin sensitivity and inflammation in adipose tissue of peripartum dairy cows. |
2 |
M. Zachut |
endocannabinoid adipose insulin |
G. Kra1,2, J. R. Daddam1, U. Moallem1, H. Kamer1, R. Kocvarová3, A. Nemirovski3, G. A. C. Andres4, J. Tam3, M. Zachut1 |
1Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel, 2Faculty of Agriculture, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel, 3Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, 4Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in regulating insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the activity of the ECS, thus we examined the effects of omega-3 supplementation on ECS components, insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Thirty-five 256-d pregnant multiparous cows were individually fed: i) CTL – prepartum and postpartum (PP) common diets; ii) FLX – prepartum a diet containing 700 g/d/cow of extruded flaxseed supplement containing C18:3n-3 (Valomega 160, Valorex, France), and PP at 6.4% of diet (DM basis). At 5–8 DIM, a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on 15 cows (n = 8 CTL and n = 7 FLX), and blood was collected every 5 min. At 20 min after glucose injection, adipose tissue (AT) was biopsied. Concentrations of glucose, insulin and endocannabinoids (eCBs) levels were examined in blood. mRNA and protein abundance of ECS and inflammatory proteins were examined in AT by RT-PCR and immunoblots. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED for continuous variables (treatment as fixed; DIM and cow as random effects). For eCBs, genes and proteins GLM (SAS) was used. Milk production during 21 DIM was similar, while DMI (P = 0.001) and energy balance (P = 0.02) were lower in FLX than in CTL. Plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide were lower (P = 0.03), and arachidonic acid tended to be lower in FLX vs. CTL (P = 0.10). Insulin concentrations and area-under-curve were lower in FLX than CTL (P = 0.05). In AT, mRNA abundance of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase-D (NAPEPLD) was lower (P = 0.01), and toll-like-receptor-4 (TLR4) tended to be lower in FLX than in CTL (P = 0.10). Phosphorylation of protein-kinase-B tended to lower in FLX than in CTL (P = 0.06). Protein abundances of tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.03) and interleukin-10 (P = 0.006) were lower in FLX compared with CTL, and monoglyceride-lipase tended to be lower in FLX than in CTL (P = 0.06). Reducing ECS activation by omega-3 affects AT inflammation and systemic insulin sensitivity in early postpartum dairy cows. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t85933 |
Watch |
1426 |
Response of hepatic gluconeogenic flux and transcriptome to circadian rhythm disruption. |
3 |
L. M. Beckett |
circadian disruption glucose carbon flux |
L. M. Beckett1, S. S. Donkin1, T. Casey1 |
1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN |
Circadian clocks are homeostatic regulators that play a central role in regulation of metabolism. Previous studies found that dairy cattle exposed to circadian disruption during late gestation developed hypoglycemia, and the hepatic transcriptome was indicative of a potential for fatty liver. Our objective was to investigate carbon flux for gluconeogenesis and liver transcripts to understand the impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism. We hypothesized that hypoglycemia experienced by dairy cows exposed to circadian disruption during late gestation is due to changes in expression of key genes for gluconeogenesis and corresponding changes in flux of carbon for glucose synthesis. Milking was ceased in Holstein cows at 60 d before expected calving (BEC) and from 35 d to 21 d BEC control (n = 4) and phase-shifted (PS; n = 4) cows were exposed to 16 h of light and 8 h of dark, but the light timing was shifted forward 6 h every 3 d to disrupt circadian rhythm for PS cows. Liver biopsies were collected, subdivided, and incubated in 2.0 mM [U-13C] propionate for 2 h. Metabolites were measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Total RNA was isolated from a separate segment of the same biopsy sample and used for RNA-Seq analysis. Metabolic flux was calculated from 13C mass isotopomer distributions for aspartate, serine, alanine, and glutamate. Student’s t-test indicated that the serine to aspartate (Ser:Asp) ratio was lower (P = 0.05) for PS (0.75 ± 0.03) compared with control cows (0.81 ± 0.02) meaning flux of carbon from propionate toward glucose was reduced. Pearson correlation analysis of Ser:Asp with read counts of protein coding genes was used in MetaboAnalyst 5.0. A positive relationship (P < 0.05) was found between Ser:Asp and propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCCB; r = 0.79) and hexokinase 1 (HK1; r = 0.72) and a negative correlation was found between Ser:Asp and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDK4; r = −0.76). Increased PCCB mRNA but reduced Ser:Asp suggests a change in metabolic fates for propionate that is not linked to glucose metabolism when cows are exposed to circadian disruption. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86259 |
|
1427 |
Diurnal variation of melatonin in rumen and its influence on ruminal microbes in lactating cows. |
4 |
J. Pei |
lactating cows melatonin rumen microbiota |
J. Pei1 |
1Yangzhou university, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China |
Gut hormones are able to regulate digestive, absorptive, and immune functions of the intestine through biological rhythms. These hormones also impact the host through their interactions with intestinal microorganisms. However, there are still few reports on hormone levels in rumen and their relationships with rumen microorganisms in ruminants. This study investigated the diurnal change of melatonin in rumen fluid and ruminal microbiota as well as their correlations in lactating cows. Six mid-lactating cows with similar weight (566.8 ± 19.6 kg), parity (3.0 ± 0.0), and lactation performance (8398.7 ± 1392.9 kg/y) were selected. Blood, saliva, and rumen fluid samples were collected at 02:00, 10:00, and 18:00 on the 1st day and 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00 on the 2nd day to measure the concentrations of 3 hormones of interest: melatonin (MLT), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) using least significant difference and principal components analysis. Results showed that serum, saliva, and rumen fluid samples all contained trace amounts of MLT, GH, and PRL. At night, the concentration of MLT is significantly higher than that during the day (P = 0.032). MLT presence in the saliva and rumen fluid follows a similar circadian rhythm like in the blood. Rumen fluid samples were analyzed for rumen fermentation parameters and microflora structure using 16S amplicon sequencing. Results of Alpha diversity and β diversity showed that the microbiota diversity was higher at night than during the day (P = 0.027), circadian rhythmicity of microbiota tested using non-parametric test found that 4.6% of the total OTUs had a significant cycling pattern. There was a significant correlation between MLT levels in rumen fluid and abundance of Prevotellaceae and Succinivibrionaceae families in the sleep-wake cycle, where the diurnal rhythm of relative abundance of the Prevotellaceae family followed similar cycling to that of MLT whereas the relative abundance of the Succinivibrionaceae family was inversely related to MTL cycling. In summary, our study showed a diurnal rhythm of rumen microbiota which may be influenced by rumen melatonin levels. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology 1 |
In-Person Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86230 |
Watch |
1428 |
Hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycling of divergent feed efficient dairy cows. |
5 |
K. M. Kennedy |
dairy cow efficiency metabolism |
K. M. Kennedy1, B. Kuhla1 |
1Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany |
Our objective was to determine if early lactating cows grouped by feed efficiency differ in hepatic energy metabolism. Twenty-three German Holstein dairy cows (parity = 2) were retrospectively grouped into a high (H) (n = 8), mid (M) (n = 7), or low (L) (n = 8) feed efficiency group based on the average energy-corrected milk (kg) divided by dry matter intake (kg; ECM/DMI) on d 28 and 84 of lactation. Liver was biopsied on d 1, 14, 28, and 84. Milk yield, DMI, and BW were measured daily and a 3 d average around a sampling time point was used for analysis. Milk components were assessed weekly and used to calculated ECM. Liver was analyzed for the relative mRNA abundance of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, and propionate and TCA cycle metabolism. Data were analyzed with mixed models using SAS software and multiple comparisons were adjusted with the Tukey-Kramer method. The mRNA abundance of COX6A1 was log-transformed for analysis and is presented as observed data mean ± SD. All other data are presented as LSM ± SE. Neither BW nor DMI differed among groups (P ≥ 0.35), however, ECM was higher in H (41.0 ± 1.33 kg) than in M (34.2 ± 1.51 kg; P = 0.01) or L (33.1 ± 1.32 kg; P < 0.01). The COX6A1 mRNA abundance was greater in H (1.18 ± 0.34 AU) than M (0.97 ± 0.11 AU; P = 0.04) and tended to be greater than L (1.00 ± 0.17 AU; P = 0.06). Furthermore, H tended to have a greater SDHD mRNA abundance than L (H: 1.24 ± 0.08 vs. L: 0.98 ± 0.08 AU; P = 0.08). However, neither NDUFA9, UQCRC2, ATP5F1B, UCP2, MMUT, PCCA, PCCB, CS, nor IDH3A mRNA abundance differed among groups (P ≥ 0.20), but did differ across time (P < 0.05) except for UQCRC2 (P = 0.19). PCCA (0.81 ± 0.10 vs. 1.23 ± 0.10 AU), PCCB (0.82 ± 0.07 vs. 1.40 ± 0.10 AU), and MMUT (0.81 ± 0.09 vs. 1.21 ± 0.08 AU) increased from d 1 to d 84 (P ≤ 0.01) and UCP2 decreased from d 1 to d 84 (1.19 ± 0.10 vs. 0.76 ± 0.06 AU; P < 0.01). Our data suggests that oxidation in complex II and IV might be greater in higher compared with lower feed efficient dairy cows during early lactation. Furthermore, our data supports that the liver increases propionate metabolism during early lactation. |
| Reproduction Symposium: Advances and Applications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
s9847 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Symposium: Advances and Applications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
n8755 |
|
|
Welcome |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Symposium: Advances and Applications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86991 |
Watch |
1430 |
Value of improving dairy cattle reproduction in the era of sexed and beef semen. |
2 |
A. De Vries |
economics beef-on-dairy reproduction |
A. De Vries1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Average reproductive performance has increased in the last decade, while the use of sexed dairy semen and beef semen has soared. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic value of increasing reproduction efficiency when mating strategies include also sexed and beef semen. The method consisted of a herd budget model that mimics the economic consequences of mating strategies that include a combination of beef, conventional dairy, and sexed dairy semen in a herd of heifers and cows. A sufficient number of dairy heifer calves was kept to replace culled cows. Crossbred calves, dairy bull calves, and surplus dairy heifer calves were sold. Genetic variation across and within age of dams determined the economic value of kept dairy heifer calves. Semen types varied by price, fertility, and fraction of dairy heifer calves. Four mating strategies were evaluated that included conventional semen only, sexed and beef semen only based on the dam’s age, or based on the dam’s genetic merit. A fourth near optimal strategy was found using a nonlinear solver. Conception rates were varied for both heifers and cows, resulting in 21-d cow pregnancy rates (PR) that varied from approximately 18% to 31%. Genetic merit reliabilities were either traditional or based on genomic testing. Results showed that increased reproductive efficiency was worth more in sexed and beef semen mating strategies than when only conventional semen was used. Compared with the conventional semen strategy, the sexed and beef strategies were approximately $60/cow per yr more profitable around the 18% PR and $150 more profitable around the 31% PR. The use of beef semen based on the dam’s genetic merit was slightly more profitable than the use of beef semen based on the dam’s age. Genomic testing was generally profitable at greater PR but not at PR < 20%, depending on the strategy. The near optimal policy was not more profitable than the strategy where beef semen was based on the dam’s genetic merit. In conclusion, the economic value of increased reproduction was greater in mating strategies that include sexed and beef semen than when only conventional semen was used. |
| Reproduction Symposium: Advances and Applications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t87017 |
|
1431 |
Applied use of embryo technologies in dairy cattle. |
3 |
R. Sartori |
dairy cow embryo transfer in vivo |
R. Sartori1, N. P. Folchini1, D. Demétrio2, P. S. Baruselli3 |
1Department of Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 2RuAnn Genetics, Riverdale, CA, 3Department of Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil |
Despite great advances in knowledge of physiology, genetics, management, and technologies in the last 20 years, reproductive efficiency is still a challenge for dairy cattle. The applied use of embryo technologies has the potential not only to accelerate genetic gain, but also to improve reproductive efficiency, especially under challenging conditions, such as heat stress (HS). This abstract summarizes the state of the art for production of in vivo derived (IVD) and in vitro produced (IVP) embryos and their successful use in dairy cattle. Recently, we performed a study that evaluated FSH regimens for superovulation, as well as, the technology of sex-sorted semen (SexedULTRA 4M) of sires classified by field fertility, for embryo production (n = 131). Superstimulating cows with decreasing or constant doses of FSH induced similar embryo yields (4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 3.2 ± 0.3). Moreover, sires classified as high field fertility produced more transferable embryos (4.4 ± 0.5 vs. 2.6 ± 0.4), despite high variability among bulls. When data of IVP and embryo transfer in dairy cattle from RuAnn and Maddox Dairies (USA) were analyzed, many factors contributed to the production of a live calf from an embryo. Attention to details in every step of the process was crucial for success, such as quality of the oocyte at the start of IVP. Moreover, synchronization of follicular wave emergence and stimulation with one single treatment of FSH improved oocyte quality and embryo production. A good quality IVP embryo (grade 1), especially at the blastocyst stage, transferred by an experienced technician to well managed recipients on d 7 or 8 of the estrous cycle results in more pregnancies per ET, although high pregnancy losses may be an issue, especially with IVP embryos. Lactating dairy cows under HS, might have impaired oocyte and early embryo quality, and transfer of an embryo can help to reestablish fertility, surpassing AI results during warmer months. To optimize profitability, either IVD or IVP embryos should be produced using sex-sorted sperm and both can be transferred in cows under HS. In summary, embryo technologies can increase reproductive efficiency and production in dairy cattle. FAPESP Grant 2018/03798–7. |
| Reproduction Symposium: Advances and Applications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86514 |
|
1432 |
Dam and sire effects on early embryo survival. |
5 |
P Lonergan |
embryo uterus pregnancy establishment |
P Lonergan1 |
1University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland |
Pregnancy loss is recognized as a major cause of reproductive failure in cattle. In high-producing dairy cows, as many as 50% of embryos may no longer be viable by Day 7. A further proportion of loss occurs in the period of post-hatching conceptus elongation and interferon-tau (IFNT) production associated with lack of appropriate signaling to the uterus leading to failure of maternal recognition of pregnancy. The direct contribution of the sire to embryo loss is unclear but recent studies indicate an influence on embryo development, conceptus elongation and embryo-maternal signaling. Nonetheless, sire fertility is a major contributor to overall reproductive performance, particularly in the context of AI where, despite sperm quality being scrutinized, significant variation exists in field fertility. On the female side, oocyte quality can be impaired due to a variety of factors including lactation-induced metabolic stress. Progesterone plays a major role in regulating endometrial function including conceptus–maternal interaction, pregnancy recognition, and uterine receptivity. In particular, low progesterone has been implicated as a causative factor in low pregnancy rates observed in high-producing dairy cows, most likely through alterations in the endometrial transcriptome leading to impaired conceptus elongation and inadequate endometrial signaling. Indeed, the endometrium can act as a sensor of embryo quality with its transcriptome being reflective of the developmental competency of the conceptus. For example, the response of the uterus differs between conceptuses derived from AI vs cloning, conceptuses derived from in vivo vs in vitro derived blastocysts and age-matched short and long conceptuses. While the majority of these differences are associated with IFNT production, many of the altered genes are induced by conceptus-derived, but IFNT-independent, factors. Increased knowledge of the regulation of conceptus-endometrial interactions is necessary to understand and elucidate the causes of pregnancy loss and provide a basis for new strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes and reproductive efficiency. Supported by Science Foundation Ireland (16/IA/4474). |
| Reproduction Symposium: Advances and Applications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management |
Hybrid Symposium |
Reproduction |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86029 |
Watch |
1433 |
Emerging reproduction technologies. |
6 |
A. L. Van Eenennaam |
assisted reproductive technologies genome editing genetic gain |
A. L. Van Eenennaam1 |
1University of California, Davis, CA |
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) including cryopreservation of sperm or embryos, artificial insemination (AI), timed AI, estrus synchronization, embryo transfer (ET), multiple ovulation ET, ovum-pick up, in vitro embryo production (IVP), sex determination of sperm or embryos, and nuclear transfer (NT) have all been incorporated into dairy cattle selection programs to help increase the rate of genetic gain, decrease the environmental footprint of animal-source foods, and better manage resources. Globally, the most widely used ART in cattle is AI. The concurrent use of molecular biotechnologies and ART synergistically allows for the accurate identification of genetically superior, young animals. The use of these animals in a structured breeding program with a clear breeding objective substantially reduces the generation interval, thereby accelerating rates of genetic gain. Gene editing (GnEd) allows animal breeders to precisely add, delete, or replace letters in the genetic code so as to influence a specific trait of interest. For GnEd to play an important role in cattle genetic improvement schemes, it must integrate smoothly into conventional cattle breeding programs so as to maintain or accelerate genetic gain. GnEd reagents (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) can be introduced into a somatic cell line and subsequently cloned by NT to produce embryos. Alternatively, GnEd reagents can be introduced directly into the cytoplasm of an IVP zygote, typically via microinjection, or more recently, electroporation. Regardless of the method used to generate GnEd embryos, ET into synchronized recipient females is a crucial step in producing live GnEd offspring. Therefore, GnEd in cattle is currently reliant on the use of ART (i.e., IVP or NT to produce GnEd embryos, and ET to produce live, GnEd offspring) for disseminating the improved GnEd traits in livestock populations. Moreover, emerging developments potentailly enabling in vitro gametogenesis, and/or complementation of the germ cell lineage of a GnEd germline-ablated animal with germline-competent stem cells from a second animal lineage have the potential to fundamentally disrupt conventional breeding program design. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
s9820 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86403 |
Watch |
1434 |
Cellular energy status and tight junction protein abundance of calf intestinal epithelial cells in response to extracellular glutamine. |
1 |
H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe |
AMP-activated protein kinase claudin occludin |
H. K. J. P. Wickramasinghe1, R. Burns1, S. C. Pearce2, D. A. Koltes1, R. S. Kaushik3, D. C. Beitz1, J. A. D. R. N. Appuhamy1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2The National Laboratory for Agriculture and The Environment, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, 3Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
We have previously shown that glutamine (Gln) improves intestinal epithelial barrier function (IEBF) of pre-weaned calves. A major component of IEBF is tight junction protein (TJP), which can be modulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in response to cellular energy status. The objective was to study in vitro the effects of Gln supplementation on glucose uptake, TJP abundance, and abundance of total (tAMPK) and phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK) in calf intestinal epithelial cells (CIEC). The cytosolic (CP) and membrane (MP) proteins were harvested from CIEC after being treated with 0, 5, and 10 mM Gln (n = 3) or 2.5 and 10 mM Gln and 0 and 315 mg/dL glucose in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (n = 3) for 48 h. Glucose uptake of CIEC was determined by measuring glucose disappearance in the media. In the Western immunoblot analyses, both CP and MP were probed with claudin-3 (CL-3) and occludin (OCL). The CP was probed with pAMPK (Thr172) and tAMPK. Treatment effects of Gln were analyzed by using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Glucose uptake (mg/mg of protein) and tAMPK abundance did not change (P = 0.61), but pAMPK:tAMPK decreased with increasing Gln supply while media glucose remained constant at 315 mg/dL (P = 0.02). The abundance of CL-3 and OCL in CP+MP increased with the Gln supply (P < 0.02). Only OCL abundance in MP tended to increase with the Gln supply (P = 0.09). The CL-3 abundance in MP decreased by 83%, whereas the OCL abundance in MP increased by 300% for adding glucose to media with Gln at 2.5 or 10 mM (P < 0.03). The Gln supply increasing from 2.5 to 10 mM did not affect those responses (P > 0.55). The abundance of tAMPK and pAMPK:tAMPK did not respond to glucose when extracellular Gln was at 2.5 or 10 mM (P > 0.20). In conclusion, extracellular Gln supply improved the energy status and the abundance of TJP in CIEC independent of glucose supply. Extracellular glucose did not change the energy status when extracellular Gln was at 2.5 mM or greater but differentially affected the membrane abundance of CL-3 and OCL. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86309 |
Watch |
1435 |
Effects of heat stress conditions and dietary organic acid and pure botanical supplementation on milk production in Holstein cows. |
2 |
A. B. P. Fontoura |
botanical heat stress organic acid |
A. B. P. Fontoura1, A. Javaid1, V. Sáinz de la Maza-Escolà1,2, M. G. Vogellus1, I. R. Frost1, R. M. Martinez1, N. S. Salandy1,3, S. L. Fubini1, E. Grilli2, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 3Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL |
To evaluate the effects of heat stress (HS) environmental conditions and dietary organic acid and pure botanical (OA/PB) supplementation on lactation performance, we enrolled 48 Holstein cows (208 ± 4.65 d in milk [mean ± SD], 3.0 ± 0.42 lactations, 122 ± 4.92 d pregnant) in a study with a completely randomized design. Following a 7-d acclimation in thermoneutral conditions (temperature-humidity index [THI] 68), cows were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 12/group): thermoneutral conditions (TN-Con), HS conditions (HS-Con; diurnal THI 74 to 82), thermoneutral conditions pair-fed to match HS-Con (TN-PF), or HS fed OA/PB (HS-OAPB; 75 mg/kg of body weight; 25% citric acid, 16.7% sorbic acid, 1.7% thymol, 1.0% vanillin, and 55.6% triglyceride; AviPlusR, Vetagro, Italy) for 14 d. Cows were fed a corn silage based total mixed ration top-dressed without (triglyceride only) or with OA/PB. Cows were milked twice daily. Blood was collected on d −1, 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 for plasma urea N (PUN) quantification. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction. Planned contrasts included HS-Con versus (vs.) TN-Con, HS-Con vs. TN-PF, and HS-Con vs. HS-OAPB. Rectal and skin temperatures, and respiration rates were greater in HS-Con and HS-OAPB, relative to TN-Con and TN-PF (P < 0.01). HS-Con had greater water intake, and lower yields of milk and milk lactose and protein, relative to TN-PF (P < 0.01). Yields of energy-corrected milk (ECM) were lower in HS-Con, relative to TN-PF (P < 0.01). HS-OAPB had greater water intakes (P = 0.05) and tendency for greater dry matter intakes, relative to HS-Con (P = 0.14). HS-OAPB had greater ECM yields, relative to HS-Con (P = 0.05). This was due to greater milk protein yields (P = 0.05) and tendency for greater milk yields (P = 0.12) in HS-OAPB, relative to HS-Con. Milk urea N and PUN concentrations were lower in HS-OAPB cows, relative to HS-Con (P < 0.01), which suggests improved N efficiency. We conclude that dietary OA/PB supplementation partially restores lactation performance in heat-stressed dairy cows. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86083 |
Watch |
1436 |
Effects of zinc-hydroxychloride on gastrointestinal permeability and systemic inflammation in heat-stressed dairy cows. |
3 |
S. Rodriguez-Jimenez |
leaky gut Cr-EDTA |
S. Rodriguez-Jimenez1, E. J. Mayorga1, M. A. Abeyta1, B. M. Goetz1, J. Opgenorth1, A. D. Freestone1, V. L. N. Brandao2, L. H. Baumgard1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN |
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of dietary Zn-hydroxychloride or ZnSO4 on biomarkers of inflammation and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barrier integrity during heat stress (HS). Multiparous Holstein cows (680 ± 63kg BW; 130 ± 34DIM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: 1) control (CON; 75ppm Zn from ZnSO4; n = 12), or 2) HYD (75ppm Zn from HYD; Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN); n = 12). Cows were enrolled in 3 experimental periods (P): in P1 (5d) baseline data were collected, in P2 (5d), cows were fitted with an electric heat blanket (EHB; Thermotex Therapy Systems Ltd., Canada, to artificially induce HS) and in P3 (3d) EHB were removed. In vivo GIT permeability was assessed with the paracellular permeability marker chromium (Cr)-EDTA on P1d4, P2d2, P2d4 and P3d2. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. HS increased rectal temperature (1.8°C), respiration rate (62bpm) and skin temperature (7.2°C) and these variables did not differ by Zn source. DMI and milk yield progressively decreased during HS (49 and 29%, respectively; P < 0.01) and neither variable was affected by Zn. GIT permeability (blood Cr area under the curve; AUC) increased during P2 (30% relative to P1; P < 0.01). Circulating Cr decreased on P2d2 in HYD compared with CON, driven by reduced Cr during the first 2 h (23%; P < 0.01), but overall Cr AUC did not differ by Zn source during P2. Regardless of diet, GIT permeability decreased during P3 (21 and 39% relative to P1 and P2, respectively; P < 0.01). Serum amyloid A (SAA) levels did not increase during P2, but lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) progressively increased during HS and was increased (60%; P < 0.01) on P2d5 compared with P1. LBP remained elevated during P3 compared with P2 and SAA increased (61%; P < 0.01) during P3 and neither were affected by Zn source. In P3, DMI rapidly increased compared with HS, but this increase tended to be more pronounced (10%; P = 0.06) in HYD compared with CON. HS induced GIT hyperpermeability and this was associated with an inflammatory response. Circulating Cr differences during acute HS implies that Zn-HYD may specifically benefit the proximal sections of the GIT. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t87022 |
Watch |
1437 |
Effects of heat stress on inflammation and intestinal integrity in dairy calves. |
4 |
Z. Yu |
heat stress tight junction inflammation |
Z. Yu1, J. M. Cantet1, A. G. Ríus1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN |
Heat exposure can increase intestinal permeability and induce local and systemic inflammatory pathways in mammals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate how prolonged heat stress affects the integrity of intestinal epithelium and the expression of inflammatory response-related components in Holstein bull calves. Twelve week-old calves were individually housed in temperature-controlled rooms and assigned to 1) heat stress conditions and fed ad libitum (HS, ~36.0°C of ambient temperature for ~10 h/d, 26 to 45% relative humidity, n = 8) and 2) thermoneutral conditions and restricted starter intake (TN, constant ambient temperature of 19.5°C, 28 to 46% relative humidity, n = 8) for 7 d. Blood samples were collected to measure concentrations of plasma cytokines to assess the tone of systemic inflammation. Calves were euthanized and samples of jejunum, ileum and colon were harvested and flash-frozen to subsequently evaluate gene and protein expressions (RT-qPCR and automated Western Blots), activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and cytokine concentrations (Multiplex immunoassays). Plasma cytokine analysis were conducted using conventional ELISA. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS with treatment as the fixed effect. Relative to TN, HS increased the concentration of interleukin 36 receptor antagonist by 3.5-fold (P < 0.05). Conversely, HS decreased concentrations of IL-1α in jejunum and IL-6 in plasma (36% and 33%, respectively; P < 0.05) The expression of TJP1 decreased 70% in jejunum of HS calves (P < 0.05); however, the expression of HP2 tended (P = 0.098) to increase in HS calves. The expression of HSF-1 which plays a key role in the regulation of heat shock response was decreased in jejunum of heat-stressed calves (48.08%; P < 0.05). The activity of MPO was not affected. Our results suggest that 7 d of heat stress elicited an anti-inflammatory response which may alleviate some of the negative effects of heat stress in dairy calves. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t87082 |
Watch |
1438 |
Effects of supplementing native rumen microbes on milk production of mid-lactation dairy cows. |
5 |
K. Goldsmith |
microbiome feed additive rumen |
K. Goldsmith1, J. Liesman1, J. Lefler2, M. VandeHaar1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Native Microbials, Inc, San Diego, CA |
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplement containing 4 native rumen microorganisms on milk production and efficiency of dairy cows. Mid-lactation Holstein cows (n = 90; 43% primiparous; 92 ± 23 DIM) averaging 45 kg milk/d were studied in 2 time cohorts. Cows were fed a basal diet containing 43% forage, 29% NDF, 29% starch, and 18% CP. After 14 d, they were blocked by parity, DIM, and energy-corrected milk (ECM) per metabolic BW. Within block, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments which were top-dressed daily for the next 112 d onto the basal diet. Treatments were 150 g of ground corn mixed with 1) no live DFM (CON), 2) 5 g of a live DFM (Galaxis Frontier; G2), and 3) 5 g of DFM (Galaxis Frontier; G2P). G2 contained Clostridium beijerinckii at 1 × 107 cfu/d and Pichia kudriavzevii, Ruminococcus bovis, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens at 1 × 108 cfu/d. G2P was similar but with higher levels of C. beijerinckii at 4 × 107 cfu/d and P. kudriavzevii at 1 × 109 cfu/d. G2 and G2P are products of Native Microbials Inc. (San Diego, CA). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with pretreatment period as covariate for production. DFM did not alter yield of total milk, protein, or fat (P > 0.2), but slightly decreased gain of BW (P = 0.02) and body condition (P = 0.05) with no difference between G2 and G2P (P = 0.7). DFM tended to decrease dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.08) and tended to improve feed efficiency (P = 0.06) (ECM/DMI). DFM did not alter digestibility of fiber, starch, protein, or fat and did not alter concentrations of glucose or nonesterified fatty acids but tended to decrease concentration of insulin in plasma averaged over a day (P = 0.057). DFM decreased somatic cell counts in milk (P = 0.05) with no difference between G2 and G2P. In conclusion, supplementation with DFM had little impact on mid-lactation production, but some trending improvements in feed efficiency were observed. The digestibilities of NDF and starch in our diet were relatively high (45% and 95%, respectively), which might explain the lack of improved performance. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86779 |
Watch |
1439 |
Rumen endomicrobials improve lactation when supplemented during the periparturient period and mid-lactation in Holstein dairy cows. |
6 |
M. Bulnes |
rumen endomicrobials lactation performance transition cows |
M. Bulnes1, G Mendizabal1, J. Bonilla1, M Suazo1,3, T. C. Michelotti1,2, A. Paz1, G. Begalli1,4, A. F. Souza1,4, J. Lefler5, C. Marotz5, M. E. Uddin1, J. Osorio1 |
1South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 2University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, 3Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 4University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 5Native Microbials Inc, San Diego, CA |
Endomicrobials (EM) are native rumen microbial organisms that have been selected and cultured with the purpose of improving rumen function and feed efficiency in dairy cattle. This study evaluated the effects of a novel EM [Galaxis Frontier (GF); Native Microbials, Inc., California, USA] composed of a curated group of rumen microorganisms present in and originally isolated from high-performing dairy cows. Fifty-six Holstein dairy cows were enrolled at −21 d relative to calving and remained on the experiment until 100 d in milk (DIM). Cows were used in a randomized complete block design, where expected calving date, parity, and previous lactation milk yield for multiparous or genetic merit for primiparous cows were used as blocking factors. All cows received the same close-up diet from −21 DIM until calving (1.29 Mcal/kg DM and 10.8% CP) and lactation diet from calving to 100 DIM (1.67 Mcal/kg DM and 15.3% CP). At −21 DIM, cows were randomly assigned to a basal diet plus 150 g/d of ground corn (CON; n = 29) or a basal diet plus 150 g/d and 5 g/d GF (n = 27) for the remainder of the trial. Additional samples collected during this trial include blood and rumen fluid. Blood samples are being analyzed for inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, while ammonia, VFA, and microbiome composition in rumen fluid. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a trend (P = 0.08) for increased milk yield (+2.64 kg/d) for cows fed GF than CON during mid-lactation (31 to 100 DIM). Although DMI was not affected by treatment, GF cows tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater feed efficiency (+0.11, milk/DMI) in early lactation (0 to 30 DIM). There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) for milk fat and protein %, where milk fat % was lower (P < 0.01) in GF cows than CON at wk 11. Milk protein % was greater (P = 0.04) in GF cows than CON at wk 1, while lower (P ≤ 0.04) in GF cows than CON at wk 9 and 13. These results suggest that peripartal supplementation with GF will promote a better lactation performance, partially explaining improvements in feed efficiency. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86351 |
Watch |
1440 |
Effects of heat stress conditions and dietary organic acid and pure botanical supplementation on gastrointestinal permeability and plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentrations in lactating cows. |
8 |
A. B. P. Fontoura |
heat stress leaky gut TMAO |
A. B. P. Fontoura1, A. Javaid1, V. Sáinz de la Maza-Escolà1,2, N. S. Salandy1,3, S. L. Fubini1, E. Grilli2, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 3Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL |
In dairy cows, heat stress may develop with a modified gut microbiome, thus altering plasma concentrations of microbial-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) with a concomitant change in gastrointestinal permeability (GP). Dietary organic acid and pure botanical (OA/PB) feeding may prevent these outcomes. Forty-eight Holstein cows (208 ± 4.65 d in milk [mean ± SD], 3.0 ± 0.42 lactations, 122 ± 4.92 d pregnant) were enrolled in a study with a completely randomized design. Following a 7-d acclimation in thermoneutral conditions (temperature-humidity index [THI] 68), cows were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 12/group): thermoneutral conditions (TN-Con), heat stress (HS) conditions (HS-Con; diurnal THI 74 to 82), thermoneutral conditions pair-fed to match HS-Con (TN-PF), or HS fed OA/PB (HS-OAPB; 75 mg/kg of body weight; 25% citric acid, 16.7% sorbic acid, 1.7% thymol, 1.0% vanillin, and 55.6% triglyceride; AviPlusR, Vetagro, Italy) for 14 d. Cows were fed a corn silage based total mixed ration top-dressed without (triglyceride only) or with OA/PB. An oral Cr-EDTA challenge was performed to measure GP on d 3 and 13. Blood was collected on d −1, 3, and 14. Plasma Cr and TMAO were quantified. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction. Contrasts included HS-Con vs. TN-Con, HS-Con vs. TN-PF, and HS-Con vs. HS-OAPB. HS-Con had greater plasma Cr area under the curve (AUC; P = 0.05) and tendency for greater Cr AUC (P = 0.12) on d 3, relative to TN-Con and TN-PF, respectively. HS-Con had similar plasma Cr AUC on d 13, relative to TN-PF and TN-Con. TN-PF tended to have greater plasma Cr concentrations from h 12 to 24 post bolus on d 13, relative to TN-Con (Treatment × Time, P = 0.13). HS-Con had lower plasma TMAO concentrations on d 3 and 14, relative to TN-Con or TN-PF (P < 0.01). HS-OAPB plasma Cr AUC or TMAO concentrations were not different from HS-Con on d 3 or 14. We conclude that heat stress increases GP in cows independent of changes in intake or OA/PB feeding, and decreases in plasma TMAO are suggestive of a modified gut microbiome during HS. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86929 |
Watch |
1441 |
Effects of dietary betaine supplementation and partial rumen content transplantation on clinical signs of hyperthermia and milk production in heat-stressed Holstein cows. |
9 |
A. Javaid |
betaine heat stress ruminal microbiota |
A. Javaid1, A. R. Gonzalez2, J. W. McFadden1, D. E. Rico3 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 3CRSAD, Deschambault, QC, Canada |
Heat stress can alter the rumen microbiome and fermentation in cows; which may be modified by dietary betaine supplementation. Twelve rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (39 ± 6.4 kg milk/d; 82 ± 27 d in milk [DIM]) were used in a split-plot design testing the effects of betaine and partial rumen content transplantation (PRCT) on cow performance during heat stress. The main plot was the level of dietary betaine supplementation (CON: unsupplemented; or BET: 100 g/d intra-ruminal betaine hydrochloride 95%; AB Vista, Canada). Within each plot, cows were randomly assigned to the following treatments 1) heat stress (HS), 2) thermoneutral pair-feeding (TNPF), or 3) HS with PRCT (HS+PRCT; 25% replacement of rumen contents from 4 donor cows fed ad libitum in thermoneutrality; d 8–14) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. A mock transplantation was performed in HS and TNPF cows, as a handling control. Dry matter intake (DMI) and rectal temperature were recorded daily, and water intake and respiratory rates were determined on d 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 13. Milk samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 10 and 13. The statistical model included the random effects of cow and period, and the fixed effects of plot, treatment, day, and their interactions. No block or interaction effects were detected for any variable. Respiration rates, rectal temperatures, and water intakes were increased by 52%, 28% and 6%, respectively, in HS relative to TNPF (P < 0.01), but were not different between HS and HS+PRCT. Milk yields tended to be 23% lower in HS compared with TNPF cows (20.9 ± 1.4 vs. 25.1 ± 1.4 kg/d; P = 0.06) but were not different between HS and HS-PRCT (20.9 ± 1.4 vs. 16.5 ± 1.6 kg/d). Heat stress reduced the yield of milk protein (P = 0.02) by 22%, relative to TNPF (2.8 ± 0.1 vs. 3.0 ± 0.8 kg/d). However, milk protein yield was not different between HS and HS+PRCT. The yield of milk fat was not affected by treatment. We conclude that dietary betaine supplementation and PRCT had a limited ability to prevent the effects of heat stress on milk production in cows. Supported by FFAR. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86428 |
Watch |
1442 |
Evaluating methane mitigation by organic-certified feed additives within continuous culture. |
10 |
B. A. Wenner |
essential oils methane seaweed |
B. A. Wenner1, K. E. Mitchell1, G. Praisler1, S. Kienzle1, J. S. Velez2, P. S. Yoder3 |
1The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Columbus, OH, 2Aurora Organic Dairy, Boulder, CO, 3Perdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
Sustainability is interwoven with consumer expectations of organic agriculture yet there are limited independently validated strategies for methane (CH4) mitigation for organic dairy systems. Thus, our objective was to compare 2 organically certified feed additives for CH4 inhibition and one feed additive pending approval. We hypothesized that each would decrease CH4 production in continuous culture when compared with a control diet. Using dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (DFCC) fitted for CH4 and hydrogen sampling, 4 treatments were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were a negative control (CON, 60:40 concentrate:orchardgrass pellet mix, 17.1% CP, 36.4% NDF, 22.3% ADF, and 22.6% starch) fed twice daily for a total of 80 g/d DM, CON plus kelp seaweed (KELP) at 1.7 g/d, CON plus essential oils (EO) at 3 mg/d, and CON plus biochar (CHAR) at 1.6 g/d. All dosages were calculated based on previous data and supplier recommendations scaled to DFCC functional volume. Experimental periods included 7 d adaptation and 4 d sampling (11 d total). Buffer and solids dilution rates were 7%/hr and 5%/hr, respectively. The statistical model included fixed effect of treatment and random effects of fermenter and period. Gas production data were measured by feeding, thus, analysis included a repeated effect of feeding and hourly VFA samples a repeated effect of hour. Only EO decreased (P < 0.01) daily CH4 production compared with the control (43.1 vs 47.4 mmol/d, SD: 3.96). There was no effect (P > 0.10) of treatment on H2 emission, nor H2 or CH4 in the aqueous phase. There was also no effect (P > 0.10) of treatment on any nutrient digestibility or the production of primary VFA. However, KELP decreased (P < 0.01) production of isobutyrate (2.04 vs 2.30 mmol/d) and isovalerate (1.64 vs 1.99 mmol/d) compared with CON. While the present data illustrate efficacy of an essential oil product to decrease CH4 emission, decreases in CH4 were not supported by statistically significant gains in VFA that could translate to increased milk production in the dairy cow. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86201 |
Watch |
1443 |
New biochemical pathway for forming propionate during fermentation in rumen bacteria. |
11 |
B Zhang |
rumen bacteria propionate redox cofactors |
B Zhang1, C Lingga1, H De Groot1, T Hackmann1 |
1University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
Propionate is a product of fermentation in the rumen, and it is the major source of glucose for the cow. It is unclear how redox cofactors, ferredoxin and NAD+, are regenerated for propionate formation in rumen bacteria. We hypothesize that Rnf, an ion pump, can regenerate redox cofactors by oxidizing ferredoxin and reducing NAD+. Searching genomes of rumen bacteria shows many encode Rnf. Here we studied 2 such bacteria, Prevotella ruminicola 23 and Prevotella brevis GA33. We performed fermentation product analysis, enzymatic assays and shotgun proteomic analysis. Both bacteria fermented glucose into propionate or succinate (a propionate precursor), and acetate. The ferredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity of Rnf was 8.68 (0.85) milliunits per milligram (mU/mg) protein in P. ruminicola 23 and 29.82 (5.72) mU/mg protein in P. brevis GA33. Both values are higher than 0 (P = 0.031 and P = 0.009). The other enzymes for regenerating redox cofactors were identified similarly. These enzymes are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. They had activities higher than 0 mU/mg protein (P < 0.05) in both strains. Our shotgun proteomic analysis confirmed that both strains expressed these enzymes. Our study shows the importance of Rnf during formation of propionate in the rumen. Along with other enzymes, Rnf could be an important target for manipulating fermentation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86800 |
Watch |
1444 |
Characterizing ruminal microbiome contribution to residual feed intake and milk production efficiency in a large cohort of lactating dairy cows. |
12 |
H. F. Monteiro |
gross feed efficiency fat lactose |
H. F. Monteiro1, R. S. Bisinotto2, C. C. Figueiredo2, J. E. P. Santos3, F. Penagaricano4, E. S. Ribeiro5, F. Schenkel5, M. Marcondes6, B. C. Weimer1, F. S. Lima1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 3Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 5Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 6Department of Animal Sciences, University of Washington, Pullman, WA |
The rumen microbiome contribution to residual feed intake (RFI) and milk production efficiency (MPE, kg/kg DMI) in dairy cows has been a conundrum over the years. Albeit genetic heritability and predictability by equation models have been developed and improved, the contribution of the rumen microbiome to these traits has not been fully explored. We hypothesized that the characterization of the rumen microbiome from a large cohort of lactating dairy cows would identify microbial taxa that contribute to RFI and MPE assessments. Our aims were to characterize the rumen microbiome of cows differing in RFI and MPE traits from a large cohort of lactating dairy cows. Thus, 495 lactating dairy cows from the US and Canada had DMI measured daily between 50 ± 13 to 99 ± 13 d in milk. During this period, production parameters were measured, and rumen contents were collected using an esophageal tubing procedure. Milk production efficiency and the efficiency of producing each milk component was calculated by dividing ECM and each milk component by observed dry matter intake. The rumen microbiome composition was characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing as amplicon sequence variants in DADA2. Rumen microbiome differences were assessed through diversity indexes and permutational multivariate ANOVA. Microbial taxa contributing to group differences were identified through linear discriminant effect size analysis. A total of 275 microbiome-related parameters (MrP) were associated with RFI, while 84 MrP were associated with milk production efficiency. For milk components production efficiency, 72, 108, and 74 MrP were associated with milk fat, lactose, and protein production efficiency. For milk fat production efficiency, most of the 72 taxa relative abundances were associated with greater production of this trait. Most of the taxa relative abundance was associated with their lower efficiency for the remaining variables. Further studies should evaluate the use of these microbial taxa to predict production traits. |
| Ruminant Nutrition 8: Digestion and Fermentation 2 |
In-Person Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/22/2022 14:00 |
t86247 |
|
1445 |
In sacco and in vitro evaluation of Moringa oleifera seed for rumen degradation in dairy cows. |
13 |
H. M. Ji |
Moringa oleifera seed in vitro fermentation methane production |
H. M. Ji1, M. Lin1, D. J. Tan1, K. P. Wang1, Q. B. Ma1, K. Zhan1, X. H. Chen1 |
1Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Prov, China, |
This study was conducted to explore the in sacco degradation and in vitro fermentation parameters of Moringa oleifera seed, so as to provide theoretical basis for the application in ruminants. Three dry nonlactating Chinese Holstein cows with permanent rumen fistula were selected as experimental animals. The rumen degradation rate of M. oleifera seed kernel (MOSK) and M. oleifera seed shell (MOSS) were measured by nylon bag method for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h, and accompanied by the intestinal digestibility of RUP determination. Due to the low degradation rate of MOSS in the rumen, MOSK/total mixed diet (TMR) was used as the in vitro fermentation substrate, and 6 treatment groups were set: 0:100 (A), 20:80 (B), 40: 60 (C), 60:40 (D), 80:20 (E), 100:0 (F). Fermentation parameters, methane (CH4) production and 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h gas production were determined. The in sacco degradation a, b, and c values were calculated with the NLIN program of SAS 9.4. The CH4 production were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, the the linear and quadratic variation trends with MOSK ratio of in vitro fermentation were analyzed by orthogonal polynomial analysis using SPSS 22.0, and Tukey’s was applied for multiple comparison, t-test was used for in sacco and small intestinal digestibility analysis. The results were presented as “mean ± standard deviation,” P < 0.05 means significant difference, P < 0.01 means extremely significant difference. The results showed that the rumen degradation rates of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in MOSK group were significantly higher than those in MOSS group (P < 0.01). The rumen degradation parameters of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF in MOSK group were significantly higher than those in MOSS group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in in vitro intestinal digestibility between MOSK and MOSS (P > 0.05). The pH value, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), butyric acid and isobutyric acid contents of the in vitro fermentation increased significantly with the increase of the percentage of MOSK added (P < 0.05). However, no significant effects on MCP and TVFA was observed (P > 0.05). Both gas production and methane accumulation revealed a drop trend with adding more MOSK. In conclusion, MOSK showed better nutrient rumen degradation compared with MOSS, and high addition level of MOSK had significant inhibitory effects on rumen fermentation and methane production. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s10108 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86803 |
Watch |
1021V |
Can a probiotic intervention affect feeding behavior patterns of Angus × Holstein calves? |
1 |
M. Berry |
acidosis nutrition beef on dairy |
M. Berry1, G. Mazon1, J. H. C. Costa1 |
1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY |
This study evaluated the feeding behavior patterns of 31 Angus x Holstein calves (45.3 ± 7.1 kg; 8.2 ± 2.0d) fed a probiotic capsule (Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125; Lactipro FLX Calf, MS Biotec). Calves were divided into 3 probiotic treatments: placebo (ME0), single dose of probiotic on d15 (ME15), or probiotic administration on d 15 and 39 (ME15+39). Calves were housed individually, had free access to water and calf starter. Calves were fed 7L of milk replacer daily divided in 2 meals until d 41. On d 42, milk was reduced in half and then calves were weaned on d 56. A camera (Moultrie M-40i, Birmingham, AL) recorded the water and calf starter buckets in 1min intervals for 24h on d 13, 32, 53, and 67. Calves were classified as: eating or drinking (defined as the calf having its muzzle inside the bucket), oral behaviors (licking walls or oral manipulation of buckets), or others (standing idle, laying down, or nonvisible). A mixed linear model determined if there were any behavioral differences among treatments during the 4 recording days. The model included treatment, enrollment weight, enrollment age, enrollment brix, if the calf was ever treated with antibiotics, study period, and the interaction between treatment and period. Calves receiving the probiotic spent more time drinking water (ME0 = 2.46 ± 1.20, ME15 = 6.32 ± 1.19, ME15+39 = 6.73 ± 1.08 min/d; P = 0.03). However, time spent eating (ME0 = 38.09 ± 4.75, ME15 = 37.51 ± 4.68, ME15+39 = 40.86 ± 4.45 min/d; P = 0.75) or performing oral behaviors (ME0 = 32.96 ± 4.53, ME15 = 31.74 ± 4.75, ME15+39 = 21.31 ± 3.82 min/d; P = 0.14) did not differ between treatments. No treatment by period interactions was seen for eating (P > 0.45). But there was a significant treatment by period interaction for drinking (P = 0.03) where calves receiving the probiotic spent more time drinking water on d 53 (P = 0.01) and d 67 (P < 0.01). Overall, the probiotic increased the time the animals spent drinking but had no effect on the time spent eating or performing oral behaviors. Future research should investigate the effects of the probiotic on rumen dynamics. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9995 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86481 |
Watch |
2411V |
Association of calving-related events and metritis with behavior in postpartum cows. |
1 |
J. M. Piñeiro |
metritis calving-related events behavior |
J. M. Piñeiro1, G. M. Schuenemann2, B. T. Menichetti3 |
1Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Amarillo, Texas, 2Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Inter-Ag Nutrition Services, South Solon, OH |
The objective of this study was to assess the association of calving-related events (CRE; i.e., dystocia, stillbirth, twins, and retained placenta) and metritis (MET) with the behavioral activity of cows during their first week after parturition. A total of 1052 Holstein dairy cattle in 3 commercial dairy herds were enrolled one week before parturition until a week after calving. Monthly, a cohort of 20 to 36 cows was enrolled at each dairy and electronic data loggers (IceQube, IceRobotics, Edinburgh, UK) were placed on a rear leg of prepartum heifers (n = 401) and cows (n = 651) to assess their behavioral activity. Daily lying time (LT; min/d), number of steps (STP; no./d), number of lying bouts (LB; no./d) were recorded and the daily average for the first week after parturition was calculated. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. To obtain a normal distribution of residuals, a log10 transformation was applied to the first week's average daily steps for statistical analyses, and back-transformed LSM and 95% CI are reported. For all other variables, LSM ± SEM are reported. Compared with cows that did not have any CRE, cows that had at least one CRE had decreased daily STP [1698 (95% CI: 1543–1873) vs. 2087 (95% CI: 1914–2279); respectively]; and increased LT [622 ± 11 vs. 646 ± 14; respectively]. Similarly, compared with cows that did not have MET, MET cows had decreased daily STP [2075 (95% CI: 1871–2306) vs. 1875 (95% CI: 1871–2306); respectively]; and increased LT [620 ± 12 vs. 646 ± 14; respectively]. Regardless of parity, metritis and CRE were not associated with average daily number of LB for the first week after parturition. Our findings suggest that the increased LT and decreased number of daily STP during the first week after calving in cows with MET could be explained, at least in part, by the effect of CRE on these behavioral metrics. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86656 |
|
2412V |
Estimation of upper and lower THI critical threshold affecting milk production traits in Italian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). |
2 |
A. Maggiolino |
buffaloes cold stress heat stress |
A. Maggiolino1, N. Bartolomeo2, A. Tondo3, A Salzano4, G. Neglia4, V. Landi1, P. De Palo1 |
1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy, 2Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy, 3Italian Breeders Association, Rome, Italy, 4Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, UniUniversity of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy |
Many studies have been conducted to evaluate how heat stress affects dairy cows' production, reproduction, welfare and behavior, and some of these have estimated the temperature-humidity index (THI) thresholds over which milk yield and its constituents worsened their production in different cows’ breeds, but little is known about its effects on buffaloes. The aim of the work was to detect the THI thresholds, from the day of test-day sampling until 5 d before, for multiple milk production traits in Italian dairy buffaloes. A 10-yr data set (2009 — 2018) of test-day records was used. The set provided 442,354 test-day records of 42,651 buffaloes. All data were matched with the maximum and the minimum daily THI calculated by temperature and humidity hourly recorded. First, a mixed-effects linear model was fitted to obtain least squares estimates of THI effect on production traits cnosidering days in milk and calving season as nested variables. In a second set of analyses, the solutions for the THI class per parity class effect in the first model were used as the dependent variables to estimate change points in the relationship between production parameters and heat/cold load, applying a 2-phase regression analysis. Buffaloes showed no heat stress THI breakpoint for protein yield and cheese yield (P > 0.05). Differently, protein yield showed THI thresholds values of 18 and 19 during the 3 d before test-day for first, second and third parity buffaloes with losses ranging from 16.89 g to 26.73 g (P < 0.0001). Fourth parity buffaloes showed THI thresholds of 19 with losses ranging from 18.32 g to 62.96 g (P < 0.001). The lack of fitting of the 2-phase regression model on protein yield in buffaloes highlights the different metabolic asset of this species compared with cows in warm conditions. The most interesting result is buffaloes’ susceptibility to low values of THI. It is interesting to observe that buffaloes are sensible to cold stress. |
| Animal Behavior & Well-Being Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86678 |
Watch |
2413V |
Validation of a collar-based sensor for feeding and resting behavior of lactating dairy cows. |
3 |
K. A. Dijkinga |
accelerometer precision dairy |
K. A. Dijkinga1, M. V. F. Barros1, L. F. C. Garrido1, J. H. C. Costa2, R. R. Daros1 |
1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Medicina e Ciências da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 2Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY |
Automatically monitoring animal behavior has been widely applied in dairy science. However, many of these technologies have not been validated. This study aims to validate a collar-based sensor commercially available in Brazil that monitors rumination, feeding and resting time. A total of 15 lactating Holstein dairy cows housed in an AMS freestall barn were included in the study. Four previously trained observers conducted data collection in 2 subsequent days. Each cow was observed from 10 a.m. – 12 p.m. and from 3 p.m. – 5 p.m. as per observers' availability; 240min per animal. Cows were scan sampled every minute and the behavior was recorded as feeding (chewing, ingesting, or sorting feed), ruminating or resting (not eating and not ruminating). To match the sensor records, the direct observation data were summarized for each behavior as min/h per cow. Sensor data were provided by the company. The sensor-measured rumination, resting and feeding time (min/h) were compared with visual observation through Pearson’s product-moment correlation, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman plots. Pearson correlation for ruminating, resting and feeding time were 0.46, 0.43 and 0.69, respectively. We found low CCC for resting and rumination time (0.45 [95%CI: 0.23 to 0.62] and 0.40 [0.18 t0 0.59], respectively). However, the differences between the sensor and observations values were small and its confidence interval included zero for rumination [-4.05; −37.1 to 29.0] and resting time [3.7; −26.9 to 34.2]. Feeding time had a moderate CCC compared with feeding time (0.70 [0.53–0.80]) and the difference between values was close to zero (−0.01; −26.8 to 26.5). The wide confidence intervals may have been influenced by the low number of hours of observations, thus may be narrowed in further studies including more observation time. Overall the precision of the system is low for the behaviors studied; however, the sensor had reasonable accuracy, making it a valuable tool for herd management decisions. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9922 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86113 |
Watch |
1029V |
Association among maternal late-gestation lipid mobilization and the offspring’s health and performance through the first lactation: A cohort study in a dairy herd. |
1 |
A. Velasquez-Munoz |
transition cow calf performance metabolic stress |
A. Velasquez-Munoz1, E. J. Schuurmans1, J. Brester1, K. Starken1, A. Abuelo1 |
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
The objective was to explore associations between excessive maternal lipid mobilization in the last 2 weeks of gestation with offspring health and performance. A retrospective study was performed including 1,511 calves (heifer = 692, bull = 819) born between 2015 and 2020 in one MI farm. Calves were categorized in 2 groups based on dam plasma NEFA concentration: physiological lipid mobilization (PLM = 1,373; NEFA < 0.3mM) and excessive lipid mobilization (ELM = 138; NEFA ≥ 0.3mM). Calf records were obtained from the herd’s management software. Outcomes of interest were the hazard of pre-weaned digestive and respiratory disease, pre-weaned ADG, age at first breeding and calving, first-lactation 305d mature-equivalent milk yield (305ME), and survival until first calving. Statistical models included dam NEFA category adjusted by year and season of birth, parity of the dam, and sex of the calf. Cox proportional analysis was used to determine the hazard of a pre-weaned health event, first breeding, and first calving. Linear regression was used to evaluate ADG and 305ME. The survival until first calving was analyzed with logistic regression. The hazard of diarrhea (P = 0.65) and respiratory disease (P = 0.27) in the pre-weaned period did not differ by NEFA category. Also, no difference was found for the LSM (±SE) of pre-weaned ADG (PLM = 0.77 ± 1.55, ELM = 0.72 ± 2.76 kg/d; P = 0.1). In heifers, the hazard for first breeding favored the PLM group (HRPLM vs. ELM = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.17–2.14; P < 0.01), with a reduced median age (95%CI) at first breeding (PLM = 400d (397–402), ELM = 410d (404–421); P < 0.01). However, NEFA category was not associated with the hazard of first calving (P = 0.65), first-lactation 305ME (PLM = 15,952 ± 170 kg; ELM = 15,570 ± 514; P = 0.29), or the odds of surviving until first calving (P = 0.74). Overall, dam ELM affected the hazard of first breeding but no other indicators of health or long-term performance. However, associations between maternal lipid mobilization and calf outcomes cannot be excluded, as the NEFA cut-off used was established for fresh cow performance. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86627 |
Watch |
1032V |
Association between transfer of passive immunity and health disorders in commingled dairy calves raised for veal or other purposes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. |
2 |
A. Mohamed |
mortality diarrhea raising system |
A. Mohamed1,2, D. Francoz1,3, J. Berman1, S. Dufour3,4, S. Buczinski1,3 |
1Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, 2Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt, 3Regroupement Op+Lait, Saint Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, 4Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada |
Commingled dairy calves undergo different health problems which lead to a high antimicrobial treatment rate, especially in calves with the inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI). The aim was to describe, in multi-source commingled dairy calves raised for veal or other purposes, the association between ITPI and important health outcomes, including mortality, bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD), and diarrhea. We searched CAB Abstracts, PubMed, and Web of Science for observational studies and randomized trials exploring the associations between ITPI and any of the selected outcomes. The definition of ITPI, diseases as well as specific descriptive characteristics of the studies were recorded. Random effect meta-analyses were used to summarize associations. Nineteen studies were selected from 6,221 abstracts. Multiple definitions for the transfer of passive immunity and outcomes were reported. Thirteen studies were conducted on milk or grain-fed veal calves while the remaining 6 studies were performed on commingled dairy calves without further information on the end purpose of raising. We observed higher odds for mortality in calves with ITPI compared with those with successful immunity transfer (OR 2.46, 95% CI: 1.43–4.22, n = 8 studies). The same was reported for diarrhea (OR 3.03, 95% CI: 1.2–7.62, n = 7 studies). A significant publication bias was found in BRD selected studies (n = 5 studies) which revealed a nonsignificant association (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.77–2.6). ITPI was found to be associated with mortality and diarrhea in finishing facilities for commingled dairy calves raised for veal or other purposes. Standardized definitions for transfer of passive immunity and main calves’ health outcomes are recommended, as well as a better description of raising systems used for commingled dairy calves raised for meat production. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86038 |
Watch |
1471V |
Potential regulatory role of hypoxia in dairy cows with different lactation persistency. |
3 |
Z. Hu |
Holstein dairy cow lactation persistency hypoxia |
Z. Hu1, J. Cai1, J. Liu1, D. Wang1 |
1Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
This study was to compare lactation performance, physiological and biochemical parameters, oxygen levels and oxidative stress indicators of Holstein dairy cows with different lactation persistency. We monitored lactation performance from 76 high-yielding cows from peak lactating period (PL, DIM = 88.4 ± 4.4) (mean ± SEM) until late lactation stage (LL, DIM = 271.8 ± 5.2). Among them, 12 dairy cows with high lactation persistency (HP) and 12 animals with low lactation persistency (LP) with similar starting milk yield, were selected to conducted the current study. At PL, milk yield was 48.59 ± 4.30kg/d in HP group and 50.34 ± 6.64 kg/d in LP group (P = 0.67), while at LL, milk yield was 33.23 ± 3.72 kg/d in HP group and 22.68 ± 6.82 kg/d in LP group (P < 0.0001). Milk samples, mammary vein and caudal artery samples were taken from each cow at PL, middle lactation (ML, DIM = 191.8 ± 4.4) and LL, respectively. Milk samples from all quarters were collected at the beginning of the morning milking. Blood samples were obtained before morning feeding. Milk samples were analyzed with a spectrophotometer (Foss-4000; Foss Electric A/S, Hillerod, Denmark) for milk composition. Blood gas analysis was performed on iSTAT analyzer 7 using the CG8 + cartridge 8. ELISA kits of HIF1α, MDA, GSH-px, iNOS and eNOS were purchased by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Plasma biochemical markers were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The data were analyzed with a MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, including stage (PL, ML and LL), group (HP or LP), and their interaction as fixed effects. We observed that HP- and LP-cows are similar in their milk production and compositions at PL, while milk yield of LP-animals is about 70% in milk yield (P < 0.01) and ECM (P < 0.01) of HP-animals at LL, leading to lower yield of protein (P = 0.03), fat (P = 0.03) and lactose (P = 0.04), respectively. To be specific, ECM was 29.51 ± 7.55 kg/d in HP group and 21.73 ± 7.04 kg/d in LP group at LL (P = 0.01). In terms of plasma oxygen related variables, that enhanced oxygen partial pressure (P < 0.01) and reduced oxygen contents (P < 0.01) were observed in dairy cows with higher DIM but did not differ between HP- and LP-cows. The vein plasma hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) level is higher in LP-cows in relative to that of HP-animals (P < 0.01). Moreover, higher vein plasma glucose contents were identified in both vein and artery of LP-cows in relative to HP-cows. Lower vein plasma TG (P = 0.05), iNOS (P = 0.01) and eNOS (P = 0.06), as well as higher vein plasma MDA (P = 0.04) and GSH-Px (P = 0.05) were observed in LP-animals in relative to HP-cows, especially at LL. Our observation suggested hypoxia may play a role in lactation persistency. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86983 |
Watch |
1472V |
Evaluating the effect of a water supplement on dairy cow feed intake, water intake, and milk production parameters during summer. |
4 |
A. S. Bassett |
electrolytes SCC feed intake |
A. S. Bassett1, L. J. Spicer2, E. R. Maylem2, D. Kelley1, L. Guo1, A. Foote2, M. Klotz3, G. R. Holyoak1 |
1Oklahoma State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Stillwater, OK, 2Oklahoma State University Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Stillwater, OK, 3Aurora Pharmaceutical LLC, Northfield, MN |
Twenty-four primiparous and multiparous Holstein cattle were entered into a randomized clinical trial to assess the effect a water electrolyte supplement (Balance Stress and Dehydration Aid, Aurora Pharmaceuticals LLC) may have on production parameters. Cows averaged 2.2 lactations and 218 d in milk. The study was conducted in August of 2021 and maximum ambient temperature and relative humdity averaged 35.3°C and 90.9%, respectively, during the study. Cows were housed in an open-air freestall barn with 16 electronic feeders (Insentec) to record daily feed events and intake (DMI). Each group was assigned to one electronic waterer to record daily water intake. Cows were provided with ad libitum TMR twice daily and were milked twice daily. Half of the cows were in the treatment group, the other half the control group. The treatment group was given the water supplement at a rate of 1 ounce of supplement to 128 gallons of water using the electronic feeder system adapted with a chemical injector device (Dosatron) on the waterer. The control group was given water using a chemical injector device to mimic the treatment group. Feed intake, water intake, and milk production parameters were evaluated for 4 weeks and data analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA to determine the effects of treatment. Milk samples were taken weekly during successive a.m./p.m. milkings and analyzed for milk fat, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and somatic cell counts (SCC). Daily milk production (4%FCM) was not influenced (P > 0.10) by treatment (Control = 25.6 vs Supplement = 28.4 ± 2.5 kg/day), and supplement did not affect (P > 0.10) milk fat, protein or lactose percentages. Supplement treatment increased (P < 0.05) MUN levels such that MUN was 1.5 mg/dL greater (P < 0.05) in supplement-treated than control (13.6 vs.12.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL) cows. Supplement-treated cows tended (P < 0.10) to have lower SCC than controls (1.07 vs. 0.20 ± 0.3 × 106 cells/mL). DMI was increased by 8.3% (P < 0.05), but feed efficiency (kg 4%FCM/kg DMI) was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. Water intake was influenced (P < 0.05) by treatment x day interaction. We conclude that this water supplement may hold potential to reduce SCC and increase feed intake in lactating dairy cows during summer. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86877 |
Watch |
1474V |
Possibilities of predicting self-cure and treatment success of cows with metritis using farm-collected data, hemogram, and peripartum behavioral changes. |
5 |
J. Prim |
metritis cure prediction |
J. Prim1, A. Mirzaei1, T. Gonzalez1, P. Menta2, V. Machado2, R. Chebel1, K. Galvão1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
The objective was to identify the benefits of using hemogram and peripartum behavior changes added to farm-collected data to improve models to predict metritis cure. Holstein cows (n = 827) were fitted with a collar-mounted automated device from −21 to 60 d relative to calving to monitor rumination and activity. Cows diagnosed with metritis (d 1), characterized by watery, fetid, reddish/brown uterine discharge were randomly allocated to: no treatment at the day of diagnosis (CON; n = 54); or subcutaneous injection of 6.6 mg/kg ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (Excede, Zoetis) 72 h apart (CEF; n = 53). Self-cure (CON) or treatment success (CEF) of metritis was defined 12 d after diagnosis, when the vaginal discharge was mucoid, not fetid and cows did not receive escape therapy. All groups could receive escape therapy if the condition worsened after d1. Univariable analyses were performed using farm-collected data (gestation length, parity, body condition score, dystocia, calf sex, twins, stillbirth, vulvovaginal laceration, retained fetal membranes, days in milk, and rectal temperature at d 1), hemogram (complete blood count test at d 1), and behavior data (daily rumination and activity) to assess their association with metritis cure. Variables with a P-value ≤0.20 were included in the multivariable logistic regression models. The model to predict self-cure including just farm-collected data [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51 - 0.81], and the final model included farm-collected data, hemogram, and behavior data (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.79 - 0.98). The model to predict antimicrobial treatment success including just farm-collected data (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.55 - 0.83), and the final model included farm-collected data and hemogram (AUC = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.71 - 0.93). The hemogram improved the prediction of both models, whereas peripartum behavioral changes contributed to improving the prediction of treatment success. Prediction of metritis cure could be used to develop selective therapy strategies. In addition, predicting whether cows will respond to antimicrobial therapy may allow the identification of flagged cows and earlier decision-making regarding treatment. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86488 |
Watch |
1411V |
Evaluating factors affecting recovery of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. |
6 |
A. Hoyos-Jaramillo |
Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida transport media |
A. Garzon1, A. Hoyos-Jaramillo1, S. Hustad1, B. A. Byrne1, H. M. Fritz1, R. Pereira1 |
1University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
The objective was to evaluate the effect of transport storage media, time, and storage temperature on Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) yield using an in vitro model simulation. Semiquantitative (quadrant method) and quantitative culture methods using colony-forming units per ml (cfu/ml) were used to recover MH or PM using an in vitro model with swabs. In both approaches, samples were grown in 5% sheep blood agar plates. In each trial, a sterile PBS solution was inoculated with MH or PM, achieving 0.5 McFarland using OD600 between 0.08 and 0.1. A total of 58 sterile cotton swabs were inoculated in a culture solution with MH or PM and placed in either: 1) sterile falcon tube (DRY); 2) Aimes culture media with charcoal (ACM); or 3) Cary-Blair transport Agar (CBA). Swabs were evaluated for recovery of MH or PM at 3 temperatures: 4, 23, and 36°C; and assessed at 4-time points 0 (baseline), 8, 24, and 48 h. A multivariate mixed model was fitted to analyze the data using lme4 and lmerTest packages of R. When normality was not rejected, the dependent variable was the cfu/ml. The independent variables were storage media (DRY, ACM, and CBA), time points (8, 24, and 48 h), and the interaction between storage media and time points. Each swab was considered as an independent measure. When the normality was rejected, the nonparametric Dunn all pairs approach was used to compare cfu/ml between storage media, with one model created for each temperature and time point combination. The cfu/ml recovery of PM on samples stored at 4°C was lower for ACM when compared with DRY at 8 h (P = 0.05) but higher at 48 h (P < 0.01). For samples stored at 23°C, ACM had a higher cfu/ml recovery than DRY at 24 h (P < 0.01), and at 48 h, ACM and CBA were higher than DRY (P < 0.01). At all time points, samples stored at 36°C had a higher cfu/ml recovery in ACM and CBA than DRY (P = 0.02). The cfu/ml recovery of MH on samples stored at 4°C was higher for ACM and CBA than DRY at time points 24 (P < 0.01) and 48 (P < 0.01). Samples stored at 36°C had a higher cfu/ml recovery for ACM and CBA than DRY at time point 24 (P < 0.01). These results support the value of ACM and CBA for the recovery of PM and MH isolates, especially if samples were not refrigerated properly. Also, the combination of longer elapsed time and higher temperatures can impair diagnostic accuracy. |
| Animal Health Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86668 |
Watch |
1412V |
An evaluation of early intervention protocols based on camera-based autonomous mobility score trends. |
7 |
G. Cramer |
hoof health lameness precision technology |
G. Cramer1, E. Shepley1, N. O’Boyle2, R. McMillan2, A. Askew2 |
1University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 2CattleEye Ltd, Belfast, United Kingdom |
The study objective was to determine if changes in camera-based autonomous mobility scores could be used to reduce the duration of lameness in lactating dairy cows. Starting July 2021, a 2300 cow herd was scored continuously using camera-based autonomous mobility scoring (CattleEye). The system outputs a camera-based mobility score (CMS) of 0 to 100 (0 = no mobility abnormalities, 100 = severe mobility abnormalities), with a CMS ≥50 considered lame. Herd hoof trimmers were trained in lesion recording nomenclature and trimming techniques were standardized. Cows with an increasing CMS trend over a 14-d period – based on a linear model of cow CMS scores – were enrolled weekly. Enrollment eligibility included: CMS trend >20, no instance of lameness (CMS ≥50) 14–28 d before enrollment, days in milk (DIM) > 14, no ‘do not breed’ code, and no concurrent illness. Eligible cows were sorted by CMS trend score from highest to lowest and odd numbered cows were placed on the hoof trimming list (TEST) and even were enrolled but not placed on the trimming list (CONTROL). Limitations of hoof trimming capacity limited weekly enrollment to 5–12 TEST cows and an equal number of controls. Our outcome of interest was percentage of days cows spent above their maximum 14-d pre-enrollment CMS. Data were analyzed by comparing means and using a linear model, with treatment, lactation group, DIM, trend score and max score at enrollment were included as confounders. Preliminary data is for 128 cows (65 CONTROL, 63 TEST), with 22, 18 and 28 CONTROL cows in 1st, 2nd, and 3+ lactation, respectively, and 22, 12 and 30 TEST cows in 1st, 2nd, and 3+ lactation, respectively. Average DIM at enrollment was 144 (95% CI: 103–150) and 144 (95% CI: 120–167) for the CONTROL and TEST group. CONTROL cows had an average of 16% of their CMS above their maximum pre-enrollment score compared with 8% of TEST cows. When adjusted for all confounders, TEST cows tended to spend 7.7% (95%: CI 0–16.1) less days above their max pre-enrollment score (P = 0.07). Our results support that early intervention based on increasing CMS trends improves the mobility of cows in the 14 d past enrollment. |
| Animal Health Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9923 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Health Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86329 |
Watch |
2415V |
Cryptosprodiosis treatments in naturally infected dairy calves. |
1 |
A. Relling |
Cryptosporidium minerals and vitamins halofuginone |
E. Miqueo1,2, L. Fazzio3, G. Mattioli3, D. Moore1,2, A. Relling4 |
1Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires Argentina, 2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Balcarce, Buenos Aires Argentina, 3Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina, 4The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
Our objective was to evaluate therapeutic alternatives on body weight (BW), days (d) until diarrhea onset, and duration of the diarrhea episodes in Holstein calves naturally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum (confirmed by Kinyoun stain). Dairy calves (n = 87) from eutocic calvings were included in this experiment. Calves were fed 4 L of colostrum within 4 h of birth, after which they were individually housed with free access to water and starter and fed 6 L of whole milk daily in 2 meals. In the 8th week of life, they were abruptly weaned. Calves were blocked according to dam parity number and calving date, and distributed in the following treatments (n = 29 per treatment): 1. Calves treated orally with halofuginone lactate 0.5% from d 2 to 9 of life (HL; orally 100 µg/kg BW; Halocur MSD); 2. Calves supplemented at birth, 21 and 56 d, with a commercial injectable solution of microelements and vitamins (MV; copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, vitamin A and E; subcutaneous 1mL/50kg BW of each one, ADAPTADOR MIN / ADAPTADORVIT, Biogenesis Bagó); 3. Control group (CTL). Daily milk and starter intake was recorded. Visual appraisal fecal score (from 1 to 5; where a score = 3 was considered diarrhea) was registered every day since birth. Weekly, and before the morning feeding, calves were weighed until the 9th week of life. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete-block design using a mixed model. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) on when the first episode of diarrhea was observed (9.6, 8.3, and 7.7 ± 0.58 d for HL, MV, and CTL, respectively). The duration of first episode of diarrhea was shorter in HL group (4.5, 6.7, and 8.7 ± 1.17 d for HL, MV and CTL, respectively; P < 0.01). However, HL group had a greater number of total episodes (3.3, 1.9, and 2.2 ± 0.3 episodes for HL, MV, and CTL, respectively; P < 0.01) although of shorter duration than in the other treatments (3.4, 6.8, and 5.3 ± 0.48 d for HL, MV, and CTL, respectively; P < 0.01). Feed intake was greater for HL calves (1.16, 1.05, and 1.1 ± 0.07 kg/d for HL, MV, and CTL, respectively; P = 0.04). Although BW was not influenced by treatment (P = 0.25). Treating calves with HL can improve some fecal parameters and improve some growing features during the milk-feeding period. |
| Animal Health Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85900 |
Watch |
2416V |
15-F2t-Isoprostane favors an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype during endotoxin challenge. |
2 |
A. Putman |
inflammation isoprostane |
A. Putman1, G. A. Contreras1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
Dysregulated inflammation is a major underlying component of several economically important diseases of dairy cattle. Macrophages are critical effector cells in immune responses, functioning to progress and resolve inflammation during such diseases. These mononuclear cells regulate inflammatory responses by exhibiting a range of phenotypes. Furthermore, macrophages are a primary source of isoprostanes (IsoP), a nonenzymatic by-product of lipid peroxidation during inflammation. As highly sensitive and specific indicators of lipid damage, IsoP are the gold standard biomarker of oxidative stress. However, the physiological role of IsoP during inflammation is currently not well established. This study determined how IsoP affect macrophage phenotype during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. RAW 264.7 macrophages (n = 7) were challenged with 5 ng/mL LPS or untreated media for 8 h, followed with or without 500 nM 15-F2t-IsoP for 1 h. Macrophage phenotype was determined using metabolic, transcriptomic, and proteomic markers. Phenotypic markers assessed included ATP production; proinflammatory iNOS, IL1β, and IL6; and anti-inflammatory IL10, IL10, G-CSF, and IL17. Statistical analyses included a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s posthoc test (P < 0.05). In combination with LPS, 15-F2t-IsoP increased ATP production 37% relative to LPS-only treated cells. Additionally, gene expression of iNOS and IL1β were decreased while IL10 was increased. Cytokine expression of IL6 was decreased 12% and IL10, G-CSF, and IL17 were increased 13, 38, and 7%, respectively. Collectively, these results provide evidence that 15-F2t-IsoP promotes an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype during LPS challenge. These data support a novel physiological role of IsoP, where these lipid mediators may participate in healing pathways during late-stage inflammation when they are elevated. Additionally, the promotion of an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype may be beneficial to cow health and wellbeing. Future studies should be directed toward defining the mechanisms in which IsoP exert their action on macrophages, such as receptor interactions and downstream signaling pathways. |
| Animal Health Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86345 |
|
2417V |
Exogenous galectins activate innate and adaptive immune response gene expression in cow blood. |
3 |
M. Worku |
galectin immunity cow |
M. Worku1, H. Ismail1 |
1North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC |
Galectins (Gals) are a family of animal lectins that bind β-galactosides through a carbohydrate recognition domain. At least 15 gal are secreted intracellularly and extracellularly. They are involved in cell adhesion, migration, activation, proliferation, apoptosis, and they modulate pathological processes such as inflammation. Little is currently known about the effect of secreted Gals on gene expression in cow blood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transcriptional effects of structurally different Gals 1(Prototype), Gal 3 (chimera type) and Gal 9 (tandem-repeat type) on immune response genes transcription in cow blood. Blood was collected aseptically from Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 3) from the North Carolina A&T State University Dairy Unit. Blood was treated with 50μg/ml of recombinant galectin(rGal) 1, 3 and 9, or PBS as control and incubated (37°C, 5% CO2 for 30 min). Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and RT-qPCR was performed using the RT2 Profiler Human Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses Array with 84 genes. Gene expression was analyzed based on the fold change (FC) using the PBS treated sample as a reference (FC > 2 and P < 0.05 is considered significant). Exogenous rGal differentially impacted immune response gene expression in cow blood. Treatment with rGAL1, rGAL3, and rGAL9 changed transcription of 4 genes (all downregulated), 10 genes (2 up and 8 down) and 14 genes (6 up and 8 down) respectively. Structurally distinct Gal modulate unique and overlapping targets in the immune response. Treating bovine blood cells with rGal (1, 3 and 9) differentially modulated immune gene expression. Further studies on functional implications for animal health are warranted. |
| Animal Health Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Animal Health |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86479 |
Watch |
2418V |
The effects of administration of acetylsalicylic acid to dairy cows after calving on milk yield and health performance. |
4 |
J. M. Piñeiro |
acetylsalicylic acid clinical disease events culling |
J. M. Piñeiro1, A. A. Barragan2, E. Jimenez2, J. A. Spencer1, J. A. Garcia-Buitrago3, R. Hagevoort3 |
1Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX, 2Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 3Department of Animal and Ranch Sciences, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM |
The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the effects of postpartum oral administration of acetylsalicylic acid to dairy cows on milk yield, clinical disease events, and culling. A total of 1,490 postpartum dairy cows from a commercial dairy in Texas were enrolled from September to December 2020. Cows were matched by parity and randomly assigned to one of 2 treatments: (1) 2 doses with acetylsalicylic acid (4 aspirin boluses per dose) at ~6 h and ~30 h after parturition (ASP, n = 745; 200 mg/kg) or (2) no treatment (CTRL, n = 745). Milk yield data for the first 3 DHIA milk tests, clinical disease events, and culling rate were collected from on-farm computer records. Data were analyzed using MIXED or GLIMMIX procedures of SAS and LSM (±SEM) were reported for significant effects (P < 0.05). Cows in the ASP group produced more milk on the first DHIA test compared with CTRL cows (ASP = 38.4 ± 0.30 kg; CTRL = 37.6 ± 0.32 kg). There was no difference regarding the incidence of diseases between groups. However, there was an interaction between treatment and parity for metritis (P < 0.05). Primiparous cows treated with ASP had higher incidence of metritis compared with primiparous CTRL cows (ASP = 66.2 ± 4.2%; CTRL = 30.5 ± 5.0%). Cows in the CTRL group had a higher culling (sold or died) rate within the first 60 DIM compared with ASP cows (ASP = 6.9 ± 1.13%; CTRL = 10.8 ± 1.60%), due to a higher proportion of CTRL cows that were sold within the first 60 DIM compared with the ASP group (ASP = 5.1 ± 0.95%; CTRL = 8.0 ± 1.36%). These results agree with previous scientific literature suggesting that treatment with acetylsalicylic acid after calving may have positive effects on milk yield in multiparous cows. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9930 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86923 |
|
1258V |
Genetic change of maturity curve by selection on early performance records of a longitudinal trait in a simulated dairy population. |
1 |
Y. Masuda |
repeatability model multiple-trait model maturity curve |
Y. Masuda1 |
1Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan |
Dairy sire selection has relied on the daughters’ earliest records of longitudinal traits such as milk yield. A trajectory of breeding values across lactations referred to as a genetic maturity curve (GMC), is expected to show “early maturation” by the selection because genetic correlations among lactations are less than 1. It is unclear how the GMC changes when a repeatability model is used in genetic evaluation. The objective of this study was to illustrate a possible genetic trend of the GMC by selection on EBV from a repeatability model (REP) compared with the selection using a multiple-trait model (MT). A conventional progeny-testing program was simulated. It was designed to select 20 daughter-proven bulls for 100 candidate bulls each year for high milk production. The “true” breeding values up to the fifth lactation were generated using the genetic covariance matrix (5 × 5) estimated in Japanese Holstein. A cow has one record in each lactation. Some cows were randomly removed at the end of each lactation. A young bull was mated randomly with the cows to produce 50 “test daughters.” After the test daughters had a record in the first lactation, the candidates were selected based on EBV calculated with REP or MT treating each lactation as a separate trait. The MT EBV was defined as the sum of genetic evaluations in the first 5 lactations. In total, 50 replicates were generated in each scenario. With REP, for the proven bulls born in year 20, the average GMC showed almost flat in the first 3 lactations and decreased later. With MT, the GMC tended to be an upwardly convex parabola, and the peak appeared at lactation 3. The sum of the true breeding values up to lactation 5 was slightly greater in MT. In both models, EBV decreased from the first-crop to the second-crop evaluations when the true breeding value decreased from the first to the second lactation. The multiple-trait model is helpful to select animals with particular GMC and predict a possible EBV change by evaluation. The repeatability model can increase the genetic gain up to lactation 3 evenly. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86672 |
Watch |
1475V |
Current state of inbreeding, genetic diversity, and selection history in all major breeds of US dairy cattle. |
2 |
E. A. Lozada-Soto |
dairy cattle inbreeding genetic diversity |
E. A. Lozada-Soto1, C. Maltecca1, J. B. Cole2, P. M. VanRaden3, F. Tiezzi4 |
1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2URUS Group LP, Madison, WI, 3Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 4Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy |
This study aimed to characterize autozygosity, assess the current state of pedigree and genomic inbreeding, and identify trends in genetic diversity in 5 breeds of US dairy cattle. Pedigree information and imputed genotypes for 76,389 autosomal markers were obtained for 4,173,679 animals of the Ayrshire (AY), Brown Swiss (BS), Guernsey (GU), Holstein (HO), and Jersey (JE) breeds. Inbreeding was calculated using pedigree information (FPED), genomic information via a marker-based approach (FGRM), and genomic information using runs of homozygosity (FROH). The average pedigree inbreeding ranged from 0.06 (AY, BS) to 0.08 (JE), FGRM ranged from 0.22 (HO) to 0.29 (GU, JE), and FROH ranged from 0.11 (AY) to 0.17 (JE). In addition, we assessed genetic diversity for sires and dams born before genomic selection (P1; 2000–2009), during the implementation of genomic selection (P2; 2010–2014), or after the widespread adoption of GS (P3; 2015–2018). The rate of yearly inbreeding accumulation (ΔFyear) and effective population size (Ne) were calculated in each period. For AY, BS, and GU, no clear trends in ΔFyear and Ne were observed between periods. For HO and JE sires and dams, we observed a significant increase in inbreeding rate after genomic selection, resulting in effective population sizes that ranged from 14 to 29 for HO sires, from 20 to 55 for HO dams, from 35 to 74 for JE sires, and from 102 to 276 for JE dams. We performed QTL enrichment of genomic regions with high autozygosity. We found high homozygosity on or near QTLs for milk, production, and health in all 5 breeds, for conformation traits in 3 breeds (except HO and GU), for meat and carcass in 3 breeds (except BS and HO), and for reproduction in all breeds except GU. This serves as evidence of direct selection or a correlated response for these traits. We show how recent selection strategies have contributed to the observed levels of autozygosity, rate of inbreeding accumulation, and genetic diversity in the major US dairy populations. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86229 |
Watch |
1476V |
FoxO1 controls lipolysis via directly binding to adipose triglyceride lipase promoter in dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. |
3 |
Q. He |
FoxO1 ATGL promoter GMECs |
Q. He1, J. Luo1 |
1Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China |
Goat milk is rich in short- and medium-chain fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Exploring the transcriptional regulating mechanism of fatty acid metabolism in goat mammary gland is of paramount scientific significance to understand the genesis of goat milk flavor formation and milk composition manipulation. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the key enzyme for catalyzing the initial step in adipose triglyceride lipolysis to release fatty acids (FAs) and diacylglycerol (DG). In the liver of mammals, FoxO1 promotes the expression of ATGL to increase the degradation of fatty acids, the mechanism underlying of ATGL regulation in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) remains unclear. To explore the regulatory mechanism of ATGL on lipolysis, ATGL 5′flanking region were cloned and sequenced. Also, FoxO1 overexpression adenovirus and small interference RNA targeting FoxO1 were designed. Results showed that the mRNA expression of ATGL and ATGL promoter activity were significantly downregulated after knockdown of FoxO1. Consistently, content of triglycerides was significantly decreased in FoxO1 overexpression cells. To further confirm the effect of FoxO1 on ATGL promoter activity, cells were transfected with 5 promoter fragments of various lengths. We found that core region of the ATGL promoter was located between −882 bp and −524 bp and there were 2 FoxO1 binding sites (FKH1 and FKH2) in the core region. Moreover, the results of double luciferase activity experiment indicate that overexpression of FoxO1 markedly increased ATGL promoter activities after transfected with −882 bp/+216 constructs. In addition, single mutation of FKH element could significantly downregulate the activity of ATGL promoter and weaken the activation of FoxO1 on ATGL promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that FoxO1 could directly bind to the FKH element of the ATGL promoter in vivo, and had a higher affinity for FKH2 than FKH1. In conclusion, our study revealed the regulatory role of FoxO1 on the lipolysis through modulating ATGL activities in GMECs.To elucidate the transcriptional regulation mechanism of fatty acid metabolism in mammary gland of dairy goats, and provide a novel target for studies on mechanism of goat milk fatty acid composition manipulation and improving the goat milk quality. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9931 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86278 |
Watch |
2422V |
Improved, expanded, and automated ancestor discovery. |
1 |
D. J. Null |
genomics grandsires pedigrees |
D. J. Null1, G. R. Wiggans2, E. O.O Ogwo1, P. M. VanRaden1 |
1USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 2Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD |
Maternal grandsires (MGS) and maternal great grandsires (MGGS) can be discovered using percentages of haplotypes shared after removing paternal haplotypes in each generation. Accuracy of ancestor discovery was originally tested with 2011 data, published in 2013, and was retested here with 2021 data to account for more markers, different chips, revised imputation, faster generation intervals, and many more candidate grandsires. Accuracy was determined from a random sample of 88,995 calves whose dams, granddams (MGD), MGS, and MGGS were genotyped and already confirmed to have correct parent-progeny relationships. The genotypes and pedigrees of the dam and MGD were removed to determine how often the correct MGS and MGGS could be discovered within each breed. In all 5 breeds (Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire, and Guernsey) about 92% of true grandsires were automatically filled correctly, about 5% of true grandsires were suggested but not filled, and <2% of the added ancestors were incorrect. Most incorrect ancestors were the dam’s MGS instead of her sire or the MGD’s MGS instead of her sire. Counts across all test animals were 78,492 MGS and MGGS correctly added, 7,576 in 1st place but not added, 402 incorrectly added, and 2,525 other cases. The other cases were mostly where the true grandsire was in second place or was less than 2 years older than the dam and no grandsire was automatically added. Discovery was further improved by adjusting the birth year and haplotype sharing limits to accept and add more of the first-place candidates because most were correct. This automated system has already added hundreds of thousands of MGS for known dams and will add >1.3 million more ancestors for animals with unknown dams or MGD using virtual dam IDs to connect calves to their MGS and / or MGGS. Any discovered ancestors thought to be incorrect can be set back to missing by animal owners. Full implementation is expected in 2022. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86268 |
Watch |
2423V |
Deep sequencing of Murciano-Granadina goats for variant detection and insights into potential loss-of-function variants. |
2 |
K. Wang |
loss-of-function mutations goats variant calling |
K. Wang1,2, M. G. Luigi-Sierra1, A. Martínez3, J. V. Delgado3, J. F. Álvarez3, A Noce1, M. Wang1, J. Jordana4, M. Amills1,4 |
1Centre de Recerca Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 2College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 3Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain, 4Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain |
Livestock species have accumulated deleterious mutations at high frequencies due to the processes of domestication and artificial selection.Loss-of-function mutations have not been characterized in depth in goats despite the fact that embryo lethality has probably a noticeable impact on the reproductive success and economic profitability of goat farms. In this work, we have sequenced the genomes of 15 bucks with an average coverage of 32.92x ± 1.45x. After performing variant calling following GATK (v 4.1.8.0) best practices, we have predicted the functional consequences of polymorphisms with SnpEff and Ensembl-VEP. Potential loss-of-function mutations, comprising SNPs cataloged as stop-gained, stop-lost, splice-acceptor, splice-donor, and start-lost, were filtered out with strict selection criteria and those consistently identified by both programs were taken into account. In total, 2029 potential LoF were detected out of the whole-genome sequencing results (Table 1). Functional enrichment analyses of the genes harboring LoF will be performed. Moreover, we will also analyze the segregation of LoF mutations with an expected harmful effect in the offspring of the 15 bucks, and statistical methods will be employed to determine whether any of the mutations show a depletion of individuals with homozygous genotypes for the harmful polymorphism. This research project should provide valuable information to discriminate potentially harmful mutations with abnormal transmission patterns to offspring and could be used in selection schemes to avoid the use of bucks carrying mutations with adverse effects on embryo and fetal viability. Table 1. SNP filtering of Murciano-Granadina goats
| SnpEFF |
|
VEP |
|
Intersection |
| Mutation type |
Count |
Mutation type |
Count |
Bedtools |
Vcf-compare |
| Stop gain |
1,049 |
|
Stop gain |
989 |
|
989 |
989 |
| Stop lost |
163 |
|
Stop lost |
49 |
|
57 |
49 |
| Start lost |
136 |
|
Start lost |
146 |
|
92 |
92 |
| Splice acceptor |
584 |
|
Splice acceptor |
361 |
|
361 |
361 |
| Splice donor |
893 |
|
Splice donor |
3,992 |
|
598 |
538 |
| Total |
2,825 |
|
|
5,537 |
|
2,097 |
2,029 |
|
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86280 |
Watch |
2424V |
Identification of goat mammary gland long noncoding RNAs and characterization of their expression in lactating and dry individuals. |
3 |
M. Wang |
lncRNA RNA-seq goat |
M. Wang1, M. G. Luigi-Sierra1, A. Noce1, A. Martínez2, J. V. Delgado2, J. Fernández-Álvarez2, A. A. K. Salama3, X. Such3, J. Jordana3, M. Amills1,3 |
1Centre de Recerca Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain, 2Departamento de Genética,Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain, 3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain |
Long noncoding (lncRNAs) modulate biological processes by regulating transcription, chromatin remodeling, and RNA splicing. Lactation involves dramatic changes in the gene expression patterns of the mammary gland in goats, but we do not know yet which lncRNAs are expressed in this tissue and their exact biological roles. In this work, we aimed to characterize caprine mammary lncRNAs in lactating and dry individuals and to compare their levels of expression. To achieve this goal, we have used one data set including 7 Murciano-Granadina goats sampled at early and late lactation and dry period that was reported in a previous study. Moreover, we have generated a second data set including 5 lactating and 5 dry goats. RNA preparations have been sequenced by using an Illumina HiSeq 4000 machine. Clean reads, resulting from the removal of adapters and low-quality reads using the Trimgalore software, have been aligned to the goat ARS1 genome using HISAT2 software, and uniquely mapped reads have been summarized with the featureCounts tool. In the first data set, an average of 65 million reads per sample, with an overall alignment rate of 92 – 96%, have been obtained, while sequencing of the second data set is still in process. We will use both data sets to identify lncRNAs expressed in the goat mammary tissue by applying appropriate filtering criteria and using 3 tools able to discriminate coding from noncoding RNA i.e Coding Potential Assessment Tool (CPAT), Coding Potential Calculator (CPC2), and the Coding-Non-Coding-Index (CNCI). We will consider as high-confidence lncRNAs those detected with these 3 tools, and their expression will be compared in the mammary gland of lactating vs dry goats to identify those that are differentially expressed. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86564 |
Watch |
2425V |
Indirect predictions based on SNP effects from single-step GBLUP for Holstein dairy cattle. |
4 |
G. Vargas |
algorithm for proven and young marker effects ssGBLUP |
G. Vargas1, N. Vukasinovic1, C. Przybyla1, J. D. Nkrumah1, D. González-Peña1 |
1Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, MI |
Single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) can be used to derive SNP effects for indirect prediction (IP) for young genotyped animals by backsolving genomic EBV (GEBV). This approach can be a practical and faster solution when conducting a genomic evaluation for a large number of genotyped animals and would enable more frequent evaluation at a lower cost. The objective of this study was to investigate how close IP based on SNP effects are to GEBV from regular ssGBLUP for a Holstein dairy population. Traits studied included 8 cow wellness traits: mastitis (MAST), lameness (LAME), metritis (METR), retained placenta (RETP), displaced abomasum (DA), ketosis (KETO), milk fever (MFEV), respiratory disease (RESP); and 3 fertility traits: cystic ovary (CYST), abortion (ABRT), and twinning (TWIN). The full data set consisted of 50.7M records, 26.1M animals in the pedigree, and 1.6M animals genotyped for 45K SNP. A single-trait model was fitted for each trait using the algorithm for proven and young (APY) with 25,000 core animals randomly selected to obtain the benchmark GEBV. Indirect predictions were adjusted to the same scale of GEBV enabling comparison with animals from regular ssGBLUP. Correlations between predicted transmitting ability (PTA) obtained using regular ssGBLUP and IP approached 0.97 for all fertility traits, and 0.98 for cow wellness traits. Indirect genomic predictions were very similar to those based on ssGBLUP using an appropriate number of core animals. |
| Breeding & Genetics Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86587 |
Watch |
2467V |
Genetic parameters of milk mid-infrared spectra-based methane predictions and their relationships with production traits in Walloon dairy cattle. |
5 |
N. Gengler |
greenhouse gases methane emissions sustainable agriculture |
H. Atashi1,2, A. Vanlierde3, S. Vanderick1, H. Wilmot1,4, H. Soyeurt1, N. Gengler1 |
1ULiège-GxABT, Gembloux, Belgium, 2Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, 3Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium, 4National Fund for Scientific Research, Brussels Belgium |
Beyond global warming issues, direct CH4 emissions are also a loss of energy. Genetic selection of low CH4 emitting cows is a promising cost-effective and permanent strategy. However, CH4 emission traits must be well defined, genetically variable and heritable, and their genetic correlations with other important traits known. Proposed traits include CH4 production, defined as the daily production (g/d); CH4 yield, defined as the amount of CH4 produced per unit of dry matter intake; CH4 intensity, defined as CH4 produced per unit of product (milk or meat), and residual CH4. Research has found that milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra based predictors could explain approximately 70% of the daily CH4 emissions. This study estimated genetic parameters of MIR-based CH4 and its relationships with production traits. Edited data were 1,529,282 test-day milk yield (MY), fat percentage (FP), protein percentage (PP), lactose percentage (LP), milk urea concentration (MU), and somatic cell count (SCS) from 229,465 first-parity cows distributed in 1,530 herds collected from 2006 to 2021. Milk MIR spectra were used to predict CH4 emissions (PME, g/d) using existing equations. The trait log-transformed CH4 intensity (LMI) was defined as the log-transformed ratio of PME divided by the daily MY (kg/d) recorded on the same test-day achieving a more normal distribution. Random regression test-day models were used to estimate variance components. Means (SD) PME and LMI were 326.8 (67.65) g/d, and 2.64 (0.35), respectively. Mean daily h2 estimated for PME and LMI were 0.14 (0.05) and 0.24 (0.05), respectively. Mean genetic correlation estimated between PME and LMI was 0.55 (0.03). Mean genetic correlation between PME and the included milk traits ranged from −0.14 (MY) to 0.40 (FP). The corresponding values estimated using LMI ranged from −0.88 (MY) to 0.58 (PP). MU and SCS showed close to zero genetic correlations with the studied CH4 traits. Breeding for reduced CH4 emissions seems to be possible, but relationships to other traits need also to be considered. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Dairy Foods |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9932 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Dairy Foods |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86099 |
Watch |
1477V |
Effect of dairy bedding on microbial safety of milk. |
1 |
H. M. Wu |
tank milk bedding material ARGs |
H. M. Wu1,2, L. Meng1,2, N. Zheng1,2, J. Q. Wang1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
The presence of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in milk are among the most important issues related to the safety of dairy products and the health of consumers. However, despite that dairy cow are housed for long periods of time on different beddings, the effect of different bedding materials on the microbiota and presence of ARGs is unclear. In this study, bedding materials and tank milk samples were collected from farms in Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Tianjin (Hebei: sand bedding(S-B); Heilongjiang: rice husk bedding (RH-B); Tianjin: recycled manure solids bedding (RMS-B) in healthy cowsheds for 3 consecutive days. The composition of microorganisms, and the presence of mastitis pathogens and 33 ARGs targeting 7 antibiotics in raw milk produced from these farms were compared by amplicon sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that microbiota was different in milk from cows housed under different bedding conditions. Regarding environmental pathogens, 1/3 of the RMS-M samples had strong positive results for Enterococcus spp (+++), positive results for Streptococcus dysgalatiae (++), and weak positive results for yeast (+). A weak positive result (+) for Escherichia coli was detected in 1/3 of milk from cows housed on rice husk bedding (RH-M). Staphylococcus spp. were found in all milks from cows housed on RMS bedding (RMS-M), while Mycoplasma bovis was weakly positive (+) in 2/3 RMS-M samples. None of the mastitis pathogens were detected in milk from cows housed on sand bedding (S-M). In the S-M group, the proportion of ARGs targeting β-lactamases, Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B (MLSBs), sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and vancomycin was higher than that in RMS-M group (P < 0.05). There were also ARGs in the S-M group, including those targeting β-lactamases (mecA and blaRoB), MLSBs (emrA-2 and emrB-1), sulfonamides (sul2), tetracyclines (tetW-1, and tetW-2), and vancomycin (vanC-2). These content of ARGs in S-M group was higher than that in RH-M group (P < 0.05). The proportion of MLSBs (ermB-2) and tetracyclines (tetB-2 and tetW-1) in the RH-M group was also significantly higher than that in the RMS-M group (P < 0.05). In general, the content of ARGs in RMS-M was the lowest, However, a variety of mastitis pathogens were found in RMS-M group. RMS bedding may pose a threat to the breast health of dairy cows. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86629 |
Watch |
1132V |
Effect of cooking temperature on alkaline phosphatase in the production of raw-milk Pecorino cheese. |
2 |
M. Caccamo |
alkaline phosphatase raw-milk cheeses cooking temperature |
G. Licitra1,2, V. M. Marino1, G. Belvedere1, G. Mangione2, A. Difalco1, R. Petriglieri1, M. Caccamo1 |
1CoRFiLaC, Ragusa, Italy, 2University of Catania, Catania, Italy |
The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test is used in many countries as the standard assay for rapid validation of the milk pasteurization process. In Protected Designation of Origin cheeses, ALP has been adopted as an antifraud tool to control the use of pasteurized milk in the production of raw-milk cheeses. Low levels of ALP (<10 mU/g) might indicate the use of pasteurized milk. However, the temperatures adopted during cheesemaking may inactivate the ALP enzyme. To this purpose a trial was carried out where different temperatures of “scotta”-whey were used for the second cooking of Pecorino cheeses after molding for 3 h: T35, T60, T70, T80, T90, and T100. Cheeses’ temperatures were monitored every 15 min during cooking and every 30 min after cooking until ambient temperature was reached. For each temperature treatment, 2 cheeses (1 right after cooking and 1 cheese after cooling at ambient temperature) were sampled for chemical analyses and ALP determination using a fluorimetric method, at both, side (ALPs) and core (ALPc) portions. For both ALPs and ALPc, T80, T90, and T100 cheeses had ALP contents significantly lower (P < 0.001), compared with other treatments. In T70 treatment there was a significant portion effect, with a greater reduction in the side portion compared with the core (2389,4 vs 725,9 mU/g). This might be due to the longer exposition at a temperature above 50°C on the side portion compared with the core (135 min vs 15 min, respectively). The ALP reduction in T70 treatment for core and side portion was 50% and 7% respectively. Despite the use of raw milk, ALPs values found in T90 and T100 were similar to ALP values reported in pasteurized milk cheeses. Care must be taken in using the alkaline phosphatase to control the use of pasteurized milk in the production of PDO cheeses without considering all the temperature-related parameters of the cheesemaking process. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86266 |
Watch |
1206V |
Microwave vacuum drying of cream: A novel process for the manufacturing of dehydrated shelf stable cream. |
3 |
J. Dumpler |
microwave vacuum drying heavy cream reconstitution |
J. Dumpler1, C. I. Moraru1 |
1Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Microwave vacuum drying (MVD) can lead to product structures and functionalities that cannot be achieved by traditional drying technologies. In this work, the potential of MVD for drying concentrated heavy cream was investigated. Pasteurized heavy whipping cream was adjusted to 30% fat (35.5% total solids) with skim milk, either left unhomogenized, homogenized at 65 - 67°C at 6.9 MPa (single-step) or at 6.9 MPa and 3.45 MPa (2-step). Homogenized cream was evaporated to 43% total solids in a rotary evaporator at 65 - 70°C within 12 min and microwave vacuum dried using a pilot-scale unit (nutraREV, Enwave, BC, Canada) at 2- and 3-mm layer thickness, 1.5 W g−1, and 27–37 mbar or 60–67 mbar. The moisture content, water activity, color, and free fat by solvent extraction of the dehydrated heavy cream were determined. The dehydrated heavy cream was reconstituted to 43% total solids (36% fat) at low shear in a blender and at high shear using a rotor-stator homogenizer. Reconstituted cream properties were investigated using color, optical microscopy, laser light diffraction, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Whipped cream texture was determined using a texture analyzer equipped with a PC/R cream probe at 1 mm s−1 pre-test speed, 2 mm s−1 test speed, and 10 mm s−1 post-test speed using the average force in N between 6 and 10 s at test speed. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and data were analyzed statistically. A lower MVD pressure resulted in faster drying. Two-step homogenization led to a more cohesive dehydrated cream structure, lower free fat content (P < 0.05), and different whipping properties. Single-step and 2-step homogenization led to 0.84 N and 0.65 N foam strength, respectively, i.e., a significantly softer whipped cream structure (P < 0.05) at 90 s whipping time than pasteurized whipping cream (2.97 N). However, longer whipping times of >3 min resulted in a foam strength >2 N for homogenized reconstituted whipped cream. Overall, the MVD drying conditions had a less significant effect on reconstitution as compared with the homogenization conditions and the reconstitution conditions. These findings will be useful for dairy processors interested in adopting MVD as a versatile drying process for long life dairy product innovations. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9994 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86804 |
Watch |
1479V |
Comparison of stainless steel surfaces (weldments, polished, and native) for supporting spore-former biofilms. |
1 |
T. Almalki |
weldment surfaces biofilm |
T. Almalki1,2, S. Anand1,2 |
1Midwest Dairy Food Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brooking, SD |
The bacterial attachment on equipment surfaces has the potential to develop into resilient biofilms, which affects the product safety. Current practice in dairy plants requires that all weldments must be polished to remove pits and crevices, the procedure may increase the surface roughness and make the stainless steel surfaces more prone to biofilm formation over time. It was hypothesized that the selected spore formers would show different biofilm formation on each surface due to differences in their surface roughness. This study aimed to evaluate biofilm formation on welded and polished SS surfaces as compared with native SS surfaces. Three types of SS 316 coupons (native, welded, and polished) were exposed to spiked milk samples with Geobacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC15952), Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 6634), Bacillus sporothermodurans (DSM 10599), and Bacillus coagulans (ATCC 5856) at their optimum temperature to form biofilms. The respective biofilm counts were taken after 72h of incubation by standard microbiological techniques. Scanning electron micrographs helped to visually observe the developed biofilms. The surface roughness was measured using a laser scanning microscope. The replicated data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test and the replicated data from 3 trials of each organism were statistically analyzed to compare means using a 2-way ANOVA test. The result indicated that native and polished surfaces supported the least biofilm formation with 4.05, 4.03 log cfu/mL, respectively. The highest biofilm formation was observed on welded surfaces for B. coagulans, B. licheniformis, B. sporothermodurans, and G. stearothermophilus, (4.86, 4.8, 4.79, and 4.73 log cfu/mL, respectively). Overall, for native, welded, and polished surfaces, the average log-counts were significantly different for the 4 organisms (P < 0.05) tested. Of the 4 organisms tested B. sporothermodurans and G. stearothermophilus formed lower biofilms on polished surfaces (4.14, 4.35 log cfu/mL for the 2 organisms) than weldments. Overall, among the spore formers, B. coagulans and B. licheniformis showed higher biofilm formation on the 3 different surfaces. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86226 |
|
2426V |
Determination of volatile compound in milks with different thermal treatments by gas chromatography–ion migration spectrometry. |
2 |
N. Li |
thermal treatment volatile compound gas chromatography–ion mobility spectroscopy |
N. Li1,2, Y. D. Zhang1,2, G. X. Huang1,2, N. Zheng1,2, J. Q. Wang1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
The components in milk (like proteins and even microbial components) are denatured during thermal treatment. The volatiles in milk are also affected. The diversity of volatile compounds in raw (RM), pasteurized (PM) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk from the same batch were studied. Gas chromatography–ion mobility spectroscopy (GC–IMS) is a promising technology for the accurate characterization and detection of volatile organic compounds, but its application in milk is rare. In this experiment, 3 replicates were set for each group. GC–IMS fingerprints with principal component analysis (PCA) were used to study the flavor fingerprints of milk samples with different thermal treatment. Thirty-eight typical target compounds were identified totally, and a diversity of flavor compounds in raw milk with different thermal treatment was observed. The special volatile compounds in RM are esters, including ethyl pentanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, and butyl hexanoate. After rising the temperature, the concentrations of aldehydes and ketones increased in both PM and UM. The contents of hexanal, cyclohexanone, and pentanal increased in PM, while those of 2-heptanone, benzaldehyde, 2-pentanone, 2-nonanone, butyl methyl ketone, as well as 2-octanone increased in UHT milk. We carried out PCA according to the signal strength of the identified volatile compounds, and the examination showed that it could precisely make a distinction among the samples in a comparative space. In conclusion, the results showed that the different thermal treatments used can change the type of the volatile compounds found in milk. The volatile compounds in RM are mainly esters. After adjustment of the thermal treatment temperature, the flavor substances of the PM were mainly aldehydes, while those of the UHT milk were ketones. Therefore, in production, reducing the impact on volatile substances while adjusting the sterilization temperature to extend shelf life should be taken into consideration. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86487 |
Watch |
2427V |
Lactoferrin alleviated aflatoxin M1-induced apoptosis in intestinal NCM 460 cells through the autophagy pathway. |
3 |
H. Y. Wu |
lactoferrin aflatoxin M1 apoptosis |
H. Y. Wu1,2, Y. N. Gao1,2, S. L. Li1,2, X. Y. Bao1,2, J. Q. Wang1,2, N. Zheng1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the only mycotoxin with maximum residue limit in milk, which may result in serious human diseases. On the contrary, bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is an active protein with multiple functions. Studies have confirmed that bLf has a powerful potential to protect the intestines,but the influence of bLf on mycotoxins is not clear. This study aims to explore whether bLf can protect the cytotoxicity induced by AFM1, and determine the underlying mechanisms in human normal colonic epithelial NCM460 cells by using CCK-8 kit, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and RNA interference. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. A one-way ANOVA test was used, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test for statistical analysis of the differences. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results indicated that 8 µg/mL AFM1 decreased the cell viability, and increased the levels of apoptosis and autophagy of NCM460 cells. 100 µg/mL bLf can alleviate the cytotoxicity induced by AFM1 through enhancing cell viability, significantly downregulated the expression of apoptotic genes and proteins (BAX, caspase3, caspase9, caspase3, and caspase9), and regulated the gene and protein expression of autophagy factors (Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, Beclin1, ULK1, ULK2, LC3, and p62).Furthermore, interference of the key gene Atg5 of autophagy can reduce AFM1-induced apoptosis,which is consistent with the role of bLf, implying that bLf may protect AFM1-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting excessive autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, our data indicated that bLf has a mitigating effect on apoptosis induced by AFM1 through the autophagy pathway. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Cheese |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86851 |
Watch |
2428V |
Impact of pH and storage conditions on the formation of biogenic amines and CO2 in a Cheddar cheese model system. |
4 |
R. A. Ibáñez |
cheese quality decarboxylase activity late gas formation |
I. Panguripan1, R. A. Ibáñez2, K. Houck2, S. Govindasamy-Lucey2, M. E. Johnson2, J. A. Lucey1,2 |
1Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Biogenic amines (BA) are degradation products found in fermented foods, which are formed through decarboxylation of free amino acids (FAA) by undesirable bacteria [i.e., contaminants and nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB)]. In cheese, accumulation of BA is associated with off-flavor defects and allergic-like reactions in sensitive consumers. However, is also believed that BA may be a potential source of late gas formation (LGF) defects, since CO2 is released during decarboxylation of FAA. In a previous work, we isolated NSLAB with decarboxylase activity (DA) from commercial cheeses with visible signs of LGF (slits and/or cracks). We hypothesized that production of BA and CO2 from these microorganisms is influenced by cheese environment conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of 3 strains of NSLAB with DA on the production of BA and CO2 in a cheese model system (CMS) at varying levels of pH, temperature and storage time. The aqueous phase of 1-mo old Cheddar cheese was extracted to use it as a CMS, supplemented with FAA, inoculated with 3 independent culture strains with DA isolated from cheeses with LGF (Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Pediococcus parvulus) at a rate of 103 cfu/mL CMS and stored at various pH (4.88–5.72), temperature (1.5–18.5°C) and time of storage (6–74 d) based on a central composite design. Levels of BA and headspace CO2 were measured by HPLC and a headspace analyzer, respectively. Production of BA and CO2 increased due to a positive response of temperature and time of storage on L. parabuchneri and P. parluvus treatments, and a positive impact of pH, temperature and storage time on L. curvatus treatment (P < 0.05). The L. parabuchneri treatment exhibited increased levels of total BA (>3000 mg/kg) and CO2 (>15%), when contrasted with L. curvatus and P. parluvus (<200 mg/kg and < 8%, respectively). These findings suggested CMS was suitable to evaluate formation of BA and CO2 under simulated cheese conditions; and showed the occurrence of NSLAB with strong or weak capacity on producing BA. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86203 |
|
2429V |
Ex vivo and in vitro studies revealed underlying mechanisms of immature intestinal inflammatory responses caused by aflatoxin M1 together with ochratoxin A. |
5 |
Y. N. Gao |
aflatoxin M1 ochratoxin A RNA-seq |
Z. W. Wang1,2, Y. N. Gao1,2, S. N. Huang1,2, N. Zheng1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which are occasionally detected in milk and commercial baby foods, could easily enter and reach the gastrointestinal tract, posing impairment to the first line of barrier and causing dysfunction of the tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory roles of individual and combined AFM1 and OTA on the immature intestine. Hereby, we used ELISA assays to evaluate the generation of cytokines from ex vivo CD-1 fetal mouse jejunum induced by AFM1 and OTA, and explored the related regulatory pathways and pivot genes using RNA-seq analysis. It was found that OTA exhibited much stronger ability in stimulating proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 from jejunum tissue than AFM1 (OTA of 4 μM versus AFM1 of 50 μM), whereas combination of the 2 toxins seemed to exert antagonistic actions. In addition, transcriptomics also showed that most gene members in the enriched pathway ‘cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction’ were higher expressed in OTA than AFM1 group. By means of PPI network analysis, NFKB1 and RelB were regarded as hub genes in response to OTA but not AFM1. In human FHs 74 Int cell line, both AFM1 and OTA enhanced the content of reactive oxygen species, and the oxidative response was more apparent in OTA-treated cells in comparison with AFM1. Furthermore, OTA and AFM1+OTA raised the protein abundance of p50/RelB, and triggered the translocation of the dimer from cytosol to nucleus. The experimental data ex vivo and in vitro showed that OTA-induced inflammation was thought to be bound up with the upregulation and translocation of NF-κB, though AFM1 seemed to have no obvious impact. Since it was the first attempt to uncover the appearances and inner mechanisms regarding inflammation provoked by AFM1 and OTA on immature intestinal models, further efforts are needed to understand the detailed metabolic steps of the toxin in cells, and clarify their causal relationship with the signals proposed from current research. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86452 |
Watch |
2430V |
Compositional and physical characteristics of high-protein ice cream made using milk protein concentrate. |
6 |
D. G. Kamel |
ice cream milk protein concentrate physicochemical properties |
D. G. Kamel1, M. A. Ahmed2, A. F. A. Ahmed2, A. R. A. Hammam1,3 |
1Dairy Science Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, 2Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt, 3Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is a dairy ingredient produced using ultrafiltration and has many applications, such as ice cream. The objective of this study was to develop a process to produce high-protein ice cream (HPIC) using different ratios of MPC (70% protein). HPIC mix (3% fat; 14% milk solids nonfat, SNF; 15% sucrose; 0.3% stabilizer; and 0.1% vanilla) was manufactured using MPC at a rate of 3, 6, and 9%. The HPIC mix, ice cream after manufacture and during storage (−18°C for 30 d) were analyzed. This study was repeated 3 times. One-way and two-way ANOVA were performed on compositional and microbiological analyses, respectively, using R software. The relative viscosity, density, and weight per gallon (WPG) increased (P < 0.05) in HPIC compared with control. The pH, acidity, total solids, SNF, ash, and fat were 6.7–6.8, 0.21–0.23%, 33.8–34.1%, 14.7–15.4%, 0.96–1.04%, 3.2–3.3% with no significant differences (P > 0.05) within treatments. However, the protein content increased (P < 0.05) from 4.6% in control to 7.5% in HPIC made with 9% MPC as expected, while carbohydrates decreased (P < 0.05) from 11.1% in control to 10.6% in HPIC made with 9% MPC. The HPIC made with 6 and 9% MPC showed the highest (P < 0.05) density and WPG, while the highest overrun was found in HPIC made with 3% MPC. The total bacterial count (TBC) of ice cream was slightly higher (P < 0.05) in control ice cream and HPIC made with 3% MPC, while storage time and interaction of treatments with storage had no effect (P > 0.05) on the TBC. Also, the treatments, storage time, or their interactions had no impact (P > 0.05) on the yeast and mold counts. The organoleptic properties and melting resistance of HPIC increased as the protein content elevated. The ice cream made from different treatments showed slight differences in the microstructure. We concluded that high-quality ice cream with high protein content could be produced efficiently using MPC. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86500 |
Watch |
2431V |
2′-Fucosyllactose ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by modulating gut microbiota and promoting MUC2 expression. |
7 |
Q. Yao |
2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) colitis gut microbiota |
Q. Yao1,3, L. Fan1, N. Zheng1, C. Blecker2, V. Delcenserie3, H. Li1, J. Wang1 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium, 3Department of Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium |
Gut microbiota dysbiosis, together with goblet cells dysfunction has been observed in ulcerative colitis cases. This study aims to evaluate the potential of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) supplementation in inhibiting intestinal inflammation through regulating gut microbiota, protecting goblet cells and stimulating mucin secretion. 2′-FL was orally administered to C57BL/6J mice daily (400 mg/kg b.w.) for 21 d, and 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to induce the colitis in the last 7 d. Meanwhile, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted to test the roles of gut microbiota in the remission of colitis by 2′-FL. Gut microbiota alteration was analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), immunofluorescence staining, as well as MUC2 and NLRP6 mRNA expression in colon fragments were performed and detected. The results showed that the DSS+2′-FL mice were found to have a slower rate of weight loss, lower disease activity index (DAI) scores and longer colon lengths than the DSS group (P < 0.05), so did in the FMT recipient mice which received fecal microbiota from the DSS+2′-FL group. In addition, the data revealed that 2′-FL relieved the disorder of DSS-induced gut microbiota, including decreasing high abundance of mucin-utilizing bacteria in DSS group, such as Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroides vulgatus. PAS and immunofluorescence staining showed that 2′-FL treatment promoted the recovery of goblet cells and enhanced MUC2 and NLRP6 expression, which was also observed in the FM(DSS+2′-FL) group. Moreover, NLRP6, which, has been proved to be a negative regulator for TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, was upregulated by 2′-FL in colon tissue. In conclusion, this work suggests that 2′-FL ameliorates colitis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. The underlying protective mechanism associates with the recovery of goblet cells number and improves MUC2 secretion through TLR4-related pathway. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86348 |
Watch |
2432V |
Establishment of optimized fermentation parameters to convert dairy waste streams into value-added products via aerobic fermentation by Brettanomyces claussenii. |
8 |
K. G. Jencarelli |
fermentation acetic acid dairy effluents |
K. G. Jencarelli1, M. R. Lawton1, S. D. Alcaine1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Dairy effluents such as milk permeate, whey permeate, and acid whey represent a disposal burden on producers. Bioconversion of the residual lactose in these effluents can create a value-added processing option for the dairy industry. Through aerobic fermentation, the yeast Brettanomyces claussenii can ferment lactose into acetic acid, a constituent of functional beverages and other consumer products. If lactose is cleaved with a lactase enzyme before fermentation, B. claussenii exhibits varied levels of galactose usage. Galactose is a sugar that can be used to impart sweetness in a functional beverage or be collected for other processes. Response surface methodology was used to determine optimized levels of fermentation parameters for acetic acid production and galactose retention in synthetic media that emulates dairy effluents. A central composite design with an α = 1, on face design was run with 3 center points in biological triplicate. The significant factors evaluated were agitation (RPM), yeast inoculation level (Log cfu/mL), initial pH, and time (Days). Initial lactose cancentration and temperature were held constant at 7% and 25°C respectively and lactase was added at the time of inoculation. Samples were analyzed at their respective time points via HPLC for lactose, glucose, galactose, acetic acid, and ethanol. Statistical models were fit to maximize acetic acid and galactose independently and then for the 2 responses simultaneously. The optimized levels for maximizing both acetic acid production and galactose retention were: 171.5 RPM, 13.2 d, 5 Log cfu/mL inoculation level, and a pH of 6.5. These levels correspond to a predicted output of 9.25 g/L acetic acid, 95% confidence interval (CI) [7.44, 11.05] and 30.37 g/L residual galactose, 95% CI [24.44, 36.30]. Future research will test these optimized parameters to validate the model in both synthetic media and acid whey. This research can help establish processing parameters to valorize dairy effluents. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86406 |
Watch |
2433V |
The impact of heat process and dipotassium phosphate on the aqueous phase around casein micelles in milk protein beverage. |
9 |
J. Pranata |
milk protein concentrate micellar casein concentrate soluble protein |
J. Pranata1, H. Hoyt2, D. M. Barbano1, M. A. Drake2 |
1Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC |
Our objective was to determine the effects of dipotassium phosphate (DKP) addition, heat treatments (no heat, HTST (high temperature short time): 72°C for 15 s, and DSI (direct steam injection): 142°C for 2.3 s), and storage time on the soluble protein composition and mineral (P, Ca, K) concentration of the aqueous phase around casein micelles in 7.5% milk protein-based beverages made with liquid skim milk protein concentrate (MPC) and micellar casein concentrate (MCC). MPC was produced using a spiral wound polymeric membrane and MCC was produced using a 0.1µm ceramic membrane by filtration at 50°C. Two DKP concentrations were used (0 and 0.15% wt/wt) within each of the 3 treatments. All beverages had no other additives and ran through thermal treatment without coagulation. Ultracentrifugation (2 h run at 100,000 x g, 4°C) supernatants of the beverages were collected at 1, 5, 8, 12 and 15 d storage at 4°C. P, Ca, and K concentrations in the beverages and supernatants were measured using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Protein composition of supernatants was measured using Kjeldahl and SDS-PAGE. Protein concentration in supernatant was higher (P < 0.05) with DKP added and increased (P < 0.05) with time of storage and these effects were larger for MCC than MPC. Supernatant protein concentration was higher and increased more with time for lower heat treatments with added DKP for MCC and this may be related to large viscosity increases observed for MCC versus MPC beverages. Supernatant αs-, β-, and κ-casein increased (P < 0.05) with DKP addition and increased with time, especially for αs-casein. Supernatant P and Ca were higher with DKP and increased (P < 0.05) more with time. These increases were larger with added DKP and lower heat, particularly for MCC. Added DKP caused a large increase in supernatant P, Ca, and proteins, especially αs- and β-casein and the effect was stronger for MCC than MPC. Added DKP in milk protein beverages caused dissociation of casein monomers from the casein micelles. |
| Dairy Foods Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Dairy Foods |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86545 |
Watch |
2311V |
Preliminary study on effect of pasteurization with a batch method commonly used for small-scale productions of Ragusano donkey milk on alkaline phosphatase activity and lysozyme contents. |
10 |
V. M. Marino |
donkey milk ALP lysozyme |
V. M. Marino1, S. La Terra1, I. Schadt1 |
1Consorzio per la Ricerca nel Settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'Agroalimentare, Ragusa, Italy |
Donkey milk (DM) is a niche functional food suggested for infants with cow milk allergy, and, because of its high lysozyme contents, also for immuno-compromised people. As DM needs to be pasteurized for commercialization, Alkaline Phosphatase activity (ALP) may be used to control pasteurization efficiency. According to the EU-law, the maximum residual limit (MRL) of ALP in pasteurized cow milk must be below 350 mU/L. This threshold may not be reasonable for DM and still needs to be investigated. The aims of this preliminary study were to assess: 1) ALP thresholds for pasteurized DM at 2 temperature - time conditions suggested by EU-law, 63°C - 30 min and 72°C - 15 s, and 2) the impact of these conditions on lysozyme contents. A batch pasteurization method commonly used at small and medium-sized DM farms, was chosen. Bulk DM was collected monthly at 3 Sicilian farms, from January - October, to obtain a total of 30 samples. The samples were pasteurized at the 2 above-mentioned conditions. ALP and lysozyme contents were determined in raw and pasteurized samples, and somatic cell counts (SCC) were measured in raw DM. In 26 raw DM samples SCC were <75,000 cells/mL, and ALP ranged from 1950 to 7,500 mU/L. Four raw DM samples had higher SCC between 100,000 and 200,000 cells/mL with higher ALP of 12,700 to 31,600 mU/L. ALP in pasteurized samples seemed not to be related to SCC. ALP were higher (P < 0.05) at 63°C- 30 min (118 mU/L) compared with 72°C – 15 s (82 mU/L), and the overall range was between 70 and 165 mU/L. Compared with the EU-threshold of ALP of 350 mU/L, a more representative MRL for DM may be ALP of about 170 mU/L. Pasteurization reduced lysozyme contents by 7 - 25% (P < 0.05) without difference between heat treatments. Levels below 70 mU/L could be an indicator for pasteurization temperatures higher than 72°C that may increase lysozyme losses. |
| Forages & Pastures Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9938 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Forages & Pastures Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Forages and Pastures |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86529 |
Watch |
2434V |
The nutritional value of alfalfa hay at different particle size as determined by in vitro gas production methods. |
1 |
W. Tang |
alfalfa hay rumen fermentation parameters particle size |
W. Tang1,2, Y. Zhang1,2, S. Zhao1,2, N. Zheng1,2, J. Wang1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Alfalfa, as a high-quality forage rich in protein, minerals and trace elements, is widely used in animal husbandry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alfalfa hay with different particle sizes as fermentation substrate on gas production, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein and volatile fatty acids by in vitro method. Alfalfa hay was crushed to 2 particle sizes (0.625 and 20 mm). 100mL glass syringe was used as fermentation tube for in vitro fermentation experiment. Five repetitions were set for each treatment, and samples were collected at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h. Statistical analysis was analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's method using SAS 9.4 software. P < 0.05 was set as a significant difference. The results showed that the gas production rate was significantly lower than that of 0.625 mm alfalfa hay (P < 0.05, from 0.067 to 0.055) when 20 mm alfalfa hay was used as fermentation substrate. But there were no significant differences in cumulative gas production at 72 h and theoretical maximum gas production between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). After 24 h, the concentration of NH3-N in 0.625mm group was significantly lower than that in 20 mm group (P < 0.05), the concentration decreased from 39.35 mg/dL to 34.41 mg/dL. The concentration of microbial protein in both groups showed an increasing trend (P > 0.05). After 72 h of fermentation, the concentration of microbial protein in 0.625 mm group was significantly higher than that in 20 mm group (P < 0.05), the concentration increased from 5.06 mg/mL to 5.9 mg/mL. The concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and total VFA in both groups showed an upward trend (P < 0.05). Before 24 h of fermentation, except butyric acid, the concentrations of VFA in 0.625 mm group were significantly lower than those in 20 mm group (P < 0.05). After 48 h of fermentation, the concentrations of VFA in all groups showed no significant difference. In conclusion, the particle size of fermentation substrate will affect its fermentation parameters. Compared with a 20mm particle size, alfalfa hay cut to 0.625 mm showed an increased gas production rate, microbial protein concentration and VFA concentration. |
| Lactation Biology Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9943 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactation Biology Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86237 |
|
1480V |
Effect of casein expression by circadian clock gene Period2 in the mammary gland. |
1 |
Y. Wang |
Period2 casein synthesis prolactin |
L. Hu1, Y. Wang1 |
1Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China |
Milk protein determines the milk quality and competitiveness of dairy production. Our previous studies have showed that the expression of casein was affected by the low expression of circadian clock gene Period2 in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells in vitro, but the specific regulation mechanism was not clear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of the effects of Period2 on mammary development and the signal pathways of casein synthesis by silencing Period2 expression in cow mammary epithelial cells in vitro and by knocking out Period2 gene in mice. To silencing Period2 expression, the primary bovine mammary epithelial cells were transfected with Period2 siRNA. Our data showed that Period2 gene silencing increased cell proliferation and stimulated casein the transcription and translation by regulating JAK2-STAT5 pathway (P < 0.05). In addition, mammary tissues and serum samples were collected from mice for 24 h at an interval of 4 h. The rhythmic changes of mRNA expression of Period2 and 3 casein genes were analyzed. Expression of Period2 showed a circadian rhythmic change of quasi cosine function, which was positively correlated with the rhythmic change of casein expression in the same circadian period. Furthermore, in Period2 knockout mice, knockdown of Period2 gene significantly promoted the growth and development of mammary gland acini and increased the expression of 3 casein genes (P < 0.05). In summary, Period2 may indirectly and directly affect casein synthesis by regulating the growth and development of the mammary gland and by regulating JAK2-STAT5 pathways. |
| Lactation Biology Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Lactation Biology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86534 |
Watch |
1154 |
Glucose promotes de novo milk fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland of lactating goats via the AMPK-ChREBP axis. |
2 |
W. Y. Zhang |
milk fat glucose infusion mammary gland |
W. Y. Zhang1, J. X. Liu1, H. B. Shi1 |
1Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
To investigate the role of glucose in regulating milk fatty acid synthesis, 6 lactating Saanen dairy goats were infused with 0, 60, or 100 g/d glucose via the external pudic artery in a 3 × 3 repeated Latin square experiment. A concomitant in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate possible mechanisms whereby glucose regulates milk fatty acid synthesis. RNA sequencing was used for cellular transcriptome analysis. MK-2206, rapamycin, and dorsomorphin were used to block cellular Akt, mTOR, and AMPK signaling pathways respectively. ChREBP was knockdown and overexpressed to investigate its role in regulating milk fatty acid synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. Differences between treatments were analyzed by orthogonal polynomial linear and quadratic contrasts using MIXED in SAS 8.2 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Glucose infusion linearly elevated the concentration of C8:0 and C10:0 in milk fat while it linearly decreased that of C16:0 (P < 0.05). The result was in agreement with the upregulation of genes related to de novo synthesis of fatty acids and lipid droplet formation, including ADRP, BTN1A1, FASN and ChREBP. Their expression increased linearly in the lactating goat mammary gland. In vitro, glucose linearly stimulated the expression of genes related to de novo synthesis of fatty acids and cellular triacylglycerol in cultured mammary epithelial cells. RNA sequencing and inhibition studies revealed that glucose induced transcriptomic changes toward increased lipogenic pathways, with AMPK responding to glucose by controlling ChREBP and FASN. Knockdown and overexpression of ChREBP underscored its essential role in lipogenesis. The knockdown and overexpression of ChREBP protein revealed an essential role in regulating de novo synthesis of fatty acids. Collectively, our data highlight that glucose supplementation promotes de novo FA synthesis via the AMPK-ChREBP axis, hence, increasing milk fat yield in the goat mammary gland. Results from the current study provide possible strategies to manipulate the fatty acid composition as well as improve ruminant milk quality. |
| Lactation Biology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9944 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lactation Biology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86042 |
Watch |
2435V |
The effects of arginine on gene expression in bovine mammary and longissimus dorsi tissues. |
1 |
M. K. Fox |
arginine mammary muscle |
M. K. Fox1, J. J. M. Kim1, B. Li1, D. R. Ouellet2, H. Lapierre2, J. P. Cant1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada |
The objective of this study was to determine effects of Arg supply on expression of a select set of genes related to AA metabolism and nutrient partitioning in mammary and longissimus dorsi tissues. Six rumen-cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Treatments were continuous abomasal infusion that supplied 0 (ARGx0), 49.2 (ARGx1), and 98.4 (ARGx2) g/d Arg in an otherwise complete AA mixture at 900 g/d: ARGx1 treatment profiled the rumen microbial AA and met MP requirements. Tissue samples collected by biopsy on d 14 were analyzed by RT-qPCR relative to stably expressed genes for each tissue. The Arg dose effects were tested using mixed model ANOVA and polynomial contrasts (L = linear; Q = quadratic). Arg infusion increased mammary mRNA expression of genes involved in proline (Pro) synthesis (OAT (PL = 0.04; PQ = 0.06), PYCR1 (PL = 0.01)) and tended to decrease PYCR1 in muscle (PL = 0.13; PQ = 0.06). Other Arg metabolism genes (ASL, ASS1, ARG2) were decreased in ARGx1 in muscle (PQ < 0.04). Arg infusion decreased AA transporter SLC38A9, but increased SLC7A1, SLC7A5, and SLC7A8, mTORC1 regulators CASTOR1 and LAMTOR4, and ribosomal RNA18S1 in mammary tissue (PL < 0.05) but not in muscle (PL ≥ 0.16), indicating mammary-specific upregulation of protein synthesis. Of the vascular function genes, Arg supply increased mammary NOS3 (PQ = 0.08), FLT1 (PL = 0.05; PQ = 0.01), KDR (PQ = 0.11), and TEK (PL = 0.13; PQ = 0.12), whereas muscle exhibited a decrease for BDKRB2 (PL < 0.01; PQ < 0.01), TEK (PQ = 0.03), ANGPT2 (PQ = 0.11), and VEGFA (PQ = 0.11). The transcription factor response to Arg was different between tissues. In mammary, Arg supply increased ATF4 (PL = 0.03), whereas ARGx1 tended to increase ATF6 (PQ = 0.07), and decreased FOS (PQ = 0.05). In muscle, ARGx1 decreased ATF6 (PQ = 0.02), but increased JUN (PL < 0.01) and FOS (PL = 0.13). Gene expression in muscle was consistent with an optimized response to Arg supply, whereas Arg appeared to support milk production in the mammary glands through upregulation of genes related to Pro synthesis, AA transport, and protein synthesis. |
| Lactation Biology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Lactation Biology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86120 |
Watch |
2202V |
Effects of stage of lactation and period of production of Ragusano donkeys in Sicily on milk yield and composition, including lysozyme contents. |
2 |
I. Schadt |
donkey milk lysozyme |
I. Schadt1, S. La Terra1, C. Guardiano1, G. Marino1, V. M. Marino1 |
1Consorzio per la Ricerca nel Settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'Agroalimentare, Ragusa, Italy |
Donkey milk is appreciated for its similarities with human milk, and more recently, because of its high lysozyme contents known for its immunomodulatory effects. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of days in milk (DIM: < 100, 100–140, 141–180, > 180) and parity of Ragusano donkeys, and period of production at moderate (M: mid-January to mid-May, and mid-September to mid-October) or high (H: mid-May to mid-September) ambient temperatures in Sicily, on milk yield and composition. Individual samples of 20 animals were collected every 2 weeks. Contents of fat, protein, and lactose were determined with a MilkoScan FT-1 analyzer, lysozyme was analyzed according to the ISO 27105:2016 protocol. The statistical model included DIM, parity (primiparous vs multiparous), period, and DIM x period as fixed effects. Significance level was set at 0.05. Effects of DIM, parity and period are reported in the table. Increasing DIM reduced yield and protein. Multiparous compared with primiparous donkeys had higher yields and milk had more fat. Production at H compared with M reduced fat. When produced at M and at DIM < 100 or > 180, lactose contents were lower (6.8 and 6.5 g 100g−1, respectively) compared with H or other DIM (7.1–7.3 g 100g−1). Lysozyme contents during H were between 0.41 and 0.45 g L−1. When produced during M, lysozyme decreased from 0.75 to 0.41 g L−1 at DIM increasing from < 100 to DIM > 180. To produce donkey milk with high lysozyme contents, not only production may be limited to lower DIM, but also heat stress may need to be mitigated. Table 1.
| Item |
Yield(kg/donkey/d) |
Fat(g 100g−1) |
Protein(g 100g−1) |
Lactose(g 100g−1) |
Lysozyme(g L−1) |
| DIM |
<100 |
1.4a |
0.08 |
1.5a |
7.0ab |
0.6a |
| 100-140 |
1.3a |
0.09 |
1.5a |
7.2a |
0.6a |
| 141-180 |
1.1a |
0.08 |
1.4b |
7.2ab |
0.5a |
| >180 |
0.7b |
0.07 |
1.2c |
6.9C |
0.4b |
| Parity |
Primiparous |
0.9b |
0.06b |
1.4 |
7.0 |
0.5 |
| Multiparous |
1.4a |
0.11a |
1.4 |
7.1 |
0.5 |
| Period |
M1 |
1.1 |
0.10a |
1.4 |
6.9b |
0.6a |
| H2 |
1.2 |
0.06b |
1.4 |
7.2a |
0.4b |
| P-value |
DIM |
<0.0001 |
NS |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
| Parity |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
| Period |
NS3 |
<0.01 |
NS |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
| Period × DIM |
NS |
NS |
NS |
<0.0001 |
<0.001 |
1Mid-January to mid-May, mid-September to mid-October; 2 Mid-May to mid-September; 3 P>0.05 |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9946 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t87086 |
Watch |
1481V |
Cell atlas revealed nutrients absorption and metabolism patterns at single-cell resolution in dairy cows. |
1 |
S. Zhu |
dairy cow nutrient absorption single-cell RNA-sequencing |
J. Wu1, S. Zhu1, J.-X. Liu1, H.-Z. Sun1 |
1Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
Dairy cattle are a vitally important ruminant in meeting the demands for high-quality animal protein production worldwide. The complicated biological process of converting human indigestible biomass into highly digestible and nutritious milk is orchestrated by various tissues. However, poorly understanding of the cellular composition and function of the key metabolic tissues hinders the improvement of health and performance of domestic ruminants. Here, we investigated the cellular heterogeneity, metabolic features, interactions across 10 tissue types (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, ileum, rectum, liver, salivary gland, mammary gland, and peripheral blood) of lactating dairy cattle at single-cell resolution. Immunofluorescences and fluorescence in situ hybridization were further performed to verify cell identity. In this study, we constructed a single-cell landscape covering 88,013 high-quality (500 < genes <4,000, UMI <50, 000, and mitochondrial gene ratio <40% or 15%) single cells and identified 55 major cell types in lactating dairy cattle. Within all these cell types, some cell subtypes were found that have preferential absorption of different nutrients based on systematic survey of the gene expression profiles and metabolic features of epithelial cells related to nutrient transport. Particularly, T helper type 17 (Th17) cells (highly expressing CD4 and IL17A) were specifically enriched in the forestomach tissues and predominantly interacted with the epithelial cell subtypes with high potential uptake capacities of short-chain fatty acids through IL-17 signaling. Furthermore, we discovered that these Th17 cells play a significance role in regulating epithelial cellular transcriptional responses to nutrient transport in the forestomach by comparing IL17RAhighIL17RChigh cells (epithelial cells with IL17RA and IL17RC expression levels both greater than 0.25) and other cells. Our results enhance our understanding of the cellular biology of ruminants and open potential avenues to further improve the health and milk production in dairy cows. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9947 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86449 |
Watch |
2436V |
Multi-omics revealed an additive cytotoxicity effect in the intestinal NCM460 cells induced by aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1. |
1 |
X. Yang |
aflatoxin B1 aflatoxin M1 additive effect |
X. Yang1,2, Y. N. Gao1,2, J. Q. Wang1,2, N. Zheng1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus spp. that can occur in plant-derived food and feed as a natural contaminant. Postingestion, AFB1 can be metabolized in the liver of mammals into hydroxylated aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) that is excreted with milk. Although several studies have been carried out to evaluate effects of single AFB1 and AFM1 on the intestinal toxicology, studies regarding interactive effect mechanisms of combined AFB1 and AFM1 are moreover lacking. The aim of the current study was to investigate cytotoxicity effects of AFB1 and AFM1 in intestinal NCM460cells by multi-omics analysis (transcriptome, proteome and miRNA-seq). Analysis of ordinary one-way variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison was used to test statistical differences between the treatment groups and the CTL group. Both AFB1 and AFM1 produced significant decreases in NCM460 cell viability, particularly AFB1. The results showed that 2.5 μM AFB1 and AFM1 exerted an additive effect on decreasing the cell viability by using isobologram analysis. In miRNA level, cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, cellular senescence and focal adhesion were significantly enriched in combination of AFB1 and AFM1 treatment group. In mRNA level, single and combined AFB1/AFM1 treatment group all enriched in cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. But in protein level, AFM1 did not has marked changes, whereas AFB1 has same toxicology effect with combined AFB1 and AFM1 according to the proteomics, which enriched in p53 signaling pathway and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes. At the additive effect concentration (2.5 μM), mycotoxins induced a marked change in p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle expression in protein level. The results of the current study suggested the mechanism of additive toxicology effect of combined AFB1 and AFM1 on cell viability was to change the p53 signaling pathway mainly in FAS, CDKN1A, CDK1, DDB2, RRM2, TP53I3 and PCNA, which regulated by several miRNAs (has-miR-548u, has-miR-2175p, has-miR-6511–5p and has-miR-628–3p). |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86671 |
Watch |
2437V |
Profiles of nutrient signaling, protein turnover, and one-carbon metabolism-related proteins and intermediate metabolites in tissues from Holstein fetuses at mid-gestation. |
2 |
A. Aboragah |
gestation fetal tissue transsulfuration pathway |
A. Aboragah1, D. Coleman1, J. Loor1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
Fetal environment is characterized by changes in nutrient supply and tissue-specific mechanisms that coordinate growth and development. Although these have been well studied in nonruminants and small ruminants, less is known on cattle. To begin characterizing these tissue-specific mechanisms in dairy cows, we evaluated abundance of key proteins (Western blotting) and metabolites (GC-MS) in fetal tissues. Liver (LV), intestine (IN), and hind-leg muscle (MS) were harvested from fetuses collected at slaughter from 6 clinically healthy multiparous Holstein dairy cows averaging 167 ± 7 DIM, 37 ± 6 kg milk/d, and were at an estimated 100 ± 3 d of gestation. Fetal weight averaged 200–600 g. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Among proteins measured, abundance of the amino acid utilization and insulin signaling proteins p-AKT and p-mTOR was greater (P < 0.05) in LV and IN. Unlike IN, greater (P < 0.05) abundance of p-EEF2 and SLC2A4 in LV relative to IN and MS suggested this organ had greater capacity for anabolic processes. Among glutathione metabolism-related proteins, GPX1 had greatest (P < 0.05) abundance in LV, but GPX3 was greater (P < 0.05) in both LV and IN relative to MS. The greater (P < 0.05) NFE2L2 in both LV and MS compared with MS suggested (as in nonruminants) that it regulates abundance of GPX3. Of 70 metabolites detected, lower citrate and greater concentrations of TCA cycle intermediates (succinate, malate), glucogenic AA (Asp, Gly, Ser, Thr), and glucose in LV suggested an active gluconeogenic state. In addition, greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of hypotaurine and taurine (both antioxidants) in LV suggested an active transsulfuration pathway. Approximately 4-fold greater (P < 0.05) concentration of phosphoethanolamine in IN versus LV or MS suggested increased capacity for phospholipid synthesis. Greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of myo-inositol, fructose-6-P, and glucose-6-P in MS suggested an active metabolic state. Overall, preliminary observations indicated differences in various aspects of metabolism in fetal tissues at mid-gestation. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86692 |
Watch |
2438V |
Abundance of genes associated with nutrient signaling, protein turnover, and one-carbon metabolism in tissues from Holstein fetuses at mid-gestation. |
3 |
A. Aboragah |
mid-gestation fetal tissue protein turnover |
A. Aboragah1,2, L. P. Thanh1,3, D. Coleman1, J. Loor1 |
1University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 3Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam |
Fetal growth is dictated by the availability of nutrients in maternal circulation, their transport into fetal circulation, and the abundance of transporters, metabolic enzymes, and nutrient-responsive proteins in fetal tissues. To begin characterizing these tissue-specific mechanisms in dairy cows, we evaluated abundance of key genes in fetal tissues close to mid-gestation. Liver, intestine, and hind-leg muscle were harvested from fetuses collected at slaughter from 6 multiparous Holstein dairy cows averaging 167 ± 7 DIM, 37 ± 6 kg milk/d, and were at an estimated 100 ± 3 d of gestation. Cows were free from clinical disease and were fed a typical corn silage/alfalfa hay-based diet. Fetal weight averaged 200–600 g and samples (n = 6 per tissue) were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after collection before storage at −80°C. A total of 43 genes were analyzed by RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Among genes in the mTOR signaling pathway, abundance of IRS1 was greatest (P < 0.01) in muscle and lowest in intestine. In contrast, the abundance of AKT1 and mTOR was greater (P < 0.01) in intestine and muscle than liver. Abundance of the protein degradation-related genes UBA1, UBE2G1, and TRIM63 was greater (P < 0.01) in muscle than intestine and liver. Among genes associated with one-carbon metabolism, abundance of CBS, BHMT, and MTR was greater (P < 0.01) in liver than intestine and muscle. In contrast, the glutathione metabolism-related gene GPX3 was greatest (P < 0.01) in intestine, and GPX1 greatest (P < 0.01) in liver compared with other tissues. Among nutrient transporters evaluated, abundance of glucose transporter SLC5A1 and SLC2A2 was greatest (P < 0.01) in intestine compared with liver and muscle. Several amino acid transporters had greater (P < 0.01) abundance in intestine or liver compared with muscle. Data suggested that key fetal tissues have distinct profiles of genes associated with nutrient transport, signaling, and protein turnover. Future research should address whether patterns of mRNA abundance are associated with developmental of each tissue. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86696 |
Watch |
2439V |
Antioxidant mechanisms in ruminal epithelium respond to feed restriction. |
4 |
M. C. Galvao |
nutritional restriction oxidative stress ruminal epithelium |
M. C. Galvao1,2, A. Aboragah2, Q. Jiang2, N. Wichasit2,3, L. P. Thanh4, J. C. McCann2, J. J. Loor2 |
1Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 3Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand, 4Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam |
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common by-product of normal cellular metabolism. Antioxidant mechanisms exist in the cell to reduce the amount of ROS, which can lead to cell death. The objective of this study was to assess whether feed restriction affects the abundance of proteins associated with the antioxidant response in ruminal epithelium. The experiment involved 8 Angus steers canulated in the rumen (663 ± 73 BW). Steers were fed a 40% corn silage, 15% of modified wet distiller grain (MWDG), and 35% dry rolled corn. During the first phase (15 d) of the experiment, steers had ad libitum access to the diet in a pen with the GrowSafe System. They were then housed in individual tie-stalls and feed-restricted to 25% of the ad libitum intake period for 3 d. Steers were then returned to full feed for another 15 d. At the end of each phase, ruminal epithelium was harvested via biopsy and immediately stored in liquid nitrogen followed by storage at −80°C until analysis. Protein extraction was performed using T-Per Tissue Extraction reagent and Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor (Thermo Fisher, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA). Samples were subsequently used for Western blotting. A commercial ELISA kit was used to determine GPX activity and ROS concentrations. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with phase as the fixed effect and steer as the random effect. No difference was observed in GPX activity or ROS concentrations (P > 0.05). Before feed restriction, abundance (relative to GAPDH) of glutathione-related enzymes GPX1 and GPX3 along with the antioxidant transcription factor NFE2L2 averaged 0.54, 1.61 and 1.12; however, during feed restriction, abundance of these proteins increased (P < 0.05) 68%, 60% and 69%, respectively (0.79, 2.66 and 1.63). When steers returned to full feed, there was a decrease (P < 0.01) in abundance in compare with the second phase (27%, 30% and 46%; respectively). Overall, these preliminary results suggested that ruminal epithelium has antioxidant mechanisms that respond to feed restriction. It remains to be determined if nutrients that generate glutathione can regulate this pathway. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85955 |
Watch |
2077V |
Alterations in skeletal muscle transcriptome profiles in response to ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine during the periparturient period in dairy cows. |
5 |
L. Thanh |
amino acids lactation nutrition |
L. Thanh1,2, Q. Jiang2, N. Wichasit2,3, F. Batistel4, C. Parys5, J. Guyader5, J. J. Loor2 |
1Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu Can Tho, Vietnam, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand, 4University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 5Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Essen, Germany |
The impact of feeding ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on skeletal muscle mRNA abundance during the periparturient period was evaluated. Sixty multiparous Holstein were used in a block design and assigned to either a control or RPM (Mepron, Evonik Operations GmbH) diet. The RPM was supplied from −28 to 60 DIM at a rate of 0.09% or 0.10% of DM during the prepartum and postpartum period, ensuring a Lys:Met in the MP of ~2.8:1. Muscle biopsies from the hind-leg of 10 clinically healthy cows per diet were collected at −28, 1, and 28 DIM. Twenty-three target genes associated with nutrient transport, antioxidant response, mTOR/insulin signaling, and fatty acid oxidation were measured via RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED with cow as random effect, while diet (D), time (T), and D × T were the fixed effects. Feeding RPM resulted in greater (P < 0.05) DMI throughout the study, +1.2 kg/d prepartum and 1.7 kg/d postpartum, and greater ECM. Among 15 nutrient transporters analyzed, abundance of SLC7A8 and SLC43A2 (amino acid transporters) had a D × T effect (P < 0.05) due to marked upregulation in RPM versus control cows on d 1. The antioxidant transcription regulator NFE2L2 also had a D × T effect (P < 0.05) due to greater abundance in RPM versus control cows, especially at 1 and 21 DIM. Members of the NFE2L2 (KEAP1, CUL3) and insulin/mTOR (AKT1, mTOR) signaling pathways had overall greater abundance in RPM versus control cows. Despite a gradual increase in abundance over time regardless of diet, feeding RPM resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) overall abundance of CPT1A and ACADVL (key genes for β-oxidation of fatty acids). The glutamate/glutamine transporter SLC38A1 increased markedly (P < 0.05) from −21 to 21 DIM regardless of diet. Data indicated that RPM is associated with alterations in nutrient metabolism in skeletal muscle around parturition partly through changes in mRNA abundance. In spite of the catabolic environment of the transition period, upregulation of several genes associated with anabolic pathways suggested that muscle tissue is responsive to nutrient supply. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85957 |
Watch |
2078V |
Effects of ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine on skeletal muscle abundance of insulin signaling, protein turnover, and antioxidant proteins during the periparturient period in dairy cows. |
6 |
L. Thanh |
amino acids nutrition transition cow |
L. Thanh1,2, N. Wichasit2,3, Y. Li4, A. Aboragah2, F. Batistel5, C. Parys6, J. Guyader6, J. J. Loor2 |
1Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu Can Tho, Vietnam, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand, 4Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China, 5University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 6Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Essen, Germany |
Skeletal muscle is the major insulin-sensitive tissue. Rumen-protected methionine (RPM) can help cows maintain greater DMI around parturition. As such, insulin signaling, protein turnover, and antioxidant pathways related to amino acid (AA) metabolism may also be responsive to RPM. Sixty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a block design and assigned to a control or RPM (Mepron) diet. The RPM was supplied from −28 to 60 DIM at a rate of 0.09% or 0.10% of DM during the prepartum and postpartum period, ensuring a Lys:Met in the MP of ~2.8:1. Muscle biopsies from the hind-leg of 10 clinically healthy cows per diet were collected at −28, 1, and 28 DIM. Plasma was harvested at −14, 1, 7, 21, and 30 DIM. Western blotting was used for protein profiling. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC MIXED with cow as random effect, while diet (D), time (T), and D × T were the fixed effects. Feeding RPM resulted in greater (P < 0.05) DMI throughout the study, +1.2 kg/d prepartum and 1.7 kg/d postpartum, and greater ECM. Total plasma AA did not differ due to diet (P = 0.70; 1,901 ± 42 µmol/L). 1-methyl-His concentration was overall lower (P < 0.05) with RPM (32.3 versus 37.7 µmol/L). Among 19 proteins analyzed, a D × T was detected for GPX3 (redox signaling) due to lower (P < 0.05) abundance at −21 and 1 d when RPM was fed. Ratio of p-mTOR:totalmTOR decreased (P = 0.03, D × T) from −21 to 21 d in control, but not RPM cows. No effect of D or T was detected for AA transporters (SLC1A5, SLC38A1), insulin-induced glucose transport (SLC2A4), methyl donor synthesis (MAT1A), or intracellular energy sensing (AMPK). However, abundance of AKT1 (protein synthesis) increased and p-EEF2K (negative regulator of translation) decreased over time (P < 0.05) regardless of diet. Abundance of UBA1 (protein degradation), RPS6 (protein synthesis), and p-MAPK3 (muscle mass maintenance) was lower overall (P < 0.05) in response to RPM. Data suggest that skeletal muscle retains some ability to respond to anabolic signals around parturition, and RPM could impact the response. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86687 |
Watch |
2076V |
Influence of cobalt source, folic acid, and rumen-protected methionine supplementation on hepatic enzyme activities of one-carbon metabolism in peripartal Holstein cows. |
7 |
V. Lopreiato |
peripartum liver vitamin B12 |
V. Lopreiato1, A. S. Alharthi2, M. T. Socha3, J. J. Loor4 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli studi di Messina, Messina, Italy, 2Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 3Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, 4Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
Hepatic metabolism of folic acid and Met is intimately-linked with the activity of various enzymes that together form the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Among the key cofactors in the pathway, vitamin B12 is particularly important given its role in the remethylation of homocysteine to Met. We investigated effects of supplementing an experimental source of folic acid (FOA; 50 g), 2 Co sources [Co glucoheptonate (Copro) or Co pectin (CoPectin), Zinpro Corp.] and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on hepatic activities of one-carbon metabolism enzymes in multiparous Holstein cows. Forty-eight cows (12 per treatment) were individually fed a basal diet supplemented with Copro, FOA+Copro, FOA+CoPectin, or FOA+CoPectin+RPM from −30 through 30 DIM. Co treatments delivered 1 ppm Co/kg DM. The RPM was fed at 0.09% of DMI to achieve a ratio of 2.8:1 Lys:Met in the MP. Liver tissue was collected at −15, 7, 15, and 30 DIM. Samples were homogenized in 50 mM K - 2 mM EDTA buffer and 1 mM mercaptoethanol. After centrifuge, the supernatant fraction was used for enzyme assay of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), cystathionine b-synthase (CBS), and methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT). Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Overall, feeding FOA+CoPectin or FOA+CoPectin+RPM led to greater (P = 0.04) activity of MAT compared with Copro or FOA+Copro. After parturition, MAT activity was higher in FOA+CoPectin+RPM than FOA+Copro cows at 7 d, whereas at 15 d the activity of MAT was higher in FOA+CoPectin or FOA+CoPectin+RPM than Copro or FOA+Copro cows. For BHMT, Copro cows had the greatest activity at 7 and 15 d, and together with FOA+CoPectin+RPM and FOA+CoPectin cows they had greater activity than FOA+Copro (P = 0.05). These data indicate that supplying folic acid in combination with Co pectin or Co pectin + RPM may enhance remethylation after parturition via BHMT activity. As such, Met flux through the Met cycle might increase and enhance availability of S-adenosylmethionine via MAT activity, thus, increasing overall methyl group supply within the liver. |
| Physiology & Endocrinology Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86485 |
Watch |
2206V |
Feeding cobalt sources during late pregnancy to Holstein cows affects muscle abundance of proteins in the mTOR and insulin signaling pathway, and intermediates of one-carbon metabolism in neonatal calves. |
8 |
V. Lopreiato |
fetal programming vitamin B12 epigenetics |
V. Lopreiato1, C. Jacomento2, A. S. Alharthi3, M. T. Socha4, J. J. Loor5 |
1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli studi di Messina, Messina, Italy, 2Universidad de La Salle, Bogota, Colombia, 3Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 4Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, 5Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL |
Maternal nutrition plays a key role on fetal growth and can program the long-term physiology of the offspring. Multiparous Holstein cows were fed during late-pregnancy with an experimental source of folic acid (FOA; 50 g) and 2 Co sources [Co glucoheptonate (CoPro, n = 16) or Co polysaccharide (CoPoly, n = 14), Zinpro Corp.]. Co treatments delivered 1 ppm Co/kg DM and were supplemented to a basal diet for the last 30 d prepartum. Calves received 3.8 L of colostrum from their dam within 6 h, fed twice daily with a milk replacer, and had ad libitum access to a starter grain mix. Hind-limb muscle biopsies (n = 7–8/diet) were performed at weaning (~42 d of age) for protein extraction and Western blotting of proteins associated with insulin signaling and protein synthesis. Targeted metabolomics using GC-MS was performed to evaluate intermediates of the one-carbon metabolism and transsulfuration pathways. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Although birth measures of development did not differ due to maternal diet, overall withers height tended (P = 0.10) to be greater with CoPoly. At weaning, muscle protein abundance of insulin receptor, phosphorylated (p) AKT and pAKT:AKT ratio were greater (P < 0.05) in CoPoly than CoPro calves. In addition, abundance of the myogenic regulatory factor MRF4 and total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 were lower (P£0.05) in CoPoly than CoPro calves. Concentrations of betaine, S-5′-adenosyl-methionine, and cystathionine were greater (P < 0.05) in calves born to cows fed CoPoly compared with CoPro. Maternal supplementation of CoPoly seemed to contribute to enhanced insulin-dependent glucose utilization, muscle differentiation, and maintenance of postnatal muscle mass. It positively programmed the Met cycle and transsulfuration pathway in muscle. As such, methyl group and substrates for antioxidant synthesis increased. Whether effects arose from greater availability in utero of vitamin B12 synthesized from Co by rumen microbes remains to be determined. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9951 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86664 |
Watch |
1482V |
Association between milking and cow parameters and intramammary infections at dry-off in automatic milking systems. |
1 |
J. Ongom |
automatic milking systems intramammary infections dry-off |
J. Ongom1, E. Okello1, K. McFarlan1, F. Ferreira1 |
1Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Department of Population Health and Reproduction. School of Veterinary Medicine. University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA |
Data from automatic milking systems (AMS) may help farmers to identify cows with intramammary infection at dry-off (IMM_dry) when individual SCC is not routinely evaluated. Our aim was to determine the association between quarter-level AMS and cow-level data and IMM_dry. Data from 186 cows milked in AMS units from 2 dairies in California was obtained from August to December 2021. Quarters were sampled at dry-off (positive IMM_dry: one or more bacterial colony growth). Quarter-level milk flow (MFL, pounds/min), milk yield (MY, lbs), presence of blood (BL, yes or no), mastitis detection index (MDi), and electrical conductivity (EC) were obtained from the AMS for each of the 15 d before dry-off (PERIOD). At dry-off, cows were scored for udder hygiene (1 to 3, HS). Number of clinical mastitis cases during the lactation was obtained. AMS data were first summarized by day and by PERIOD (6,841 datapoints, 733 quarters) as mean (AVG), standard deviation (STD), min, and max. Difference (DIF) between max and min MDi during PERIOD was calculated. Stratified by parity (PRIM / MULT), univariable mixed models were run for all variables (if P < 0.20 they entered the multivariable models) (GLIMMIX, SAS 9.4). Farm was forced in all models. Quarter was the experimental unit, and quarter within cow was the random effect. The quarter-level incidence of IMM_dry was 24.7% (181/733; PRIM: 25%, 98/389; MULT: 24%, 83/344). For PRIM, final model included AVG_FL, DIF_MDi, BL, and farm. Compared with quarters with an AVG_FL of 3.03 lbs/min, PRIM with one unit increase in the AVG_FL had 1.34 (CI: 0.99–1.87) greater odds of IMM_dry. PRIM with a greater DIF_MDi (from mean 0.07 to 1.07) had 43.90 greater odds of IMM_dry (CI: 0.98- > 999.99). BL was not associated with IMM_dry in PRIM quarters (OR: 4.21, CI: 0.47–37.6). For MULT, only mean MY during PERIOD was kept in the final model, besides farm. A one unit increase in AVG_MY during PERIOD from 17.2 to 18.2 lbs was not associated with IMM_dry (OR: 1.04, CI: 0.99–1.10). Approaches such as machine learning may be needed to identify cows with IMM_dry using AMS data. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85852 |
Watch |
1483V |
Descriptive characteristics of dairy cows culling patterns in China large dairy farms. |
2 |
J. Wang |
culling reproduction diseases |
J. Wang1, M. Li1, S. Liu1, Z. Cao1 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China |
The culling of dairy cows plays an important role in managing dairy production response and profitability. Few data are available on the culling of dairy cows in China. The objective of this study was to provide descriptive characteristics of the culling patterns in China dairy farms. The study collected data from 26 large dairy farms (total dairy cows >500) located in 11 provinces. Data on individual cows from 2015 to 2019 were assembled from management software and report system, and general information on farms was collected through a survey completed by farm managers. Final data set contained 184,049 records. Data were analyzed using the dplyr package of R to calculate the summary statistics. The results showed that the average lifespan of dairy cows in China was 1570 ± 598 d (mean ± SD). The culling rate (number culled / mean population) decreased from 30.4% in 2015 to 29.6% in 2019. Nutritional or metabolic diseases (such as ruminal acidosis, ketosis and displaced abomasum) and reproduction were 2 main reasons for culling in China, accounting for 21.6% and 20.4% respectively. Thirty-one percent of dairy cows were culled when days in milk (DIM) was less than 60, mainly due to nutritional or metabolic diseases (37.2%) and udder diseases or mastitis (12.4%). Another time period called for attention was DIM greater than 420, as 15.3% of dairy cows were culled because of poor reproduction (53.6%) or voluntary culling (such as low production) (20.7%). First-lactation cows accounted for 30.4% of total culling cows, forming the largest part. The main reasons for culling these cows also lay in reproduction (26.0%) and voluntary culling (22.1%). This study provides an overview on the culling practices of dairy cows in China. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85963 |
Watch |
1484V |
A survey of Ontario dairy cattle producers’ management practices and perspectives on cull cows. |
3 |
J. Marshall |
culling farmer perception compromised cow |
J. Marshall1, T. Duffield1,5, D. Haley2,5, L. Levison2, D. Kelton1,5, C. Miltenburg1,3, S. Roche1,4 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph,, 2Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph,, 3ON Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs,, 4ACER Consulting,, 5Dairy at Guelph, University of Guelph, Guelph |
Removal of cows from dairy cattle production is a routine and unavoidable practice of the dairy industry that is referred to as culling. Cattle are often culled for the reason of poor performance while having underlying diseases and are therefore a vulnerable population requiring special management. An open invitation was issued to all Ontario dairy producers to complete a cull cow management survey between December 2020 and March 2021 that included 44 questions covering producer demographic information, farm characteristics, and cull cow management. The survey response rate was 7.4% (n = 248); a total of 226 of the responses were included in this study for analysis. The primary decision maker for culling was the owner (69.2%). Most respondents indicated they have a written standard operating procedure (SOP) for cull cows (62%), and 48%, 13%, and 15% of those identified they use their cull cow SOP “always,” “sometimes,” and “never,” respectively. The most important sources of information for the management of cull cows were the herd veterinarian (64%) and members of the marketing/regulatory organization (Dairy Farmers of Ontario; 44%). Drug withdrawal time was the only factor most respondents (73%) considered “very important” for the assessment of the fitness of cull cows before transport. Most producers believe cull cows journey from the farm to slaughter is 3 or less days (55%), and the confidence of producers that cull cows arrive at slaughter in the condition they left their farm was generally high. Lastly, most producers (66%) identified they were familiar with recent regulatory changes around the fitness, duration of transport, and lactation status for cull cows. These results highlight the gaps in producers’ understanding of the journey of cull cows to slaughter and should be used to inform programs and policies aimed at educating and influencing dairy farmers to improve regulatory compliance and cull cow welfare. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86221 |
Watch |
1485V |
A survey of practices and attitudes around cull cow management by bovine veterinarians in Ontario. |
4 |
J. Marshall |
fitness for transport compromised cow cull cow |
J. Marshall1, T. Duffield1,5, D. Haley1,2, L. Levison2, D. Kelton1,5, C. Miltenburg1,3, S. Roche1,4 |
1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 3ON Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Elora, ON, Canada, 4ACER Consulting Limited, Guelph, ON, Canada, 5Dairy at Guelph, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The removal of dairy cows from the farm is a regular and required management practice referred to as culling. The objectives of this study were to describe the involvement of Ontario bovine veterinarians in dairy cull cow management decisions, their expectations of current producer practices, and their perspectives on welfare issues and best management practices for cull dairy cows. Between February and May 2021, a province-wide survey was conducted among members of the Ontario Association of Bovine Practitioners (OABP), with questions addressing veterinarians’ background and demographics, veterinary clinic characteristics, cull cow management, down cow management, and learning preferences. The response rate for the survey was 25.1% with 45 responses meeting all eligibility criteria. Dairy veterinarians would like to have greater involvement in cull cow management; when asked about their desired involvement in culling decisions, 57.5% of veterinarians reported that they would like to be involved in culling decisions most of the time or always. Most (70.0%) veterinarians believed that cull cow welfare has improved over the last decade. However, most respondents also identified at least one area of the journey of a cull cow (i.e., farm of origin, transportation, auction, slaughter) as currently being a high risk to cull cow welfare. Given the frequency of their visits, trust by dairy producers, and knowledge, herd veterinarians are among those in the best position to improve the care of cull dairy cows. Information generated from this survey can be used to inform the development of improved decision-making tools for culling cows, and this, along with increased veterinary involvement in cull cow management, could improve the economic and welfare outcomes of culling decisions for dairy producers. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86568 |
Watch |
1487V |
Liver transcriptomics of sensitive and heat tolerant dairy sheep phenotypes. |
5 |
S. González-Luna |
heat tolerance liver transcriptome dairy sheep |
S. González-Luna1,2, B. Chaalia1, X. Such1, G. Caja1, M. Ramon3, M. J. Carabaño4, A. A. K. Salama1 |
1Group of Research in Ruminants (G2R), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 2F.E.S. Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico, 3I.R.I.A.F., C.E.R.S.Y.R.A, Valdepeñas, Spain, 4Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain |
The objective was to assess liver transcriptomics response to heat stress (HS) in dairy ewes differing in heat tolerance phenotype. Manchega dairy ewes classified as tolerant (T; n = 5) or sensitive (S; n = 5) to HS were used in late lactation (153 ± 8 DIM) under controlled climatic chamber conditions. The design was a crossover of 2 periods (3 wk each) with 2 treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20°C throughout the day), and 2) HS (37°Cday; 30°C night). Humidity (50%) and dark-light (12–12 h) were constant. Liver biopsies were obtained at the end of each period, snap frozen in liquid N, and stored at −80°C until RNA sequencing (2 × 75 bp). Raw reads were trimmed (TrimGalore), aligned to the ovine reference genome (HISAT2), and assembled and quantified (StringTie). The differential gene expression (DGE) analysis was performed with DESeq2 (R environment). The effects of treatment (TN-S, TN-T, HS-S, and HS-T), period (1 and 2), and their interaction were included in the model with thresholds of log2 fold change >1.5 and adjusted P-value <0.05. Functional enrichment analyses of the differential gene expression (DGE) were carried out using the bioinformatic DAVID database. Under HS conditions, T ewes differentially expressed 1318 genes (893 downregulated and 425 upregulated) compared with the S ewes. The downregulated pathways included N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, endocytosis, protein export, and RNA transport. In contrast, the activated pathways were Ca and MAPK signaling. In conclusion, the liver transcriptome profile differed between T and S ewes under HS conditions, where T ewes were more able to develop an adaptive response to HS by attenuating cellular mechanisms related to protein synthesis. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9952 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86425 |
Watch |
1486V |
Influence of parity order on milk somatic cell count and composition in compost barn system. |
1 |
L. M. Pereira |
confinement lactations milk quality |
K. F. Nogara1, M. Busanello2, Q. Tavares1, L. M. Pereira1, F. M. C. Vieira3, M. Zopollatto1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, 2Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”/University of São Paulo - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 3Biometeorology study Group (GEBIOMET), Federal University of Technology-Parana, Dois Vizinhos, Parana, Brazil |
Our objective was to evaluate the influence of the number of lactations on the composition and quality of milk from herds housed in a compost barn system. Through a database by the Associação Paranaense de Cattle Breeders of the Holstein Breed (APCBRH), 2,200 cows were analyzed from 2016 to 2021, totaling 46,423 observations. These herds were located in the Campos Gerais region of Paraná, in the city of Castro, considered the largest milk producer of Brazil. The variables analyzed were: fat, protein, lactose, total solids, urea, and somatic cell count (SCC). For statistical analysis of the data, generalized mixed models were used, assuming that the predictor contains fixed (number of lactations) and random (months and dairy cows) components, using the SAS PROC GLIMMIX software. It was observed that the milk fat content did not differ between the second (3.58%) and the third lactation (3.58%), being higher in both. Higher levels of lactose and urea were observed in the first lactation (4.57 and 14.08%, respectively, P < 0.0001), but cows in the second lactation had higher milk protein content (3.37%, P < 0.0001). With the advance of parity, the lactose content decreases by 5.27%, followed by a 3-fold increase in the SCC, due to the decrease in production. Higher values ??of milk total solids were observed in the first and second lactation (12.51 and 12.53%, respectively), probably due to the lower productive capacity of primiparous cows when compared with adult cows, since their body is still growing and mammary gland developing. As lactation progresses, production increases, as does the amount of solids in kg, but the percentage decreases. The data from this research demonstrate that the number of lactations influences the composition of milk, where cows with advanced lactation tend to have lower milk solids content. However, the analyzed herds presented satisfactory results, mainly due to the health of the mammary gland. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85869 |
Watch |
2440V |
Prolonged milking interval in an automated milking system reduced milk yield and quality in dairy cows. |
2 |
K. Kim |
milking interval milk quality milk yield |
K. Kim1, J. Lee1, K. K. T. N. Ranaweera1, M. Baik1 |
1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
Automated milking system (AMS) allows cows to be milked voluntarily based on setting time. This typically leads to an increased milking interval (MI), which may affect milk yield and milk quality. This study evaluated the effect of prolonged MI of cows on milk yield and composition and milk quality in an AMS setting. A total of 29 lactating Holstein cows were divided into control (n = 10) and treatment (n = 19) groups. The MI of control group was maintained from 11h to 12h, while in the treatment group it was gradually increased from 11h to 20h during 20 d of the experiment. In the treatment group, MI was increased by 1hr per 4 d until d 9 and after that increased by 1hr per 2 d until end of the experiment. Milk yield, milk composition, and total bacterial count were measured on the d 0, 7 (MI difference = 4.0h; P < 0.01), and 20 (MI difference = 11.3h; P < 0.01) of the experimental period. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were measured daily. Milk yield, milk protein content, and milk lactose content were lower (P < 0.05) in the treatment group than the control group at d 20, whereas milk fat content was not different between the groups. The total bacterial count was higher (P < 0.05) in the treatment group on d 7 and 20. Correlation analysis revealed a moderately positive correlation between MI and daily SCC (R2 = 0.31, P = 0.011). Based on days in milk, treatment cows were subgrouped into early to mid-lactation (less than 200 d in milk) and late-lactation (over 200 d in milk) groups. The late-lactation group showed a moderately positive correlation (R2 = 0.36, P = 0.005), whereas early to mid-lactation group did not show significant correlation (R2 = 0.12, P = 0.138) between milking interval and SCC. In conclusion, prolonged milking interval up to 22h reduces milk yield, milk protein, milk lactose contents, milk quality, and it increases SCC especially during the late lactation period. |
| Production, Management & the Environment Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86679 |
Watch |
2441V |
Methane and carbon dioxide production of dairy heifers fed Kernza Intermediate wheatgrass straw mixed with alfalfa haylage and corn silage. |
3 |
D. M. Pizarro |
greenhouse gases respiratory quotient |
D. M. Pizarro1, M. S. Akins1, V. D. Picasso2, M. A. Wattiaux1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 2Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Intermediate wheatgrass is a forage crop that is being developed as a perennial grain crop. Kernza is the trademarked name for the grain of Intermediate wheatgrass. After grain harvest, Kernza straw can be baled and used as forage for ruminants. Pregnant dairy heifers require low energy and high fiber diets. Including straw in heifer diets reduces energy density and increase diet fill to avoid over-conditioning. The effect of Kernza straw in heifer diets on greenhouse gas emissions has not been quantified. Our goal was to quantify methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production and oxygen (O2) consumption by heifers fed diets with increasing levels of Kernza straw. The respiratory quotient (RQ: volume of CO2 produced/volume of O2 consumed) was also calculated as an indicator of metabolic energy source. The experiment was performed as a completely randomized design using 24 Holstein heifers (x¯ = 507 ± 14 kg) housed in 3 pens of 8 heifers. For 12 weeks, Calan gates were used to measure individual dry matter intake (DMI) while heifers were fed diets including either 0, 20 or 40% Kernza straw, a 40:60 mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage (dry matter (DM) basis) and urea. With increasing level of straw, dietary neutral detergent fiber increased from 41 to 47 and 53%, and crude protein averaged 12.8% of DM. Enteric CH4, CO2 production, and O2 consumption were measured using a GreenFeed unit (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Heifer was the experimental unit, and the model included the fixed effect of diet and the error term. For heifers fed diets with 0, 20 and 40% Kernza straw, DMI was 11.8, 10.4, 10.2 kg/d (P < 0.01), CH4 production was 286, 266, 258 g/d (P = 0.10), CO2 production was 9640, 8379, 8026 g/d (P < 0.01), and O2 consumption was 6788, 6003, 5683 g/d (P < 0.01), respectively. Kernza straw did not affect RQ (1.02 ± 0.02; P = 0.30) indicating that carbohydrates were the primary energy source for all diets. Inclusion of Kernza straw in the diet significantly reduced DMI (13.2%), CO2 production (16.7%) and O2 consumption (16.3%), while CH4 production was unchanged. |
| Reproduction Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Reproduction |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s10011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reproduction Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Reproduction |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86756 |
Watch |
1296V |
Effect of intrauterine interferon-tau on endometrial transcriptome and its association with subsequent fertility in cyclic dairy heifers. |
1 |
G. Madureira |
endometrium receptivity pregnancy subfertility |
G. Madureira1, B. Mion1, B. Winters1, C. Dorp1, N. Antonacci1, G. Lu1, J. Li1, E. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objectives were to evaluate endometrial responsiveness to bovine interferon-tau (IFNT) in 13-mo old heifers and its association with subsequent fertility. In study 1, heifers had their estrous cycle synchronized and were randomly assigned to receive an intrauterine infusion of 2 ug of IFNT diluted in 5 mL of PBS (IFNT = 20) or 5 mL of PBS only (CTRL = 20) in the uterine horn ipsilateral to corpus luteum on d 14 of the estrous cycle. An endometrial biopsy of the infused uterine horn was collected 6 h after infusion. In study 2, 102 heifers received IFNT infusion and endometrial biopsy as described in study 1, subsequently enrolled in a breeding program, and timed AI 18 d after infusion. Heifers that became pregnant in the first AI were classified as highly fertile (HF = 81) and those that failed to become pregnant in the first AI as moderately fertile (MF = 21). A subset of endometrial biopsies from study 1 (IFNT = 11; CTRL = 11) and study 2 (HF = 16; MF = 16) were subjected to RNA-Seq analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using DESeq2 package in R, and genes were considered differently expressed when P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5. In study 1, 121 and 86 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively, in the IFNT group. Upregulated genes were mostly interferon-stimulated genes, including ISG15 (4.7-fold) and MX2 (5.3-fold). In study 2, 162 and 59 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively, in MF heifers compared with HF heifers. Of these, only 6 genes (ATF3, NR4A2, CXCL3, and 3 unmapped) were also affected by IFNT in study 1. The top 5 upregulated annotated genes in MF (>4-fold) included DLK1, SST, RIMS1, GABRA4, and THSD7B. The top 5 downregulated annotated genes in MF (>3.6-fold) included FOSB, ATF3, TAP, FOXA1, and CALCB. In conclusion, the IFNT infusion successfully induced changes in endometrial transcriptome that resembled those induced by preimplantation pregnancy. In addition, differences in endometrial transcriptome between fertility-classified heifers stimulated by IFNT were identified and might help to explain reproductive failures in dairy cattle. |
| Reproduction Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Reproduction |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86768 |
Watch |
1297V |
Effect of intrauterine interferon-tau on uterine metabolome and its association with subsequent fertility in dairy heifers. |
2 |
G. Madureira |
histotroph pregnancy subfertility |
G. Madureira1, B. Winters1, B. Mion1, C. Dorp1, N. Antonacci1, G. Lu1, J. Li1, E. Ribeiro1 |
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Our objectives were to identify endometrial receptivity markers in uterine luminal fluid (UFL) associated with the endometrial responses to interferon-tau (IFNT). In study 1, 13-mo old heifers were synchronized and randomly assigned to intrauterine infusion of 2 ug of IFNT diluted in 5 mL of PBS (IFNT = 20) or 5 mL of PBS only (CTRL = 20) on d 14 of the estrous cycle. The infused uterine horn was flushed 6 h after infusion. In study 2, 102 heifers received intrauterine infusion of IFNT and uterine flushing as described in study 1, and were subsequently enrolled in a breeding program based on timed AI. Heifers that became pregnant in the first AI were classified as highly fertile (HF = 81) and those that failed to become pregnant in the first AI as moderately fertile (MF = 21). Good quality uterine flushings (>50% recovery and no visible contamination of blood) from study 1 (IFNT = 10; CTRL = 8) and 2 (HF = 17; MF = 13) were analyzed to determine concentrations of 168 primary metabolites (GC-MS), 501 complex lipids (LC-MS), and 69 oxylipins (LC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using a t-test in MetaboAnalyst. Compared with CTRL, IFNT group had greater concentrations of 10 primary metabolites including lipids, amino acids, and glucose, 3 complex lipids (PC 40:1, PS 38:1, and PS 36:1) and one oxylipin [12(13)Ep-9-KODE], and had smaller concentrations of 4 oxylipins [12(13)-EpOME; 9-HODE; 13S-HODE; and PGF3α]. Compared with HF, MF heifers had greater concentrations of 8 primary metabolites (trehalose, diglycerol, melibiose, panose, maltotriose, spermidine, ribose, and maltose) and 6 complex lipids (PE 40:4, PE 36:3, PE 36:1, PC 32:2, PC 38:2, and TG 57:6) and smaller concentrations of 3 primary metabolites (glycerol, serine, and allantoic acid), 2 complex lipids (FA 12:0 and TG 52:5), and 5 oxylipins [12(13)-EpOME; 13S-HODE; 12_13-DiHOME; 15-deoxy PGJ2; and 9-Nitrooleate]. In conclusion, intrauterine infusion of IFNT induced small changes in ULF composition, and candidate markers of endometrial receptivity were identified based on the observed differences between HF and MF heifers. |
| Reproduction Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Reproduction |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86560 |
Watch |
1535V |
Effect of nerve growth factor-β administered at AI for lactating dairy cows bred after a timed insemination protocol. |
3 |
A. M. Hubner |
bovine nerve growth factor-β (NGF) progesterone |
A. M. Hubner1, I. F. Canisso1, P. M. G. Peixoto1, W. M. Coelho Jr.2, L. L. Cunha1, L. B. Ribeiro1, F. S. Lima2 |
1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of nerve growth factor-β (NGF) administered at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on progesterone post-AI, interferon-stimulated genes (ISG), and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) for lactating Holstein dairy cows enrolled in a timed AI protocol. We hypothesized that administration of NGF at the time of AI would increase plasma progesterone post-AI, upregulate relative abundance of ISG, and improve P/AI in lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 557) from a commercial dairy farm were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to receive an i.m. injection containing 296 µg of bovine purified NGF at the time of AI diluted in 2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (NGF, n = 275), or received the 2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (Control, n = 282). Plasma progesterone and corpus luteum size were assessed in a subset of cows (NGF, n = 32; Control, n = 36) at d 7, 14, and 19 post-AI. Relative mRNA abundance of ISG (ISG15, MX1, MX2, RTP4) was assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes on d 19 post-AI. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 37- and 65 d post-AI. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX or Mixed Model procedures of SAS with the effects of treatment, parity, and their interaction. There was an interaction effect between treatment and parity for plasma progesterone with NGF resulting in greater plasma progesterone post-AI in primiparous cows, but there were no effects in multiparous cows. However, relative mRNA abundance ISG did not differ between treatments. Furthermore, there were no effects of NGF for P/AI at 37 d post-AI (NGF = 40.0% vs. Control = 41.6%), 65 d post-AI (NGF = 36.0% vs. Control = 38.1%), and for pregnancy loss (NGF = 8.4% vs. Control = 7.7%). The current study revealed that effects to NGF in lactating Holstein cows were contingent with parity for progesterone, and no improvement in ISG relative abundance and P/AI were observed. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9959 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86565n |
Watch |
1488V |
Effects of acetate on genes related to lipogenesis in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue via the GPR41. |
1 |
M. Jiang |
acetate GPR41 adipose tissue |
M. Jiang1, K. Zhan1, Y. Huang1, Q. Yan1, Z. Cheng1, Z. Meng1, G. Zhao1, T. Yang1 |
1Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China |
Ruminants rely on short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as principal energy source. Acetate is one of the main SCFA products of microbial fermentation in the rumen with the potential to modulate adipose tissue (AT) lipid metabolism. In previous reports, acetate is closely related to adipocyte differentiation and energy metabolism of AT via the G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), but its role in subcutaneous AT during the periparturient dairy cows is unknown. This study evaluated the effect of acetate on mRNA abundance of fat oxidation and lipogenesis–related genes by subcutaneous AT collected from multiparous dairy cows (n = 6) at 21 d after calving. All AT was cut into small cubic pieces of approximately 1–2 mm length and divided into control group (without sodium acetate for control group, n = 6), 12mM sodium acetate group (SA, n = 6) and 12mM sodium acetate+200 ng/ml PTX group (SAP, n = 6). Pertussis Toxin (PTX) is specific G protein-coupled receptor inhibitors. After 4 h, the AT was collected for qRT-PCR analysis. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test was used for data analysis, P < 0.05 was considered significant. These results showed that the SA group significantly enhanced mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes ACC1, DGAT1, FAS, SREBP1 and PPAR-γ compared with the control group (P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on ACSL1, PPAR-α, CPT1, CPT2, DGAT2, and SCD1. The expression of ACC1, CPT1, DGAT1, FAS, PPAR-α, SREBP1, ACSL1, CPT2, DGAT2, SCD1, and PPAR-γ was significantly downregulated in the SAP group compared with SA group (P < 0.05), but compared with the control group, the SAP group displayed significantly reduced ACC1, ACSL1, CPT2, and DGAT2 gene expression (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrates for the first time that a direct effect of acetate on lipogenesis in AT from periparturient dairy cows via the GPR41. Together, these results indicate that acetate and GPR41 is critical for fat synthesis in periparturient dairy cows, and is beneficial to increasing lipid storage. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t87003 |
Watch |
1489V |
Rumen metabolome of samples collected using an oro-esophageal probe, and particulate, liquid, and combined liquid and particulate fractions collected using rumen fistula in Holstein dairy cows. |
2 |
L. L. Cunha |
gut health metabolomics dairy cow |
L. L. Cunha1, H. F. Monteiro2, F. S. Lima2 |
1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA |
TThe use of oro-esophageal (oral) probes to collect rumen samples for characterization of the microbiome became widely popular. While the methodology represents an excellent proxy for the rumen microbiota, remains unclear how the rumen metabolome is impacted by the different methods of collection and fractions of rumen sample obtained by a rumen fistula. Our objectives were to compare the rumen metabolome in samples oral, and liquid, particulate, and the combined liquid-particulate fractions collected using a rumen fistula in Holstein dairy cows. Rumen-fistulated, mid-lactation, multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 9) fed the same diet had samples collected using the oro-esophageal tube and the rumen fistula. The rumen fistula samples included liquid, particulate, and mixed liquid-particulate fractions. An oro-esophageal probe was used to collect 50 mL of liquid rumen fraction. Through the rumen fistula, 50 mL of liquid, liquid-particulate, and particulate fractions were collected. The 4 samples for each cow were submitted to the West Coast Metabolomics Center for untargeted metabolomics analyses with gas chromatography of time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC-TOF). Metaboanalyst program was used for partial-least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) as well as pathway and enrichment analyses. Identified and unknown metabolites show a difference between liquid and particulate sampling (PLS-DA; P > 0.001), but combined liquid-particulate fractions and oral samples were similar (P > 0.05) indicating that oral sampling may be a proxy for metabolome analysis. However, the enrichment analysis for 25 metabolites pathways including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, pyruvate, linoleic, and tryptophan metabolism vary according to rumen sampling methodology. Albeit metabolomics shifts in rumen contents from liquid and particulate fractions were limited, metabolites pathways differences indicate the sampling methodology should be rigorously assessed before adopting oral sampling as proxy/replacement for rumen fistula. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86359 |
Watch |
1173V |
Lysophosphatidylcholine administration promotes an immune and febrile response in Holstein heifer calves. |
3 |
B. N. Tate |
lysophosphatidylcholine calf immunity |
B. N. Tate1, M. M. Deys1, F. G. Oviedo1, A. D. Ferguson1, Y. Zang1, J. W. McFadden1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
In cattle experiencing endotoxemia, circulating lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentrations are low, and LPC enhances bovine neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms. Our objective was to investigate the effects of LPC on immunity and growth in calves. Forty-three healthy Holstein heifer calves (age 7 ± 3 d) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 10–11/treatment): unsupplemented control (CON), mixed LPC (mLPC; 69% LPC-16:0, 25% LPC-18:0, 6% other), LPC-18:0 (pLPC), or milk replacer containing 3% lysolecithin (LYSO) for 5 wk. Calves received 5 subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of vehicle (10 mL phosphate-buffered saline containing 20 mg/mL bovine serum albumin; CON and LYSO) or vehicle containing mLPC or pLPC to provide 10 mg LPC/kg of body weight [BW]/injection every 12 h during wk 3 of life. Calves were fed a milk replacer containing 27% crude protein, 24% fat at 1.7% of BW per d (dry matter basis) until wk 6 of life (start of weaning). Starter (22% CP) and water were provided ad libitum. Body measurements were recorded weekly and clinical observations were recorded daily. Blood samples were collected weekly, and 0, 5 and 10 h, relative to the final injection. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures including fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction. A Dunnett’s test was used to compare treatments to CON. Peak rectal temperatures were higher in mLPC (103.5°F) or pLPC (103.3°F), relative to CON (102.2°F; P < 0.01). Calves receiving mLPC and pLPC also had higher circulating serum amyloid A concentrations, relative to CON (196 and 207 vs. 67.8 µg/mL, respectively; P < 0.01). Calves provided mLPC experienced lower average daily gain (ADG) post-weaning, relative to CON (0.52 vs. 0.94 kg/d; P < 0.05). Calves treated with mLPC and pLPC had lower serum total protein and albumin concentrations, relative to CON (P < 0.01). Calves receiving mLPC had increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase concentrations (P < 0.05), relative to CON. LYSO did not modify rectal temperatures or ADG, relative to CON. We conclude that s.c. LPC administration induced an acute febrile response, modified measures of liver and immune function, and impaired growth in calves. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86866 |
Watch |
1316V |
Supplementation of probiotics and inorganic selenium increase nutritional value of milk of dairy cows. |
4 |
L. A. M. Keller |
selenite digestibility probiotics |
L. G. C. Oliveira1, G. G. Mozart2, A. G. Estefan2,4, M. Aronovich2, L. F. Ferraretto3, L. A. M. Keller1 |
1Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil, 2Phileo by Lesaffre, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 3University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 4Phileo by Lesaffre, Toluca, México |
Milk is unquestionably a rich source of proteins of high biological value with the potential to positively modulate diverse functions in the body. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenite and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation to dairy cows on the nutritional and sanitary quality parameters of milk. Twenty crossbred cows (Girolanda breed) were separated into 4 groups (n = 5) of similar average milk production. and fed a basal TMR for 45 d in a continuous lactation study. The source of inorganic selenium used was sodium selenite (Na2SeO3 99,5% p.a.) and the yeast (Actisaf PWD, Phileo by Lesaffre, France) was an established compound with a high concentration of bioactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10.0x109 ufc.g−1). The 4 proposed treatments were: Treatment 1 (T1) 0.3 mg/kg of Inorganic Selenium MS; Treatment 2 (T2) 0.3 mg/kg of inorganic Selenium MS + CLV 5.0 g/animal; Treatment 3 (T3) 0.6 mg/kg Inorganic Selenium MS; Treatment 4 (T4) 0.6 mg/kg of inorganic selenium + CLV 5.0 g/animal. Milk yield was measured and sampled twice a week. Analysis of sanitary quality and milk composition follow ED the standards established in Normative Instruction No.76 technical notebook of Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil (MAPA). No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.05) for total protein, casein, pH, cryoscopy point, defatted dry extract, lactose, microbiological counts evaluations. But there was an effect (P ≤ 0.001) on milk fat content and somatic cell counts (SCC). The SCC (10−3/ml) decreased from 155.60 to 74.70 for X and Y, respectively. Fat content (g/100 mL) increased from 4.18 (TX) to 4.47 (TY). The use of sodium selenite at a concentration of 0.6 mg/kg of DM in association with S. cerevisiae supplementation reduced the SCC levels and increased fat content when compared with other treatments. Both the use of selenium and the use of S. cerevisiae as feed supplements for lactating cows are widely used and have benefits reported, but the variability of results shows that new study models are still needed to better isolate and understand the benefits of using these additives. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9960 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86366 |
Watch |
2148V |
Effects of rumen modifiers aiming to reduce proteolysis on rumen fermentation and N flow in dual-flow continuous culture. |
1 |
Y. Roman-Garcia |
nitrogen flow rumen modifier microbial protein |
Y. Roman-Garcia1, S. El-Haddad1, P. Piantoni1, G. Schroeder1 |
1Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Innovation Campus, Elk River, MN |
Reducing protein degradation in rumen could result in increasing intestinal amino acids flow and nitrogen efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate 3 products developed to decrease rumen protein degradation on rumen fermentation parameters in continuous culture. Twelve fermenters were used in a randomized block design experiment consisting of 2 periods and 4 treatments (n = 6). Fermenters (2 L capacity) were fed (~100 g/d) a lactating cow diet (15.0% CP, 24.8% NDF, 14.2% ADF) once a day. Liquid dilution rate was maintained at 8%/h and solid passage rate at 4%/h. The pH was maintained between 5.6 - 7.0. Treatments were: control (no additive, CTR), AAT (AAlphaTek, Cargill Inc.; 0.40 g/L), VAL1 (Valiprov N1, Cargill Inc.; 0.20 g/L), and VAL2 (Valiprov N2, Cargill Inc.; 0.20 g/L). Valiprov N1 and N2 are prototypes of a product based on condensed tannins and spice extracts and AAlphaTek is a proprietary blend of plant extracts, yeast, fermentation products, trace minerals, and enzymes. Data were analyzed using the Lme4 package in R. The model included the random effects of period and fermenter, and the fixed effect of treatment. A pre-planned contrast of CON vs additives (AAT + VAL1 + VAL2) was tested. Treatments did not affect (P > 0.20) DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF degradability. Treatments did not affect (P > 0.20) total N flow from the fermenter. Compared with CTR, all treatments decreased (P < 0.01) ammonia-N concentration (mg/dL); CTR = 2.20, AAT = 2.11, VAL1 = 2.12, VAL2 = 2.08, and tended to increase (P = 0.09) microbial-N flow (g/d; CTR = 0.36, AAT = 0.42, VAL1 = 0.42, VAL2 = 0.41). There was no effect (P > 0.20) of treatments on total VFA concentration or production or individual VFA proportions. Furthermore, treatments did not affect (P = 0.19) average daily pH. However, AAT and VAL1 increased (P = 0.01) the hours spent under pH of 5.8 compared with VAL2 (CTR = 8.36, AAT = 9.35, VAL1 = 9.15, VAL2 = 7.27). All treatments increased microbial-N and decreased ammonia-N flow, suggesting a change from nonprotein N to true protein flow. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86349 |
Watch |
2270V |
Evaluation of 2 buffer sources on rumen fermentation and pH in continuous culture. |
2 |
Y. Roman-Garcia |
buffer rumen pH |
Y. Roman-Garcia1, S. El-Haddad1, K. Dieho2, G. Schroeder1 |
1Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Innovation Campus, Elk River, MN, 2Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Velddriel, the Netherlands |
High-producing dairy cows require a high level of intake to support their production that increases the risk of suboptimal rumen pH. Buffer additives are widely used to improve rumen health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 doses of a newly developed mineral based compound buffer Mineral Core (MC, Cargill Inc.) on rumen pH and VFA production in continuous culture fermenters. Twelve fermenters were used in a complete randomized design experiment consisting of 4 treatments (n = 3). Fermenters were fed a grass silage-based lactating cow diet once a day. Liquid dilution rate was 8%/h and solid passage rate was 4%/h. Treatments were: control (CTR), sodium bicarbonate (SB, 2.25 g/L), low dose of MC (LMC, 1.5 g/L), and high dose of MC (HMC, 2.25 g/L). The diet was 91.0% DM, 93.1% OM, 27.1% NDF, and 14.7% CP. After 7 d of adaptation to treatments, pH was measured and recorded every 5 min. Data were analyzed using the lm package in R with the fixed effect of treatment. Time and treatment by time interaction were included for repeated measures. Two pre-planned contrasts, CON vs. buffer (SB + LMC + HMC) and SB vs. MC (LMC + HMC), were tested. Adding buffer increased (P = 0.01) average daily pH from 6.03 for CON, to 6.17, 6.32, and 6.33 for SB, LMC, and HMC, respectively (SB vs. MC was P = 0.09). There was an interaction of treatment by time on hourly pH such that SB increased (P < 0.05) pH compared with MC 1 to 2.5 h post-feeding but MC increased (P < 0.05) pH compared with SB from 9 to 20 h post-feeding. Adding buffer decreased (P < 0.01) the time spent under pH of 5.80 from 8.85 h for CON to 6.91, 5.40 and 4.60 h for SB, LMC, and HMC, respectively (SB vs. MC was P = 0.02). Adding buffer increased (P < 0.01) acetate proportion and decreased (P < 0.01) propionate proportion. Consequently, acetate:propionate ratio increased (P < 0.01) from 1.95 in CON to 2.15, 3.31, and 2.81 for SB, LMC, HMC respectively (SB vs MC was P < 0.01). The effect on pH of MC was maintained across the day while the effect of sodium bicarbonate was only seen in the first 3 h post-feeding. A low dose of MC was sufficient to see benefits on pH and fermentation profiles. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86951 |
Watch |
2356V |
Effect of a therapeutic diet on growth performance in foot and mouth disease (FMD)-infected Holstein Friesian crossbred calves. |
3 |
A. Somagond |
body weight customized nutrient supplement cooked |
A. Somagond1,2, B. H. M. Patel1, A. K. Pattanaik3, M. Hosamani1, A. Sanyal1, Q. Jiang2, J. J. Loor2 |
1ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India |
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) affects dry matter intake (DMI) and performance due to mucosal erosions developed on the tongue and gums. Therapeutic diets (TD) in a physical form compatible with the inflammatory condition of the mouth could ensure optimum intake. A TD was offered in the mash or cooked form to18 Holstein Friesian crossbred male calves (10–12 mo old). They were randomly distributed across 3 treatment groups viz. TD-Mash (TDM), TD-Cooked (TDC), TDC-Customized Nutrient Supplement (TDCNS) and 4 calves in Control-Mash (CONM). All TD groups were infected with the FMD virus in a bio-containment facility (BSL-III). The diet consisted of ground finger millet straw, crushed maize and wheat, jaggery, groundnut cake, wheat bran, vegetable oil, mineral mixture, common salt, and sodium bicarbonate. Calves were fed diets for 3 d before infection. TD was fed at 1.5% of BW in the AM and calves had ad libitum access to hybrid Napier grass in the PM. The experiment continued for 42 d when calves had recovered completely. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS v.4. In wk 0 and 1, BW in the 4 groups did not differ (P = 0.99). However, the weekly BW gain of TDM during this time was lower (P = 0.01) than other groups. Although weekly BW gain between wk 1 and 2 did not differ, BW in wk 2 was different among groups (P < 0.01), ranking as TDCNS > CON > TDC > TDM. Dry matter intake differed significantly at wk 1(P = 0.04) only. At the end of the experiment, animals gained 20.1, 18.5, 22.1 and 22.9 kg BW in CON, TDM, TDC and TDCNS groups, respectively. The average daily BW gain was 0.479, 0.454, 0.527 and 0.546 kg but did not differ (P = 0.72) among groups. Although not statistically significant, feed conversion ratio (P = 0.85) and feed efficiency (P = 0.75) were 6 ± 0.02, 7 ± 0.19, 6 ± 0.25and 5 ± 0.21, and 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.02, and 0.23 ± 0.02 for CON, TDM, TDC, and TDCNS. In conclusion, during FMD conditions, feeding of a therapeutic diet in cooked form (with or without CNS) helped to regain body weight quickly and also ensured normal growth of calves. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86363 |
Watch |
2365V |
In vivo supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product enhances in vitro gas production from NDF fraction of forages. |
4 |
Y. Roman-Garcia |
in vitro gas fiber |
S. Somes1, P. Score1, Y. Roman-Garcia1, G. Schroeder1 |
1Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Innovation Campus, Elk River, MN |
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of rumen fluid from cows receiving NutriTek on fermentation kinetics of NDF from different forages. Four cows were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatments in a crossover design experiment with 2 28-d periods. Treatments were control (CTR, no supplementation) and NutriTek (NTK, Diamond V, 19 g/d). Base diet was 47.7% DM, 56.7% forage, 17.5% CP, 27.8% NDF, and 26.0% starch with treatment added as top-dress. At the end of each period, rumen fluid was collected, pooled by treatment, and used to incubate NDF fraction extracted from BMR silage, conventional corn silage, and alfalfa haylage (6 replicates per period). An automated gas production batch culture in vitro system (Ankom, Macedon, NY) was used to measure gas pressure (PSI) at 15-min intervals during a 48-h incubation period. At 48 h, half of each replicate set was sampled for VFA analysis. Gas pressure was used to fit a curve with lag time, rate, and extent of degradation. Curve fitting data were analyzed using the Lme4 package in R. The model included the random effects of period, the fixed effects of treatment, feed, and treatment by feed interaction. Rumen fluid from cows receiving NTK increased (P = 0.02) the pressure extent (PSI) compared with CTR fluid (12.4 vs. 12.3 for BMR; 10.9 vs. 10.4 for corn silage; 6.2 vs 5.5 for haylage). Treatment x feed interaction was not significant (P = 0.27). Lag and rate of gas production was not affected by treatment. Source of NDF had an effect (P < 0.01) on both extent and rate with the highest extent for BMR followed by corn silage and the lowest for haylage. At all time points fitted (6, 12, 24, 48 h), PSI was higher (P < 0.01) for NTK treatment than CTR, suggesting that NDF degradation was increased. NTK increased (P = 0.05) total VFA concentration (95 to 102 mM), with the effect mainly seen for acetate concentration (61 to 67 mM) which increased (P < 0.01) acetate:propionate from 2.6 to 2.8. In summary, across all NDF sources evaluated, rumen fluid from dairy cows receiving NTK increased gas and VFA production from NDF degradation in vitro. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86865 |
Watch |
2255V |
Performance of dairy calves fed whole milk with total solids corrected according to 2 approaches. |
5 |
C. M. M. Bittar |
whole milk total solids performance |
A. M. Cezar1, A. P. Silva1, C. R Tomaluski1, A. F. Toledo1, M. D. Silva1, G. F. Virgínio Jr1, S. C. S. Souza1, R. Y. L. Ricci1, C. M. M. Bittar1 |
1Dept. Animal Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Holstein calves fed whole milk (WM) corrected to 15% TS using a commercial corrector (CC, 24.5% CP and 4.8% EE), considering 2 approches. Colostrum-fed Holstein male calves (n = 45) were used in a randomized block design, considering weight and birth date as blocking criteria. Calves were individually housed with free access to water and concentrate (20% CP; 82% TDN). Study was conducted during the summer, with average temperature of 24.4°C (19.8 – 31.1°C), humidity of 79.4% (48.6 – 98.5%) and rainfall of 4.1 mm/mo. Calves were assigned to treatments: WM without correction (Control); WM corrected with a fixed dose of 25 g CC/L (Fixed dose); WM corrected to 15% TS, using the daily Brix reading, adding 10 g/L for every 1% Brix increase needed to reach 13% Brix (Brix). Calves were fed with 6 L/d of the liquid diet by buckets. Feed intake was monitored daily and body weight and corporal measures were recorded weekly. Results suggest that the increase in liquid diet total solids was not enough to improve performance, probably due to the compensation in the starter intake, which result in similar total DMI. Due to the high temperature and humidity, calves were subjected to heat stress which may also reduced the opportunity to show differences in performance. However, the use of a fixed dose resulted in similar performance of the correction based on daily Brix reading, suggesting that the first could be adopted to ease management. Table 1. Intake and performance of dairy calves fed whole milk correct or not for total solids
| Item |
Treatments |
SEM |
P-value |
| Control |
Brix |
Fixed dose |
T |
W |
T×W |
| Intake, g DM/d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Concentrate |
383.6 a |
251.1 b |
304 ab |
36.77 |
0.051 |
<0.0001 |
0.708 |
| Liquid diet |
735.5 c |
883.3 a |
851.3 b |
3.11 |
<0.0001 |
0.0001 |
0.625 |
| Total |
1,116.2 |
1,131.6 |
1,159.6 |
50.75 |
0.24 |
<0.0001 |
0.782 |
| BW, kg |
58.23 |
59.26 |
59.63 |
1.763 |
0.498 |
<0.0001 |
0.076 |
| ADG, g/d |
0.616 |
0.637 |
0.665 |
0.0261 |
0.341 |
<0.0001 |
0.103 |
| Feed efficiency |
0.563 |
0.557 |
0.569 |
0.0236 |
0.935 |
<0.0001 |
0.103 |
| Average measurements, cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Withers height |
86.8 |
86.3 |
86.4 |
0.78 |
0.822 |
<0.0001 |
0.722 |
| Hip width |
23.9 |
24.1 |
24.0 |
0.30 |
0.593 |
<0.0001 |
0.300 |
| Heart girth |
89.2 |
89.4 |
89.1 |
0.94 |
0.933 |
<0.0001 |
0.551 |
|
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86743 |
Watch |
2261V |
Effects of inclusion of whole-plant flint corn silage in the diet of dairy calves. |
6 |
C. M. M. Bittar |
effective fiber forage peNDF |
A. F. Toledo1, A. P. Silva1, S. C. Dondé1, A. M. Cezar1, C. R. Tomaluski1, A. C. O. Ribeiro1, M. G. Coelho1, M. D. Silva1, I. M. Nascimento1, C. M. M. Bittar1 |
1Dept. of Animal Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
The study aimed to investigate the level of whole-plant flint corn silage inclusion on performance in dairy calves. Forty-five Holstein calves were used in a randomized block design, with the blocks defined by sex, birth date, and BW at 28 d of age, when the supply of the total mixed ratio (TMR) started. Three experimental solid diets were evaluated: 1) Starter concentrate (0CS - 20% No-forage NDF, 0.34% peNDF >4 mm); 2) TMR with 10% corn silage (10CS – 22% NDF, 2.63% peNDF >4 mm); 3) TMR with 20% corn silage (20CS – 25% NDF, 4.85% peNDF >4 mm). The calves were evaluated from 28 d to 56 d of age. Calves were equally managed during the first 28 d, fed with 6 L/d of whole milk and a commercial pelleted starter concentrate ad libitum. After that, the experimental solid diets were fed, and the calves were gradually weaning at 52 d to 56 of age. The dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily. The average daily gain (ADG) was evaluated weekly, and a behavioral analysis was performed on the 7th week. There was an interaction between age and experimental diets for DMI. There was a quadratic effect for DMI from wk 7 until weaning, with higher values for 10CS diet (847.4 ± 87.47 g/d) as compared with the 0CS and 20CS diets (631.7, 667.3 ± 87.47 g/d, respectively; P = < 0.01). Consequently, the 10CS diet also promoted greater ADG from wk 7 until weaning (771.9 ± 38.2 g/d) as compared with the 0CS and 20CS diets (710.0, 695.2 ± 38.2 g/d; P = 0.05). However, final weight was not affected (0CS: 63.8, 10CS: 64.2, 20CS: 61.5 ± 2.38 kg, P = 0.35). There was a positive linear effect for 0CS, 10CS and 20CS diets on the rumination during the weaning process (53.0, 60.8, 80.3 ± 6.80 Min/10 h, respectively; P = 0.01), so that the higher the inclusion of silage, the higher was the rumination time. The inclusion of 10% corn silage in the TMR of dairy calves maximized the feed intake, which is extremely important to promote rumen development and preparation for weaning. In addition, it anticipated the rumination cycles during the weaning period, an important factor in maintaining rumen health. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86518 |
Watch |
2351V |
Effect of maternal or formulated transition milk on the health and performance of dairy calves. |
7 |
C. M. M. Bittar |
health newborn transition milk |
A. P. Silva1, A. M. Cezar1, A. F. Toledo1, R. Y. L. Ricci1, R. S. Budoya1, S. C. Donde1, M. G. Coelho1, A. C. Ribeiro1, C. R. Tomaluski1, C. M. M. Bittar1 |
11Dept. of Animal Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
Transition milk has a higher nutritional composition and immune profile than whole milk (WM). Despite the gradual decline of the components present in colostrum, transition milk (TM) still has considerable fat, proteins, amino acids, and several bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate how the supply of maternal or formulated TM, using colostrum powder, affects the performance and health of dairy calves. Thirty-six calves were colostrum fed 12% of the BW of a 24% Brix colostrum within 2h after birth. Calves were then divided into randomized blocks, according to sex, date, and birth weight, and distributed into 3 treatments (12 replicates each): 1) Whole milk (WM): calves were fed 4L/d WM for 3d, divided into 2 meals ; 2) Transition milk (TM): calves were fed maternal TM for 3d – 4L/d, divided into 2 meals; 3) Formulated transition milk (FTM): calves were fed whole milk enriched with 70g/L of colostrum powder (totaling 280g/d), for 3d – 4L/d, divided into 2 meals. Calves received starter and water free-choice and were fed 6L/d of WM from d 4 until 56d of age when they were weaned. Performance data were analyzed as repeated measures over time by the PROC Mixed of SAS, with treatment, age and the interaction age x treatment as fixed effects; while health data were analyzed cosidering only treatment as fixed effect. All calves presented excellent levels of passive transfer (>9.4% Brix). During the experimental period (56d), there were no differences on performance or health among the treatments. The potential benefits of providing TM or FTM were not observed in study, probably due to the excellent levels of passive transfer and supply of of TM or FTM only during 3d. Table 1. Performance and health of calves fed with milk whole, transition milk and formulated transition milk
| Item |
Treatment |
SEM |
P-value |
| WM |
TM |
FTM |
T |
Age |
T × A |
| Brix, % 48h |
9.8 |
10.6 |
10.1 |
0.29 |
0.10 |
— |
— |
| Concentrate intake, g/d |
238.7 |
237.8 |
239.0 |
27.89 |
0.99 |
<0.05 |
0.95 |
| Birth BW, kg |
29.0 |
28.0 |
30.7 |
1.35 |
0.15 |
— |
— |
| Weaning BW, kg |
65.8 |
63.6 |
65.8 |
1.85 |
0.49 |
— |
— |
| ADG, kg |
0.66 |
0.63 |
0.63 |
0.645 |
0.25 |
<0.05 |
0.24 |
| Health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fecal score |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.06 |
0.30 |
<0.05 |
0.42 |
| Nº Atb1 |
0.41 |
0.45 |
0.91 |
0.246 |
0.28 |
— |
— |
| Days with diarrhea |
7.72 |
10.48 |
9.72 |
1.482 |
0.37 |
— |
— |
| Fever days |
2.83 |
1.90 |
3.74 |
0.630 |
0.14 |
— |
— |
1Number of antibiotic treatments. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86290 |
Watch |
2444V |
Comparison of a new protein source (carinata meal) with canola meal on the basis of ruminal fermentation, degradation and intestinal digestion in dairy cows. |
8 |
A. Ismael |
new co-product (carinata) rumen fermentation and degradation intestinal digestion |
A. Ismael1, B. Refat1, P. Yu1 |
1Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada |
The objectives of this study were to compare a new protein source (carinata meal) with canola meal on the basis of ruminal fermentation, degradation, and intestinal digestion in dairy cows and evaluate effect of feeding newly developed blend-pelleted products based on carinata meal (BPPCR) or canola meal (BPPCN) in combination with peas screenings and lignosulfonate on ruminal fermentation and degradation and intestinal digestion in high-producing dairy cows. Three mid-lactating cannulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of the following 3 dietary treatments: Control = control diet (common barley-based diet in western Canada; CP level 15.9% DM); BPPCR = basal diet supplemented with 12.3%DM BPPCR (carinata meal 71.4% + pea screenings 23.8% + lignosulfonate 4.8%DM; CP level 15.8% DM), and BPPCN = basal diet supplemented with 13.3%DM BPPCN (canola meal 71.4% + pea screenings 23.8% + lignosulfonate 4.8%DM; CP level 16.2% DM) in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted for 21 d with 14 d for adaptation and 7 d of sampling. The data were analyzed using the Mixed model procedure in SAS 9.4 with the analysis LSD model.The treatment differences were compared using Tukey method. The results showed that the control diet was higher (P < 0.05) in total VFA rumen concentration (138 mmol/L) than BPPCN. There was no dietary effect (P > 0.10) on the concentration of rumen ammonia. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of dietary treatments on ruminal degradation kinetics of dietary nutrients. There was no significant difference (P > 0.10) among 3 different diets on intestinal digestion of nutrients. The predicted metabolizable protein was not affected (P > 0.10) by different dietary treatments. Similarly, the feed milk values (FMV) were not affected (P > 0.10) by different diets. In conclusion, the blend-pelleted products based on carinata meal as a new co-product from the bio-fuel processing industry was equal to the pelleted products based on canola meal as a protein source for dairy cattle without affecting the ruminal fermentation features |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86315 |
Watch |
2445V |
Using vibrational molecular spectral feature as a fast tool to evaluate and predict nutrient utilization and availability of chickpeas in dairy cows. |
9 |
L. Cerma |
vibrational molecular spectroscopy nutrient utilization and availability chickpea |
L. Cerma1, P. Yu1 |
1Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada |
The objective this study was to predict nutrient utilization and availability of chickpeas in dairy cows using vibrational molecular mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) as a fast tool. The rumen degradation kinetics and intestinal digestions as well as nutrient supply to dairy cows in term of Feed Milk Value (FMV) were determined using conventional methods with rumen-cannulated dairy cows. The rumen degradation kinetics were determined using in situ technique. The intestinal digestion was determined using 3-step in vitro method. The FMV was determined based on net energy for lactation and metabolizable protein. The molecular spectral features were conducted using JASCO FTIR 4200 spectroscopy. Molecular structure was analyzed using JASCO Spectra Manager II with mid-infrared (ca. 4000–800 cm−1) with a 4 cm−1 resolution. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. For best model variable selection in predicted equation, PROC REG was used with “STEPWISE” option for variable selection criteria “SLENTRY = 0.05 SLSTAY = 0.05.” The result showed that there was an interactive association between molecular structure spectral features and nutrient utilization and supply to dairy cows. With molecular spectroscopic technique-FTIR, the true nutrient supply to dairy cow could be predicted by using a few molecular spectral variables. For example, for Feed Milk Value (FMV) with 3 molecular spectral variables (STC1, STC_A, CEC_A), the FMV (kg milk/kg DM) was estimated with the following equation: FMV = 28.59 STC1 + 0.18 STC_A – 1.011 CEC_A – 1.33, where, R2 = 0.85, P < 0.01). This study showed that vibrational molecular mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has a high potential to be used a fast tool to evaluation nutrient utilization and supply to dairy cow. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86484 |
Watch |
2446V |
Dietary flaxseed supplements alter C18 fatty acid profile in milk. |
10 |
M. Q. Chen |
flaxseed milk C18 fatty acid |
M. Q. Chen1,2, G. X. Huang1,2, F. E. Wang1,2, Y. D. Zhang1,2, N. Zheng1,2, J. Q. Wang1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Derived from biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated FAs in ruminant, C18 FAs present great diversity and abundance in milk and are related to potential health benefits and risks. Therefore, the improvement of contents of bioactive FAs such as α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 c9c12c15) in milk has gained interest among researchers recently. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary flaxseed supplements on the C18 FA profile in milk. Thirty Holstein dairy cows with similar production performance (90 ± 28 d in milk; 628 ± 103 kg. BW) were divided into 3 groups randomly. The experimental diets were designed of a basal diet (CK) or supplemented with 1500 g/d whole flaxseed (WF) or ground flaxseed (GF). The experimental diets were formulated according to Feeding Standards of Dairy Cattle in China (NY/T 34–2004). Each dairy cow was fed TMR individually and 3 times a day. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Milk samples were collected on the last day. The composition of C18 FAs was analyzed by an Agilent 7890A GC equipped with a 5975C MS detector in SIM mode. Statistical analysis was analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan’s method using SAS 9.4 software. P < 0.05 was set as a significant difference. Results showed that significantly higher contents of C18:1 t6, C18:2 t9t12, C18:2 c9t12, C18:2 t9c12, C18:3 c9t12t15/C18:3 c9c12t15 and ALA were found in GF and WF compared with CK (P < 0.05). The content of C18:0 of WF was significantly higher than CK and GF (P < 0.05). The contents of C18:1 c12 and C18:3 t9c12c15 were increased in GF compared with CK and WF (P < 0.05). Significantly higher contents of C18:1 c6/C18:1 c8, C18:1 c9, C18:1 c11, linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 c9c12) and C18:3 c6c9c12 were found in milk in CK and WF compared with GF (P < 0.05). The lowest ratio of LA/ALA was found in GF, followed by WF and the highest in CK. In conclusion, supplementation of dairy cow diet with flaxseed significantly affected the C18 FA profile in milk. Feeding dairy cows with whole flaxseed and ground flaxseed increased the content of ALA and decreased the ratio of LA/ALA in milk. Additionally, supplementation with ground flaxseed showed lowest the ratio of LA/ALA in milk. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86153 |
Watch |
2447V |
Effect of high versus low red clover-grass mixture on energy utilization in lactating dairy cows. |
11 |
J. P. Sacramento |
dairy cow energy legume |
J. P. Sacramento1,2, L. H. P. Silva3, D. C. Reyes1, Y. Geng1, A. F. Brito1 |
1University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2Federal University of São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil, 3Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY |
Sixteen multiparous and 4 primiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging 116 ± 52 DIM and 502 ± 52 kg of BW were used to assess the effect of high vs. low red clover (RC) mixture on dietary energy utilization. Cows were blocked in pairs by DIM or parity and, within pair, randomly assigned to treatments in a crossover design, with 14 d for diet adaptation and 10 d for data and sample collection. Two fields were planted with RC- or alfalfa-grass mixture consisting (seeding rate, %) of 79:14:7 legume:meadow fescue:timothy. Forages were harvested as baleage, with second and third cuts used in the study. Diets were formulated to yield a 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio and were fed as TMR twice daily. Based on the botanical composition of each field, the forage portion (60%, DM basis) of the diets contained: (1) 41% RC, 5% white clover, 9% weeds, and 5% grasses [high RC mixture (H-RCM)], or (2) 21% RC, 10% white clover, 12% alfalfa, 11% weeds, and 5% grasses [low RC mixture (L-RCM)]. Methane production was measured using a GreenFeed unit, and fecal grab and spot urinary samples were collected at 6 different time points over 3 d. No difference was observed for gross energy (GE) intake (mean = 82.6 Mcal/d) between diets. However, cows fed H-RCM had greater digestible energy (DE) intake than those fed L-RCM (56.0 vs. 50.9 Mcal/d; P < 0.001) due to less fecal energy output (27.5 vs. 30.8 Mcal/d; P < 0.01). Likewise, intake of metabolizable energy (ME; 47 vs. 41.9 Mcal/d) and NEL (29.7 vs. 25.3 Mcal/d) increased (P < 0.001) with feeding H-RCM vs. L-RCM. Urinary energy (mean = 3.30 Mcal/d), methane energy (mean = 5.64 Mcal/d), heat production (mean = 25.2 Mcal/d), and milk energy (mean = 18.9 Mcal/d) did not differ between diets. Cows fed H-RCM were more efficient when expressed as ME/DE (83.9 vs. 82.3%; P < 0.001) or NEL/ME (62.8 vs. 61.4%; P = 0.04), whereas cows fed L-RCM were more efficient when expressed as milk energy/ME (45.8 vs. 40.2%; P < 0.001) or heat production/ME (61.2 vs. 54.3%; P < 0.001). Overall, DE, ME, and NEL intake were greater in the H-RCM vs. L-RCM diet, but the efficiency of energy utilization varied between diets. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86434 |
Watch |
2448V |
Inclusion of flavor enhancers to a starter feed increased feed intake and live weight gain of newborn Holstein calves. |
12 |
W. Z. Yang |
newborn calf palate enhancer starter feed |
S. X. Ji1, X. B. Liu1, M. L. He2, W. Z. Yang3, Y. Z. Shen1 |
1College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China, 2Lucta (Guangzhou) Flavours Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada |
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of palate enhancers, orange flavor (ORF) and sweetener (SWT), on starter feed intake and growth performance of newborn calves. Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves (initial BW 39.8 ± 1.11 kg) were randomly assigned into one of 4 treatments (n = 12): 1) a basal starter feed (control); control feed supplemented with 2) 150 mg/kg sweetener (SWT); 3) 300 mg/kg orange flavor (ORF); and 4) the combination of the treatments of #2 and 3 (150 mg/kg SWT + 300 mg/kg ORF; SWT-ORF). The experiment was a completely randomized design with the duration of 56 d long. The start feed contained 42.1% corn, 20.3% soybean meal, 5% cottonseed meal, 9.1% soybean hull, 5% wheat middlings, 4.9% DDGS, 9% corn germ meal and 4.7% vitamin and mineral supplement (DM basis). The newborn calves were transferred in an individual hutches after weighed and fed with 4 L of colostrum. The calves were fed milk twice daily by gradually increasing the milk (L/d) from 4, 5, 7, 10 to 12 at the end of experiment. The starter feeds were fed ad libitum. The intake of start feed was recorded daily throughout the experiment. The calves were weighed on d 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS with model including fixed effect of treatment, and random effect of animal. The feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) during the periods of d28–42 (272 vs. 147 g/d) and d43–56 (406 vs. 210 g/d) with calves fed SWT vs. control. The calves fed ORF vs control tended (P = 0.09) to have greater starter intake during d42–56 (357 vs. 210 g/d). However, the combination of SWT and ORF did not affect the feed intake. The average daily gain (ADG) of the calves fed the SWT vs. control improved at d 28 (536 vs. 408 g/d; P = 0.05), d 42 (703 vs. 632 g/d; P = 0.09), and d 56 (815 vs 727 g/d; P = 0.02). Whereas, the ADG was affected neither by ORF nor by SWT-ORF compared with control. These results suggests that dietary supplementation of SWT may benefit to growth performance of preweaned calves through improving feed palatability and feed intake. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86263 |
Watch |
2449V |
Supplementing vegetable oils to heifers alters expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. |
13 |
N. C. Gonçalves |
dairy heifers liver metabolism vegetable oil |
N. C. Gonçalves1,8, J. G. Laguna2, T. F. Silva2,3, E. O. S. Saliba4, G. R. Moreira5, T. F. Moreira6, R. M. Meneses6, G. S. S. C. Barbosa7, C. I. A. Queiroz7, P. H. P. Küster6, G. P. Peruzzo8, V. A. C. Azevedo2, A. M. Macedo1 |
1Laboratório de Genética Bioquímica, LGB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, LGCM, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3l'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, INRAE, Rennes, Bretagne, France, 4Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 5Departamento de Estatística e Informática, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 6Departamento de Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 7Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 8Escola Superior São Francisco de Assis, ESFA, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil |
During the transition period, the liver is exposed to an excessive quantity of fatty acids coming from the adipose tissue, which may lead to oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis, and ketosis. Fatty acids from oil supplementation may regulate gene expression via the PPAR-α nuclear receptor. However, limited information about this regulation is available, especially when it comes to in vivo approaches. Our research aimed to demonstrate how the dietary inclusion of different vegetable oils may regulate expression of genes involved on liver lipid metabolism of dairy heifers. A completely randomized design with a split plot arrangement was used, the plots being the 4 treatments (diets) and subplots the 3 liver biopsy times (0, +15, and +30 d) with 4 animals per treatment. The heifers were 7.3 ± 2.1 mo old and 250.67 ± 26.44 kg. The treatments were divided into 4 groups: (i) control, (ii) cottonseed oil fed, (iii) sunflower oil fed, and (iv) soybean oil fed. Oils were included at 4% dry matter and diets were calculated to be isoenergetic and isoproteic. Liver samples were harvested by biopsy, stored in RNAlater and kept at −80°C. The genes we analyzed were chosen based on the results of previous in vitro studies and were the following: PPARA, CD36, CPT1A, HMGCR, OCTN2, and ANGPTL4. The expression of the HMGCR gene increased 132.4% and 76.4% when comparing +0 and +15 d with cottonseed and sunflower oil supplementation, respectively (P < 0.05). Diets did not interfere in the OCTN2 gene expression; however, we found a significant increase over time, except for soybean oil. There was no interaction between diets and time for PPARA, CPT1A and CD36 genes. Although, gene expression was increased at +15 d compared with +0 d (P < 0.05). Cottonseed oil resulted in 6% CD36 downregulation compared with the control (P > 0.05). For sunflower and soybean oil CD36 gene expression was 14% lower compared with the control (P < 0.05). Results demonstrated that cottonseed and sunflower oils may increase hepatic lipid oxidation capacity of 7-mo-old dairy heifers. Thus, a new perspective of oil inclusion is suggested, not only to increase diet energy density, but also promoting an improvement of liver fatty acids oxidation. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85907 |
Watch |
2450V |
The effect of virginiamycin on lactating dairy cow’s performance during heat stress in Mexico. |
14 |
M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil |
milk composition cattle time-series analysis |
M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil1, A. Lara-Gonzalez1, L. O. Tedeschi2 |
1Phibro Animal Health, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, 2Texas A&M University, College Station, TX |
The effect of feeding virginiamycin (VM) on milk yield (MY) and milk composition of lactating Holstein cows was investigated on 6 Mexican dairies during heat stress season (April to August). A cow either received a Control (CTR; no VM) total mixed ration (TMR) or a treated (TRT; about 500 mg VM/d) TMR. The timing and length of feeding the CTR or the TRT TMR varied among dairies. An interrupted time-series analysis (ITSA) was used within dairies because CTR and TRT TMR were fed consecutively (e.g., time series) rather than concurrently. As shown in the Table, the results indicated no effect of interruption (i.e., swapping between CTL and TRT) on MY. But, there was a significant effect of interruption on milk fat (MF): the mean for CTR (interruption = 0) was lower (P < 0.06) than for TRT (interruption = 1). The interruption increased the energy-corrected milk (ECM) in one dairy (P = 0.0564) and increased the average difference between TRT and CTR. We concluded that the ITSA results suggested that adding VM in the TMR of lactating dairy cows in 6 dairies had no impact on the MY, but a trend of increasing the average differences in ECM was observed. The intervention increased MF in 4 dairies and decreased MF in 1 dairy. For milk protein, the effect of the intervention was small and inconsistent (it dropped in 2 dairies but increased in 1 dairy) without affecting ECM estimate. There is enough practical evidence that VM might increase the MF synthesis at the mammary gland level, likely due to changes in the ruminal fermentation and its fatty acids profile. Table 1.
| Dairy |
No. cows/N |
Milk Yield, kg/d |
|
Milk Fat, % |
|
Milk Protein, % |
|
ECM, kg/d |
| CTR |
TRT |
P |
CTR |
TRT |
P |
CTR |
TRT |
P |
CTR |
TRT |
P |
| 1 |
—/126 |
— |
— |
— |
|
3.27 |
3.38 |
0.001 |
|
3.20 |
3.13 |
0.018 |
|
— |
— |
— |
| 2 |
2731/31 |
28.8 |
28.6 |
0.317 |
|
3.32 |
3.47 |
0.001 |
|
3.22 |
3.25 |
0.032 |
|
28.2 |
28.6 |
0.056 |
| 3 |
2019/236 |
33.8 |
35.0 |
0.257 |
|
3.20 |
3.33 |
0.001 |
|
3.06 |
3.02 |
0.075 |
|
32.2 |
33.8 |
0.202 |
| 4 |
2174/749 |
31.9 |
32.5 |
0.565 |
|
3.43 |
3.30 |
0.005 |
|
3.27 |
3.26 |
0.913 |
|
32.1 |
31.7 |
0.773 |
| 5 |
—/135 |
— |
— |
— |
|
3.22 |
3.36 |
0.064 |
|
3.38 |
3.28 |
0.001 |
|
— |
— |
— |
| 6 |
2101/90 |
33.2 |
32.8 |
0.243 |
|
3.31 |
3.35 |
0.821 |
|
3.10 |
3.05 |
0.108 |
|
32.1 |
31.8 |
0.304 |
* Milk fat less than 3% and milk protein less than 2.5% were removed. CTR = control, TRT = treated total mixed rations, P = P-value. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86277 |
Watch |
2451V |
Effects of 2 levels of dietary trace minerals on ruminal fermentation, total-tract digestibility, trace mineral excretion and lactation performance in Holstein cows. |
15 |
C. Marchand |
mineral nutrition cattle |
C. Marchand1,2, I. Royer3, R. Gervais2, C. L. Benchaar1, F. Hassanat3, M. Duplessis1 |
1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, 2Université Laval, Département des sciences animales, Québec, QC, Canada, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada |
It has been shown that most trace minerals (TM) are fed above dairy cow requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 levels of dietary TM (Co, Cu, Mn and Zn) on ruminal fermentation parameters, apparent total-tract digestibility of fiber and starch, fecal TM excretion and milk yield and composition in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (average body weight: 692 kg, days in milk: 82) in a crossover design were fed TM supplements formulated to provide either 0.11, 15.8, 16.8 and 62.6 (Control; CON) or 1.0, 22.1, 115.6 and 124.4 (High TM; HTM) mg Co, Cu, Mn and Zn/kg of dry matter, respectively. After 21 d of diet adaptation, rumen fluid was collected 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h relative to feeding. Feed ingredients and feces were collected during 3 and 4 d, respectively. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk samples collected on 4 consecutive milkings. Proc Mixed of SAS was used for data analysis; with repeated measures in time for ruminal parameters. Milk yield and dry matter intake averaged 43.5 (SE = 0.8) and 25.0 (0.6) kg/d, respectively (P ≥ 0.71). The treatments had no effect on milk fat, protein, lactose concentrations, fatty acid profile and fiber and starch digestibility (P ≥ 0.13). Milk urea nitrogen concentration was greater for HTM (11.7 mg/dL) compared with CON (9.7 mg/dL) (P = 0.04, SE = 0.7). There was no effect on ruminal pH, protozoa counts and major volatile fatty acids (P ≥ 0.18), and isovalerate molar proportion was 9.4% greater for HTM compared with CON (P = 0.01). Ingestion of Co, Mn and Zn was higher for HTM compared with CON by 206, 229 and 93% as well as fecal excretion by 221, 202 and 73%, respectively (P < 0.01). No significant difference was noted on Cu ingestion (P = 0.77), however Cu excretion in feces was 7% greater for HTM compared with CON (P = 0.09). Higher dietary TM supply did not affect most rumen fermentation variables, fiber and starch digestibility or milk performance, but increased fecal TM excretion which can damage whole farm ecosystems. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of high fecal TM excretion on the environment. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86022 |
Watch |
2452V |
Meta-analysis on the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders to reduce aflatoxin M1 in milk after aflatoxin B1 challenge in dairy cows. |
16 |
A. Kihal |
mycotoxin binders aflatoxin M1 in vivo |
A. Kihal1, M. Rodríguez-Prado1, S. Calsamiglia1 |
1Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain |
The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders (MTB) to reduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. A literature search was conducted to identify in vivo research papers from different databases. Inclusion criteria where: in vivo, dairy cows, description of the MTB used, doses of MTB, aflatoxin inclusion in the diet and concentration of AFM1 in milk. Twenty-two papers with 108 data were selected. Binders used in the studies were: hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), yeast cell wall (YCW), bentonite (BEN), and mixes of several MTB (MIX). The response variables were: AFM1 percentage reduction in milk, total AFM1 concentration excreted in milk per day and transfer percentage of aflatoxin from feed to AFM1 in milk; and AFM1 concentration in urine and feces. Data were analyzed with GLIMMIX procedure and WEIGHT statement of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The percentage reduction of AFM1 in milk was 54% ± 2.7 (P < 0.05) for BEN, 27% ± 2.9 (P < 0.05) for MIX, 18% ± 4.5 for YCW and 7% ± 3.5 for HSCAS. The excretion of AFM1 in milk (µg/d) was lower in HSCAS (14.4 ± 0.97), YCW (16.3 ± 1.21), and MIX (18.7 ± 1.27) (P < 0.05), and tended to be lower (13.9 ± 1.44) in BEN (P < 0.08) compared with control (22.6 ± 1.00). The transfer of AFM1 to milk was lower in HSCAS (1.5% ± 0.10), YCW (0.9% ± 0.03) and BEN (0.7% ± 0.10) (P < 0.05) compared with control (2.3% ± 0.11). Urine and fecal excretion were only identified in HSCAS and MIX treatments. Urine concentration of AFM1 (µg/L) tended to decrease with HSCAS (2.1 ± 0.70, P < 0.08) compared with control (7.6 ± 1.25). Fecal concentration of AFM1 (µg/kg) tended to decrease with MIX (4.9 ± 0.56, P < 0.09) compared with control (6.8 ± 1.05). The meta-analysis results showed that BEN has the highest capacity to reduce AFM1 from milk and YCW the lowest. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86614 |
Watch |
2453V |
Bioavailability of 2 different rumen-protected choline products for dairy cattle measured with the area under the curve method. |
17 |
A. Kihal |
choline bioavailability betaine area under the curve |
A. Kihal1, M. Rodríguez-Prado1, C. Marques1, S. Calsamiglia1 |
1Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain |
Rumen-protected choline has shown to improve dairy cow performance. The AUC method allows to compare the relative bioavailability of different rumen-protected choline sources. Six rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (32 kg/d of milk) were used in a switch back design to evaluate the plasma kinetics and relative bioavailability of 2 commercial sources of rumen-protected choline, CholiGEM (Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health, Belgium) and Reashure (Balchem corporation, US) (n = 6 per treatment). Treatments were dosed the first day of each period at 36g of choline-equivalent as a single dose before the morning feeding directly into the rumen close to the esophageal orifice using a rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 30, and 48 h after treatment administration and analyzed for free choline and betaine as bioavailability markers. Results were used to determine the basal concentration (Cbas, 0 h), the maximum concentration (Cmax), the time to reach the Cmax (Tmax), and the area under the curve (AUC) of choline and betaine. Results were analyzed with GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). For choline plasma concentration, no differences were observed in Cmax (227 vs. 155 ± 10.1 µM, P = 0.22) and the Tmax (5.4 vs. 10.9 ± 0.87 h, P = 0.26) between CholiGEM and Reashure, respectively. The Cbas tended to be higher in CholiGEM compared with Reashure (96.8 vs. 90.7 ± 0.57 µM, respectively, P < 0.10), and the AUC was higher in CholiGEM compared with Reashure (1279 vs. 503 ± 33.1 units, respectively, P < 0.05). For betaine plasma concentration, no differences were observed in Cbas (900 vs. 1006 ± 20.4 µM, P = 0.14), Cmax (1246 vs. 1126 ± 17.4 µM, P = 0.23), Tmax (10.9 vs. 13.7 ± 1.3 h, P = 0.48) and the AUC (8725 vs. 2740 ± 370.6 units, P = 0.13) between CholiGEM and Reashure, respectively. Results of AUC values suggest that the bioavailability of CholiGEM was higher than that of Reashure. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86134 |
Watch |
2454V |
Increasing dietary starch affects fecal pH and particle size: their potential for assessing the risk of ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. |
18 |
E. Castillo-Lopez |
cow starch fecal pH |
E. Castillo-Lopez1, B. Khorrami1, S. Ricci1, R. Rivera-Chacon1, Q. Zebeli1 |
1University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria |
The aims were to evaluated the effect of starch intake on fecal pH and particle size in dairy cows, and the association between ruminal pH and the fecal variables as a potential practical tool to detect subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). We used 9 cannulated cows in a longitudinal sampling design, replicated in 2 experimental periods. Each period consisted of 6 weeks; whereby, measurements were taken during forage feeding (17.3% starch), 40% dietary concentrate (21.9% starch), and during each of the 4 weeks on 65% dietary concentrate (28.8% starch). Fecal pH and particle size were measured shortly before (0 h), and at 4, 8 and 12 h relative to feeding. Ruminal pH was measured using indwelled boli on the same days as fecal evaluations. The statistical model included the fixed effects of sampling week and time relative to feeding as well as the random effect of cow. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between starch level and time relative to feeding on fecal pH, with a shift in the diurnal variation pattern due to diet change. Specifically, during forage feeding, fecal pH was highest before the morning meal and declined with time post-feeding. However, starch inclusion decreased fecal pH, being lowest before the morning meal and increased post-feeding. Starch inclusion (P < 0.01) decreased the proportion of small fecal particles, but increased proportion of soluble particles. There were moderate correlations among ruminal pH, fecal pH and fecal particle size of samples collected before the morning meal. Fecal pH (P < 0.01) was correlated with minimum ruminal pH (r = 0.64) and with daily mean ruminal pH (r = 0.54). The proportion of fecal particles 0.5 to 1.18 mm (P < 0.01) was correlated with minimum ruminal pH (r = 0.65) and daily mean ruminal pH (r = 0.60). Regression analysis indicated strong log-linear dependency of fecal pH (R2 = 0.69) from daily intake of starch. Overall, increasing dietary starch decreased fecal pH and shifted its diurnal pattern, suggesting increased hindgut fermentation and degradation of small digesta particles, which increased fecal soluble particles. Fecal evaluation, especially before the morning meal, holds potential as a noninvasive on-farm tool for assessing ruminal pH and the risk of SARA. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86638 |
Watch |
2455V |
Elucidating SARA: Fecal microbiota as diagnostic tool for subacute ruminal acidosis. |
19 |
E. Castillo-Lopez |
ruminal acidosis feces microbiota |
C. Pacífico1, R. Rivera-Chacón1, S. Ricci1, R. M. Petri1, Q. Zebeli1, E. Castillo-Lopez1 |
1University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna Austria |
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is an underdiagnosed condition affecting cattle typically associated with high-grain diets. As the rumen has a very limited accessibility, it is imperative to develop noninvasive diagnostic tools. Therefore, our aim was to characterize the fecal microbiota composition of animals with SARA and investigate if the fecal microbiota can be used for the development of a measurable dysbiosis index. Nine rumen-cannulated dry Holstein cows were fed a forage diet for a week, followed by a stepwise increment of 10% grain content in the diet for 6 d. Finally, the animals were fed 65% grain diet for 4 weeks. Ruminal pH was measured every 15 min with a ruminal pH Measurement System (LRCpH; Dascor Inc., CA, USA) and fecal pH was measured 4, 8 and 12 h after feeding. The animals were classified as SARA vs non-SARA responders based on the ruminal pH threshold of <5.8 for 315 min/d. Amplicon sequencing of the V3–4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed in fecal samples and indicator species analysis was performed using the indicspecies package in R. A significant relationship was confirmed between mean ruminal pH and fecal pH 4h after feeding (R2 = 0.34, P < 0.01). From the 205 samples analyzed, 127 were classified as non-SARA and 78 as SARA responders. SARA samples revealed a lower number of observed features (P = 0.05) and lower Shannon and Simpson indices (P < 0.01), indicating a reduced richness and diversity. Weighted and unweighted UniFrac (P = 0.07) and Bray-Curtis (P < 0.01) matrices also suggest an impact of SARA on fecal microbial community structure. Indicator species analysis identified a total of 31 bacterial genera associated with SARA. Prevotella, Alistipes, Negativibacillus, and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 were among the top 10 most significantly SARA-associated bacteria. Preliminary data indicate that fecal microbiota holds a promising future as a diagnostic tool for SARA. Further work using machine learning methodologies will allow us to investigate the possibility to use fecal microbiota to identify consistent dysbiotic patterns and predict the severity of the disorder. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86575 |
Watch |
2456V |
Effect of dietary CP concentrations and rumen-protected lysine supplementation on production, N utilization and ruminal fermentation in lactating cows. |
20 |
H. Wu |
rumen-protected lysine N utilization milk protein |
H. Wu1, X. S. Wei1, J. P. Zhu1, C. Wang1 |
1College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China |
Dietary CP concentration affects production performance and milk quality. In common diets, lysine has been identified as often limiting amino acid for chinese Holstein cows. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary CP concentrations and rumen-protected lysine (RPL) supplementation on production, N utilization, and ruminal fermentation. The 40 selected cows were each randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatment groups (n = 10 in each group) arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design using 2 dietary CP concentrations (low-CP diet, CP = 16% of DM and high-CP diet, CP = 18% of DM) and supplemental RPL at the level of 0 or 40 g/cow per day. The experiment was conducted for 8 wk to monitor production and DMI and spot urine and fecal samples were collected in wk 8 to estimate N excretion, digestibility and fecal VFA. Ruminal contents and blood were sampled at the end of experiment. Date were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SPSS with treatment and period as fixed and cow and cow within square as random effects. Dietary supplementation of RPL significantly increased milk protein yield by 6.45% (P < 0.01). Fat and Energy-corrected milk were affected by RPL (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively). RPL significantly increased DMI by 2.82% (P < 0.01). High CP concentration diets raised N excretion through a marked increase of urinary urea excretion (P < 0.01). Milk N secretion tended to increase by RPL (P = 0.08) and serum BUN was decreased by RPL (P < 0.01). RPL significantly increased ruminal butyrate concentration (P < 0.05) and MCP tended to increase by RPL (P = 0.09). The serum triglyceride and cholesterol were increased by RPL (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Digestibility of DM, NDF and CP were not different among treatments. The fecal ratio of acetate and propionate tended to be decreased by RPL (P = 0.08). In conclusion, RPL improved milk production by affecting N metabolism and ruminal fermentation which pointed out that it was feasible to supply low CP concentration diets with RPL to improve production. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86775 |
Watch |
2396V |
Acute-phase proteins and their relation to oil inclusion on the diet of dairy heifers. |
21 |
N. C. Gonçalves |
acute-phase proteins inflammation dairy heifer |
N. C. Gonçalves1,8, P. H. P. Küster6, J. G. Laguna2, T. F. Silva2,3, E. O. S. Saliba4, G. R. Moreira5, T. F. Moreira6, R. M. Meneses6, G. S. S. C. Barbosa7, C. I. A. Queiroz7, L. A. Fonseca9, L. D. Bento9, V. A. C. Azevedo2, A. M. Macedo1 |
1Laboratório de Genética Bioquímica, LGB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, LGCM, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3l'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, INRAE, Rennes, Bretagne, France, 4Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 5Departamento de Estatística e Informática, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 6Departamento de Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 7Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 8Escola Superior São Francisco de Assis, ESFA, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 9Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Campus Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil |
Dairy cattle might be affected by several pathological processes, and acute-phase proteins (APP) may be used as biomarkers. The regulation of inflammatory state by fatty acids is well documented, however few approaches have investigated ruminants. Our research aimed to study the effect of dietary inclusion of different oils on serum concentration of total protein (TP), APP (albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1 and A4, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, heavy chain IgG, light chain IgG, and transferrin), and urea in dairy heifers. A completely randomized design with split plot arrangement was used, plots being the 4 treatments (diets) and subplots the 3 blood sample times (0, +15, and +30 d), with 4 animals per treatment. Heifers were 7.3 ± 2.1 mo old and 250.67 ± 26.44 kg and were divided into 4 groups: (i) control, (ii) cottonseed, (iii) sunflower, and (iv) soybean oil fed. Oils were included at 4% of dry matter and diets were calculated to be isoenergetic and isoproteic. Blood samples were collected after an adaptation period (15 d). Sunflower and soybean oil reduced by 85 and 81% of ceruloplasmin, and increased by 34 and 32% of apolipoprotein A4, respectively (P < 0.05), but no effect of diet was observed on albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, haptoglobin, heavy chain IgG, light chain IgG, and transferrin. However, despite of the diet, at +15 d haptoglobin, α-1-acid glycoprotein decreased, and light chain IgG increased (P < 0.05), while at +30 d albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin decreased, and apolipoprotein A1 increased (P < 0.05). Only α2-macroglobulin and heavy chain IgG did not differ over time. Urea concentration increased in 39% at +30 d. There was interaction between diet and time (P = 0.008) for TP, which decreased over time for all diets (P < 0.05), and at +15 d for soybean oil (P = 0.017). A negative correlation was found between TP and urea, and a positive one for TP and albumin. Results showed that the dietary inclusion of oils can influence the inflammatory state of dairy heifers. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86704 |
Watch |
2397V |
Dry matter intake and metabolic profile of dairy heifers fed with different kinds of vegetable oils. |
22 |
N. C. Gonçalves |
dairy heifers intake vegetable oil |
N. C. Gonçalves1,8, J. G. Laguna2, T. F. Silva2,3, E. O. S. Saliba4, G. R. Moreira5, T. F. Moreira6, R. M. Meneses6, G. S. S. C. Barbosa7, C. I. A. Queiroz7, P. H. P. Küster6, G. P. Peruzzo8, L. C. S. Souza7, Y. C. Guedes4, V. A. C. Azevedo2, A. M. Macedo1 |
1Laboratório de Genética Bioquímica, LGB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, LGCM, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3l'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, INRAE, Rennes, Bretagne, France, 4Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 5Departamento de Estatística e Informática, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 6Departamento de Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 7Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 8Escola Superior São Francisco de Assis, ESFA, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil |
Inclusion of vegetable oils in dairy cattle diets is a way of increasing energy density, reducing heat procution, regulating metabolism and metabolic profile, by intestinal absorption of fatty acids, and can alter dry matter intake (DMI). Our research aimed to compare effects of inclusion of oils with different fatty acid composition on feed intake and metabolic profile of dairy heifers. A completely randomized design with split plot arrangement was used, plots being the 4 treatments (diets) and subplots the 3 blood sample times (0, +15, and +30 d), with 4 animals per treatment. Heifers were 7.3 ± 2.1 mo old and 250.67 ± 26.44 kg and were divided into 4 groups: (i) control, (ii) cottonseed, (iii) sunflower, and (iv) soybean oil fed. Oils were included at 4% of dry matter and diets were calculated to be isoenergetic and isoproteic. After 15 d of adaptation to the basal diet, the feed offered, and leftovers were weighed and sampled daily, to determine dry matter content and DMI. Blood samples were collected at the 0, +15 and +30 d to determine the serum levels of: creatinine, glucose, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and urea concentrations by colorimetry assay. Cottonseed and soybean oils reduced DMI by 21.9% (P = 0.004) and 13.1% (P = 0.022), respectively. However, no differences in weight gain were observed (P = 0.197), which seems to improve feed conversion ratio. There was no effect of the diets and of the blood sampling time on serum concentrations of GOT, GGT, glucose, LDH and lactate (P > 0.05). However, it was observed a lower creatinine serum concentration at +30 d for all treatments (P < 0.05), except to soybean oil. The results demonstrated a better performance when cottonseed and soybean oil were included in the diet. In addition, when serum biochemistry was evaluated, oil inclusion did not impair the metabolic profile of dairy heifers. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85956 |
Watch |
2377V |
Metabolomic profiling reveals marked effects of ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine on skeletal muscle during the periparturient period in dairy cows. |
23 |
L. Thanh |
amino acids nutrition transition cow |
L. Thanh1,2, A. Aboragah2, F. Batistel3, A. Elolimy4, C. Parys5, J. Guyader5, J. J. Loor2 |
1Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu Can Tho, Vietnam, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 4National Research Center, Giza, Egypt, 5Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Essen, Germany |
Despite knowledge of the contribution of muscle to gluconeogenesis from AA in the liver, other aspects of metabolism in this tissue are not well known. We used GC-MS to profile skeletal muscle metabolome in cows fed a control or rumen-protected methionine (RPM) diet. Plasma samples were harvested to measure changes in AA profiles and markers of muscle protein breakdown. Sixty multiparous Holstein were used in a block design and assigned to either a control or RPM (Mepron) diet. The RPM was supplied from −28 to 60 DIM at a rate of 0.09% or 0.10% of DM during the prepartum and postpartum period, ensuring a Lys:Met in the MP of ~2.8:1. Muscle biopsies from the hind-leg of 10 clinically healthy cows per diet were collected at −28, 1, and 28 DIM. Plasma was harvested at −14, 1, 7, 21, and 30 DIM. Feeding RPM resulted in greater (P < 0.05) DMI throughout the study, +1.2 kg/d prepartum and 1.7 kg/d postpartum, and greater ECM. Approximately 120 metabolites were identified. Muscle metabolite and plasma data were analyzed using PROC MIXED with cow as random effect, while diet (D), time (T), and D × T were the fixed effects. MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for pathway analysis of muscle metabolomics using log-transformed and autoscaled data. Significance was determined at a P ≤ 0.05 and variable importance for projection (VIP) exceeding 1.5. Among 24 metabolites with a D × T, feeding RPM led to greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of α-ketoglutarate, citrate, and glutamate after calving. Total plasma AA did not differ due to diet (P = 0.70; 1,901 ± 42 µmol/L), but Met was greater (P < 0.05) overall due to RPM (23 ± 1 vs. 18 ± 1 µmol/L). Among 18 metabolites with a D effect, concentrations of myo-inositol, hypotaurine, adenine, amynomalonic acid, and ethanolamine were lower, and alanine greater overall due to RPM. Metabolites upregulated after calving regardless of diet were enriched in pathways associated with metabolism of AA, sphingolipids, nicotinamide, glutathione, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Overall, data suggest that feeding RPM in the peripartal period alters skeletal muscle metabolism. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86126 |
Watch |
2246V |
Forage-to-concentrate ratio alters ruminal epithelium abundance of proteins involved in nutrient metabolism, insulin signaling, and antioxidant response in Jersey steers. |
24 |
L. Thanh |
nutrition rumen proteome |
L. Thanh1,2, A. Aboragah2, Q. Jiang2, S. Moisa3, J. J. Loor2 |
1Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu Can Tho, Vietnam, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
Adaptation from a high-forage (F) to high-concentrate (G) diet is important when adjusting cattle to calving or finishing. Although changes in ruminal microbiome/metabolome profiles have received close attention in such types of studies, the responsiveness of ruminal epithelium at the protein level is not well known. This is particularly important because several physiological processes are primarily regulated at the protein and posttranslational level [phosphorylation (p)]. We used Western blotting to profile ruminal epithelium abundance of key proteins involved in protein turnover, amino acid (AA) transport, insulin and antioxidant signaling, and β-oxidation in Jersey steers fed different ratios of F:G. The repeated-measures study used 4, 2-year old, rumen-cannulated Jersey steers weighing 424 ± 27.6 kg. Each experimental period lasted 16 d. Steers received a diet consisting of 60:40 F:G from d 1 to d 16 followed by a 40:60 F:G diet from d 17 to d 32, and lastly a 20:80 F:G diet from d 33 to d 48. Epithelial biopsies were collected at the end of each period. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC MIXED with steer as random effect, while F:G ratio was the fixed effect. Among targets associated with insulin signaling, protein synthesis, and antioxidant response, feeding 20:80 F:G upregulated (P < 0.01) abundance of ribosomal protein S6 and downregulated (P < 0.05) p-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 and NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor (antioxidant transcription factor) compared with other diets. Peak upregulation (P < 0.01) in abundance of the antioxidant protein glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), insulin-induced glucose transporter GLUT4, and rate-limiting enzyme for β-oxidation carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B) was detected with 40:60 F:G. Abundance of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1; peroxisomal β-oxidation) also was greater (P < 0.05) with 40:60 than 20:80 F:G. Abundance of proteins associated with AA signaling (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1) and protein turnover (ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1) did not differ (P > 0.05) due to F:G. Observed responses for proteins involved in β-oxidation, insulin and antioxidant signaling with 20:80 F:G raise the possibility of potential negative impacts of feeding high G diets long-term. |
| Ruminant Nutrition Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86123 |
Watch |
2343V |
Forage-to-concentrate ratio alters the ruminal metabolome and microbiome in Jersey steers. |
25 |
L. Thanh |
nutrition microbiota rumen |
L. Thanh1,2, Q. Jiang2, A. Elolimy3, S. Moisa4, J. J. Loor2 |
1Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu, Vietnam, 2University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 3National Research Center, Giza, Egypt, 4University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
Adaptation from a high-forage (F) to high-concentrate (G) diets is important when adjusting cattle to calving or finishing. Few studies have assessed how this adaptation affects the ruminal metabolome and microbiome. We used 16S rRNA sequencing and GC-MS for simultaneous analyses in Jersey steers. The longitudinal feeding study used 4 rumen-cannulated Jersey steers, where each experimental period lasted 16 d. Steers received a diet consisting of 60:40 F:G from d 1 to d 16 followed by a 40:60 F:G diet from d 17 to d 32, and lastly a 20:80 F:G diet from d 33 to d 48. Ruminal digesta was collected at the end of each period and used for DNA PacBio Full-Length 16S Ribosomal Amplicon sequencing. High-quality 16S rRNA amplicon sequence analyses were performed with Targeted Amplicon Diversity Analysis and MicrobiomeAnalyst. Metabolites were analyzed via GC-MS. One hundred five metabolites were identified and used for statistical analysis using PROC MIXED with steer as random effect, while F:G ratio was the fixed effect. Linear (L) and quadratic (Q) contrasts were generated. MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for pathway analysis using log-transformed and autoscaled data. Significance was determined at a P ≤ 0.05 and variable importance for projection (VIP) exceeding 1.5. Results indicated that feeding 60:40 F:G diet led to greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Bacteroidota, but lower (P < 0.05) Firmicutes compared with 40:60 F:G and 20:80 F:G diets. Compared with other diets, abundance of Spirochaetota was greater (P < 0.05) when the 20:80 F:G diet was fed. Increasing the level of concentrate in the diet led to a linear (P < 0.05) increase in concentrations of essential AA (Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Val), glutamic acid, glucose, fructose, maltose, ribose, xylose and arabinose. Metabolites upregulated were enriched in pathways associated with metabolism of AA, D-Glutamine, starch and sucrose, pentose phosphate, glutathione, as well as aminoacyl-tRNA, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. Preliminary analyses suggest that gradual increases in diet concentrate relative to forage leads to distinct changes in ruminal metabolome and microbiome. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9976 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Small Ruminant Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85980 |
Watch |
1490V |
Identification and comparison of bacterial profile and exosomal microRNAs in goat colostrum and milk. |
1 |
T Ma |
goat exosome microRNA |
T Ma1, Z Meng2, M Ghaffari3, Q Diao1, Y Tu1, Q Zhao2 |
1Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China, 3Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany |
Ruminant colostrum contains nutrients, immunoglobulins, and various bioactive compounds such as microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, milk also serves as an important vehicle for bacteria, the profile of which can provide information about the health status of the dam and newborns. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in bacterial (16S rRNA sequencing) and exosomal microRNA profiles in goat colostrum (CM, collected immediately after parturition, n = 8) and transition milk (TM, collected 7 d postpartum, n = 8). Thirty mL of hand-stripped milk samples from each goat were aseptically poured into 3 sterile 10-mL tubes (the first 3 drops of milk were discarded) and immediately placed in liquid nitrogen. Difference in relative abundance of bacteria genera and exosomal miRNAs between 2 groups was assessed using both DESeq2 and ANCOM. The P-values were adjusted for false detection rate using Benjamin-Hochberg algorithm, and a significant difference was declared at P < 0.05. Bacterial diversity and composition were not different, and no differentially abundant bacterial genus was identified between 2 groups. Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter, and Sphingopyxis were the most abundant bacterial genera in all samples. No differentially expressed exosomal miRNA was identified between CM and TM (P > 0.15), with let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p and let-7c-5p dominating. The top 20 exosomal miRNAs (counts per million, CPM >1 in all samples) contributed to 78.4% of the total miRNA reads and were considered the 'core' miRNAs in goat milk. The main functions of these core miRNAs were thought to be in 'Organismal Systems', 'Environmental Information Processing' and 'Cellular Processes'. The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Sediminibacterium and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 negatively correlated with the abundance of miR-378–3p, let-7d-5p and miR-423–5p, respectively (P < 0.003). In conclusion, the profiles of lactic bacteria and exosomal miRNA might be stable during 7 d postpartum. Milk bacteria may indicate the expression of exosomal miRNA. The core exosomal miRNAs might be important for mammary gland development and epithelial cell processes. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Oral - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Oral |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86700 |
|
1491V |
Effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin on reproduction during low-breeding season in Beetal goats. |
2 |
B. Sharif |
Beetal goat eCG reproduction |
B. Sharif1, M. Hassan2, U. Arshad3,1, M. Z. Tahir1, E. Ahmad4, M. I. R. Khan1, M. Shahzad5, I. Mohsin1, A. Rehman1 |
1University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, 2College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan, 3University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 4Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, 5Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan |
Objectives were to determine the effect of 2 doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on ovarian structures, and hormonal profiles when estrus was induced during low breeding season (LBS) in Beetal goats. We hypothesized that short-term progesterone (P4) priming, concurrent with administration of eCG would effectively induce estrus response in anestrous goats. Forty-one multiparous acyclic goats were blocked by body condition and, within block, assigned randomly to receive saline (CON), 300 IU (L-eCG), or 600 IU (H-eCG) of eCG. Initially, a P4 releasing device (CIDR) was placed in the vagina on d −8, followed by removal of CIDR on d −3, concurrent with the administration of PGF2α, and goats were allotted to their respective treatments. Goats were monitored for estrus response, and B-mode ultrasonography (US) were performed with 12 h interval, starting from d −3 until natural breeding (d 0) and then on d 5, 10, 15, and 20 post-breeding to monitor follicular and luteal dynamics, respectively. Blood was sampled at each US observation to quantify serum concentrations of estradiol (E2) and P4. The statistical models included the fixed effects of treatment (TRT; CON vs. L-eCG vs. H-eCG), time (hour or day), the interaction between TRT and time, and the random effects of block and of goat nested within TRT. Time (hour or day) was the term in the REPEATED statement. Data are presented in sequence as CON, L-eCG, H-eCG (LSM ± SEM). The estrus response was greater in eCG-treated goats as compared with CON. Administration of eCG reduced the intervals (h) to standing estrus (66.2 vs. 41.8 vs. 48.9 ± 5.5), breeding (70.2 vs. 44.4 vs. 45.4 ± 4.5) and ovulation (84.5 vs. 61.2 vs. 63.4 ± 6.2) than CON. The growth rate (mm/d) of pre-ovulatory follicle (POF) was greater (1.1 vs. 1.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1) in eCG-treated goats resulting in an increased diameter (mm) of POF (6.3 vs. 7.2 vs. 7.3 ± 0.1) and corpora lutea (6.8 vs. 8.3 vs. 8.1 ± 0.4) than CON. The concentrations of E2 (4.0 vs, 5.2 vs. 4.8 pg/mL ± 0.4) and P4 (4.9 vs. 6.4 vs. 6.2 ng/mL ± 0.3) were greater in eCG-treated goats. Administration of eCG improves reproduction and low dose is economically beneficial to induce estrus during summer anestrus in Beetal goats. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
s9977 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85881 |
|
2457V |
Freely accessed whey for growing Murciano-Granadina goats. |
1 |
A. Nikkhah |
growing goat metabolism whey |
A. Nikkhah1, M. Y. Salehi1, B. H. Darabi1 |
1Ferdows Pars Holding Co, Tehran, Iran |
The objective of the present study was to determine effects of freely accessed liquid whey (91% water) on feed intake and efficiency, growth performance, and various blood indicators of intermediary metabolism in growing Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Thirty 5-mo-old growing goats (16 ± 1 kg body weight; 15 males and 15 females) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (10 goats per each treatment) in a completely randomized design study. Goats were housed in individual boxes. The experimental treatments were provisions of 1) only freely accessed water or WA (without whey), 2) only freely accessed liquid whey or WY (without water), and 3) freely accessed liquid whey and water or WW (separately). The experiment lasted for 84 d including 14 d of adaptation and 70 d of sampling and data collection. Feed and liquid (whey and water) intakes were recorded daily and body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded biweekly. Blood was sampled at 0900 h on d 37, 60, and 84 for blood metabolites measurements. The diet was based on alfalfa hay, corn silage, wheat straw, soybean meal, canola meal, meat meal, wheat bran, and supplements. Data were analyzed by using the Mixed Model Procedures of SAS program. The final model included fixed effects of treatment, sex, treatment × sex, and random effects of goat within (treatment × sex) and residual errors. Models for repeated measurements included fixed effects of treatment, sex, time, and 2-way and 3-way interactions. Results showed that BCS, RT, and daily feed and liquid intakes were not affected by treatments (P > 0.05). However, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were different among treatments (P < 0.05), such that female goats fed WY had lower ADG and higher FCR than other female groups. Blood BHBA concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in goats fed WY than in other goats. Blood insulin and NEFA concentration were lower (P < 0.05) in goats on WW than in other goats. Blood total protein, albumin, and urea concentration were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Findings confirmed that offering water and whey together (WW) had no undesirable impacts on goat growth performance. Offering WY to growing goats increased blood glucose and different lipids and decreased some of the liver enzymes, which possess health and metabolic implications and warrant future investigations. Thus, based on the results of the present study, freely accessed whey may be offered to growing goats alongside water. Also, male goats can effectively utilize WY (offering only whey without water) without any impacts on growth performance. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86685 |
Watch |
2458V |
Dietary fatty acids alter milk fat concentration and milk fatty acid profile in dairy goats. |
2 |
W. B. Gallardo |
fatty acid de novo synthesis dairy goat |
W. B. Gallardo1, I. A. M. A. Teixeira1,2 |
1Departament of Animal Science - UNESP, Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, 2Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Twin Falls, ID |
We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) supplementation on milk fat production and milk fatty acid profile in dairy goats. Our database consisted of 67 peer-review papers, published from 2000 to 2021, with 161 treatment means (n = 4,381). The effect size was evaluated using the raw mean difference (RMD) between FA supplementation and control treatment. Means were weighted by inverse variance in a mixed model, and heterogeneity was analyzed by subgroup analysis of FA sources (high SFA and high PUFA diets, low saturated fatty acids (SFA) and low unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) diets, and high SFA and high MUFA diets). Compared with control, FA supplementation did not affect milk production (RMD = −0.009 kg/d [-0.05, 0.03]), however, the proportions of milk fat (RMD = 1.17 g/100g FA [0.258, 2.05]), milk protein (RMD = 0.38 g/100g FA [0.21, 0.55]), and lactose milk (RMD = 0.58 g/100g FA [0.38, 0.78]) increased with FA supplementation. Subgroup analysis showed that goats fed low in SFA and UFA diets decreased milk fat proportion (RMD = −7.92 g/kg [-9.46, −6.39]) and showed no effect on the proportion of milk protein and milk lactose (P > 0.10). Goats supplemented with FA increased the concentrations of preformed milk FA (RMD = 7.22 g/100 FA [4.61, 9.83]), reduced de novo milk FA (RMD = −2.93 g/100g FA [-5.03, −0.84]) and mixed milk FA (RMD = −1.74 g/100g FA [-3.63, 0.15]). Subgroup analysis showed that high SFA and PUFA diets increased mixed milk FA (RMD = 3.23 g/100 FA [1.49, 4.98]) and de novo milk FA (RMD = 3.02 g/100 g FA [-0.30, 6.34]. Likewise, goats fed low in SFA and UFA diets, and fed diets rich in SFA and MUFA reduced mixed milk FA ((RMD = −1.61 g/100g FA [-2.67, −0.56] and (RMD = 8.91 g/100g FA [-10.82, −7.01]), respectively). In conclusion, dietary FA supplementation alters milk components (fat, protein, and lactose) and milk FA profile in dairy goats. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85884 |
|
2459V |
Crossbreeding Balouchi sheep with Romanov. |
3 |
A. Nikkhah |
Balouchi sheep carcass crossbreeding |
A. Nikkhah1, A. Rezagholivand1 |
1Ferdows Pars Holding Co, Tehran, Iran |
Crossbreeding in sheep is strategically used to improve production and reproduction, especially when pastures have low quality. The objective of this study was to compare growth performance, birth and weaning body weights, and survivability between purebred Balouchi (n = 53) and crossbred Balouchi × Romanov (n = 114) lambs in a split plot design. Breed was the plot. Carcass characteristics (n = 24) were also determined. Balouchi ewes were inseminated with Romanov semen to produce crossbred lambs. All lambs were kept with their mothers from birth until 21 d of age. After that, the lambs were on pasture during day and with their mother overnight. After 21 d of age, all lambs were each fed daily 100 g of whole barley grain. Meanwhile, they had free access to chopped alfalfa hay. All experimental lambs were weaned at 77 d of age and slaughtered at 10 mo of age. The Mixed procedure was used for growth data analysis, and the Genmod was utilized for survivability and twinning rate data analysis. The final statistical model for growth and carcass data included breed, sex, birth type, and their interactions. The statistical model for survivability included the fixed effect of breed, sex, and litter size. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the occurrence of health traits. Birth body weight of the purebred Balouchi lambs was significantly greater than that of the crossbred lambs (3.75 vs. 3.56 kg, P < 0.01). However, weaning body weight (16.6 vs. 12.4 kg) and average daily gain from birth until weaning (152.2 vs. 126.0 g/d) and slaughter (125 vs. 95 g/d) were greater (P < 0.05) for the crossbred lambs than for the purebred lambs. Slaughter body weight at 10-mo age (36.9 vs. 36.1 kg) tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for the crossbred lambs. Litter size was also increased by crossbreeding (1.13 vs. 1.00), but lamb survivability was not different between the 2 groups. The fat-tail-free carcass yield tended to increase with crossbreeding. Crossbreeding increased (P < 0.05) the weights of testis (0.24 vs. 0.16 kg), liver (0.61 vs. 0.52 kg), heart (0.15 vs. 0.12, kg), and lung (0.47 vs. 0.40 kg), while it decreased the weights of skin (3.16 vs. 3.72 kg), fat-tail (0.30 vs. 1.29 kg), and total internal fats (1.08 vs. 2.06 kg). It is concluded that crossbreeding Balouchi ewes with Romanov’s semen resulted in improved litter size, weaning and slaughter body weights, average daily gains from birth until weaning and slaughter, and carcass characteristics without affecting lamb survivability. Therefore, crossbreeding can be a profitable strategy to increase lamb (meat) production in Balouchi sheep. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t85883 |
|
2460V |
Physical form of concentrate for lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. |
4 |
A. Nikkhah |
physical form concentrate goat |
A. Nikkhah1, M. H. Khabbazan1, H. Amanlou1 |
1Ferdows Pars Holding Co, Tehran, Iran |
Global demand for goat milk and its products is increasing. Goat producers are urged to improve feed efficiency and farm economics. Physical form of concentrate was hypothesized to affect lactating dairy goats’ responses in feed intake and sorting, milk production, and blood metabolites. The objective of this study was to determine effects of different physical forms of concentrate [mashed (M), pelleted (P), or textured (T)] on feed intake and sorting, milk production, and selected blood metabolites of lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Thirty Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in mid-lactation (87 ± 6 d in milk; 2 ± 0.04 kg/d milk yield) were used in a completely randomized design study and assigned to the 3 forms of concentrate (10 goats per treatment). Goats were fed the experimental diets as totally mixed rations (TMR). Feed sorting was determined by 3 individuals by observing and scoring the physical form of orts with scores 1, 2, and 3 representing very coarse (i.e., forage-like), medium, and very fine (i.e., concentrate-like) forms, respectively. The data were analyzed using mixed models of SAS program. The dry matter intake (DMI) and yields of raw milk; fat-corrected milk; milk fat, protein, lactose, and SNF; and cheese as well as feed efficiency were improved (P < 0.01) by feeding T instead of M and P. The DMI was 1620, 1621, and 1678 g/d for M, P, and T, respectively. The fat-corrected milk yield was 1439, 1752, and 2074 g/d for M, P, and T, respectively. Feeding P vs. M improved milk production and feed efficiency (P < 0.05). The milk percentages of fat, protein, lactose and blood concentrations of glucose, albumin, and NEFA were unaffected by treatments. Feed sorting occurred less (P < 0.01) for T than for the other physical forms of concentrate (orts coarseness score being 2.23, 1.32, and 1.26 for M, P, and T, respectively). Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, feeding lactating Murciano-Granadina dairy goats TMR with textured concentrate compared with mashed and pelleted concentrates increased milk production and cheese yield estimates, and improved feed efficiency. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86443 |
Watch |
2461V |
Effect of waterer color and frequency of cleaning on sheep water intake. |
5 |
B. A. Wenner |
water intake clean water waterer color |
H. Jermolowicz1, B. A. Wenner1 |
1The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Columbus, OH |
Water consumption is influenced by many factors and encouraging water consumption begins with the waterer itself. Sheep can detect differences in some colors, such as blue and yellow. Our objective was 1) to investigate sheep preference for waterer color and 2) to quantify the influence of waterer cleanliness on sheep intake preference. We hypothesized that sheep would prefer blue versus black or yellow waterers. We further hypothesized that sheep would consume water from waterers cleaned more frequently. Three waterers (flat-backed, 19-L stock buckets) were applied per pen of sheep (n = 4) for both procedures. In experiment 1, each pen included a black, yellow, and blue bucket and water weights were recorded every 12 h to determine consumption. In experiment 2, the same color was used for all 3 buckets in each pen and water weights were recorded every 12 h for consumption data. For experiment 2, cleaning schedules were implemented on each waterer: once daily (X1), once every 3 d (X3), and once every 7 d (X7). Buckets were refilled twice daily and when designated to be cleaned were emptied, removed of debris using a scrub brush, refilled, and returned to pens in randomized order. Analysis for color preference accounted for fixed effect of color and random effects of pen, bucket position, and feeding. Analysis for cleaning frequency included fixed effects of day, treatment, treatment × day, and random effects of pen, week, position, and feeding with a repeated effect of day. Sheep consumed twice as much water (P = 0.02) from blue or yellow buckets (1.327 and 1.535 L/hd × d, respectively) compared with black (0.790 L/hd × d). Sheep also preferred (P < 0.0001) the X1 cleaning routine (2.680 L/hd × d) compared with X7 (0.795 L/hd × d) while X3 was intermediate to X1 and X7 (1.393 L/hd × d). These results suggest opportunities to select waterer color to increase sheep water intake and emphasize that sheep consume more water from waterers cleaned more frequently. To maximize intake, producers should utilize waterer colors clean their waterers every 1 to 4 d. |
| Small Ruminant Virtual Poster - No Live Q&A |
Virtual-Only Poster |
Small Ruminant |
6/23/2022 6:00 |
t86228 |
Watch |
2462V |
Effects of different supplementary strategies of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and growth performance in young dairy goats. |
6 |
Y. Cao |
young dairy goats live Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth performance |
J. Zhang1, Y. Yang1, X. Lei1, Y. Li2, Y. Cao1, J. Yao1 |
1College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China, 2Fuping County Animal Husbandry Development Center, Fuping 711700, Shaanxi, China |
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different supplementary strategies of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LSC) on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and growth performance in young dairy goats. Sixty healthy Guanzhong dairy goats with similar age (4.00 ± 0.50-mo-old) and body weight (BW; 19.65 ± 0.41 kg) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments (n = 20): (1) basal diet group (CON); (2) basal diet continuously supplemented with 3 g/goat per day commercial LSC (5.0 × 109 cfu/g) group (S); (3) basal diet discontinuously supplemented group (DS; 5 d supplementation with 4.5 g/ goat per day LSC following 5 d of no supplementation under this cycle until the end of the experiment). The feed intake was recorded daily. Growth performance was measured monthly. Rumen fluid and blood samples were collected biweekly. Acid-insoluble ash was used as the marker for measuring apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. The data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment, time, and their interaction as the fixed effect. During the experimental period, the S tended to have a greater (P = 0.08) DMI than that in the CON and had greater (P ≤ 0.01) ADG and feed efficiency (FE; ADG/DMI) than that in the CON and DS. The body length was greater (P = 0.01) in the S than that in the DS, whereas no significance was found in other growth parameters among treatments. The DS had greater (P < 0.01) ruminal proportions of acetate and isobutyrate but a lower (P = 0.03) proportion of propionate than that in the CON. The S had greater (P = 0.01) ruminal acetylesterase activity than that in the CON. The apparent total-tract digestibility of NDF and ADF were greatest in the S and lowest in the DS (P < 0.01). The S and DS had lower concentrations of ruminal NH3-N and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) than that in the CON (P ≤ 0.01). In summary, continuously supplemented LSC strategy might enhance the ADG and FE partially by improvement in DMI, the degradation of NDF and ADF in the rumen, and nitrogen utilization. |
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
s10006 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86224 |
Watch |
1494V |
Passive immunity and colostrum management practices on Shaanxi dairy farms in China. |
1 |
Z. Liu |
calf colostrum management practices Shaanxi Province |
Z. Liu1, H. Li1, H. Yang1, Y. Ma1, L. Xie1, D. Renaud2, Q. Dong1 |
1College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and colostrum management methods used on dairy farms in Shaanxi Province, China. Researchers visited dairy farms once to administer a questionnaire, conduct health scores, and collect blood samples from calves that were 1 to 10 d of age. A biochemical analyzer was used to determine the level of serum total protein (STP). From March to June 2021, researchers visited 33 dairy farms across Shaanxi. Among the 254 calves sampled, 12.6% were males and 87.4% were females. All data were collected in Excel and exported to STATA16 for analysis. The association between STP and health score was analyzed using linear regression, whereas the association between FTPI and diarrhea was analyzed using logistic regression. The average weight and age were 39.17 kg (SD = 8.00) and 4.63 d (SD = 2.54). The average STP was 6.55 g/ dL (SD = 1.06) and using a cut point of <5.20 g/ dL, the prevalence of FTPI was 8.8%. The occurrence of FTPI was not related to gender (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.71, 95% CI = 0.53 - 5.47), age (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.70 - 1.05), or weight (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.94 - 1.05). The level of STP was not related to gender (standardized regression coefficients (β, standardized regression coefficients) = −0.12, 95% CI = −0.26 - 0.01), age (β = −0.09, 95% CI = −0.23 - 0.05) or weight (β = 0.03, 95% CI = −0.10 - 0.16). As to health scores, the age, gender, weight and FTPI were not related to respiratory (P > 0.05) or fecal consistency score (P > 0.05). From the questionnaire, the mean timing of first colostrum feeding is 1.4 h (range = 0 - 14 h), with farms providing an average of 3.58, 2.33 and 2.81 L of colostrum at 0 to 6, 6 to 12 and 12 to 24 h after birth. Almost all farms (26; 78.8%) used colostrum from other dams as their main source of colostrum. The common method of feeding colostrum was an esophageal tube (22 farms, 66.7%). Some farms (7; 21.2%) reported that the male calf colostrum management is different, including sources, amount of colostrum, and no colostrum. The results show that, compared with related research reports, the prevalence of FTPI in calves in Shaanxi is lower, and no association between FTPI and calf health scores was found. |
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86279 |
Watch |
1495V |
The effects of foster cow rearing on dairy calf health. |
2 |
O. F. D. Bolton |
calf rearing foster |
O. F. D. Bolton1, G. L. Charlton1, E. C. L. Bleach1 |
1Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK |
Foster cow-calf rearing systems, where calves are reared entirely or in part by a foster cow, are gaining interest from public and producers alike. These rearing systems may present an opportunity to rear calves in a more natural way which may improve calf welfare. However, uptake is minimal and there is no consensus of the benefits or challenges of these systems. The aim of the study was to establish the effects of foster cow rearing on calf health and was conducted on a spring block calving dairy farm in NW England, UK. Calves (n = 35) were removed from their dams within 6 h of birth and received 2 teated bottle feeds of colostrum (2L) milked from their dam within 12 h of birth. Heifers (n = 16) and bulls (n = 19) (various breeds) were randomly allocated to either Foster-cow (n = 17) or Control (n = 18) for 8 weeks. Foster calves had unlimited access to foster cows (2.8 calves/cow) and Control calves were fed unpasteurized whole milk (2L twice daily) from teated bar feeders. Calves were group housed within their treatment groups, on straw with ad libitum access to grass silage, concentrate and water. Calf health scores (1–5 scale, whereby lower scores indicate better health) and calf growth were recorded twice weekly. The effect of treatment was analyzed through repeated-measures GLM (SPSS, V.28). Liveweight did not differ between groups (Control DLWG = 0.604kg (+/− 0.044), Foster DLWG = 0.705kg (+/− 0.033), P = 0.529), however there was an effect of time (P < 0.001) and treatment x time interaction (P = 0.014). Health scores of the Foster calves were lower (P = 0.016) than the Control calves, there was an effect of time (P < 0.001) and a time x treatment interaction (P = 0.041). Calf growth was not affected by treatment; however significant interactions suggest that the effects of foster cow rearing which may be more apparent with a larger sample size or over a longer rearing period. Foster-cow rearing improved the health of calves and since the health of calves in early life influences subsequent performance, it may be an appealing option for producers interested in implementing a cow-calf rearing system. |
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t85992 |
Watch |
1473V |
A randomized non-inferiority study evaluating the efficacy of 2 commercially available teat sealants in dairy cows. |
3 |
P. J. Gorden |
mastitis teat sealant |
M. P. Buckley2, J. Bayne4,1, G. S. Silva1, T. Tomazi5, B. E. Miller5, S. Godden3, P. J. Gorden1 |
1Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 3Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 4College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 5Dairy Technical Services, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ |
The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a new internal teat sealant (ITS) –ShutOut (SO; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) as compared with the current US industry leader –Orbeseal (ORB; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). This comparison was based on quarter-level new infection (NIMI) and cure risks (CIMI) during the dry period, incidence of clinical mastitis at the cow level during the first 120 d in milk, as well as cow-level performance in early lactation based on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and risk for removal from the herd. This study was conducted on 6 commercial dairy farms (2 in Iowa and 4 in Minnesota) and one university dairy. Eligibility criteria included expected dry period of 30–90 d, at least 3 functional quarters, body condition score > 2.0 out of 5, and a lameness score < 4. Final enrollment totaled 837 cows (n = 424 ORB; n = 413 SO). Aseptic, quarter-level, duplicate milk samples were collected from all cows immediately before final milking at dry-off and within 14 d post-calving for assessment of NIMI and CIMI. Following milking, all cows were administered 500 mg cloxacillin benzathine (Orbenin DC, Merck, Madison, NJ) in each quarter followed by their assigned ITS. At dry-off, 65.1% of quarters were not infected with no difference between groups (P = 0.16). During the dry period, the least squares means new infection risk was SO = 0.281 [CI 0.242, 0.325] vs ORB = 0.292 [CI 0.252, 0.336], with no difference identified between treatment groups (P = 0.619). Cure rates of infections within the dry period were also not different between treatment groups with ORB = 0.949 [CI 0.902, 0.974] vs SO = 0.966 [CI: 0.927, 0.984] (P = 0.259). There was no difference in clinical mastitis (ORB 12.7%, SO 12.1%, P = 0.74), culling (ORB 11.1%, SO 7.3%, P = 0.699) or death rate (ORB 2.1%, SO 2.4%, P = 0.956) between treatment groups in the first 120 DIM. When comparing risk of NIMI and CIMI between 2 internal teat sealants (Orbeseal and ShutOut) no difference was appreciated. Cow-level performance outcomes within the first 120 DIM also revealed no differences. |
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86790 |
Watch |
2464V |
Assessment of the effects of prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies on type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test. |
4 |
A. A. Barragan |
acetylsalicylic acid meloxicam prepartum period |
E. Jimenez1, Q. Huo2, J. Spring1, M. Martinez1, E. Hovingh1, J. Lawhead3, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Department of Chemistry and NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, FL, 3Millerstown Veterinary Associates, Millerstown, PA |
The objective of this study was to the assess effects of pre-partum administration of anti-inflammatory therapies on type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test in Holstein dairy cows. At 14 d before the expected calving date, cows (n = 65) and heifers (n = 24) were blocked by BCS category (optimal = 3.25–3.5; high ≥3.75) and parity (nulliparous [NUL]; parous [PAR]), and randomly allocated to one of 3 treatment groups: 1) ASA (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with administration of acetylsalicylic acid (4 boluses; 480 grain/bolus); 2) MEL (n = 31) = receive one oral administration with meloxicam (1mg/kg of BW), or 3) PLC (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with gelatin capsules filled with water. Blood samples were collected weekly starting 1 week before treatment until 3 weeks after calving for assessment of type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test, D2Dx immunity test (Nano Discovery Inc., Orlando, FL). A higher D2Dx score corresponds to a higher type 1/type 2 ratio. Furthermore, additional blood samples were collected within 72 h before and after calving by farm personnel. Data were analyzed using ANOVA procedure with repeated measures (MIXED procedure of SAS). On average enrolled cows received treatment administration 10 ± 5.1 d before actual calving date. Cows treated with ASA had higher type 1/type 2 ratio within 72 h before calving compared with MEL and PLC cows (ASA = 0.066 ± 0.002; MEL = 0.057 ± 0.002; PLC = 0.056 ± 0.002; P = 0.005), while ASA and MEL cows had higher type 1/type 2ratio (D2Dx score) at 72 h after calving compared with PLC cows (ASA = 0.064 ± 0.002; MEL = 0.065 ± 0.002; PLC = 0.058 ± 0.002, P = 0.06). Regardless of treatment, parous cows had higher type 1/type 2ratio compared with nulliparous cows (NUL = 0.052 ± 0.001; PAR = 0.055 ± 0.001). These results suggests that prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies may cause an increased shift on type 1 immunity around calving, which has been associated with a better health performance in postpartum dairy cows. Larger studies are needed to confirm the associations observed in this trial. |
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86557 |
Watch |
2465V |
Dry matter intake, milk yield, and feed efficiency of Holstein cows supplemented with 2 different ruminal buffers. |
5 |
M. F. B. Savela |
dairy cow additives equalizer |
M. F. B. Savela1, L. V. Vieira1, N. M. Rahal1, J. G. Fischer1, A. C. Franco1, L. R. L. Silva1, L. S. Lopes1, V. S. Pereira1, A. P. P. Timm1, E. R. Komninou1, A. A. Barbosa1, D Langwinski2, A. H. Souza2, C. C. Brauner1, M. N. Corrêa1 |
1Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Center of Research Teaching and Extension in Animal Science (NUPEEC), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2Cargill Animal Health and Nutrition, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil |
The study aimed to compare the effect of dietary supplementation with ruminal buffers Equalizer (Nutron/Cargill, Chapecó, Brazil) and sodium bicarbonate, on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and feed efficiency of Holstein cows. This study was performed on a commercial dairy farm in Southern Brazil. Thirty-six multiparous females with around 63.74 ± 18.63 of days in milk and average milk yield of 38.83 kg ± 9.29 per day, were enrolled in a randomized block design, according to the average yeld and number of lactations (2 to 4 lactations), during the experimental period of 60 d. Cows were assigned into 2 groups: Equalizer (0.5% of the diet DM, of Equalizer; n = 18) and Control (1.1% of the DM of sodium bicarbonate; n = 18). Total mixed ration (TMR) containing 28% starch was supplemented with each of the buffers and fed to the respective groups daily. The DMI (kg/day) was evaluated individually by automatic feeders (Intergado, Brazil). Milk yield (kg/day) was measured using the ALPRO electronic milking system (DeLaval, USA). Feed efficiency was evaluated through the relation between DMI and milk yield. The data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of JMP Pro 14 (SAS Institute inc., 2018), considering group and collections as fixed effects and animals as random effects. The higher (P = 0.004) feed efficiency was observed in the Equalizer group (1.65 ± 0.03), in comparison to the Control (1.50 ± 0.03). The milk yield did not differ between the groups (P = 0.56) (39.87 ± 0.92 vs. 39.11 ± 0.92) in the Equalizer and Control groups, respectively. The DMI was lower (P = 0.03) in the Equalizer-supplemented group than in the Control group, which also consumed 2.08kg less (24.48 ± 0.64 kg/d vs. 26.58 ± 0.66 kg/d). In conclusion, Equalizer improves feed efficiency in Holstein cows. |
| Virtual: Animal Health 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86553 |
Watch |
2419V |
Effects of supplementation with rumen buffers on metabolic parameters of Holstein dairy cows. |
6 |
L. V. Vieira |
additives nutrition ruminal acidosis |
L. V. Vieira1, M. F. B. Savela1, N. M. Rahal1, A. A. Barbosa1, D. R. Saraiva1, R. M. Rosa1, D. Langwinski2, A. H. Souza2, L. H. Kütter1, R. Silveira1, M. B. Medeiros1, R. M. Soares1, C. C. Brauner1, E. R. Komninou1, M. N. Corrêa1 |
1Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Center of Research, Teaching and Extension in Animal Science (NUPEEC), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2Cargill Animal Health and Nutrition, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil |
Buffers are used to raise the pH of ruminant diets, acting in the prevention and treatment of ruminal acidosis. This study aimed to compare the effects of dietary supplementation with buffering sodium bicarbonate or Equalizer (Nutron/Cargill, Chapecó, Brazil), on metabolic parameters of Holstein dairy cows. For this, 36 multiparous cows from a commercial farm in southern Brazil, with an average of 63.7 ± 18.6 d in milk (DIM) and an average milk yield of 38.84 ± 9.29 kg were selected for a 60-d trial period. The animals were randomly divided into 2 homogeneous groups: Equalizer (0.5% of the dry matter of the Equalizer diet; EG n = 18) and Control (1.1% of the dry matter of the sodium bicarbonate diet; GC n = 18), supplemented daily from 63.7 ± 18.6 DIM. The parameters glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), magnesium, calcium, albumin, and total plasma proteins (TPP) were monitored through weekly blood collections on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 60 of the experiment. Data were analyzed using the MIXED Models procedure in the JMP Pro 14 (SAS Institute Inc., 2018), considering group, collection time points and its interactions as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. No difference was found between the groups for all variables analyzed. Glucose values were CG 59.86 ± 0.85 mg/dL and EG 61.05 ± 0.85 mg/dL (P = 0.33); for β-hydroxybutyrate CG 0.49 ± 0.02 mmol/L and EG 0.52 ± 0.02 mmol/L (P = 0.38); NEFA, CG 0.46 ± 0.04 mmol/L and EG 0.37 ± 0.04 mmol/L (P = 0.15); magnesium CG 2.31 ± 0.06 mg/dL and EG 2.30 ± 0.06 mg/dL (P = 0.93); calcium CG 8.58 ± 0.11 mg/dL and EG 8.62 ± 0.11 mg/dL (P = 0.80); albumin CG 2.74 ± 0.05 g/dL and EG 2.67 ± 0.05 g/dL (P = 0.32), and; TPP CG 8.17 ± 0.12 g/dL and EG 8.05 ± 0.12 g/dL (P = 0.50). The above results led us to conclude that the Equalizer serves as a safe alternative for bicarbonate supplementation of lactating cows considering the analyzed parameters. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
s10014 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86067 |
Watch |
1503V |
Impact of milk-type on the probiotic survivability and bioactive properties of the bioaccessible fraction after in vitro digestion by INFOGEST2.0. |
1 |
M. Ayyash |
camel milk in vitro digestion probiotics |
M. Ayyash1 |
1United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates |
Background: Although camel and bovine milks have similarities in terms of the constituents, the nature/type and quantity of these constituents differ. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of milks composition on the probiotic survivability and the bioactive properties of the bioaccessible fraction after in vitro digestion by INFOGUEST2.0. Unfermented and fermented camel (FCM) and bovine (FBM) milk were prepared using different starter culture types with and without probiotics. All samples were digested in vitro using INFOGEST2.0 protocol on d 1 and d 21. During the intestine phase, a dialysis membrane (cut-off 10 kDa) was added to prepare the bioaccessible fraction. Untargeted metabolomic analysis by LC-QTOF was performed to identify the bioaccessible compounds in FCM and FBM. One-way ANOVA was performed to examine the significant impact of milk type and cultures on parameters at P > 0.05. Tukey's test was performed for mean comparisons at the same storage time. The whole experiment was carried out in triplicates. The antioxidant activities of the bioaccessible fractions differed slightly between culture types, whereas the antiproliferative activity of starter culture only (SC) was highest, followed by starter culture+probiotic (SC+Pro). The highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (>70%) at d 1 and d 21 was noted for the bioaccessible fraction from FCM and FBM for all cultures. The antiproliferative activities of the bioaccessible fractions from FCM and FBM ranged from 2.5 to 11.7% and 1.5–4.0% against colon cell lines, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics of FCM demonstrated discrimination between cultures and from FBM. FCM produced with SC+Pro and probiotic only (Pro) had closer clustering than with SC. The bioaccessible fraction of FCM exhibited higher biological functionality compared with FBM. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86267 |
Watch |
1507V |
Differences in the microbiome composition of fresh and cured goat cheese. |
2 |
M. G. Luigi-Sierra |
goat cheese microbiome bacteria |
M. G. Luigi-Sierra1, D. Guan2, Y. Ramayo-Caldas3, M. Amills1,4 |
1Centre de Recerca Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain, 2University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 3Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, Catalonia, Spain, 4Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain |
There is a great diversity of goat cheeses available in the market that differ in taste, texture and aroma. Besides the manufacturing process, microbial composition contributes to generating the specific organoleptic and physicochemical properties of goat cheeses and determining their safety and shelf life. This study aimed to analyze the microbiome composition of 6 Spanish soft fresh (H and M), soft semicured (C and P), hard semicured (G), and hard-cured (B) commercial goat cheeses. To this end, we collected samples from the exterior, medial, and internal regions of each cheese and sequenced the ultra-variable region V3-V4 of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq system. After quality control of reads with QIIME2, we identified 280 amplicon sequence variants. The α-diversity analyzes evidenced greater microbiome richness and diversity (P-values <0.05) in the fresh soft cheeses (i.e., H, M and P) with chao1 indices between 61 and 113; and Shannon values between 1.76 and 2.87. In contrast, hard semicured and cured cheeses (i.e., B and G) showed chao1 indices between 38 and 71.2 and Shannon diversity values ranging from 1.14 to 1.46. The C cheese, a soft paste cheese maturated with a fungi coat, presented richness and diversity values similar to hard-paste cured cheeses. The analysis of bacterial abundance displayed an increased richness of Lactobacillus in soft fresh H and Lactococcus in soft fresh M, while the soft semicured C presented similar proportions of both genera (21–44%) as well as Leuconostoc bacteria (18–19%). The abundance of lactic acid bacteria from these 3 genera might be because they are commonly used as starter cultures in cheese manufacture. On the other hand, hard cheeses (B and G) and soft semicured P presented a higher proportion of Streptococcus (40–63%). Bacteria from the Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas and Shewanella genera, often associated with milk and cheese spoilage and contamination, were identified in high proportions in the M and H soft fresh cheeses. In summary, our results highlight a distinctive microbiota in each type of cheese, with a trend that fresh cheese has a richer microbiota than cured one. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86284 |
Watch |
1508V |
Evaluating the suitability of milk fat matrix as a potential carrier for viable probiotics. |
3 |
K. Gaba |
whipped cream butter probiotics |
K. Gaba1,2, S. Anand1,2 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Developing bioactive foods is a growing research interest, however, maintaining the viability of bioactive molecules like probiotics is a major challenge. Previous studies in our lab developed a bioactive whey protein hydrolysate-probiotic encapsulant of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Based on its microstructural configuration, we hypothesized that a viscous trilaminar milk fat matrix would retain the encapsulant viability for a longer duration without interfering with the food matrix. This study evaluated whipped cream and butter as potential carriers of probiotic encapsulant through microbiological, physicochemical, and microstructural analysis. Probiotic whipped cream and butter (100 g each) were prepared by spiking encapsulant (8.5log10cfu/g) at 0.1% and 1.0% levels followed by storage at 4 ± 1°C and (–)18 ± 2°C for 12 and 28 d, respectively. For the probiotic whipped cream, viable counts were enumerated with De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar using anaerobic gaspak system (37°C, 72 h), and physicochemical analysis including foam stability, overrun, and rheology were performed at a 3-d interval. Micro images were obtained through confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were performed at a 6-d interval for probiotic butter. Three trials were conducted in triplicates, and means were compared using one-way ANOVA (P < 0.5). 1% spiked whipped cream showed significantly improved viable probiotic counts (7.28 ± 1.56log10cfu/g), storage and loss modulus (14585.73 ± 5.07 Pa, 3004.32 ± 6.54 Pa) with lower serum loss (12.07 ± 0.47%) as compared with 0.1% probiotic whipped cream. Micro images showed adsorption of proteins at the O/W surface that led to these improved characteristics. In the case of probiotic butter, it showed 5.25 ± 1.23log10cfu/g viable probiotics, increased storage, and loss modulus (5.38E+04 ± 8433.97 Pa, 23894.86 ± 1651.46 Pa) and decreased hardness indicating a strong viscoelastic network. To conclude, the milk fat matrix could diversify the probiotic encapsulant applications by retaining the probiotics viability and physicochemical properties of the food matrix. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86032 |
Watch |
1509V |
Effect of biodiversity of cell-envelope proteinase genotype on peptidomics and functionality of whey of Lactobacillus helveticus. |
4 |
X. Liu |
Lactobacillus helveticus cell-envelope proteinase biodiversity |
X. Liu1, Y. Jiang1, J. Zhao1, H. Zhang1, W. Chen1 |
1School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China |
Lactobacillus helveticus is widely used in fermented dairy products, and is capable of hydrolyzing casein into a variety of peptides and amino acids due to its efficient protein hydrolysis system. However, there are few studies on the effect of biodiversity of cell-envelope proteinase genotype on the peptidomics and functionality of sour milk whey of Lactobacillus helveticus. In the current study, the evolutionary analysis of cell envelope proteinase (CEP) genes, specificity and structural region of CEP, casein hydrolytic pattern, peptidomics and function of whey of Lactobacillus helveticus were investigated. The liquid chromatography device was coupled to a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer for peptidomic analysis, and database searches of MS data via Maxquant Database searches via Maxquant were performed using the UniProt databases. The effect of whey of fermented milk on the systolic blood pressure was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and the effect of alleviating memory decline was evaluated with the scopolamine-induced mice model. The results showed that the 5 CEP genes of Lactobacillus helveticus belonged to 2 gene families, and prtH2, prtH3, and prtH4 of OG0000089 family contributed significantly to the hydrolytic activity of CEP of Lactobacillus helveticus, with prtH3 displaying the highest activity. The preferred hydrolytic regions of prtH3 in β-casein are f143–160 and f165–180 generating high abundance of antihypertensive peptides, while the preferred hydrolytic regions of prtH4 in β-casein are f1–25 and f180–200 with high abundance of antioxidative peptides during fermentation. The animal experiments also confirmed that the sour milk whey of Lactobacillus helveticus 32M42 (prtH3 type) and GDMCC80611 (prtH4 type) possessed the capacity of modulation of blood pressure and improvement of cognitive function of mice, respectively. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t85828 |
Watch |
1510V |
Potential probiotics and postbiotics characteristics including immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional yogurt-like products. |
5 |
M. T. A. Ruknuddin |
probiotic postbiotic fermented dairy product |
M. T. A. Ruknuddin1, M. Ayyash1 |
1United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |
The current study investigated the probiotic potential and immunomodulatory characteristics of some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditional high acid and low-moisture yogurt-like products (Labaneh). The LAB were screened for different probiotics properties which are mentioned below: (1) Tolerance to the gastrointestinal conditions were assessed by subjecting them to simulated fluids, bile salts and lysozyme to check their survivability. (2) Physiological properties of isolates like adherence to the intestinal tract walls and hydrolysis were checked by performing auto-aggregation, co-aggregation, hydrophobicity, adhesion to HT-29 cells and cholesterol removal. (3) Production of desirables like bile salt hydrolase, antimicrobials, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production were examined. (4) Identification of the selected isolates were done using 16s rDNA sequencing. (5) Immunomodulation of the isolates both live and dead were studied. The lab isolates probiotics nature as mentioned; LAB isolates after the digestion average growth ranged from 4.5 ± 0.1 to 8.5 ± 0.8 Log10 cfu/ml. The average growth in cholic acid, ox gall and taurocholic acid were 26.7%, 48.5%, and 64.5% compared with 66.3% in the control. The isolates exhibited cholesterol-lowering (>30%) and hydrophobicity values of 7.1–86.0%, 18.0–87.3%, and 20.6–87.1% (for xylene, octane, and hexadecane, respectively), the average growth in MRS after attachment to HT-29 cells was found to be 8.1 Log10 cfu/ml, Auto-aggregation for the isolates ranged from 49.3% to 77.2% after 24 h. All the isolates showed co-aggregation after 24 h of incubation with pathogens and had shown antimicrobial properties of at least 1.0 Log reductions when treated with the isolates of both live and heat-killed cells. In the presence of lysozyme the average growth were 8.35 Log10 cfu/ml and all the isolates showed notable susceptibility toward the tested antibiotics. LAB isolates were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Enterococcus faecium, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Two isolates showed IFN-γ induction in cultures of C57BL/6 spleen cells with the isolate MBL3 (65-fold increase over the control), followed by the isolate MBL10 (8-fold increase). The LAB isolates demonstrated noticeable probiotic properties. Almost all the isolates (Streptococcus sp., Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Enterococcus faecium and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) produced EPS, which can be further exploited and characterized for their beneficial industrial and medical potential. The promising immunomodulatory results suggest the need for standardization of the dosage of the bacteria as well as the carrier content for the stimulation of different cytokines. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
s9996 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86270 |
Watch |
1544V |
Different sources of biochar had no effect on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production. |
1 |
F Hassanat |
in vitro rumen biochar |
F Hassanat1, C Côrtes2, S Claveau2, R Pilote2, C Benchaar3 |
1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada, 2Agrinova, Alma, QC, Canada, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada |
It is been recommended to use biochar to amend soil characteristics and mitigate soil methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Adding biochar to ruminants feed may mitigate enteric and manure methane emissions. However, effect of biochar on rumen fermentation is not consistent in scientific literature, with responses depending on different factors, including source of biochar. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of different sources and levels of biochar on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro (24-h batch cultures). Biochar Happy tummy (rice husks, Fine Fettle, Narberth, UK), Airex (forest biomass, Airex, Bécancour, QC, Canada), Local-R and Local-L (black spruce, Agrinova, Alma, QC, Canada) were added at 1%, 2% and 5% of total mixed ration dry matter (DM). A negative (CTL, 0% biochar) and a positive (10 mg/L Monensin) control were used as response references. In vitro incubations (using 200 mg total mixed ration and 20 mL buffered rumen fluid) were repeated 3 times (3 runs) and conducted in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment was tested in triplicates within each run. The total mixed ration contained 32.1% NDF, 16.9% CP and 17.3% starch. Differences between treatments and CTL were declared significant at P ≤ 0.05 using Dunnett’s comparison test. Regardless of the source and level of biochar, total gas production and methane production were not affected and averaged (mean ± SD) 48.7 ± 1.57 mL and 8.7 ± 0.41 mL, respectively. No effects of biochar were observed on total VFA concentration or molar proportions of acetate, propionate, butyrate, or the acetate: propionate ratio. Use of Monensin (positive control) reduced methane production and acetate: propionate ratio in the buffered rumen fluid. It is concluded that adding increasing levels (up to 5% DM) of different biochar types tested in this study did not affect total VFA or methane production in vitro. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86770 |
Watch |
2509V |
Effect of filter bags and washout water temperature on dry matter recovery of pure starch and dry ground corn. |
2 |
C. Heinzen Jr. |
starch starch disappearance corn grain |
C. Heinzen Jr.1, M. S. Souza2,1, R. D. Shaver1, L. F. Ferraretto1 |
1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 2Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil |
Assays accurately predicting ruminal starch digestibility could provide useful information for ration formulation. But even though a 0 h starch disappearance assay has been recently used to rank forages and feedstuffs, the implications to ration formulation are unclear as different methodologies could alter the degree of particulate loss. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of filter bags commonly used in starch digestibility assays and washout water temperature on DM recovery of pure corn starch and finely ground corn samples following a 0 h starch disappearance assay. Triplicate samples of each starch source were placed in Dacron polyester in situ bags (DPB; R1020, 10 cm x 20 cm, 50 µm porosity; Ankom Technology), F57 bags (F57; 25 µm porosity; Ankom Technology) or filter papers (WG3; 6 µm porosity; Whatman G3) and incubated in water at either 23°C or 39°C. Approximately 5, 0.5 and 1 g of DM was used for DPB, F57 and WG3, respectively. The WG3 samples were incubated in Erlenmeyer flasks before filtration. After the washout, all samples were dried in an air-forced oven set at 60°C for 48 h and DM recovery was calculated. Two independent runs were conducted. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with the Random effect of run and Fixed effects of starch source, filter bags, water temperature and their 2- and 3-way interactions. A starch source x filter bag interaction was detected (P < 0.01), with greatest DM recovery observed for pure starch placed in F57 and WG3 (92.1%, on average), intermediate for ground corn regardless of filter bag (85.3%, on average), and lowest for pure starch in DPB (74.8%). Moreover, less DM was recovered for samples incubated at 39°C than 23°C (84.9% vs. 86.6%, respectively, P = 0.02) regardless of filter bag or starch source. In conclusion, greater particulate loss was observed in filter bags traditionally used for ruminal in situ disappearance assays and when washing out samples with water simulating rumen temperature. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86556 |
Watch |
2508V |
Autolyzed or live yeast supplementation on performance of dairy cows. |
3 |
F. P. Rennó |
feed additive direct-fed microbials Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
A. C. de Freitas1, N. T. S. Grigoletto1, P. C. Vittorazzi Junior1, M. Bugoni1, J. N. Ribeiro1, C. V. de Almeida1, N. P. Martins1, O. P. Sbaralho1, C. S. Cortinhas2, T. S. Acedo2, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 2DSM Produtos Nutricionais Brasil S.A, São Paulo, SP, Brazil |
Yeast products may alter microbiota of the digestive tract of ruminants, hence affecting nutrient absorption and performance. This study aimed to evaluate dietary yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on milk yield and composition, and feed efficiency of dairy cows. Forty-two Holstein cows (171 ± 40 DIM and 32.6 ± 17.7 kg/d milk yield) were blocked (n = 14) according to parity, DIM, and milk yield and randomly assigned to the following treatments: Control (CON); Autolyzed yeast (AY), AY fed at 0.617 g/kg dietary DM (Levabon Rumen E; Biomin Holding GmbH, Inzersdorf-Getzersdorf, Austria); or Live yeast (LY), LY fed at 0.123 g/kg dietary DM (Vistacell; AB Vista, Marlborough, England). Feed additives were provided mixed into the concentrate. Cows were allowed a 2-wk covariate period, and treatments were applied for the following 9 wks. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily. Cows were milked twice daily, and samples were collected weekly during 3 consecutive days for solids analyses using mid-infrared method. Data were submitted to ANOVA as repeated measures modeling the fixed effects of covariate, treatment, time, and their interaction; block was considered as a random effect. Orthogonal contrasts evaluated treatment differences: CON vs. treatments with yeast; and AY vs. LY. Dry matter intake tended to be greater (P = 0.10) in cows fed LY than AY (27.6 and 25.9 kg/d, respectively). Milk yield tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cows fed yeast products than CON. Fat-corrected milk was increased (P = 0.01) in cows fed yeast products (33.8, 35.6, 35.8 kg/d for CON, AY, and LY, respectively). Yeast supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.03) solids yield but decreased (P = 0.05) protein content in milk (3.16, 3.13, 3.14% for CON, AY, and LY, respectively). Feed efficiency (FCM ÷ DMI) was greater (P = 0.02) in cows supplemented yeast than CON (1.30, 1.39, and 1.35 for CON, AY, and LY, respectively). Milk SCC was not influenced by treatments. Dietary supplementation of either AY or LY increases milk fat yield and brings benefits to performance of dairy cows. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86005 |
|
2517V |
Hepatic transcriptome analysis in heat-stressed mid-lactation dairy cows fed Lonicera japonica extract. |
4 |
D. Gao |
Lonicera japonica extract dairy cow heat stress |
D. Gao1, P. Sun2 |
1College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 2Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of oral administration of Lonicera japonica extract (LJE) on molecular signaling patterns in the liver of mid-lactation Holstein cows subjected to heat stress. we analyzed the effect of LJE on the hepatic transcriptome of dairy cows during the heat stress period. The experiment lasted 10 weeks over a hot summer, with a pre-feeding period of 2 weeks. Cows received either no LJE (CON group, n = 3) or 28 g/d of LJE (LJE group, n = 3). A total of 17,668 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the CON and LJE treatment groups. Furthermore, a total of 253 DEGs were found to be differentially expressed in the liver between the CON and LJE treatment groups after taking into account the criteria fold change (FC) > 1.2 or <0.667 and P < 0.05. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly involved in immune processes, inflammatory processes, pantothenate metabolic processes, carbohydrate metabolic processes, plasma membrane and cell adhesion. In conclusion, our results indicated the effect of LJE on relieving heat stress of dairy cows was associated with hepatic gene expression changes, notably, the prime factors include enhanced immune function, antioxidant effects, hepatic glucose metabolism, cell-cell communication and cell metabolism. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86158 |
Watch |
2523V |
The effect of posttreatment curing times of a fungal enzyme cocktail on in vitro NDF digestibility. |
5 |
C. W. Cruywagen |
fibrolytic enzymes rumen fiber digestibility in vitro incubation |
J. H. C. van Zyl1, Z. Skippers1, C. W. Cruywagen1 |
1Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa |
The extracellular enzyme supernatant of a fungal strain, ABO374, isolated from South African soil and developed at Stellenbosch University, was used in the trial. The objective was to determine the effect of posttreatment curing times on in vitro NDF digestibility of alfalfa hay, wheat straw, and a typical dairy cow TMR. A negative control was not included because our previous research showed that ABO374 improved NDF digestibility in these forages. Substrates were treated with a 2.5% dilution of the ABO374 supernatant. After application, samples were weighed out into ANKOM F57 filter bags and allowed to cure for 0.5 h, 3 h, or 12 h at room temperature. These times were referred to as posttreatment curing times (PCT). After each PCT, a set of samples was transferred to an ANKOM Daisy incubator for in vitro incubation of 12 h. Rumen fluid of 2 cannulated dairy cows was used separately in different jars with a buffered Van Soest medium. The trial was done in 3 separate runs, one week apart, to yield 6 replications. Data were analyzed according to a main effects ANOVA with PCT and substrate as main effects. Across substrates, a PCT of 0.5 h and 3 h tended (P = 0.08) to result in higher NDF disappearance values than a PCT of 12 h (29.3%, 29.8% and 26.9%, respectively). Regarding different substrates, PCT had an effect (P < 0.05) on alfalfa NDF disappearance which was higher at 0.5 h and 3 h (30.1%, and 30.8%, respectively) compared with 12 h (26.2%). Increasing PCT had no significant effect on NDF disappearance in wheat straw (30.8%, 31.2% and 27.3%) at 0.5 h, 3 h and 12 h, respectively, or in the TMR (27.1%, 27.5% and 27.5%) at the respective posttreatment curing times. It was concluded that extended curing times (longer than 3 h) would not increase in vitro NDF digestibility in alfalfa hay, wheat straw or the TMR. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 11:00 |
t86908 |
Watch |
2520V |
Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to predict urinary allantoin and creatinine from urine and milk samples. |
6 |
L. A. C. Ribeiro |
infrared spectroscopy purine derivates allantoin |
L. A. C. Ribeiro1, T. Bresolin1, S. I. A. Apelo1, J. R. R. Dorea1 |
1University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
Microbial protein (MicP) accounts for most of the total amino acids flowing to the small intestine and is considered a high-quality protein for dairy cows. Quantifying MicP yield as well as factors influencing its supply is of major importance in dairy cattle nutrition. However, MicP is difficult to measure in research and commercial settings. For that reason, research studies have extensively used internal markers such purine derivatives and creatinine (for urinary volume) to estimate total MicP yield. Infrared spectroscopy has been widely used for milk and feed analyses as also to predict feed components and milk traits. This technology is fast, noninvasive, nondestructive, and has great potential to predict difficult-to-measure phenotypes of large-scale operations in a timely manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate if Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) and Mid-IR obtained from urine and milk samples, respectively, could be used to predict urinary allantoin (ALN) and creatinine (CRE). We evaluated 3 covariate sets for each urinary compound: (1) urine NIR; (2) milk MIR; and the combination of urine and milk spectra. Samples were collected from 185 Holstein cows at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Quality prediction was assessed used partial least squares (PLS) by randomly splitting data set into training and test set (75% and 25% of the data set, respectively). The number of components in each model was selected based on 5k-fold cross-validation. The best predictions for urinary ALN were observed when urine NIR was used as covariate set (R2 = 0.60; RMSE = 3.65 mM/l). Combining milk MIR with urine NIR did not improve ALN prediction (R2 = 0.56; RMSE = 3.60 mM/l). CRE was not accurately predicted by urine NIR (R2 = 0.18; RMSE = 3.01 mM/l), milk MIR (R2 = 0.04; RMSE = 3.40 mM/l), or combination of both (R2 = 0.21; RMSE = 3.00 mM/l). Our results suggest that urine spectrum has important information related to allantoin concentration, which could be used as an additional source of data for predictions of complex traits such as intake, microbial synthesis, and nitrogen efficiency. |
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
NULL |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
s10007 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t85909 |
Watch |
2463V |
Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of technical lignins against environmental bacteria causing mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. |
1 |
G. Oppong |
mastitis technical lignin antimicrobial |
G. Oppong1, J. Romero1, Z. Ma2, K. Jeong3, M. Killerby1 |
1University of Maine, Orono, ME, 2Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 3University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
We aim to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of a set of technical lignins that could be used as conditioners in lactating cattle beddings. Mueller Hinton broth was modified to pH 6 and used in macro dilution to determine the antimicrobial activity against strains of Staphylococcus chromogenes (KCJ4610), Streptococcus uberis (BA-854), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KCJ4749), Escherichia coli (PSU-10.0371), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCJ4633) isolated from mastitic cows. Technical lignin treatments assessed were: sodium lignosulfonate (NaL), washed kraft lignin (WKL), alkali kraft lignin (AKL), and magnesium lignosulfonate (MGL). MIC and MBC analysis were carried out in duplicate in each of 3 independent runs. The NaL inhibited both S. chromogenes and S. uberis (gram-positive) at a lower dose than P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae (gram-negative). A similar trend was observed for bactericidal activity, except for P. aeruginosa, which could not be killed by any of the lignins tested. MgL was less inhibitory against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, relative to the other bacteria, but it was the most effective lignin against E. coli. The MgL killing activity was the highest against S. chromogenes and S. uberis, relative to the other bacteria. The AKL was more effective at inhibiting and killing S. chromogenes and S. uberis, relative to the other bacteria, which were impervious to its activity. WKL antibacterial effects were mostly restricted to S. chromogenes, in our study. Overall, NaL had the most rounded and effective antibacterial activity, followed by MgL and AKL. Table 1. Technical lignins MIC and MBC mean values (mg/mL ± SD) against environmental mastitis-causing bacteria
| Bacteria |
|
Trt |
| NaL |
WKL |
AKL |
MgL |
| S. chromogenes |
MIC |
5 ± 0 |
30 + 0 |
2.5 ± 0 |
10 ± 0 |
| |
MBC |
7.5 ± 0 |
60 ± 0 |
5 ± 0 |
12.5 ± 0 |
| S. uberis |
MIC |
10 ± 0 |
>60 |
2.5 ± 0 |
15 ± 0 |
| |
MBC |
15 ± 0 |
>60 |
2.5 ± 0 |
40 ± 0 |
| P. aeruginosa |
MIC |
35 ± 0 |
50 ± 0 |
50 ± 0 |
60 ± 0 |
| |
MBC |
>60 |
>60 |
>60 |
>60 |
| E. coli |
MIC |
60 ± 0 |
60 ± 0 |
>60 |
30 ± 0 |
| |
MBC |
60 ± 0 |
>60 |
>60 |
30 ± 0 |
| K. pneumoniae |
MIC |
15 ± 0 |
>60 |
50 ± 0 |
20 ± 0 |
| |
MBC |
20 ± 0 |
>60 |
>60 |
20 ± 0 |
|
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t87021 |
Watch |
2420V |
Defining clinical diagnosis and treatment of puerperal metritis in dairy cows: A scoping review. |
2 |
A. Garzon |
|
A. Garzon1, G. Habing2, F. Lima1, N. Silva-del-Rio1,3, F. Samah1, R. Pereira1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA |
Puerperal metritis (PM) is a common infectious disease in dairy cattle. Currently there are discrepancies between clinical case definitions. The inconsistent criteria can result in disparities related to recommendations for treating cows, affecting judicious use of antimicrobials. Our objective was to systematically review literature for clinical signs used as diagnostic criteria, including local (e.g., vaginal discharge) and systemic signs of infection (fever). The PRISMA-ScR protocol was used to screen commonly used databases. One reviewer screened title/abstract for eligibility (n = 2,096) followed by full-text screening of articles (n = 396) by 2 reviewers to identify eligible articles (n = 174). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the association among variables. The most frequently cited reference (37.5%) for the definition was published in 2006. In 40.2% of articles, no reference was provided. For the definition of PM, the vaginal discharge (VD) was described in terms of color, odor, and viscosity. Among colors, the terms used were red brown (61.4%), red (5.1%), brown (8.6%), or others (12.4%); VD color was not reported in 24.1% articles. The VD odor was described as fetid (75.8%), putrid (5.1%), foul (10.3%), or other (5.7%); and not mentioned in 7.4% of articles. The viscosity was described as watery (74.1%), purulent (27%), mucopurulent (8.6%), thin (4%), serous (2.8%) or abnormal (2.3%), and was not mentioned in 11.5%. Fever was included in 59.7% articles as a criterion for PM diagnosis. Fever was not used as diagnostic criteria in 39.6% of articles. Approaches used for VD evaluation included rectal palpation (37.3%), gloved hand (18.4%), Metricheck (9.8%) or speculum (5.7%); for 28.7% of articles were not mentioned. The lack of reporting on the data items charted for the review was a prevalent finding. This scoping review describes a disparity in robust and clear criteria used to diagnose PM in literature. Although select consensus articles are available, it is common for no references to be used, and further high-quality research is needed to identify a standard criterion for case definition |
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Health |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t87045 |
Watch |
2421V |
Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for recovery of intrauterine Escherichia coli from cows with metritis on California dairy farms. |
3 |
A. Garzon |
|
C. Basbas1, A. Garzon1, N. Silva-del-Rio1,4, B. Byrne2, B. Karle3, S. Aly1,4, J. Champagne4, D. Williams4, F. Lima1, V. Machado5, R. Pereira1 |
1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 3Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA, 4Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, 5Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX |
Metritis is the fourth most common health issue in cows as identified by producers. Currently, little is known of MICs of intrauterine E. coli (IEC) to common antimicrobial drugs used to treat metritis in California. The goals of this study were to evaluate recovery and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in IEC in postpartum dairy cows with and without metritis. A cross-sectional study was designed to collect uterine swabs from cows between 3 and 21 DIM from 25 dairy farms. Cows were categorized as metritis (MET, n = 86, watery, red or brown and fetid vaginal discharge (VD)); cows with purulent VD (PUS, n = 106, non-fetid purulent or mucopurulent VD); and control cows (CTL, n = 115, no vaginal discharge or a clear VD). Uterine swabs were taken at the same time of disease diagnosis (DIM). A survey questionnaire collected information on farm characteristics, management practices, antimicrobial treatment regarding metritis and individual treatment history for each sampled cow for the last 10 d. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the odds of isolating IEC from an intrauterine swab sample and the association between IEC AMR and animal-level factors. Cows diagnosed as MET had higher odds for recovery of IEC compared with cows diagnosed as CTL (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.17 – 3.96, P = 0.03), with no difference between PUS and CTL. An increase in DIM at the time of sampling was associated with a decrease in odds for IEC recovery (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89 – 0.98, P = 0.0008). All IEC were resistant to ampicillin, 30.2% to chlortetracycline and 33.9% to oxytetracycline. Only 8.6% of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur. No difference in the prevalence of AMR was observed among clinical groups. A higher odds for isolating IEC resistant to chlortetracycline (OR: 2.6; 95% C.I: 3.7 – 58.0, P = 0.0005) or oxytetracycline (OR: 1.9; 95% C.I: 1.4 – 33.8, P = 0.019) was observed at farms that used an intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline as a treatment for metritis when compared with those farms that did not use this practice.The low prevalence of AMR to ceftiofur indicates its potential as an effective treatment of metritis of cows. Resistance of all isolates to ampicillin was unexpected and discordant with previous field clinical studies. |
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86727 |
Watch |
1492V |
Comparing different types of reward for assessing behavioral flexibility of weaned dairy heifers in a T-maze. |
4 |
J. Bonney |
cognition dairy calf |
J. Bonney1, E. K. Miller-Cushon1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
Many animal behavioral tests require animals to seek a reward. This pilot study aimed to determine the most effective reward for post-weaned heifers during behavioral testing in a T-maze, used to assess cognitive flexibility. The test consisted of a T-shaped maze with an entrance aisle and 2 ‘arms’, constructed of gates covered with corrugated plastic. Holstein dairy heifers (n = 15) were randomly assigned to one of 3 reward types, placed in a randomly selected arm of the maze; food (FR; n = 5), social contact (SR; n = 5), and escape (ER; n = 5). The food reward was a grain-based concentrate mixed with chopped hay, the social contact reward was a non-study heifer enclosed in a small pen in the rewarded arm, and the 'escape' reward consisted of the exit door allowing return to the holding pen. Heifers were tested at 9 weeks of age, 1 wk post-weaning and following movement to a group pen on pasture. Heifers each received a maximum of 6 testing sessions per day for a maximum of 5 d or until successfully reaching a learning criterion of direct movement to the rewarded arm of the maze for 3 consecutive sessions. In each session, heifers entered the base of the T, were observed for 3 min, and then exited through the rewarded arm of the maze. Once heifers had met the learning criterion (3 consecutive correct choices) during the initial stage, the rewarded side was reversed, and the number of sessions taken to meet the same learning criterion was recorded. Data were analyzed in linear mixed models with fixed effects of reward type and side. The reward type did not affect the pass rate for initial learning (P = 0.24; pass rates FR = 80%, SR = 80%, ER = 100%), or for reversal learning (P = 0.16; pass rates FR = 40%, SR = 60%, ER = 60%). In addition, the reward type did not affect the number of sessions required to pass initial learning (FR = 13, SR = 9, ER = 9 sessions; SE = 2; P = 0.24); or reversal learning (FR = 16, SR = 15, ER = 12 sessions; SE = 4; P = 0.68). Overall, the high pass rates for all types of reward during the initial learning stage suggest that all 3 reward types may be considered effectively rewarding for future behavioral testing in weaned heifers. |
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86744 |
Watch |
1493V |
Effect of winter and summer conditions on lying time of transition dairy cows in a temperate region. |
5 |
D Cartes |
dairy cow transition period weather |
D Cartes1, R Held-Montaldo1, P Sepúlveda-Varas2 |
1Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile, 2Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile |
In pasture-based systems, prepartum dairy cows can be exposed directly to weather conditions during transition period. Our aim was to determine how temperate climatic conditions during 2 different calving seasons affect the lying time of transition dairy cows. This study was performed using data extracted from 2 partner experiments carried out in the Experimental Station of the Austral University of Chile. Data from 19 and 17 transition, multiparous and healthy Holstein cows were selected during winter 2018 and summer 2019 mo, respectively. The lying time were measured with data loggers over the study period and weather data were extracted from meteorological station located in the farm. Mixed-effects models were used to determine the effects of weather conditions and their interactions on daily lying time. The best-fit models are presented in the Table 1. In winter, increase in rainfall reduced the daily lying time and low air temperatures increased this effect in prepartum, due to an interaction. During postpartum, rainfall and temperature had a similar effect to the prepartum period. Also, during this period increases in wind speed, reduced the lying time. In summer, interactions were not observed. Lying time was reduced as air temperature and wind speed increased during prepartum, and as solar radiation increases in the postpartum period. These findings suggest that under temperate climate, the weather of both calving seasons has important implications on behaviors associated with comfort such as lying. Project funded by FONDECYT#11170820. Table 1. Effect of the weather conditions on pre a postpartum lying time (min/d) during winter and summer months
| Weather variables |
Prepartum |
Postpartum |
| Estimate |
SE |
P |
Estimate |
SE |
P |
| Intercept (Winter) |
11.5 |
0.3 |
<0.001 |
8.1 |
0.3 |
<0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) |
−0.13 |
0.04 |
<0.01 |
−0.02 |
0.04 |
0.5 |
| Wind speed (m/s) |
— |
— |
— |
−0.1 |
0.02 |
<0.001 |
| Precipitation (mm/d) |
−0.32 |
0.02 |
<0.001 |
−0.21 |
0.03 |
<0.001 |
| Solar radiation (W/m2) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| Temp × Precip |
0.01 |
0.00 |
<0.01 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
<0.01 |
| Intercept (Summer) |
13.0 |
0.6 |
<0.001 |
6.8 |
0.3 |
<0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) |
−0.2 |
0.03 |
<0.001 |
— |
— |
— |
| Wind speed (m/s) |
−0.1 |
0.02 |
<0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
| Precipitation (mm/d) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| Solar radiation (W/m2) |
— |
— |
— |
−0.004 |
0.00 |
<0.001 |
|
| Virtual: Animal Health; Animal Behavior & Well-Being 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Animal Behavior and Well-Being |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86986 |
Watch |
2414V |
Characterizing behavioral metrics of preweaned paired-housed dairy calves. |
6 |
D. Duhatschek |
calf paired-housed behavior |
J. M. Piñeiro1, S. Paudyal1, B. Newcomer2, B. W. Jones3, G. M. Schuenemann4, D. Duhatschek5, E. Kim1 |
1Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 2Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, 3Department of Animal Science, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, 4Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 5Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
The objective was to characterize behavioral metrics of paired-housed dairy calves. A total of 48 paired-housed Holstein dairy calves in a commercial calf ranch were enrolled 2 d after calving until 12 wk of age from February to May 2021. Monthly, cohorts of 10 to 24 calves were enrolled and electronic data loggers (IceQube, IceRobotics, Edinburgh, UK) were placed on a rear leg to assess their behavioral activity. Daily lying time (LT; min/d), number of steps (STP; no./d), number of lying bouts (LB; no./d), and LB duration (LBd; min/d) were recorded and the weekly average for the first 6 weeks of life was calculated. Calves were born in prepartum pens 1 km away from the calf ranch and moved to a nursery facility for their first 12h of life where they had their first and second feeding of quality (Brix value > 22%) colostrum within 2 h and 10 h after calving, respectively. At the calf ranch, calves were housed in adjacent hutches with a shared outdoor area of 13 m2 and were fed 2.8 L of milk 3 times daily by nipple bottle. Calves were fed calf starter and had water ad libitum. Descriptive statistics were obtained using the MEANS procedure of SAS. On average, pair-housed calves laid down 18.5 ± 1.6 h/d (range: 13.5–22.7), walked 510 ± 296 STP/d (range: 23–1450), had 22 ± 5 LB/d (range 4–31) and LBd was 1 ± 0.5 h/d (range 0.2–4.6). Table 1. Mean, median, SD, minimum, maximum, and lower and upper quartile (Q1 and Q3) for the behavioral metrics of 48 preweaned pair-housed dairy calves
| Behavioral metric |
Mean |
Median |
SD |
Min |
Q1 |
Q3 |
Max |
| LT, min/d |
1110 |
1110 |
97 |
810 |
1040 |
1180 |
1360 |
| STP, no./d |
510 |
490 |
296 |
23 |
303 |
700 |
1450 |
| LB, no./d |
22 |
22 |
5 |
5 |
18 |
26 |
31 |
| LBd, min/d |
57 |
49 |
31 |
13 |
42 |
65 |
277 |
|
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
s10015 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86310 |
Watch |
1504V |
Physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of concentrated yogurt (Labneh) made from goat milk with added pomegranate peel extract. |
1 |
M. Serhan |
concentrated yogurt pomegranate peel extract product acceptability |
M. Serhan1, A. Aoun1, M. el Deghel1, C. Serhan1 |
1University of Balamand, Deir el Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon |
In recent years, the consumption of goat's dairy products has increased worldwide with a consequent increase in the demand for functional products. The addition of natural antioxidants such as pomegranate peel extracts, is becoming increasingly popular in dairy due to its potential role in contribution to human health. In this study, we aimed to formulate concentrated yogurt (Labneh) products made from goat milk, with added pomegranate peel extract (PPE) at different concentrations (5%,10%,15%,20%, and 25%) to evaluate its effect on functional properties and storage stability. Fresh raw goat milk was heated at 90$\deg#$C for 5 min, before being cooled to inoculation temperature (42$\deg#$C). The yogurt bacterial culture used consisted of a mixed strain culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) in a freeze-dried form. Fermentation was conducted at 42$\deg#$C for 5 h. Then, the coagulum was broken and the PPE was added, respectively, in the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. After homogenization, the coagulum was carefully poured in separate sanitized hanging cloth bags and left to drain the whey by gravity at 6$\deg#$C overnight (total drainage time was set to 18 h). Experimental products were evaluated for total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteau test), antioxidant activity (ABTS free radical scavenging activity), chemical composition (pH and moisture content), organoleptic and microbiological properties during storage period up to 28 d. The consumer acceptance test was carried out with 35 consumers (aged 21–35 years), preselected according to their interest and habits of Labneh consumption. Data obtained from various experiments and storage period was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA (ANOVA) and Tukey's test to establish significant difference among the mean values at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). The results showed an increase in phenolic content in concentrated yogurts containing 15%PPE, and in antioxidant activity in products containing 25% PPE. Stored goat’s labneh has decreased lactic acid bacteria, total bacterial count and yeasts and molds than the control labneh. Whereas, no coliforms were detected throughout the storage period. Moreover, the organoleptic results indicated that labneh with 5% and 15% PPE at d 14 were totally accepted by the participants with a decrease in acceptability (30%) up to d 21. The shelf life of the labneh made with PPE increased up to 21 d as compared with the control sample. Pomegranate peel extract can be used as a natural additive to enhance the oxidative stability and acceptability of goat’s labneh products. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86586 |
|
1511V |
Effect of pulsed electric field processing on emulsion stability with milk protein concentrates. |
2 |
S. Raghunath |
processing emulsion proteins |
S. Raghunath1, K. Mallikarjunan1 |
1University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN |
Processing with pulsed electric field systems for dairy protein modification has been a topic of interest to the dairy industry and this research was aimed at understanding how temperature, electric field strength and frequency impact the emulsion stability of milk protein concentrate with 85% protein. Today's consumer market is aiming at minimally processed foods, having enhanced emulsion stability MPC as a potential ingredient to be added in many product formulations such as high-protein beverages where stability of emulsion is very essential. The current study investigated and compared the effect of PEF processing on the emulsion stability of MPC85 (85% protein) during the pilot-scale processing of MPC85. RSM was used to design the experiments since a pilot-scale study was implemented. A total of 16 experiments were conducted at experimental conditions such as temperature (20°C, 35°C, 50°C), electric field strength (EFS) (4kV/cm, 12kV/cm, 20kV/cm), and frequency (30 Hz, 165 Hz, 300 Hz), for PEF processing. A central composite face centered design was employed to minimize experiments of processing parameters. Three control samples were investigated for each temperature (20°C, 35°C, 50°C) to understand the effect of PEF excluding the temperature factor as well. All the samples were kept at an ionic equilibrium of pH 6.66 after the PEF treatment. From the results, the emulsion stability attained at maximum during 2 treatments when temperature 50°C, EFS at 12kV/cm and frequency at 165 Hz to 56.34 min and 50°C, 4kV/CM and 30 Hz to 55 min. In comparison the control sample without PEF treatment had an emulsion stability of only 39.11 min at 20°C, 16.05 at 50°C and 15.56 min at 35°C. PEF shows an increase from 16.05 min to 56.34 min in comparison to 50°C which is 5.3 x times increase in comparison to 50°C. With a combination of temperature, electric field strength and frequency the emulsion stability of the milk protein concentrate increased tremendously and create stable emulsions at high temperatures as high as 50°C. Future studies on optimization will be carried out to understand the effects of PEF on MPC85. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86382 |
Watch |
1513V |
Effects of temperature and high solid loadings on flow behaviors of reconstituted dried whey. |
3 |
A. Parhi |
food rheology material charcterization dairy food processing |
A. Parhi1, P. Sharma1 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Drying is a highly energy-intensive process. Dryer feeds containing high solid contents can significantly lower the time and energy involved with drying, reducing the environmental impact. Additionally, it is essential to understand the effects of temperature and concentration on the flow behavior of these feeds to optimize the processing conditions, especially if these feeds consist of protein-rich dairy products. In this study, reconstituted samples at 50, 60, 75, and 80 % (wt/wt) were prepared to simulate the dryer feed by dispersing dry whey powders in deionized water. An overhead mixer (Polysciecne Corp., Niles, IL) was used at 22°C for preparing the 50, 60, and 75% wt/wt samples while the 80% samples were prepared by dispersing the powders in DI water at 40°C. Additionally, we also prepared 75 and 80% samples using a planetary centrifugal mixer (Thinky mixer) (Thinky U.S.A., Inc., CA) for comparison. Steady-state flow behavior of the samples was analyzed using an Anton Paar 302 rheometer with a 50-mm parallel plate. Samples were subjected to a shear rate sweep (0.01–500 s−1) at 22, 50, 75, and 90°C. The data were fitted with Herschel-Bulkley model to extract the yield stress (τ0), consistency coefficient (k), and flow behavior index (n). Samples across different concentrations showed shear thinning behavior at all 4 temperatures. The n value for the samples decreased with an increase in concentration and temperature. Similarly, k and τ0 showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) with concentration. At low concentrations (50%), k was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 90°C. Just the opposite was observed for 75 and 80% samples where k at 22°C was significantly higher than the other temperatures. Additionally, the Thinky mixer processed samples showed a significantly lower (P < 0.05) τ0 and k at all temperatures compared with the overhead mixer prepared samples. This could be attributed to increasingly homogenized lactose crystals in the Thinky processed samples. Concurrently, the n value was insignificant for the samples prepared with different mixers. This study will assist the dairy industry through an increased understanding of flow properties of high solid dairy products. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86797 |
Watch |
1514V |
Effect of bulk nanobubbles during ultrafiltration on membrane performance. |
4 |
K. S. Babu |
skim milk concentrate nanobubbles ultrafiltration |
K. S. Babu1, J. K. Amamcharla1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas |
A continuous acoustic/hydrodynamic cavitation technique was used to generate bulk nanobubbles (BNBs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of BNB incorporation during the ultrafiltration (UF) process of skim milk. Three lots of nonfat dry milk powders were obtained from a commercial manufacturer. Powders were reconstituted to total solids of 25% and were incorporated with BNBs during the UF processing. Both lab and pilot-scale UF experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of BNB incorporation on the UF process by evaluating permeate flux, membrane microstructure, fouling resistance, energy consumption, and skim milk concentrate (SMC) characteristics. For both the lab/pilot-scale runs, after the initial water flux measurements, the membrane was fouled with the skim milk concentrate dispersions operated at 20°C under a constant transmembrane pressure 0.2 MPa in constant concentration mode (the permeate was returned to the feed tank at regular 10-min intervals) and the total run time was fixed for 1 h. UF experiments on the control SMC dispersions (C-SMC; no BNB treatment) and BNB-treated SMC dispersions (BNB-SMC; BNB-treated) were performed in duplicates. The results showed that BNB treatment had a significant effect on permeate flux in both the lab and pilot-scale runs. The permeate flux of the C-SMC was 8.50 and 6.03 L/m2·h for the lab and pilot-scale UF runs, respectively. The permeate flux significantly increased (P < 0.05) to 12.75 and 8.39 L/m2·h for the lab and pilot-scale UF runs, respectively, after the BNB treatment. The confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure the thickness of the fouled layer. It was observed that the measured thickness of C-SMC (45.17 µm) was notably different from the BNB-SMC (19.01 µm) fouled membrane. BNB incorporation also resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in apparent viscosity (C-SMC and BNB-SMC: 8.99 and 4.94 mPa·s at 100 s−1, respectively). In conclusion, the BNB treatment helped to improve UF membrane performance, and therefore this study suggests the potential of using BNB treatment for a more efficient UF processing. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
s9997 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t85976 |
Watch |
2506V |
Effects of capsaicin supplementation on apparent digestibility and physiological parameters of lactating cows during the summer. |
1 |
F. P. Rennó |
additive capsicum oleoresin essential oil |
P. C. Vittorazzi Jr.1, G. Gomes da Silva1, N. T. S. Grigoletto1, A. T. Nunes1, R. G. Chesini1, M. Bugoni1, L. V. B. de Alcantara1, F. M. dos Santos1, C. V. de Almeida1, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil |
Capsaicin (CAP) is a phenolic alkaloid, found in red peppers, with thermoregulatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate CAP levels (Capcin; NutriQuest, Campinas, Brazil) on DMI, total apparent digestibility, and physiological parameters (rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, and surface temperature). Thirty-six Holstein cows (160 ± 88 DIM and 30.9 ± 7.2 kg/d milk yield) were used in a complete randomized block design experiment. Cows were blocked (n = 12) by DIM and milk yield and were allowed a 2-wk period for adaptation. Data collected during this period were used for covariate purposes. After the 2-wk period, cows received one of the following treatments for 9 wks: control (CON), or 0.75 and 1.5 g/d of CAP added to the concentrate. Samples of feeds and orts were collected daily and pooled into composite samples per wk for chemical analyses. Samples of feeds, orts, and feces were incubated in the rumen of 2 cannulated cows for 288 h to determine indigestible NDF content and fecal output. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of cows for 3 consecutive days on 9-h intervals on wks 3, 6, and 9. Physiological parameters were measured twice a day (1000 and 1730 h) on the 3rd and 4th day of wks 3, 6, and 9. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of time, treatment and their interaction, and the random effect of block. Cows were housed in barns with 72 ± 4.3 temperature-humidity index. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate treatment differences (CON vs. CAP; or CAP at 0.75 g/d vs 1.5 g/d). Organic matter intake was greater (P = 0.05) in cows fed CAP than CON (23.0, 23.6, and 24.4 kg/d for CON, 0.75 g/d, and 1.5 g/d, respectively). Cows fed CAP at 1.5 g/d tended to have greater (P = 0.06) DMI than those fed CAP at 0.75 g/d (26.2 and 25.3 kg/d, respectively). No treatment differences were detected on nutrient digestibility. Neither rectal temperature, surface temperature (forehead, face, and rumen), nor heart and respiratory rates were influenced by treatments. Capsaicin can increase DMI without affecting diet digestibility in cows. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t85950 |
Watch |
2503V |
The effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on performance of transition cows. |
2 |
F. P. Rennó |
Capsicum oleoresin feed efficiency phytomolecules |
N. T. S. Grigoletto1, C. S. Takiya1, M. Bugoni1, R. G. Chesini1, P. C. Vittorazzi Jr1, F. M. dos Santos1, A. C. de Freitas1, G. Gomes da Silva1, J. N. Ribeiro1, G. Acetoze2, L. Soares3, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 2Archer Daniels Midland, Decatur, IL, 3Pancosma LATAM South, Valinhos, São Paulo, Brazil |
Recent studies have shown that rumen-protected capsicum (RPC) may alter glucose metabolism in dairy cows (Oh et al., 2017; J. Dairy Sci. 100:1888–1901). An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary inclusion of RPC (Pancosma SA, Valinhos, Brazil) on DMI, milk yield and composition of transition dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows were blocked (n = 12) according to their BCS, parity, and previous milk yield, and were assigned to the following treatments: Control (CON); or Treatment (RPC), fed at 100 mg/cow/d mixed with minerals. Treatments were provided from 4 weeks before their expected calving date until 8 weeks into lactation. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily for feed intake measurements. Cows were milked twice a day and milk samples were collected every week during 3 consecutive days for solids analyses using mid-infrared method. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction, as well as the random effect of block. Pre- and postpartum data of nutrient intake and BCS were analyzed separately. Dry matter and NDF intake (as % BW) tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.092) in cows fed RPC during the pre-partum period but cows had similar feed intake during the postpartum period (20.3 and 19.2 kg/d for CON and RPC, respectively). Cows fed RPC tended to have greater (P = 0.070) BCS during the pre-partum period in comparison to CON (3.16 and 2.91, respectively). Milk yield tended to be greater (P = 0.097) for cows fed RPC than CON (31.7 and 28.5 kg/d, respectively). Feeding RPC increased (P = 0.045) fat yield and tended to improve (P = 0.067) FCM (29.5 and 33.3 kg/d for CON and RPC, respectively). No differences were observed for milk solids content. Cows fed RPC had greater (P = 0.032) feed efficiency (DMI/FCM) compared with CON (1.83 and 1.59, respectively). No interaction effects between treatment and time were observed in this study. Feeding RPC to transition cows improves performance during early lactation. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t85974 |
Watch |
2504V |
Effects of dietary capsaicin on performance of dairy cows. |
3 |
F. P. Rennó |
Capsicum oleoresin feed additive feed efficiency |
N. T. S. Grigoletto1, C. S. Takiya1, M. Bugoni1, R. G. Chesini1, P. C. Vittorazzi Jr.1, L. V. B. de Alcantara1, A. C. de Freitas1, G. Gomes da Silva1, D. J. C. Vieira1, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil |
Natural additives, such as capsaicin (CAP) – a chemical compound found in pepper with thermoregulation properties, may allow greater animal performance by increasing feed digestibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of CAP in diets of dairy cows on total-tract apparent digestibility and milk composition. Twenty-four Holstein cows (35.1 ± 4.95 kg/d milk yield and 175 ± 86.2 DIM) were blocked according to milk yield and DIM and were used into a crossover design experiment with 21-d periods, which the last 7 d were used for data analyses. Treatment sequences included control (CON) or capsaicin (CAP) fed at 1.5 g/d (Capcin, NutriQuest Ltda, Campinas, Brazil) mixed with minerals. Cows were fed a TMR, and feed offered and orts were recorded daily. Cows were milked twice daily, and milk samples were collected for 3 consecutive days and analyzed fresh for solids. Fecal samples were collected on d 15, 16, and 17 of each period on 9-h intervals. Samples of feeds, orts, and feces were analyzed for indigestible NDF content to estimate fecal excretion and nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interaction besides the random effect of animal. Starch intake tended to be greater (P = 0.075) in cows fed CAP than CON. No treatment differences were detected on digestibility coefficients. Cows fed CAP had greater (P ≤ 0.031) milk and solids yield than CON. Greater (P = 0.009) 3.5% FCM yield was observed in cows fed CAP when compared with CON (34.3 and 35.1 kg/d for CON and CAP, respectively). Feed efficiency (FCM/DMI) tended to be greater (P = 0.056) in cows fed CAP than CON (1.45 and 1.40, respectively). Feeding CAP at 1.5 g/d improves performance of dairy cows without affecting nutrient digestibility. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t85975 |
Watch |
2505V |
Effects of dietary capsaicin on ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. |
4 |
F. P. Rennó |
capsicum oleoresin essential oil feed additive |
N. T. S. Grigoletto1, C. S. Takiya1, M. Bugoni1, R. G. Chesini1, P. C. Vittorazzi Jr.1, A. C. de Freitas1, G. Gomes da Silva1, N. P. Martins1, O. P. Sbaralho1, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil |
Capsaicin (CAP) is an organic compound available in large amounts in fruits of pepper variants (genus Capsicum) and has demonstrated antibacterial properties. A study was conducted to evaluate CAP on ruminal fermentation, predicted rumen microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and apparent digestibility of DM. Four Holstein cows (32.2 ± 0.8 kg/d milk yield, 212 ± 51.1 DIM) with rumen cannulas were blocked (n = 2) according to milk yield and DIM and used in a crossover design experiment with 21-d periods, which the last 7 d were used for data analyses. Treatments were either control (CON) or CAP fed at 1.5 g/d (Capcin, NutriQuest Ltda, Campinas, Brazil) mixed with minerals. Cows were milked twice daily, and milk solids were analyzed by mid-infrared method. Ruminal digesta samples were collected on the last day of each period before feeding and every 2 h until 16 h for VFA analysis. Urine and fecal samples were collected on d 15, 16, and 17 of each period at 9-h intervals. Purine derivatives (PD) in milk and urine (allantoin and uric acid) were used to predict MPS. Samples of feeds, orts, and feces were incubated (288 h) in the rumen of cannulated cows to determine indigestible NDF, which was used to estimate fecal output. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interactions with the random effect of animal. Ruminal fermentation data (pH, NH3-N, and VFA) were analyzed as repeated measures modeling the fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interaction, sampling time and its interaction with treatment, and the random effect of animal. No treatment effects were detected for ruminal pH, NH3-N, or VFA molar percentages. Total VFA concentration was similar between treatments (95.7 and 95.5 mM, for CON and CAP, respectively). Excretion of PD was similar between treatments, hence did not affect predicted MPS. Digestibility of DM was greater (P = 0.02) in cows fed CAP than CON (62.2 vs. 57.1%, respectively). No differences were detected in milk yield and composition. There was no evidence that feeding CAP at 1.5 g/d modulates ruminal fermentation, but CAP may increase diet digestibility. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t85995 |
Watch |
2516V |
Evaluation of a rumen-protected B vitamin blend in 3 Upper Midwest dairy farms using robotic feeding and milking equipment. |
5 |
E. Evans |
B vitamins robotic milking milk yield |
E. Evans1, C. Gwyn2, O. AlZahal3, E. Fontaine2 |
1E +E Technical Advisory Services, Bowmanville, ON, Canada, 2Jefo Nutrition, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, 3AlZahal Innovation and Nutrition, Kitchener, ON, Canada |
Past research demonstrated benefits of a rumen-protected B vitamin blend (BVB) in traditionally milked herds (Open. J. Anim. Sci 11(4), 580–590, 2021), but not with herds on newer robot systems. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a supplemental rumen-protected BVB, containing vitamins B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12, Jefo) on milk production in 3 Upper Midwest dairy herds employing robotic milking systems. Three trials were conducted that included cows from small (94, Herd 1) medium (405, Herd 2) and large (1,929 Herd 3) herds. The trials were designed as 2 period longitudinal crossover trials, with periods of 4 weeks. Within each study, cows included were between 30 and 400 d in milk (DIM) for the first and last day of the study, respectively. Cows received their normal diets, modified only by the inclusion of 3 g/cow/ day of the BVB during the treatment periods. Daily values were available for milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage by cow. Milk yield, fat percentages and protein percentages were adjusted to a common 150 DIM using the following formulas: Adjusted milk = milk + milk x (DIM-150) x 0.0029; Fat percent = fat percent - 0.00269 x (DIM-150); and Protein percent = protein percent - 0.00167 x (DIM-150). Daily milk, fat and protein results were averaged by cow for the last week of each period. Treatment differences were determined using a paired t-test (Minitab 16, Minitab, LLC, State College PA). Results (Table 1) showed that supplemental rumen-protected B vitamin blend supported greater milk yield in all herds and improved ECM in 2 herds. Changes in yield were of the same magnitude as those found in studies without robotic feeding equipment. Table 1. Effects of an added BVB on production in robotic herds
| Herd |
Treatment |
Milk, kg |
Fat, % |
Protein, % |
ECM1, kg |
| 1 |
Control |
37.27 b |
3.84 b |
3.00 b |
39.00 b |
| |
+BVB |
38.14 a |
3.97 a |
3.05 a |
40.68 a |
| 2 |
Control |
40.55 b |
3.87 b |
3.10 b |
42.31 |
| |
+BVB |
41.60 a |
3.79 b |
2.97 b |
42.48 |
| 3 |
Control |
44.61 b |
4.35 |
3.27 |
50.39 b |
| |
+BVB |
46.38 a |
4.33 |
3.26 |
52.52 a |
a,bMeans by farm bearing different superscripts differ (P < 0.05) 1Energy corrected milk = (0.327 × milk kg) + (12.95 × fat kg) + (7.65 × protein kg). |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 11:30 |
t86147 |
Watch |
2518V |
Microencapsulation of antioxidants to improve availability for ruminants. |
6 |
E. Evans |
rumen protection selenium antioxidants |
S. Benaben2, D. Bouchut2, O. AlZahal3, E. Fontaine2, E. Evans1 |
1E +E Technical Advisory Services, Bowmanville, ON, Canada, 2Jefo Nutrition, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, 3AlZahal Innovation and Nutrition, Kitchener, ON, Canada |
Antioxidants are understood to be necessary dietary components for immune health. However, added antioxidants may be destroyed in the rumen (vitamin C), damage the rumen microbiota (thymol), or be altered by rumen microbes and suffer reduced availability (Se) resulting in uncertain benefits from dietary inclusion. Rumen-protected (RP) nutrients may permit greater assurance of nutrient delivery. A complete-block feeding trial was conducted in Villers Pol, France to evaluate the effects of RP-Se on energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield, whole blood Se, blood hemoglobin (Hb), and blood Se per unit of Hb (Se/Hb). Treatments consisted of 0.35 mg/kg of feed of added Se (7.67 mg/d) from sodium selenite (SS), 60%-SS + 40%-Se yeast (SS+Org), or RP-Se. The RP-Se was microencapsulated in a lipid matrix. In sacco analysis of the RP-Se revealed a Se solubility of 3.40% and a disappearance rate of 2.05%/h resulting in a predicted rumen escape of 72% to 74% for lactating cows. Fifteen Holstein cows between 60 and 80 d in milk and produced 36.9 ± 5.1 L (mean ± SD) of ECM at the start of the trial were selected for the experiment. This experimental group received either SS, SS+Org or RP-SE in an alternating order. Periods were 30 d. The total mixed ration provided 0.15 mg/kg of Se (3.29 mg/d). Statistical differences between treatments were analyzed as using Minitab 16 (Minitab, LLC) software program. The differences in milk yield between treatments were not significant (P > 0.05) Blood Se and blood Hb levels were within the optimal range for all treatments (Table 1). The levels of blood Se were the greatest for cows receiving RP-Se and blood Hb values were the greatest for cows receiving SS+Org (P < 0.05). These data suggested that microencapsulation has the potential to increase Se availability and possibly other antioxidants as well for lactating dairy cows. Table 1. Means + SE for variables analyzed
| Item |
SS |
SS+Org |
RP-Se |
| ECM, L |
35.27 + 1.4 |
38.45 + 1.2 |
38.26 + 1.9 |
| Blood Se, ug/L |
100.4 b + 2.0 |
102.7b + 2.0 |
115.6a + 3.5 |
| Blood Hb, g/100 mL |
10.4b + 0.1 |
11.0a + 0.2 |
10.0b + 0.2 |
| Se/Hb, ug/g |
0.97b + 0.02 |
0.94b+ 0.02 |
1.16a + 0.02 |
Means within rows bearing different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
s10016 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86566 |
Watch |
1505V |
Effect of Bifidobacterium breve on chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of acidophilus milk. |
1 |
H. N. T. Mohamed |
Acidophilus milk Bifidobacterium breve fermented milk |
H. N. T. Mohamed1, A. M. Hamdy1, D. G. Kamel1, D. M. Osman1, A. I. Hassan1 |
1Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt |
Acidophilus milk (AM) is a fermented milk product that has many health benefits, as it maintains the level of cholesterol in the blood, protect against cancerous tumors in the colon, and stabilize and support the beneficial intestinal bacteria. Although these benefits, AM has a bitter taste and an unacceptable odor due to the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) in milk is slow. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of Bifidobacterium breve (Bb) at 1, 3, and 5% with yeast extract (YE) at 0.1, 0.5, and 1% on the chemical, microbiological, sensory properties and shelf-life stability of AM during storage at 4°C for 15 d. The AM was manufactured by dividing the pasteurized bovine milk into 13 aliquots portions. The first portion was utilized as control, while the next 3 portions were supplemented with 1, 3, and 5% Bb and the other 9 portions supplemented with 1, 3, and 5% Bb at 0.1, 0.5, and 1% YE. All treatments were inoculated with LA at rate of 7.33 log cfu kg−1 of milk at 40°C for 16 h. The AM was then stored at 4°C until further analysis. This trial was replicated 3 times. The acidity, total solids (TS), total protein (TP), sensory properties, LA count, total bacterial count (TBC), Bb count, and coliform count were examined in the AM at 0, 5, 10 and 15 d. The AM had approximately 0.5% acidity, 3.3% TP, 14.6 %TS. The acidity increased (P < 0.05) during storage from around 0.51 to 0.65%. The antimicrobial activity of Bb delayed the growth of yeast and coliform bacteria during storage. No molds were detected in the AM made with Bb, while they were found in control after 10 d. The overall acceptability of AM was improved (P < 0.05) by addition of Bb and YE as compared with control. The percentage of 5% Bb and the percentage of 3% Bb+1% YE resulted in significant acidity, flavor and overall acceptability as it completely eliminated the undesirable flavor and bitterness when compared with the control. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86869 |
Watch |
1506V |
Heat-stable liposomes from milk fat globule membrane phospholipids for pH-triggered delivery of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactives. |
2 |
A. Jash |
milkfat globule membrane phospholipids heat-stable liposomes supercritical CO2 |
A. Jash1, S. Rizvi1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
Inspired by the heat stability of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) phospholipids, liposomes tailored for intestinal delivery of both lipophilic and hydrophilic moieties were synthesized using supercritically extracted cocktail of MFGM material from buttermilk powder. MFGM liposomes (ML) were fabricated using a novel, organic solvent free, and environmentally benign process based on our newly developed, venturi-based rapid expansion of supercritical solution (Vent-RESS) system. MLs were subsequently coated with a commercially available pH-responsive polymer, Eudragit S100 (Eu-ML). The original MLs had an average diameter and ζ-potential of 429.4 nm and −45.1 mV, respectively. For Eu-MLs, those values were 1104.8 nm and −36.7 mV, respectively. Vitamins C and E were used as model hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactives; they demonstrated an average encapsulation efficiency of 65 and 87 %, respectively. Eu-MLs were heated to 60, 75, and 90°C for 30 min and were observed to be heat stable as established by CLSM images, structural characterization, and encapsulation efficiency measurements. Even after heating at 90°C for 30 min, they retained 69 and 95 % of the encapsulated vitamin C and E, respectively. The stability of coated and uncoated MFGM liposomes was also determined by simulating gastrointestinal conditions. In simulated gastric fluid (pH 2), after 2 h of incubation, around 3 % of the encapsulated vitamin C was released from Eu-MLs, whereas for MLs, 38 % of vitamin C was released. In simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.2) coated liposomes released their remaining payload when incubated for 4 h. Thus, coating of liposomes with Eudragit S100 protected encapsulated payload from deleterious gastric situations and facilitated site specific release in the intestinal environemnt. This study established a green method to fabricate bioactive loaded, heat-stable liposomal vehicles for site-specific delivery of bioactive compounds with excellent potential for scale-up and use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86227 |
Watch |
2471V |
The tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri and process optimization of probiotic fermented milk. |
3 |
Y. Jiang |
Lactobacillus reuteri J1 gastrointestinal tolerance probiotic fermented milk |
S. Cheng1, Y. Zhang1, C. Man1, Y. Jiang1 |
1Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China |
Lactobacillus reuteri, a kind of probiotics, is widely used in milk matrix fermentation because of its good fermentation function and safety. Previous studies showed that L. reuteri J1 isolated from traditional fermented dairy products had good fermentation characteristics. And it was used as the experimental object to measure its gastrointestinal tolerance, and mixed with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus to produce probiotic fermented milk with high viable count and good sensory quality. The optimal fermentation process was determined by single factor test and Box-Behnken design of fermentation conditions. The results showed that the survival rate of L. reuteri J1 was 88.78% and 97.35% under pH 2.0 and pH 3.0 for 3 h, while it was 94.59% and 82.71% for 3 h in artificial gastric juice and 7 h in artificial intestinal juice, respectively. Meanwhile, the viable counts were all above 7.04 log cfu/mL, which were significantly higher than 106 cfu/mL(P < 0.05). In addition, single factor test results showed that ratio of strain (L. reuteri: S. thermophilus: L. bulgaricus), inoculation rate, milk powder and sugar addition were 0.5:1:1, 6%, 14% and 6% with the best sensory score, respectively. Moreover, the inoculation rate, milk powder and sugar addition were adjusted to 6.2%, 14.2% and 5.8% by Box-Behnken design and verification test, respectively, which was the best fermentation process. Under this process, the viable count of the probiotic fermented milk was up to 9.61 log cfu/mL, and the sensory score was 87 based on the titration acidity of 81.7 oT, viscosity of 1683.44 cps and gel firmness of 57.89 g. In conclusion, L. reuteri J1 had good gastrointestinal tolerance and fermentation characteristics, which also made fermented milk with rich sensory characteristics. Furthermore, probiotic fermented milk based on L. reuteri J1 provides a theoretical and practical basis for the development of functional products using probiotics, which has good research value. This work was supported by cooperation projects:2021-National Dairy Technology Innovation Center-6. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86375 |
Watch |
2473V |
Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of yogurt as affected by ingredients that help treat leaky gut. |
4 |
R. Aleman |
fermented leaky gut |
R. Aleman1,2, D. Olson1, K. Aryana1,2 |
1Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA |
Leaky gut, commonly associated with intestinal permeability, is a well-known disease that has been reported at an increasing rate in recent years. Leaky gut is be associated with multiple health problems such as diabetes, celiac disease, asthma, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease costing more than 3 billion dollars per year to treat. Reports indicate at least 100 million cases of leaky gut syndrome and up 80% of American suffer from leaky gut. Several ingredients have been reported to help heal leaky gut include L-glutamine, quercetin, slippery elm bark, marshmallow root, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), licorice root, maitake mushrooms, and zinc orotate. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of these ingredients on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of plain yogurt. Functional plain yogurts were produced incorporating different ingredients: L-glutamine (Y1 = 7 mg/L), quercetin (Y2 = 700 mg/L), slippery elm bark (Y3 = 210 mg/L), marshmallow root (Y4 = 1340 mg/L), NAG (Y5 = 210 mg/L), licorice root (Y6 = 210 mg/L), maitake mushrooms (Y7 = 42mg/L), and zinc orotate (Y8 = 70 mg/L). These functional yogurts are recommended to be part of the diet to prevent leaky gut when consumers are provided 3 cups (709 mL) per day. The pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h*), and Streptococcus thermophilus counts, Lactobacillus bulgaricus counts in yogurts were determined on d 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 whereas coliform and yeast and mold counts and rheological characteristics were determined at d 1 and 42. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of the Statistical Analysis System. A consumer sensory study was approved by Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Center Institutional Review Board (RE# IRBAG-21–0172). Participants (n = 225) were recruited from faculty, staff, and students at the LSU. The counter-balance design was used in the sensory study (t = 9, k = 4, r = 7, b = 25). When compared with control, the incorporation of ingredients into yogurts did not lead to significant (P < 0.05) difference in the pH, TA, viscosity, and syneresis values. However, quercetin and maitake mushroom impacted color characteristics and L-glutamine, NAG, maitake mushroom, quercetin and licorice root affected rheological properties. Yogurts made with licorice root and zinc had significantly (ρ < 0.05) the highest scores regarding color, appearance, sourness, aroma, overall-taste, consistency and overall-liking. Similarly, purchase intent significantly (P < 0.05) increased after consumers were given beneficial effects of the ingredients regarding leaky gut. Overall, these ingredients can be added to yogurt. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86962 |
Watch |
2474V |
Effects of Carao (Cassia grandis L.) on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of yogurt. |
5 |
R. Aleman |
Carao yogurt physicochemical |
L. Medina1, R. Aleman1,2, R. Cedillos1,2, K. Aryana1,2, D. Olson1, J. Marcia3, C. Boeneke1,2 |
1Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 3Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Olancho, Honduras |
Carao fruit has high concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, which could slow down cellular aging. The objective was to study the influence of different concentrations of aqueous carao extract on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of yogurt. The carao extract was prepared by mixing the pulp of the fresh carao fruit (C. grandis) with water (10% wt/wt) using a magnetic agitator (100 rpm) at 50°C for 30 min. The sample was lyophilized in a freeze-dryer at −73 to −76°C and 0.1–0.3 Pa for 48 h. This freeze-dried powder was used as extract. Carao extract was added at 0, 1.3, 2.65, and 5.3 g/L to whole milk to produce yogurt, which was stored for 42 d. At this highest dose a person would need to consume a cup (227 g) of yogurt for a month to get the benefit of carao. Three replications were carried out. The physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity (TA), viscosity, syneresis, and color) and microbiological (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) characteristics of yogurts were measured weekly whereas rheological properties (steady shear flow measurements, thixotropic analysis, and frequency sweep ramp determination) were evaluated on d 1 and 42. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of the Statistical Analysis Systems. Yogurts made with 2.65, and 5.3 g/L had significantly (P < 0.05) increased pH, viscosity, and b* values, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased TA, L*, and a* values meaning they were more viscous and more yellow and darker compared with control and 1.3 g/L extract use. In addition, the relaxation exponent n' had significantly (P < 0.05) greater values with yogurt made with 5.3 g/L of carao. Carao did not affect the syneresis and the growth of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus. Carao can be incorporated in yogurt manufacture. |
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
NULL |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
s10008 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86613 |
Watch |
1524V |
In vitro production of neutrophils extracellular traps is affected by the lactational stage of dairy cows. |
1 |
Q. Dong |
neutrophils extracellular traps reactive oxygen species metabolic inflammation |
L. Xie1, O. B. Pascottini2,3, J. Zhi1, H. Yang1, G. Opsomer2, Q. Dong1 |
1College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium, 3Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium |
We aimed to research the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation capacity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) during different lactational stages of Holstein cows. We also aimed to validate a model to mimic infection and inflammation in vitro by adding increasing concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to PMN suspensions isolated from nulliparous heifers and evaluate their capacity to produce NETs and ROS. In 3 replicates, nulliparous heifers (n = 3), cows at the end of gestation (n = 3), early postpartum (n = 3) and in mid-lactation (n = 3) were selected to collect blood from which PMN were isolated. ROS production in PMN were assessed using the 2', 7' -Dichlorofluorescein diacetate method, while the SYTOX Orange and Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA ultra-sensitive nucleic fluorescent acid staining methods were applied to analyze the formation of NETs quantitatively. Statistical analyses were performed via linear regression models using the replicate as a random. ROS values of PMN harvested from peripartum cows were 1.3 times increased compared with those in nulliparous heifers (P < 0.01). Compared with nulliparous heifers, the production of NETs by PMN isolated from mid-lactation and postpartum cows was 2.1 and 2.5 times higher (P < 0.01), respectively. In 3 replicates, in vitro stimulation of PMN isolated from nulliparous heifers (n = 3) with LPS linearly increased ROS and NETs production (R2 = 0.96 and 0.86, respectively). Similarly, when PMN isolated from nulliparous heifers were stimulated with PMA, a linear increase in the ROS (R2 = 0.99) and NETs (R2 = 0.78) production was observed. The basal NETs and ROS production is lower in nulliparous heifers. Thus, they are an excellent model to mimic inflammation and study fundamental aspects of NETs and ROS production in vitro. |
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86870 |
Watch |
1525V |
Serum calcium concentrations, vitamin D metabolites, uterine health, and milk production of cows treated with cholecalciferol prepartum. |
2 |
P. L. Venjakob |
vitamin D metabolism hypocalcemia cholecalciferol |
P. L. Venjakob1, R. Staufenbiel2, W. Heuwieser1, S. Borchardt1, G. I. Stangl3, F. Hirche3, S. U. Kononov4, M. R. Wilkens4 |
1Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2Ruminant Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 3Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany, 4Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany |
We investigated the impact of cholecalciferol treatment on Ca homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism, uterine health and milk production of multiparous Holstein dairy cows randomly assigned to a control group (CON; n = 52) or one of 2 treatment groups receiving either 12 × 106 IU (12VitD; recommended by the manufacturer; n = 52) or 6 × 106 IU cholecalciferol (6VitD; n = 54) intramuscularly on d 275 of gestation. Based on former results, we hypothesized that 12VitD cows would show an improved Ca homeostasis but impaired milk production and that half of the recommended dose (6VitD) improves Ca homeostasis without adverse effects. Ca concentrations were determined on d 1, 2, 3 and 5 after calving. For a subsample of 30 cows entering the 3rd lactation (n = 10 per group), samples were analyzed for cholecalciferol (D3), 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3), 1,25- and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25OH2D3 and 24,25OH2D3). Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to evaluate the treatment effect on blood metabolites and milk yield. Binary outcomes were analyzed using a Chi2 test. Compared with CON, 12VitD cows had increased Ca concentrations on d 1 (P < 0.001), 2 (P = 0.012), and 3 (P = 0.022), and 6VitD cows on d 1 (P = 0.002). At all sampling time points, D3, 25OHD3, and 24,25OH2D3 concentrations of 12VitD and 6VitD cows were higher, compared with CON cows (P-values < 0.001). Levels of 24,25OH2D3 increased linearly with 25OHD3. In respect to 1,25OH2D3, an increase until d 3 was observed in all cows. Compared with CON, 12VitD cows had lower concentrations on d 3 (P = 0.010) and d 5 (P = 0.014). In contrast, 6VitD cows only had lower concentrations on d 5 (P = 0.042). Incidences for retained placenta (1.9 vs. 29.6%; P < 0.001) and metritis (11.5 vs. 31.5%; P = 0.016) were different between CON and 12VitD cows. Milk production of 12VitD cows was lower than milk production of CON cows on the 1st (P = 0.043) and 3rd (P = 0.001) test-day. Our data indicate that treatment with 12VitD can have detrimental effects on uterine health and milk yield, although Ca homeostasis was improved. |
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86993 |
Watch |
1526V |
Oxygenated lipids correlate with inflammatory status in dairy cows that develop postpartum health disorders. |
3 |
V. Mavangira |
dairy dysfunctional inflammation oxylipids |
V. Mavangira1, J. Brester1, L. Neuder1, B. Norby1, A. Abuelo1, L. Wisnieski2 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN |
Oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (oxylipids) are potent inflammatory mediators that may be altered and contribute to dysfunctional inflammation in periparturient dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine oxylipid profiles and their correlation with inflammation before the development of disease in periparturient dairy cows. Blood samples were collected from Holstein dairy cattle of 3rd lactation or greater approximately 7 d (−7d) before expected calving (actual: −9.78 ± 4.2 d) and 2 d (+2d) after calving. Plasma oxylipids at −7d and +2d were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, whereas serum acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA)) were determined using commercial assays in samples from +2d. Cows were classified into diseased (n = 16) or healthy (n = 46) groups based on disease events in the first 30 d in milk (DIM). Changes in oxylipids from −7d to +2d were analyzed within groups by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Oxylipid concentrations at +2d were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman correlations with inflammatory markers were calculated for oxylipids that differed between groups at +2d. Cows developing disease in the first 30 DIM had greater concentrations of 6-keto prostaglandin F1 (6-ketoPGF1, P = 0.002), 7,17-dihydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid (P = 0.02), 8-isoprostanglandin F2α (P = 0.018), and 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxoETE, P = 0.045), and the ratios of 15-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid to 15-oxoETE (P = 0.013) and 9-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid (HODE) to 13-HODE (P = 0.008) than healthy cows. Significant correlations were detected for 6-ketoPGF1 with increased haptoglobin (r = 0.45, P < 0.05) and the 9-HODE to 13-HODE ratio with increased haptoglobin (r = 0.53, P < 0.01) and SAA (r = 0.58, P < 0.01), respectively, in cows that developed diseases. The development of diseases in dairy cows in the first 30 DIM appears to be preceded by alterations in oxylipid profiles. Further studies are needed to determine if interventions to alter oxylipid profiles can mitigate dysfunctional inflammation in periparturient dairy cattle. |
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Physiology and Endocrinology |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t85858 |
|
2496V |
The analysis of the ubiquitylomeic responses to Streptococcus agalactiae infection in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. |
4 |
J. Tong |
ubiquitination Streptococcus agalactiae protein degradation |
J. Tong1, X. Ji1, L. Jiang1 |
1Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China |
Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the primary pathogens responsible for subclinical mastitis, a significant economic burden for dairy farms. An essential component of the immune response to infection is ubiquitination, which plays important roles in the complex interactions between the pathogen and host. In the present study, bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (BMECs) infected with S. agalactiae (CVCC 3940) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50 for 6 h to characterize the global ubiquitinome. Cells without S. agalactiae infection were used as the control group. Each group had 3 biological replicates. All data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. The most notable changes in the BMEC ubiquitinome were related to the adherens junction, ribosome, and tight junction pathways. Ubiquitination of CTNNB1, EGFR, ITGB1, CTNNA1, CTNNA2, CDH1, YES1, and SLC9A3R1 appears to be fundamental for regulating multiple cellular processes in BMECs in response to S. agalactiae infection. In addition, broad ubiquitination of various effectors and outer membrane proteins was observed. Ubiquitinated proteins in S. agalactiae-infected BMECs were associated with regulating cell junctions in the host, with potential implications for susceptibility to infection. The findings preliminarily imply that extensive ubiquitination of proteins closely related to cell junctions and S. agalactiae effectors might play an important role in mastitis progression in dairy cows. |
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Reproduction |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86241 |
Watch |
1532V |
Association of increased physical activity and subsequent fertility of dairy cows receiving first service based on spontaneous estrus detected by an activity monitor or following a protocol for timed artificial insemination. |
5 |
S. Borchardt |
estrous expression automated activity monitor timed AI |
S. Borchardt1, J.-L. Plenio2, C. M. Tippenhauer1 |
1Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Berlin, Germany, 2Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Berlin, Germany |
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between increased physical activity at first artificial insemination (AI) and subsequent pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in lactating Holstein cows following 1) spontaneous estrus or 2) a timed AI protocol. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 included 4,211 AI services from cows equipped with the Smarttag Neck (Nedap Livestock Management) from a dairy farm in Slovakia. In experiment 2, 8,201 AI services from cows fitted with the Heatime collar (SCR Engineers Ltd.) from 8 dairy farms in Germany were included. Cows were inseminated based on the alert of the automated activity monitoring system (AAM cows) or received TAI following a 7-d Ovsynch protocol. Estrous intensity was categorized based on peak activity (PA) of estrus into low (x-factor = ≤ 10), medium (x-factor = 11–20), and high (x-factor > 20) PA (exp1) and into low (activity change = 0–80) and high (activity change = 81–100) PA (exp2). Statistical analysis was performed using a GENLINMIXED model separately for exp1 and exp2. In both experiments, P/AI did not differ between AAM and TAI cows (exp1: 49.5% vs. 51.1% P = 0.48; exp2: 39.6% vs. 42.2% P = 0.19). Overall, cows with high PA had greater P/AI compared with cows with low PA (P < 0.01). Breeding code, however, was associated with the risk of high PA. Within AAM cows, 68.1% (exp1) and 67.8% (exp2) of cows had high PA. Within TAI cows, 36.6% (exp1) and 25.4% (exp2) of cows had high PA. We observed high PA to be even more favorable for fertility of TAI cows compared with AAM cows. In experiment 1, for cows showing spontaneous estrus there was no difference (P = 0.61) in P/AI between low (46.0%) or medium (48.3%) PA. High PA (54.1%) resulted in greater P/AI compared with low PA (P < 0.01) and medium PA (P < 0.01). Cows receiving TAI had decreased P/AI with low (39.9%) PA compared with medium (52.3%; P = 0.01) or high (61.1%; P < 0.01) PA. In experiment 2, AAM cows with low (34.2%) PA had decreased P/AI compared with AAM cows with high PA (45.3%; P < 0.01). Cows receiving TAI with low (32.1%) PA had decreased P/AI compared with TAI cows with high (53.1%; P < 0.01) PA. We conclude that high PA around the time of AI is associated with greater odds for pregnancy especially for cows receiving TAI. |
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Reproduction |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86714 |
Watch |
1533V |
Effect of reproductive programs that prioritized timed AI or AI at detected estrus on cash flow of cows of different genetic merit for fertility. |
6 |
E. M. Sitko |
reproduction genomics profitability |
E. M. Sitko1, M. M. Pérez1, G. E. Granados1, F. A. Di Croce2, D. J. Weigel2, A. M. McNeel2, J. O. Giordano1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI |
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of reproductive programs that either prioritized timed AI (TAI) or AI at detected estrus (AIE) on the cash flow of Holstein cows of different genetic merit for fertility. Primiparous cows (n = 6 herds) were stratified into high, medium, and low fertility groups (FG) based on a Reproductive Index value generated with genomic predictions (Clarifide, Zoetis). Within FG, cows were randomized to treatments (Rpro-T) that either prioritized TAI (P-TAI; n = 1,278) or AIE (P-AIE; n = 1,387) for all services in the first lactation only. Cash flow (CF) was evaluated per cow for 2 calving intervals (Two-CI) and per slot for up to 28-mo (28-mo) after first calving (primiparous cows refilled slots of cows sold and dead). Cash flow was the sum of daily income over feed cost (IOFC), calf value, replacement cost, reproductive cost, and fixed costs. Effects of Rpro-T, FG, and Rpro-T by FG were analyzed with linear mixed models with random effects (farm, monthly cohort, FG) and confounders (age at first calving and calving season). There was no effect of Rpro-T by FG on CF (P > 0.10), but CF was affected (P < 0.05) by FG (Table1). We conclude that under the opportunity period of this study high fertility cows had the lowest CF, cows with medium fertility were intermediate, and cows with low fertility had the greatest CF. Also, the P-TAI and P-AIE treatments did not result in statistically significant differences in CF despite wide variation and favorable CF for the program that prioritized TAI for cows of high fertility and medium fertility (2-CI only) and favorable CF for the program that prioritized AIE for cows of low fertility. Table 1. Cash flow for Two-CI and 28-mo. Superscripts within a row are significant differences for treatments (A-B), fertility groups (a-c), and their interaction (w-z)
| Item |
Fertility |
P-Val |
| High |
|
Medium |
|
Low |
| P-AIE |
P-TAI |
P-AIE |
P-TAI |
P-AIE |
P-TAI |
Trt |
FG |
Trt × FG |
| Two-CI |
3,229a |
3,381a |
|
3,466a |
3,532a |
|
3,722b |
3,638b |
0.41 |
<0.01 |
0.23 |
| IOFC |
79w |
84wx |
|
85x |
91y |
|
100z |
95yz |
0.24 |
<0.01 |
0.03 |
| Repro |
127a |
131a |
|
126ab |
121ab |
|
119b |
115b |
0.51 |
0.02 |
0.41 |
| Calf |
100 |
118 |
|
138 |
118 |
|
127 |
136 |
0.81 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
| Replac |
1,159a |
1,220a |
|
1,315b |
1,376b |
|
1,548c |
1,490c |
0.58 |
<0.01 |
0.36 |
| CF |
3,229a |
3,381a |
|
3,466a |
3,532a |
|
3,722b |
3,638b |
0.41 |
<0.01 |
0.23 |
| 28-mo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IOFC |
4,785a |
4,826a |
|
5,020a |
5,009a |
|
5,314b |
5,248b |
0.74 |
<0.01 |
0.49 |
| Repro |
148a |
153a |
|
156a |
161a |
|
172b |
168b |
0.61 |
<0.01 |
0.32 |
| Calf |
143Aa |
138Ba |
|
141Aa |
130Ba |
|
130Ab |
126Bb |
0.01 |
<0.01 |
0.39 |
| Replac |
138 |
157 |
|
179 |
150 |
|
170 |
177 |
0.90 |
0.32 |
0.22 |
| CF |
1,855a |
1,868a |
|
2,046a |
2,046a |
|
2,328b |
2,251b |
0.59 |
<0.01 |
0.61 |
|
| Virtual: Physiology & Endocrinology/Reproduction 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Reproduction |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86538 |
Watch |
1534V |
Selective reproductive management for Holstein cows using digital technology. |
7 |
T. D. Gonzalez |
reproduction management |
T. D. Gonzalez1, A. Mirzaei1, A. B. Montevecchio1, S. Casaro1, V. R. Merenda2, J. G. Prim1, K. N. Galvao1, R. S. Bisinotto1, R. C. Chebel1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC |
Objectives were to determine whether a selective reproductive management (SRM) based on automated monitoring estrus device (AMD) recorded estrus characteristics would reduce the use of reproductive hormones without impairing pregnancy to 1st artificial insemination (AI). Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether an AMD would reduce the use of reproductive hormones for re-AI compared with traditional estrus detection (ED). Cows from 2 herds (n = 1,946) were fitted with AMD at 251.0 ± 0.4 d of gestation. Cows assigned randomly to the control treatment (CON) were submitted to the double-Ovsynch (DOV) at 41 (≥2nd lact.) and 55 (1st lact.) DIM and re-AI based on traditional ED. Cows in the SRM treatment that had at least one “intense-estrus” (heat index ≥ 70; 0 = min., 100 = max.) by 40 (≥2nd lact.) and 54 (1st lact.) DIM were allowed to be AI in estrus by the AMD for 42 d and, if not AI, were enrolled in the DOV. Cows in the SRM treatment that did not have an “intense-estrus” were enrolled in the DOV at 41 (≥2nd lact.) and 55 (1st lact.) DIM. Cows in the SRM treatment were re-AI on AMD detected estrus. Non-pregnant cows were enrolled in the 5-d Cosynch. Logistic regression and Cox-proportional hazard ratio were used for analyses of binary and time-dependent variables, respectively. Models included treatment, parity, farm, and treatment x parity interaction. Forty-nine percent of SRM cows did not have an “intense-estrus” and were enrolled in the DOV. Among cows enrolled in the SRM treatment with at least 1 “intense-estrus,” 93% received the 1st AI in estrus. Hazard of first AI, DIM at 1st AI (CON = 71.7 ± 0.3, SRM = 72.1 ± 0.5 DIM), and pregnancy to 1st AI (1st lact.: CON = 37.7, SRM = 26.5%; ≥ 2nd lact.: CON = 40.1, SRM = 43.5%) were affected (P < 0.01) by the treatment x parity interaction. A greater (P < 0.01) percentage of SRM cows were re-AI in estrus (67.0 vs. 43.0%) and the pregnancy to re-AI (1st lact.: CON = 30.4, SRM = 23.0%; ≥ 2nd lact.: CON = 31.7, SRM = 38.2%) was affected by the treatment x parity interaction. While reducing the use of reproductive hormones by approximately 50%, without detriment to P/AI in ≥ 2nd lact. cows, the SRM treatment reduced the P/AI of 1st lact. cows. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
s9998 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86100 |
Watch |
1537V |
Comparison of hemp meal and canola meal as protein supplements for lactating dairy cows. |
1 |
F. Addo |
hemp lactating cows protein supplementation |
F. Addo1, K. Ominski1, C. Yang1, J. C. Plaizier1 |
1University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada |
Hemp meal has the potential to be utilized as a suitable alternative protein supplement to canola meal, but the quality and safety of this feed need to be proven. The objective of this study was to compare dry matter intake (DMI), milk composition, milk yield, the concentrations of blood metabolites, total-tract dry matter digestibility (DMD), and concentrations of the cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in biological fluids between lactating dairy cows fed hemp meal and those fed canola meal. Twelve lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows were used in a repeated 3 × 3 Latin square Design with 3 3-week experimental periods. Samples were collected during the third week of each period. Cows were fed a basal partial mixed ration (PMR) diet and either 15 % dry matter (DM) hemp meal (HM), 15 % DM canola meal (CM), or a combination of these 2 protein supplements: 7.5 % DM hemp meal and 7.5 % DM canola meal (HC). All the diets used in the experiment were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The DMD was determined using acid insoluble ash (AIA) as an internal marker. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment, time, week, and their interaction declared as fixed effects and cow and period declared as random effects. There was no effect of treatment on DMI, milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, DMD, blood nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). However, feeding HM instead of CM increased milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and blood glucose and reduced DMD (P < 0.05). Treatment affected the concentrations of plasma urea, glucose, urine nitrogen, as well as total-tract DM and CP digestibility. No cannabinoids were detected in blood plasma, milk, and urine. Our data shows that despite the small differences, hemp meal is a good and safe alternative to canola meal as a protein supplement for lactating dairy cows. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86510 |
Watch |
2519V |
Effect of glucose oxidase on the quality of whole-plant corn silage by in vitro. |
2 |
D. Bu |
glucose oxidase whole-plant corn silage sensory score whole-plant corn silage quality scores |
H. Zhao1,2, Y. Chen1, J. Wang2, D. Bu1, L. Zhao1 |
1Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing China, 2Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang China |
The experiment aimed to study the effect of glucose oxidase on the quality of whole-plant corn silage and to select the appropriate supplemental amount. There were 4 treatments in the experiment, refering to the control group (no addition), Group 1 (10 mg/kg), Group 2 (20 mg/kg), and Group 3 (40 mg/kg), respectively, with 4 replicates for each treatment. According to the experimental design, the glucose oxidase and the whole-plant corn were mixed into the silage bag, vacuum-sealed, and silaged for 60 d. The sensory evaluation of the experimental groups was not different from that of the control group. The crude protein content in Group 3 was 0.48% higher than that in the control group. The starch content in Group 2 and 3 were 6.17% and 10.27% higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), respectively. The neutral detergent fiber degradation rate in 30h in Group 3 was 1.33% higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The pH value of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The lactic acid content in group 3 was 0.72% higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The evaluation of whole-plant corn silage quality scores (CSQS) was: Group 3 (71.21) > Group 2 (66.82) > Group 2 (63.82) > control group (62.76). In summary, adding 40 mg/kg glucose oxidase to the whole-plant corn silage has the optimal effect on the quality. Table 1.
| Item |
CP, % |
Starch, % |
Detergent fiber degradation rate in 30 h, % |
pH |
Lactic acid, % |
CSQS |
| Control group |
7.23 ± 0.07b |
30.97 ± 0.51b |
64.13 ± 0.29b |
3.95 ± 0.08a |
4.06 ± 0.03b |
62.76±0.93c |
| Test group 1 |
7.30 ± 0.06b |
31.16 ± 0.14b |
63.54 ± 0.33b |
3.78 ± 0.03b |
4.32 ± 0.21b |
63.82±0.46c |
| Test group 2 |
7.40 ± 0.18ab |
32.88 ± 0.80a |
64.21 ± 0.11ab |
3.78 ± 0.02b |
4.65 ± 0.08ab |
66.82±1.09b |
| Test group 3 |
7.71 ± 0.01a |
34.15 ± 0.23a |
65.46 ± 0.66a |
3.66 ± 0.04b |
4.78 ± 0.07a |
71.51±0.63a |
| P-value |
0.040 |
0.005 |
0.051 |
0.017 |
0.010 |
0.000 |
| Linear |
0.005 |
0.000 |
0.044 |
0.002 |
0.007 |
0.000 |
| Quadratic |
0.248 |
0.081 |
0.666 |
0.493 |
0.025 |
0.0151 |
a–cDifferent letters within a column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), and no letters indicate insignificant differences (P > 0.05). |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86546 |
Watch |
2513V |
Supplementing biotin alters rumen odd- and branched-chain fatty acids synthesis in vitro. |
3 |
D. P. Bu |
biotin odd- and branched-chain fatty acids rumen |
T. F. Zhan1, L. Ma1, D. P. Bu1 |
1Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Biotin has been confirmed to participate in fatty acids (FA) synthesis and promote the synthesis of branched-chain FAs in Bacillus cevercs, but its effects on odd- (e.g., C11:0, C13:0 and C15:0) and branched-chain (e.g., iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and anteiso-C17:0) FAs (OBCFAs) synthesis in ruminants is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of biotin on rumen OBCFAs synthesis in vitro. Biotin were provided at doses of 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg dry matter, respectively, and incubated at 39? for 24 h. Five replicates were used in each treatment, and the experiment was repeated twice. After fermentation, the liquid phase (LP) was collected for FAs analysis by gas chromatography, and data were analyzed by the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. With the dose of biotin increasing, content of C11:0 (0.38 to 0.31 ± 0.01 μg/mL; P < 0.01), C13:0 (0.65 to 0.60 ± 0.02 μg/mL; P = 0.07), C15:1 (0.39 to 0.32 ± 0.02 μg/mL; P < 0.01) and C17:1 (0.15 to 0.13 ± 0.01 μg/mL; P < 0.05) in LP decreased linearly, while the total odd-chain FAs (OCFAs) (5.76 to 6.58 ± 0.21 μg/mL; P < 0.01), C15:0 (2.27 to 2.86 ± 0.10 μg/mL; P < 0.01) and C17:0 (1.44 to 1.78 ± 0.07 μg/mL; P < 0.01) increased linearly. Content of iso-C13:0 (0.23 to 0.27 ± 0.01 μg/mL; P < 0.01), iso-C16:0 (1.25 to 1.45 ± 0.05 μg/mL; P < 0.01), iso-C17:0 (1.02 to 1.37 ± 0.05 μg/mL; P < 0.01) and total iso-FAs (4.61 to 5.18 ± 0.14 μg/mL; P < 0.01) in LP also increased linearly with the addition of biotin. Two anteiso-FAs were detected in the study with different variation trends. The anteiso-C17:0 (1.37 to 1.65 ± 0.06 μg/mL; P < 0.01) in high proportion of total anteiso-FAs showed a linear increase with the increase of biotin dosage, which contributed to the increase of the total anteiso-FAs (1.95 to 2.15 ± 0.07 μg/mL; P = 0.01) content. The increased OCFAs, total iso-, and total anteiso-FAs in LP with the increasing biotin dose reasonably resulted in the increased content of OBCFAs (12.32 to 13.9 ± 0.41 μg/mL; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that biotin could have a positive effect on the synthesis of OBCFAs in the rumen. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - General |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86020 |
Watch |
1545V |
Review of the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders to adsorb mycotoxins in vitro. |
4 |
A. Kihal |
mycotoxin binders mycotoxins adsorption |
A. Kihal1, M. Rodríguez-Prado1, S. Calsamiglia1 |
1Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain |
The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of different mycotoxin binders (MTB) to adsorb mycotoxins (MTx) in vitro. A literature search was conducted to identify in vitro research papers from different databases. The search was based on 7 MTB [active carbon (AC), bentonite, clinoptilolite, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), sepiolite, yeast cell walls (YCW) and zeolite] and 6 MTx [aflatoxin B1 (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FUM), ochratoxin (OTA), T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA)]. Inclusion criteria were: in vitro studies, incubation media and pH description, and percentage of MTx adsorption. Sixty-eight papers with 1842 data were selected and analyzed with the PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The response variable was percentage MTx adsorption by MTB, and the model included the fixed effects of pH, incubation media [water, methanol, HCl, citrate acetate phosphate (CAP) buffer, a simulation of the gastrointestinal digestion and gastric juice (GI)] and their interactions, and the random effect of study. Incubation media was only different between CAP and GI (P < 0.05), and data from GI were excluded. The MTx adsorption capacity was 62% ± 1.0 for bentonite (from 18 with DON to 93% with AF, P < 0.05), 52% ± 4.3 for clinoptilolite (from 0 with DON to 75% with AF, P < 0.05), 55% ± 1.9 for HSCAS (from 11 with DON to 83% with AF, P < 0.05), 76% ± 3.1 for MMT (from 9 with DON to 88% with AF, P < 0.05), 83% ± 1.0 for AC (from 53 with T-2 to 93% with AF), 44% ± 0.4 for YCW (from 19 with DON to 49% with AF) and 52% ± 9.1 for sepiolite (from 12 with DON to 95% with AF). The adsorption of AF was 76% ± 0.6 (from 49 with YCW to 95% with sepiolite, P < 0.05), for DON was 35% ± 1.6 (from 0 with clinoptilolite to 69% with AC, P < 0.05), for FUM was 50% ± 1.8 (from 25 with sepiolite to 86% with AC, P < 0.05), for OTA was 42% ± 1.0 (from 17 with sepiolite to 88% with AC, P < 0.05), for ZEA was 48% ± 1.1 (from 14 with clinoptilolite to 85% with AC, P < 0.05), and for T-2 was 27% ± 2.8 (from 5 with zeolite to 52% with AC). The absorption of AF, DON, FUM, OTA and ZEA was affected by pH (P < 0.05). |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t85922 |
Watch |
2502V |
Influence of phytogenic feed additives on performance of dairy cows. |
5 |
F. P. Rennó |
Actifor Boost buffer components mycotoxin binder |
C. S. Takiya1, V. C. Ribeiro1, C. V. de Almeida1, M. Bugoni1, P. C. Vittorazzi Jr.1, R. G. Chesini1, N. T. S. Grigoletto1, A. C. de Freitas1, D. J. C. Vieira1, A. H. de Souza2, D. Langwinski2, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 2Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil |
Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) are natural compounds (i.e., condensed tannins, essential oils) that may alter dairy cows' ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a blend of PFA with or without a blend of buffer compounds and mycotoxin binder on DMI and milk composition of cows during the hot season (70.2 ± 5.32 temperature-humidity index). Thirty-six Holstein (162 ± 76 DIM and 32.6 ± 5.57 kg/d milk yield) cows were blocked (n = 12) according to parity, DMI, and milk yield and were randomly assigned to the following treatments: control (CON), no feed additive; phytogenic feed additive (PFA, Actifor Boost, Delacon Biotecknick Gmbh, Langwiesen, Austria) at 5 g/d; and PFA + 140 g of buffer compounds (Lithothamnium calcareum, NaHCO3 and MgO) + 25 g/d of Notox, a mycotoxin binder (PFAB). The PFA is a blend of pepper oleoresin and extracts of cinnamon, pepper, Curcuma sp., and Quillaja sp. Treatments were provided mixed into the minerals. Cows were allowed a 2-wk covariate period, and treatments were applied for the following 9 wks. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily. Cows were milked twice a day, and samples were collected weekly for 3 consecutive days for solids analysis. Data were submitted to ANOVA using a mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 modeling the fixed effects of covariate, treatment, time, their interaction, and the random effect of the block. Orthogonal contrasts evaluated treatment differences (CON vs. treatments with PFA; and PFA vs. PFAB). Dry matter intake tended to be greater (P = 0.077) in cows fed diets with PFA than CON. Feeding PFA and PFAB increased (P = 0.033) milk yield compared with CON (32.1, 33.7, 32.8 kg/d for CON, PFA, and PFAB, respectively). Fat-corrected milk amount, milk fat content, and fat and protein yields were more remarkable in cows fed treatments with PFA than CON. Cows fed PFAB had greater (P = 0.013) milk protein content than those fed PFA. No significant differences were detected in feed efficiency. Phytogenic feed additives improved the performance of cows. Providing a blend of buffer components and mycotoxin binder may increase milk protein content. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 3 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 12:00 |
t86114 |
Watch |
2507V |
Effects of partially replacing soybean meal with heat-treated soybean meal or corn dried distillers grains with soluble on N utilization and purine derivatives excretion. |
6 |
F. P. Rennó |
dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) protein sources RUP |
R. G. Chesini1, C. S. Takiya1, P. C. Vittorazzi Junior1, G. Gomes da Silva1, N. T. S. Grigoletto1, A. T. Nunes1, D. J. C. Vieira1, O. P. Sbaralho1, M. Bugoni1, A. C. de Freitas1, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil |
Feeding byproducts from the corn ethanol industry while reducing N excretion is of great interest to the dairy industry in terms of sustainability. An experiment was conducted to evaluate different protein sources on N excretion and predicted rumen microbial protein supply (MPS). Twenty-four Holstein cows (200 ± 40 DIM and 30.0 ± 3.92 kg/d milk) were blocked according to parity, milk yield, and DIM and used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 21-d periods, and the last 7 d were used for sampling Treatment sequences were composed of: control (CON), diet containing 15.9% SBM as the main protein source; heat-treated soybean meal (HTSBM), HTSBM at 4.40% diet DM; and high-protein corn dried distillers’ grains with soluble (DDGS), DDGS at 5.34% diet DM. Diets had similar CP. Cows were milked twice daily, and milk samples were collected during 3 consecutive days for N and allantoin analyses. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 3 consecutive days in 9-h intervals and analyzed for N. Fecal output was determined using indigestible NDF as an internal marker. Urine samples were analyzed for concentrations of N, allantoin, uric acid, and creatinine. Urine daily output was estimated based on a daily creatinine excretion of 24.05 mg/kg BW. Predicted MPS was calculated based on purine derivatives (PD) excretion (allantoin and uric acid). Data were submitted to ANOVA using the mixed procedure of SAS, modeling the fixed effects of treatment, Latin square, and their interaction, and period. Animal within square was considered as a random effect. Treatment differences were evaluated by orthogonal contrasts (CON vs HTSBM+DDGS; or HTSBM vs DDGS). Nitrogen intake was greater (P = 0.026) for cows fed HTSBM and DDGS than CON (703, 723, and 683 g/d, respectively). Cows fed HTSBM and DDGS tended to excrete more (P ≤ 0.082) N in milk and feces CON. No differences were detected on urine N output and N utilization (as % of N intake). Treatments did not affect excretion of PD and MPS. Protein sources did not affect efficiency of N utilization and MPS in mid-lactation cows. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
s10017 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86778 |
Watch |
1512V |
Sampling variability influences the microbiological evaluations in dairy processing. |
1 |
R. Kalita |
sampling variability processing |
R. Kalita1,2, S. Anand1,2, G. Djira3, S. Beckman2 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Milk microorganisms can form clusters, disperse heterogeneously in dairy matrices, and develop biofilms on product contact surfaces, leading to variability in test results. Statistically, sampling frequency, techniques, and volume are critical for a representative sample. Hence, developing a comprehensive sampling plan considering the above factors is essential for a robust microbial process control. This study evaluates the effect of different factors on sampling 2 types of milk containing high-fat (whole milk) and low-fat (skim milk) in 12h pilot-scale HTST pasteurization runs. Raw milk (1500L at < 4°C) was inoculated with Bacillus licheniformis vegetative cells (4 logCFU/mL) and pasteurized for 12h. Pre-and post-pasteurized milk samples represented high and low-count milk, respectively. Samples of high-count whole and skim milk (HWM, HSM) and low-count whole and skim milk (LWM, LSM) were drawn at 0,4,8, and 12h of the process inserting hypodermic needles in the septa on port-septum type sampling ports. Sterile sampling bags and a peristaltic pump were used to draw composite samples over a 12h (<4°C) run. Samples (n = 3) were analyzed for Standard Plate Counts using Tryptic Soy agar (32°C/48h), and means were compared using SPSS. Results showed that the sample volume (10 or 100mL) had no significant effect on the analysis results. The boxplot analysis revealed that the higher volume (100 mL) is more suitable for the high-count milk for better reproducibility. During the 12h run, the counts of balance tank samples were constant (P > 0.05); however, the port samples showed a numeric increase with sampling time (highest at 12h). For composite samples, resultant counts for 10 and 100mL were higher than the single sampling points at different sampling intervals, showing better representativeness of composite sampling. The study demonstrates that higher volume samples could provide more representative data in analyzing high-count milk samples. In lengthy processing, sampling at different time intervals could help better microbial process control. Also, composite sampling could be a preferred method to minimize the variability due to sampling intervals. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Dairy Products |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86293 |
Watch |
2472V |
Incorporating conjugated whey protein hydrolysate-based encapsulant in fat-rich matrix improves structure-function interactions. |
2 |
K. Gaba |
protein fat structure-function |
K. Gaba1,2, S. Anand1,2 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Product modifications through functional ingredients are catching attention, however, limited information is available on their interaction with the food matrices. A thermally stable conjugated whey protein hydrolyzed with maltodextrin-probiotic encapsulant was developed in our lab with high viable probiotics, enhanced functional properties, and porous globular structure. We anticipated that the amphiphilic whey proteins present in WPH-based encapsulant would improve the overall functionality of fat milk products without interfering with the matrix. This study evaluated the effect of the encapsulant on the structural and functional properties of whipped cream and butter. Encapsulant was spiked at 0.1% and 1.0% in 100 g each of whipped cream and butter. For whipped cream samples, functional properties constituting rheological measurements and structural analysis through confocal laser scanning microscopy (60x) using 0.02% Nile Red (NR) and Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were performed. In the case of probiotic butter, rheological and textural profile analysis (TPA) were analyzed using a parallel plate and uniaxial 2-cycle compression system, respectively. Three trials were conducted in triplicates and means were compared using one-way ANOVA (P < 0.5). The 1% spiked fresh whipped cream samples showed a significant increase in storage (G’) (14585.73 ± 5.07Pa) and loss modulus (G’’) (3004.32 ± 6.54Pa) as compared with 0.1% spiked sample and control. This improvement in functional properties was related to the adsorbed layer of whey proteins around the air cells, as observed in confocal images that further stabilized the whipped cream structure. Similarly, spiked butter samples showed an increase in G’ (5.38E+04 ± 5.787Pa) and G’’ (23894.86 ± 4.89Pa), and TPA peaks showed a decrease in hardness with an increase in adhesiveness indicating positive interaction of encapsulant with the matrix. Developing a new line of value-added healthy foods could expand the product portfolio and provide an option to the consumers looking for products with added health benefits while enjoying the nutritional benefits of butter. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86767 |
Watch |
2481V |
Influence of sampling variability on the accuracy of standard plate counts of whey samples. |
3 |
R. Kalita |
whey processing sampling variability |
R. Kalita1,2, S. Anand1,2, G. Djira3 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Whey is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product that contains starter bacteria and native milk microflora. Factors such as product composition, volume, time, and sampling techniques may influence analysis results. An inclusive sampling approach considering these factors would be essential for effective microbial process control and to reduce variability. This study aims to evaluate the influence of different factors on the plate counts of High (HCW) and Low count whey (LCW) samples. Cheese whey (1500L) was stored in a balance tank at < 4°C, and Bacillus licheniformis (vegetative cells) were inoculated (4.0 log-cfu/mL) and pasteurized (72°C/16s) for 12h. Pre and postpasteurized whey samples represented HCW and LCW, respectively. With 2 port-septum type sampling ports, HCW and LCW samples of 10 and 100mL volume were drawn at 0,4,8, and 12h. In addition, composite samples of HCW and LCW were drawn using sterile sampling bags and peristaltic pumps over 12h (<4°C). Each experiment was conducted twice with duplicated samples. Standard plate counts (SPC) were enumerated using tryptic soy agar (32°C/48h), and means were compared with ANOVA (SPSS). At 0 to12h, SPC (log-cfu/mL) of HCW ranged from 4.15 ± 0.04 to 4.87 ± 0.01 and 4.15 ± 0.02 to 4.44 ± 0.02 for 100 and 10 mL, respectively. SPC of LCW were 1.77 ± 0.04 to 2.20 ± 0.01 and 1.20 ± 0.09 to 2.56 ± 0.11 for 100 and 10 mL, respectively. Results showed that sample volume has no significant effect on the SPC of whey samples. Boxplots showed that high volume (100mL) samples are more representative for HCW. Although the SPC of balance tank samples remained unchanged for the 12h run, there was an increase in SPC of the port samples (P < 0.05) with the sampling time (highest at 12h). The resultant composite sample counts for 10 and 100mL of HCW and LCW samples were higher than single samples indicating the better representativeness of composite sampling. In long processing, different interval sampling or a composite sampling for the whole process run could help obtain more representative samples and reduce count variability. Also, the higher volume sampling could be helpful for accurate analysis of high-count samples. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86979 |
Watch |
2482V |
Preliminary studies on the influence of sodium hexametaphosphate chain length on the physiochemical properties of high protein dispersions. |
4 |
B. Zaitoun |
physicochemical sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) protein |
B. Zaitoun1, J. Amamcharla1 |
1Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS |
Protein-protein and protein-mineral interactions can lead to storage defects in high-protein beverages. Cyclic polyphosphates such as sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) are used extensively in high-protein beverages to improve stability. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different chain lengths of SHMP and its concentrations (0, 0.15, and 0.25%) on the physicochemical properties of 8% protein dispersions. The average chain lengths of SHMP procured from a commercial supplier were 16.5, 13.3, and 9.9, and classified as long, medium, and short, respectively. Three independent lots of milk protein concentrate powder with 85% protein (MPC85) were obtained from a commercial manufacturer. MPC85 was reconstituted to 8% (wt/wt) protein and stored overnight for complete rehydration. The protein dispersion was divided into 7 equal parts and SHMP was added as per the experimental design. A sample containing no SHMP was used as a control. The samples were further divided into 2 parts and the first part was heated to 140°C for 15 s. Unheated and heated solutions were characterized in terms of apparent viscosity at 100 s−1, mean particle diameter, and heat coagulation time (HCT140) at 140°C. The HCT of the control sample was found to be 15.61 min. The addition of short-chain SHMP (0.15 and 0.25%) resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the HCT. The short-chain SHMP resulted in the highest HCT of 18.6 and 19.6 min at 0.15 and 0.25%, respectively. The viscosity of the unheated control sample was 11.75 mPa.s. It was observed that the addition of SHMP resulted in an increase in the viscosity of MPC dispersions. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in viscosity of control and all types of SHMP at 0.15% concentration. However, the viscosity of protein dispersions containing all types of SHMP at 0.25% was found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control. In the heated samples, neither concentration nor the chain length had a significant (P > 0.05) effect on the viscosity. In conclusion, the type and concentration of added SHMP had primarily affected the HCT of 8% protein dispersions. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Processing |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86179 |
Watch |
2484V |
Acetic acid fermentation as an alternative for upcycling Greek-style yogurt whey. |
5 |
V. K. R. Flores |
upcycling yogurt whey acetic acid |
V. K. R. Flores1, T. A. DeMarsh1, P. A. Gibney1, S. D. Alcaine1 |
1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
In Greek-style yogurt production, every kilogram of product yields 2 to 3 kg of acid whey (YAW); this coproduct’s composition and low pH pose challenges for its valorization and reintroduction into the food supply. However, 240 mL of YAW contains over 9 g of lactose and represents an excellent source of minerals; these traits can be leveraged to develop nutritious fermented beverages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fermentation of dairy sugars by different yeasts under YAW conditions, by characterizing these processes and their products, to determine their feasibility to produce acetic-acid-containing beverages from this stream. To achieve this, yeast nitrogen base was used to prepare 4 media, each adjusted to a final pH of 4.20, and supplemented with either lactose, glucose, galactose, or a 1:1 mix of glucose and galactose (GLU:GAL) at 40 g/L. Fermentations were performed in 500 mL of each medium by pure cultures of either S. cerevisiae, K. marxianus, B. claussenii or B. bruxellensis. Fermentation temperature was set to 25°C and agitation to 185 rpm; time until completion varied for each organism. For each, density, pH, and microbial counts were measured over time to obtain a process profile, and ethanol, organic acids, and sugars were analyzed at the beginning and the end of each fermentation via HPLC, to determine resulting products. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference Test, at a significance level of 0.05, were used to compare residual sugars and fermentation products. Variable rates of sugar consumption were observed for almost all species. B. claussenii in GLU:GAL resulted in total glucose depletion, minimal galactose consumption, and favorable acetic acid production. This result suggests the potential to develop versatile processes that target glucose for acetic acid production, while leaving available galactose to confer products with prebiotic properties. The development of a process targeted at converting YAW into beverages with organic acids and other healthful components not only aligns with consumers’ demands for “better-for-you” products, but also promotes the valorization of this otherwise underutilized stream. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
s10009 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t85878 |
|
1531V |
Crossing Holstein with beef breeds to improve feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and economic profits. |
1 |
A. Nikkhah |
crossbreeding beef cattle red meat |
A. Nikkhah1, A. Rezagholivand1 |
1Ferdows Pars Holding Co, Tehran, Iran |
Crossbreeding can be a profitable strategy to improve beef production. The objective of this study was to compare feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and economic profits between 4 Holstein-beef crosses and purebred Holstein calves. Beef crosses were produced by crossing Holstein (H) cows with Angus (A), Charolais (C), Limousin (L) and INRA 95 (I) bull semen. The performance of 24 calves of each breed (120 calves in total) was compared in an experimental period of 11 mo. The average calf age at the start of the experiment was 143, 169, 138, 186, and 133 d for A, I, C, L, and H groups, respectively. The experimental design was repeated-measures split-plot. The animals within each of 5 breeds (plots) were randomly divided into 6 pens of 4 animals each (consisting of half males and half females). The calves received starter, grower and finisher diets for the experimental period. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS programs (MIXED procedures). The initial calf age was modeled as covariate. The results indicated that average daily gain was significantly higher in crossbred calves than in purebred Holstein calves. The Charolais crossbred calves and pure Holsteins had significantly lower dry matter intake than other hybrids, and, as a result, feed conversion ratio in the C × H calves was remarkably more favorable compared with other groups. Dressing percentage for C × H, L × H and I × H crossbreds was higher than for purebred Holstein and the A × H crossbred cattle. The S × H crossbred cattle had significantly higher plasma urea concentrations than did other genetic groups (P < 0.05). However, other blood metabolites did not differ significantly among the groups. Economic calculations demonstrated that the respective highest profit for the whole experimental period belonged to the crossbreds of C × H (44660778 Rials), I × H (35853953 Rials), L × H (32013587 Rials), A × H (25794039 Rials), and purebred Holstein cattle (24200274 Rials). Therefore, the hypothesis that the calves from Holstein-beef crosses would have higher economic productivity than purebred Holstein calves was substantiated. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t85879 |
|
2501V |
Production, reproduction, metabolism, and health of heat-stressed purebred versus crossbred Holstein cows. |
2 |
A. Nikkhah |
crossbreeding heat stress Holstein |
A. Nikkhah1, A. Rezagholivand1 |
1Ferdows Pars Holding Co, Tehran, Iran |
Crossbred lactating cows were hypothesized to outperform purebred Holsteins under environmental stresses. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compare production, reproduction, metabolism and health of purebred Holstein cows vs. crossbred Holstein × Montbeliarde and Holstein × Simmental cows under hot and humid conditions of northern Iran (Sari, Mazandaran). Dairy crosses were produced by crossing Holstein (H) cows with Montbeliarde (M) and Simmental (S) bulls’ semen. The performance and health of 70 primiparous cows from each breed (210 cows in total) were compared during their first lactation. Results showed that Montbeliarde × Holstein and Simmental × Holstein crossbred cows were not different (P > 0.05) from purebred Holsteins in rectal temperature, fertility and other reproductive indices, 305-d milk yield, milk fat and protein yield, stillbirth, mastitis, and laminitis rates and close-up blood metabolites. Even, Montbeliarde × Holstein cows experienced more calving difficulty than did Simmental × Holstein cows (P < 0.05). Also, both crossbred groups had greater incidence of metritis compared with purebred Holstein cows (P < 0.05). The purebred Holsteins exhibited more desirable udder traits than did the crossbred cows (P < 0.05). The crossbred cows had greater body condition score (BCS) during the transition period than did the purebred Holsteins (P < 0.05). Therefore, the findings of this study demonstrated that Holstein × Simmental and Holstein × Montbeliarde crossbred cows did not outperform purebred Holstein cows and that they experienced higher rates of dystocia and metritis under stressful hot and humid conditions. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86610 |
Watch |
2499V |
Annual rhythm of milk fat and protein concentration in Brazil. |
3 |
J. P. A. Rezende |
bulk tank cosinor milk analysis |
J. P. A. Rezende1, P. F. Machado2, M. A. C. Danes1 |
1University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 2Instituto Clinica do Leite, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil |
The effect of season on milk composition is well recognized and usually attributed to heat stress or nutritional changes throughout the year. However, recent studies from the United States using rhythmometry indicates that milk solids concentration follows a circannual rhythm. Our objective was to verify the occurrence of an annual rhythm in milk fat and protein concentrations in Brazil and compare them with the one observed in the US. Monthly averages (Jan 2013 to Dec 2020) of bulk-tank milk fat and protein content (about 280,000 tanks), from the 6 largest producing states in Brazil (MG, SP, GO, PR, SC, RS), were obtained from Milk Quality Observatory. Monthly averages (Jan 2017 to Dec 2020) of fat and protein concentration of individual milk (cow-level) produced in MG (38178 cows, 171 farms) and SP (10232 cows, 55 farms) were obtained from a milk analysis laboratory (Clínica do Leite, Piracicaba). Monthly averages were adjusted to a linear form of the cosine function for each year using the cosinor technique. Data were then submitted to the MIXED procedure of SAS, separately for tank or individual samples, with year as random effect and state, form of the cosine function and their interaction as fixed effects. The cosinor fit was significant (P < 0.01) across all analysis. An interaction between cosinor and state was detected (P < 0.01), due to different parameter values. Milk fat mean ranged from 3.61 to 3.98%, amplitude ranged from 0.16 to 0.20 percentage points (pp) and acrophase always occurred in May, while the milk protein mean ranged from 3.23 to 3.27%, amplitude ranged from 0.09 to 0.11 pp and acrophase occurred in May or June. For individual results, mean fat content, amplitude and acrophase were 3.69%, 0.10 pp, and May for MG and 3.87%, 0.05 pp and April for SP, respectively. For milk protein content, mean, amplitude and acrophase were 3.34%, 0.06 pp and June for MG and 3.36%, 0.06 pp and May for SP, respectively. Results demonstrate the existence of a circannual rhythm affecting milk solids concentration, as observed in the US, with an inverse shape of the curve. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86722 |
Watch |
2500V |
Individual milk fat and protein concentration as a nutritional tool. |
4 |
J. P. A. Rezende |
precision nutrition milk composition |
J. P. A. Rezende1, P. F. Machado2, M. A. C. Danes1 |
1University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 2Instituto Clinica do Leite, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil |
Individual milk analysis can be used for nutritional monitoring on dairy farms, but several non-nutritional factors interfere with milk composition. Our objective was to simulate a farm condition to identify associations that have potential as future nutritional monitoring tools. A multiparous (18 ± 1.4 cows) and a primiparous pen (25 ± 1.5 cows) were monitored for 7 mo. Every 18 d (12 observations in each pen), milk yield and composition, pen DMI, TMR and leftover samples, particle distribution and sorting using Penn State sieves (19, 8 mm, bottom), and rumination score (% of cows ruminating 2 h after the first meal) were collected. The PROC FASTCLUS of SAS was used to divide the pen observations in 3 clusters (8 observations each, R2 ≥ 0.8 representing variability), by milk fat or protein concentration. Least squares means of several characteristics were calculated with the PROC MIXED, with pen as random and cluster as fixed effect, and compared by Tukey’s test. Differences were significant when P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies when 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. The diet consumed throughout the period had 16.5 ± 1.5% CP, 31.1 ± 2.8% NDF, 19.5 ± 1.9% peNDF (NDF >8 mm), 24.4 ± 2.3% starch, 5.3 ± 0.6 EE%, 6.8 ± 0.2% ashes. There were no differences among clusters, regardless clustering criterion, in milk yield (mean 24.6 kg/d), DIM (187) and DMI (20.1 kg/d). When milk fat (3.70, 3.52, 3.36%) defined the clusters, differences were observed in fat yield (0.89, 0.84, 0.83 kg/d) and rumination score (51, 45, 37%), while tendencies were noted in peNDF (20.3, 20.0, 18.2%), EE (4.9, 5.3, 5.5%), particles 8–19 mm (46.2, 43.4, 41.8%) and sorting against particles >19 mm (88.0, 81.4, 74.1%). When milk protein (3.17, 3.07, 2.95%) defined the clusters, differences were observed in casein (2.46, 2.39, 2.27%), particles 8–19 mm (45.2, 43.6, 41.6%), sorting against particles >8 mm (98.1, 96.7, 94.0%) and in favor of particles <8 mm (102.3, 103.6, 106.0). It was possible to identify associations between milk composition and nutritional factors in a farm condition, even without the control of non-nutritional factors normally applied in experiments. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86031 |
Watch |
2497V |
Effects of heat stress on blood metabolites and milk quality in lactating Holstein and Jersey cows. |
5 |
J. G. Carter |
heat stress milk quality |
A. B. Blanton1, J. G. Carter1, M. W. Hollis2 |
1Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 2Purdue University, Princeton, IN |
Regulating heat stress caused by high ambient temperatures and humidity has become a challenge for dairy producers in the southeastern United States, especially in the face of rising global temperatures. Dairy cows are susceptible to heat stress during periods of high temperatures and humidity due to the cows’ diminished ability to utilize evaporative cooling in these environmental conditions. The effects of heat stress on milk quality factors and blood metabolites were observed in Holstein and Jersey cows (n = 12) under varying severities of heat stress. Three experimental periods in April and May 2021 were categorized using the following temperature-humidity index (THI) ranges: control (THI below 72), mild (THI between 72 and 78), moderate (THI between 78 and 88), or high (THI greater than 88). Cows experienced no heat stress during period 1 (control; THI = 66), moderate heat stress during period 1 (THI = 79), and mild heat stress during period 3 (THI = 74). Milk quality was assessed using somatic cell count (SCC), conductivity, and bacterial load. Concentrations of blood metabolites such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (ALB), glucose, cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were monitored to determine connections between expected milk quality decline and changes in blood metabolite concentrations. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Model in SAS (v9.4) with fixed effects of treatment and breed and the random effect of cow. Differences in SCC (P = 0.09) and conductivity (P = 0.02) were observed indicating the expected decrease in milk quality as temperature increased. However, there were no findings relating bacterial load to heat stress or breed. Differences concerning blood metabolites, such as Mg (P = 0.04) will require more research to ascertain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms associated with heat stress. Overall, while the connection between blood metabolite concentrations and heat stress remains unclear, cows should be kept as comfortable as possible under high THI conditions to produce the highest quality milk. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86204 |
Watch |
2498V |
Peanut skin as a fed ingredient in dairy cow diets: Effect on milk yield, composition and antioxidant activity. |
6 |
L. M. Luque |
peanut skin tannins antioxidant |
L. M. Luque1, F. M. Masía1,2, M. B. Pedraza1, M. Larrauri1,2 |
1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina, 2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
Peanut skin is a by-product of the blanched processing of peanut kernels. Peanut skin is rich in tannins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties that could be used as a source of natural antioxidants to supplement the dairy cow’s diets. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of feeding peanut skin to dairy cows on milk yield, solid composition, and antioxidant activity of milk. Twelve Holstein cows, balanced by milk yield and parity, were randomly assigned to 2 treatments in 2 periods during the first 60 DIM: control (CON), fed a basal diet composed of alfalfa hay (8.5%), corn silage (49.5%), soybean expeller (20%), corn cracked grain (21%), and peanut skin (PS), fed a diet composed by alfalfa hay (6.8%), corn silage (48.3%), corn cracked grain (17.2%), soybean expeller (19.8%) and peanut skin (6.8%) as an antioxidant supplement. Diets were formulated to balance both groups' energy (Mcal NEl/ kg DM) and protein contents (g PM/ kg DM). Milk yield was measured daily throughout all the experimental periods. Total protein and fat milk, dornic acidity, pH, and phenolic compounds were measured from individual milk samples once a week. Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model with treatment, block, and interactions as fixed effects, and time correlation effect for repeated measures. No differences in milk yield were observed (PS 27.39 and CON 26.81 milk L/d; P = 0.8698). Total phenolic concentration in milk was higher in PS (18.26 vs 16.62 mg GAE/mL; P = 0.0143). There were no differences between groups in pH and dornic acidity (PS 6.67 vs CON 6.63; P = 0.2281 and PS 17.8 vs. CON 18.06; P = 0.7884). Total solid compound (12.27 vs 11.46; P = 0.0010), fat and total protein in milk (3.97 vs. 3.39; P = 0.0089 and 3.13 vs. 2.82 g/mL; P = 0.0251 respectively) was lower in PS. Peanut skin can replace concentrates in diets without affecting milk production but affecting solids content, probably due to tannin's bioregulation of ruminal activity. In addition, antioxidant content was higher in PS group milk, improving its functional properties as healthy milk. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
s9999 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86635 |
Watch |
2512V |
Use of Top Vita P in the occurrence of diseases in Dutch breed calves. |
1 |
R. S. Teixeira |
bronchopneumonia diarrhea homeopathy |
R. S. Teixeira1, A. A. Barbosa1, L. Marins1, K. C. Freitas1, M. B. Medeiros1, L. R. L. Silva1, G. F. S. Souza1, E. G. Xavier1, V. R. Rabassa1, C. M. Real2, M. Real2, M. Furtado3, M. N. Corrêa1 |
1Universidade Federal de Pelotas,, 2Real H Saúde e Nutrição Animal,, 3Instituto Federal Catarinense-Campus Araquari, |
The high incidence of diseases is a major challenge for rearing dairy calves, being responsible for economic losses, besides raising concerns on antimicrobial resistance. Hence, efficient alternatives, as homeopathy, have been sought to reduce morbidity and mortality in bovine neonates. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Top Vita P to reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and bronchopneumonia in dairy calves. The study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm located in the south of Brazil. Between 24 to 48 h after calving, blood was collected from the calves and total serum protein was evaluated through a refractometer to ensure that proper transfer of passive immunity was achieved. In total, 100 calves were enrolled since birth until 208 d of age. Animals were housed individually for a period of 20 d and then transferred to the group pen, where they were fed using the Calfeeder system until weaning at 90 d of age. Calves were randomly assigned to either Top Vita P group (Real H-Nutrition and Animal Health-Brazil) (n = 50) or control group (n = 50). Animals were clinically evaluated daily to determine the occurrence of diseases (bronchopneumonia and diarrhea). Average daily gain (ADG) was obtained using a calf weight tape. Blood samples were collected from 20 calves of each group to assess calcium (Ca), glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and albumin, throughout the experimental period. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP software (SAS Institute Inc., 14) considering significance at P < 0.05 and trend when P > 0.05 and P < 0.1. Animals in the Top Vita P group had a lower incidence of bronchopneumonia compared with control (33% vs 46%) (P < 0.01). Incidence of diarrhea was not significantly different between groups (3.70% vs 4.32%) (P = 0.37). The ADG was not different between groups during pre (P = 0.85) and postweaning (P = 0.51). Ca levels were greater in calves that received ToP VitaP (P < 0.01), while no differences were observed for glucose (P = 0.30), NEFA (P = 0.16), and albumin (P = 0.71). Top Vita P proved to be efficient in reducing bronchopneumonia and increased serum Ca levels in Holstein calves. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t85906 |
Watch |
2511V |
Effect of phytogenic compounds, egg yolk antibodies or their combination supplementation in milk replacer on growth performance of dairy calves. |
2 |
P. Gorka |
calf performance feed additive |
P. Gorka1, J. Milik2, W. Budzinski3, M. Przybylo1, J. Kanski1, T. Jankowiak4, K. Budzinska2 |
1University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland, 2University of Sciences and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland, 3Polmas S.A, Bydgoszcz, Poland, 4Vetbovis, Zydowo, Poland |
The same study methodology and treatments were used on 2 different commercial farms to determine whether supplementation of phytogenic compounds (PC), egg yolk antibodies (EY) or their combination in milk replacer (MR) containing probiotic bacteria will affect growth performance, feed efficiency, fecal score and health of calves. Ninety 6 calves (48 heifers and 48 bulls) in Study 1 and in Study 2 were blocked by date of birth and sex at 10 d of age and within block allocated to one of 4 treatments: 1) MR; 2) MR with PC (0.5 kg/ton; Digestarom, Biomin); 3) MR with EY (3 kg/ton; Globigen Life Start, Globigen); and 4) MR with PC and EY. The MR (21.5% CP and 18%) contained Bacillus lichemiformis and Bacillus subtilis (1.3 × 106 cfu/g), and Enterococcus faecium (1.2 × 106 cfu/g). Calves were fed daily 6 L of MR (900 g of MR powder) divided into 3 equal feedings and ad libitum starter mixture. Growth performance and health of calves was monitored for 50 d. Data were analyzed separately for each study as completely randomized block design using MIXED procedure in SAS. In Study 1, combination of both PC and EY in MR reduced starter intake and ADG of calves in the whole study period (PC × EY interaction; P ≤ 0.03). In Study 2, PC increased ADG of calves between d 1 to 20 of the study (689 vs. 602 g/d; P < 0.01) and tended to improve overall feed efficiency (732 vs. 701 g ADG/g DM; P = 0.07); however, ADG in the whole study period was not different between treatments. In summary, PC supplementation in MR containing probiotic bacteria improved ADG of calves at some stages of rearing and tended to improve feed efficiency, whereas combination of PC and EY in MR reduced feed intake and ADG of calves; however, those results were inconsistent across 2 studies conducted on 2 different farms. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t85904 |
Watch |
2510V |
Effect of sodium butyrate, phytogenic compounds or egg yolk antibodies supplementation in milk replacer on growth performance of dairy calves. |
3 |
P. Gorka |
calf performance feed additive |
P. Gorka1, J. Milik2, W. Budzinski3, M. Przybylo1, J. Kanski1, T. Jankowiak4, K. Budzinska2 |
1University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland, 2University of Sciences and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland, 3Polmas S.A, Bydgoszcz, Poland, 4Vetbovis, Zydowo, Poland |
The same study methodology and treatments were used on 2 different commercial farms to determine whether supplementation of sodium butyrate (SB), phytogenic compounds (PC), and egg yolk antibodies (EY) in milk replacer (MR) containing probiotic bacteria will affect growth performance, feed efficiency, fecal score and health of calves. One hundred calves (52 females and 48 males) in Study 1 and 90 6 calves (48 females and 48 males) in Study 2 were blocked by date of birth and sex at 10 d of age and within block allocated to one of 4 treatments: 1) MR (CTRL); 2) MR with SB (3.4 kg/ton; Adimix Easy, Nutriad); 3) MR with PC (0.5 kg/ton; Digestarom, Biomin); and 4) MR with EY (3 kg/ton; Globigen Life Start, Globigen). The MR (21.5% CP and 18%) contained Bacillus lichemiformis and Bacillus subtilis (1.3 × 106 cfu/g), and Enterococcus faecium (1.2 × 106 cfu/g). Calves were fed daily 6 L of MR (900 g of MR powder) divided into 3 equal feedings and ad libitum starter mixture. Growth performance and health of calves was monitored for 50 d. Data were analyzed separately for each study as completely randomized block design using MIXED procedure in SAS. In Study 1, SB tended to increase fecal score (1.39 vs. 1.29; P = 0.06) and EY tended to decrease number of calves requiring medical treatment (8 vs. 14; P = 0.09), compared with CTRL. In Study 2, SB and EY tended to decrease ADG of calves (633 and 622 vs. 702 g/d) in the first 20 d of the study (P ≤ 0.10), EY increased ADG of calves from d 21 to 50 of the study (1000 vs. 927 g/d; P = 0.03), PC decreased fecal score in first 20 d of the study (1.05 vs. 1.12; P = 0.03) and increased overall feed efficiency (756 vs. 716 g ADG/kg DM; P = 0.05), compared with CTRL. In summary, SB supplementation in MR containing probiotics had rather a negative impact on performance of calves, whereas EY and PC supplementation improved feed efficiency, fecal score, and health of calves; however, impact of feed additives differed between farms in which the studies were conducted. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86995 |
Watch |
1539V |
Risk factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhea in pre-weaned calves at a commercial dairy farm in China. |
4 |
Q. Dong |
calf FTPI diarrhea |
Z. Liu1, H. Yang1, D. Renaud2, L. Xie1, Y. Ma1, Q. Dong1 |
1College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2Department of Population Medicine, ON Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada |
Diarrhea is the main reason for calf mortality before weaning. Hence, it is critical to prevent this disease and ensuring that neonatal calves must obtain immunoglobulins following birth is a critical preventive strategy. The objective of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the risk factors associated with calf diarrhea and determine the impact of diarrhea on average daily gain (ADG). A total of 972 calves were enrolled at birth and followed until 30 d of age at a commercial farm in China from April to July 2021. Calves had fecal consistency scored on a daily basis and had blood samples collected at 24 to 48 h of life for determination of the levels of serum total protein (STP) using a refractometer. In addition, body weight was determined using a digital scale at birth and 30 d of age. Over the experimental period, 32.1% of calves had diarrhea as defined by a fecal score of 2 or 3. The mean level of STP was 7.04 ± 0.76 g/dl and with only 2.03% (19/953) of calves having failed transfer of passive immunity (STP <5.5 g/dl). To evaluate factors associated with the development of diarrhea a multivariable logistic regression model was built. In the final model, it was found that for every 1 g/dL increase in STP, the odds of diarrhea decreased (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.95). In addition, calves born in May (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.67) and June (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.46) had a lower odds of diarrhea compared with calves born in April. With respect to growth from birth to 30 d, the average daily gain was 0.78 ± 0.13 kg/day. Using a linear regression model, it was found that calves with diarrhea had a lower ADG (- 0.11 kg/d; 95% CI: −0.12 to −0.09) compared with calves without diarrhea. A Cox proportional hazard models were built to explore factors associated with mortality. The results showed that death was significantly associated with STP (P: 0036; 95%CI: 0.44 to 0.97). This study illustrated the association between passive immunity and calf diarrhea, mortality, as well as the impact of diarrhea on growth and development. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Calves and Heifers |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86540 |
Watch |
1538V |
Sodium butyrate supplementation affects the gastrointestinal microbiota of dairy calves before weaning. |
5 |
D. Bu |
sodium butyrate Holstein calf gastrointestinal microbiota |
Y. Yang1,2, L. Ma1, W. Liu1, D. Bu1 |
1Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland |
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on gastrointestinal microbiota of new born calves before weaning. Forty female newborn Holstein calves were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group was supplemented with SB (4 doses: 0, 15, 30, and 45 g/d; 10 replicates; named SB0, SB15, SB30, and SB45 respectively). SB was fed with milk replacer from the d 4 to 60 of life daily. The experiment was ended on d 60 of age. Rumen fluid were collected on d 2, 14, 28, 42, 60 of age and the feces were collected on d 0, 14, 28, 42 and 60 of age for 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The data were analyzed in a complete randomized design using one-way ANOVA in R studio (version 1.4.1717). The results showed that the α-diversity in feces, not rumen fluid, were significantly affected by SB, especially on Shannon index and Chao index in d 60 (P < 0.05). In addition, SB significantly enhanced the growth of Firmicutes from d 2 to 28 and also increased the abundance of Bacteroides from d 28 to 42 in rumen and feces (P < 0.05). Besides, it also significantly inhibited the development of Proteobacteria in rumen and feces during the whole experimental period (P < 0.05). Moreover, SB promoted the abundance of some bacteria, such as Prevotella, Lachnospirceae, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Muribaculaceae, which can produce butyrate acid or volatile fatty acids (P < 0.05). In addition, the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in SB0 was significantly lower than that in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study first reported a dynamic curve for the effects of SB on microbiota of calves before weaning, which can be regarded as the essential and fundamental support for investigating the metagenomics and metabolomics of gastrointestinal microbiota in the future research. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 4 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 12:30 |
t86524 |
Watch |
1536V |
Effects of supplementing of rumen-protected folic acid to dairy cows during the periconception period on production and pregnancy efficiency. |
6 |
D. Bu |
dairy cow nitrogen efficiency β-hydroxybutyrate |
S. A. Elsaadawy1, Z. Wu1, D. Bu1,2 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Joint Laboratory on Integrated Crop-Tree-Livestock Systems of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Beijing, China |
This study aims to assess the effects of the dietary supply of ruminally-protected folic acids (RPFA) on the lactation efficiency and fertility performance of periconception dairy cows [(60 to 150 d in milk (DIM)]. A total of 600 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned into 2 treatments (n = 300 cows per treatment, Trt): 1) cows fed only the control diet (CON), 2) cows supplied with RPFA. Each treatment contains 6 replicates, [(with 50 cows in each replicate (pen)], the experimental unit is a pen. Blood and milk samples were collected from 24 cows in each treatment (4 cows/replicate). Dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily per pen during the experiment (total 13 weeks). Milk samples were taken every week, and milk yields were measured daily. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using SAS software. There were Trt × time interactions for DMI (P = 0.04), but RPFA cows consumed more DMI compared with CON (27.21 vs. 26.49 kg/d; P = 0.04). Energy-corrected milk yield (ECM, 51.02 vs. 48.70 kg/d; P < 0.01), milk fat (3.93 vs. 3.79 %; P = 0.03), total protein (3.33 vs. 3.22 %; P = 0.01), lactose (5.10 vs. 4.99 %; P = 0.01) percentage were greater, but not milk urea nitrogen (11.11 vs. 11.64 mg/dl; P > 0.10) for RPFA cows in comparison to cows fed the CON diet. Compared with CON, milk folate concentration was higher for RPFA treatment (28.60 vs. 37.03 ng/ml; P < 0.01). Blood concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and total protein were similar among treatments, and body condition score (BCS) (P > 0.10). ECM feed efficiency improved with RPFA (1.89 vs. 1.84 ECM:DMI; P < 0.01), but not feed efficiency (Milk:DMI; P > 0.10). Nitrogen conversion rate improved with the supplementation of folic acid (36.50 vs. 34.79 N milk/N feed; P = 0.02). The pregnancy rate during the 1st 150 d of lactation was improved by RPFA supplementation, in which dairy cows received RPFA had a higher pregnancy rate than those cows that fed CON diet (25.74 vs. 22.12%; P < 0.04). These results demonstrated that feeding RPFA has improved DMI, milk production, milk folate concentration, and enhanced nitrogen efficiency and fertility during the periconception period of Holstein dairy cows. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
s10018 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86393 |
Watch |
2475V |
Acid tolerance, bile tolerance, growth of yogurt stater culture Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus as influenced by ingredients that help treat leaky gut. |
1 |
R. Aleman |
gut microbiota acid bile |
R. Aleman1,2, D. Olson1, K. Aryana1,2 |
1Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA |
Consumers are becoming more aware of their food consumption habits. L-glutamine, quercetin, slippery elm bark, marshmallow root, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, licorice root, maitake mushrooms, and zinc orotate have been reported to help treat leaky gut. The impact of the incorporation of these ingredients on probiotic characteristics of pure cultures is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of these ingredients on acid and bile tolerance, and the growth of pure cultures Streptococcus thermophilus ST-M5 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-12. Acid tolerance was determined at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min of incubation whereas bile tolerance was analyzed at 0, 4, and 8 h. The microbial growth was determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 h of incubation. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM of the Statistical Analysis Systems. Differences of least squares means were used to determine significant differences at P < 0.05 for main effects (ingredient and time) and interaction effects (ingredient*time). The application of marshmallow root, licorice root, and slippery elm bark significantly (P < 0.05) improved bile tolerance and acid tolerance of Streptococcus thermophilus ST-M5 while quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) improved bile tolerance and acid tolerance characteristics of Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-12 over 8 h of incubation. Growth of S. thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by marshmallow root and quercetin. Some of these ingredients had a beneficial effect on acid and bile tolerances and growth of starter culture. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86396 |
Watch |
2476V |
Optimization of fusion and cell wall regeneration of Lactobacillus acidophilus protoplasts. |
2 |
R. Page |
probiotic protoplast acidophilus |
R. Page1,2, K. Aryana1,2 |
1Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA |
New innovative technologies are being developed for the improvement of probiotics such as viability to stressors, and modulation of the gut microbiota to influence metabolic and immunological benefits. Protoplast is a bacterial cell whose cell wall has been removed enzymatically under controlled conditions. One method to improve probiotic strains is by modification through protoplast generation and fusion allowing for probiotic cell manipulations. L. acidophilus is a probiotic used in numerous studies for gut health benefits. The aim of this study was to optimize conditions for the fusion of Lactobacillus acidophilus protoplasts and their subsequent cell wall regeneration. An optimized lysozyme concentration of 125µg/ml was added to freeze-dried L. acidophilus cells suspended in a 20mM HEPES buffer (1M sucrose) and incubated at 37°C for 30 min to produce protoplasts. 4mg/ml of Lactobacillus acidophilus freeze-dried cells were mixed with 125µg/ml of lysozyme to produce protoplast. 0. One ml of this L. acidophilus protoplast suspension was added to 0.9 mL of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 4000 at 10%, 30% or 60% wt/vol concentration, and were incubated at 37°C for 1, 2 or 5 min. Fused protoplasts were incubated on 3 Regeneration Media (RM) agars, containing either 10% sucrose, 10% lactose or 10% glucose (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium amended with 6 mM MgCI2 and 2.5% gelatin as osmotic stabilizers), at 37°C for 5 d in an anaerobic chamber to determine their effects on cell wall growth of fused protoplasts. Three plating techniques were performed (pour plating before cooling (BC), after cooling (AC) and spread plating (SP). Three fields were studied by phase contrast microscopy for each treatment. A factorial was performed to determine differences between agars and incubation time. A P-value <0.05 was noted as significantly different. Higher PEG concentration and exposure time resulted in multiple fused aggregates. A lower concentration of PEG was shown to reduce the number of fused aggregates and resulted in more single protoplast-to-protoplast fusion. The RM agar with 10% glucose had no bacteria growth in all 3 types of plating. However, sucrose and lactose had growth and cell wall regeneration in all plating techniques. In conclusion, a PEG concentration of 30% incubated at 37°C for 5 min significantly produced the highest yield of single protoplast to-protoplast fusion compared with 10% and 60% PEG. Furthermore, RM agar treated with 10% sucrose using the SP technique significantly produced higher efficacy of cell wall regeneration. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86622 |
Watch |
2478V |
Partial purification of an antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis isolate of membrane biofilm origin. |
3 |
S. Jha |
purification antimicrobial Bacillus subtilis |
S. Jha1,2, S. Anand1,2 |
1Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, 2Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD |
Our previous studies reported Bacillus subtilis (BS) to be the predominant organism in old reverse osmosis membrane biofilms. The antimicrobial activity of the isolate influenced its predominance as demonstrated by the co-exclusion studies. This study aims at partially purifying the antimicrobial molecule from the cell-free extract of the isolate. BS was grown in tryptic soy broth (37°C/24h), and the cell-free extract was freeze-dried (FDCFE). It was reconstituted in HPLC grade water to obtain an effective concentration as per our previous findings and was partially purified by size exclusion column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gravity column prefilled with Sephadex G75 resin was used to determine its void volume using dextran dye and PBS as mobile phase. FDCFE was poured into the column without disturbing the column bed and 5mL purified fractions were collected using a fraction collector. Protein concentrations of the fractions were determined using a Nano-drop spectrophotometer and the selected fractions were freeze-dried to achieve a protein concentration of 93.25mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the freeze-dried purified fractions (FDPF) was compared with the FDCFE by testing against Micrococcus luteus using an agar well assay. Trials were done in triplicates with one-way ANOVA to compare the means. The results revealed that the antimicrobial activity of the FDPF was significantly different (P < 0.05) (9.3 ± 0.03mm) from that of the crude FDCFE (12.0 ± 0.02mm). Further, the purity and molecular weight of the FDPF were determined by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The FDPF mixed with the sample buffer and β-mercaptoethanol was added into the tris-tricine gel along with the Precision Plus Protein standard and the gel was stained using Coomassie blue. SDS-PAGE estimated the FDPF to be a monomeric protein with a mol. weight of ~5kDa, whereas the FDCFE denoted multiple bands on the tris-tricine gel indicating the presence of multiple proteins. It may thus be concluded that the FDPF is a good candidate for further development into an antimicrobial formulation. |
| Virtual: Dairy Foods 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Dairy Foods - Microbiology |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86948 |
Watch |
2480V |
Influence of Carao (Cassia grandis) on the acid and bile tolerances of Streptococcus thermophilus ST-M5 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-12. |
4 |
R. Aleman |
Carao acid bile tolerance |
D. Paz2, R. Aleman1,2, R. Cedillos1,2, K. Aryana1,2, D. Olson1, J. Marcia3, C. Boeneke1,2 |
1Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 3Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Olancho, Honduras |
Carao has bioactive compounds that have nutritional, pharmacological, and medicinal applications. The influence of carao, on probiotic properties of pure cultures is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of carao pulp powder on the microbial growth, acid tolerance, and bile tolerance of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus. Carao pulp was used at 0 (control), 0.6, 1.3, and 2.6% (wt/vol). The acid tolerance test was conducted on pure cultures at 30-min period for 2-h whereas the bile tolerance test was performed at 4-h period for 8-h. For S. thermophilus M17 broth was used and for L. bulgaricus MRS broth was used. Acid tolerance was determined at pH 2.00, while bile tolerance was determined using 0.3% oxgall. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of the Statistical Analysis System. For acid tolerance of S. thermophilus, the log count decreased from 9.77 to 3.84 during the 120-min for control whereas using 2.6% carao the log counts decreased from 9.71 to 4.17. For acid tolerance of L. bulgaricus, the log count decreased from 9.77 to 4.08 during the 120-min for control whereas with the use of 2.6% carao the log counts decreased from 9.69 to 4.27. As for bile tolerance of S. thermophilus, the log count decreased from 10.11 to 9.80 during the 8-h for control whereas using 2.6% carao the log counts decreased from 10.17 to 10.02. As for bile tolerance of L. bulgaricus, the log count decreased from 9.57 to 5.52 during the 8-h for control whereas with using 2.6% carao log counts decreased from 9.61 to 5.71. Carao significantly (P < 0.05) improved the acid and bile tolerance of both bacteria. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
NULL |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
s10010 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86043 |
Watch |
1527V |
HIF-1α is involved in the heat stress response of high-yielding dairy cows. |
1 |
X. Zhang |
HIF-1α heat stress dairy cow |
X. Zhang1, Z. Hu1, J. Cai1, D. Wang1, J. Liu1 |
1Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China |
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a well-known biosensor of all mammals, plays an important role in maintaining oxygen homeostasis and thermal balance of living organisms. To investigate the potential involvement of HIF-1α in dairy cows responding to heat stress, 16 high-yielding Chinese Holstein cows in late lactation (milk yield: 32 ± 4 kg/d, DIM: 272 ± 7 d, parity: 2–3) were selected in the current study. Coccygeal vein blood and milk were sampled at 0600, 1400, and 2100, respectively, when the cows were under mild (THI = 77) and moderate (THI = 84) heat stress in their natural environment. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4, with treatment, time and their interaction as fixed effects, and cow as the random effect. Respiratory rate (P < 0.01), rectal temperature (P < 0.01), and blood concentrations of heat stress protein (HSP70) (P < 0.01) and HSP27 (P < 0.01) were higher, and milk yield (P < 0.01) and milk protein (P = 0.02) yield were lower in cows under moderate heat stress than in those under mild heat stress. The HIF-1α concentration in blood was higher (P < 0.01) under moderate heat stress, suggesting that the HIF-1α is related to heat stress. To confirm this, 59 late-lactating Holstein cows (milk yield: 20 ± 6 kg/d; DIM: 290 ± 9 d; parity: 2–5) under heat stress were used to collect the samples of blood and milk; and then contents of HIF-1α were determined along with oxidative stress, blood gas parameters, and other relevant indexes. Fifteen cows with higher HIF-1α (>482 pg/mL) and 15 cows with lower HIF-1α (<438 pg/mL) were selected for differential analysis. No differences were found between 2 groups (P > 0.05) in lactation performance of cows, blood gas parameters such as oxygen content, oxygen saturation and oxygen partial pressure. However, heat stress factor (P < 0.01), HSP70 (P = 0.02) and HSP27 (P < 0.01) increased; and more reactive oxidative species (P = 0.02) were produced, but total antioxidation capacity (P = 0.02), superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01) were lower in high HIF-1α animals. These results suggest that HIF-1α in blood may be involved in responding to heat stress by activating HSP network, which will relieve oxidative stress status of dairy cows during heat stress. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86098 |
Watch |
1528V |
Effects of short and long heat stress on liver and mammary gland metabolism and production performance in lactating goats. |
2 |
L. B. Xu |
heat stress milk production dairy goat |
L. B. Xu1, M. Lv1, J. Zeng1, J. Mei1, H. Y. Liu1 |
1College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
Previous studies indicated that short- or long-heat stress exerted different effects on lactation performance, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Following a randomized block design, 40 mid-lactation goats were randomly assigned into 2 artificial environments: cooled room with temperature-humidity index (THI) of 63–72 (control, CT) or heated room with THI of 80–91 (heat stress, HS). Each 4 goats those had similar milk yields were blocked in a group. During the 4-week period of experiment, the first day of treatment was defined as short-heat stress (SHS), while the last day was regarded as the long-heat stress (LHS). Milk and blood samples as well as rumen fluid were collected in −1, 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d after treatment (n = 8). Mammary gland and liver tissue samples were taken in 1 and 28 d from the start of experiment for transcriptomic analysis (n = 5). Effects of treatment, time, and their interaction were assessed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software, and each animal’s respective parameter was analyzed using repeated measures with an autoregressive covariance structure and day as the repeated effect. Our results showed that heat stress significantly reduced the feed intake, but increased the feed efficiency of lactating goats than those in control group after 1 d of treatment (P < 0.05). Relative to LHS, SHS induced a greater stress response, including higher rectal temperature and plasma cortisol concentration as well as lower oxygen transport efficiency (P < 0.05). Milk production, milk composition yield and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid of lactating goats were decreased by the LHS administration than the CT treatment (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis revealed that SHS not only induced a damage on mitochondrial function and inhibited the energy metabolism of mammary gland, but also promoted the protein catabolism in liver tissue. Gene expressions of transporter and inflammatory reaction in mammary gland of lactating goats were downregulated under LHS than those in CT group. In addition, LHS also disrupted the hepatic lipid metabolism. These results suggested that SHS and LHS had different effects on lactation performance and physiological function of lactating goats, and mammary gland and liver cooperatively promoted the goats to adapt to the environmental challenge through their regulated metabolism. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86507 |
Watch |
1529V |
Comparative analysis of the adipose and skeletal muscle transcriptomes in lactating dairy cows under heat stress. |
3 |
D. P. Bu |
adipose skeletal muscle RNA-Seq |
Z. T. Guo1, S. T. Gao1, L. Ma1, D. P. Bu1 |
1Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China |
Heat stress reduces the precursors supply to the mammary gland for milk synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on transcriptomes in adipose and skeletal muscle during lactation using RNA-Seq. Eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows with rumen cannula were randomly equally allocated to 2 replicates (n = 4), with each replicate being subjected to heat stress or thermal neutrality and pair-feeding in 4 environmental chambers. The experiment lasted for 25 d, with the first 7 d for adaptation and the 18 d of experiment period including control phase (9 d) and trial phase (9 d). Cows were in thermal neutral conditions and fed ad libitum during the adaptation and control phase. While in the trial phase, 2 of the 4 cows were exposed to cyclical heat stress conditions and fed ad libitum, whereas the other 2 cows were maintained at thermal neutral conditions but pair-fed. Both adipose and skeletal muscle tissue were collected at the end of trial in each replicate for transcriptomic analysis. RNA-Seq revealed HS affected 60 and 237 genes in tissues of adipose and skeletal muscle, respectively. The DIA analysis showed pathways associated with metabolism were overall perturbated in adipose, the enrichment of pyruvate metabolic process indicated the inhabitation of energy metabolisms were associated with the decline in fat mobilization during heat stress, while the enrichment of striated muscle contraction as well as striated muscle cell development in co–expression indicate a potential metabolism relation between adipose and skeletal muscle. In addition, the upregulation of metabolism and the downregulation of biosynthesis of amino acid were found in tissues of skeletal muscle by heat stress, suggesting an increased mobilization of amino acid in peripheral tissues to supply precursors for gluconeogenesis. The findings of this study may inform future research to better understand how heat stress affects the physiology and productivity of lactating cows and the development of mitigation strategies. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Production, Management and the Environment |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86646 |
Watch |
1530V |
An assessment of latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis knowledge among US dairy workers. |
4 |
A. Rodriguez |
tuberculosis knowledge workers |
A. Rodriguez1, D. Douphrate1, R. Hagevoort2 |
1University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, San Antonio, TX, 2New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM |
Despite great efforts by USDA-APHIS, state animal health agencies, and producers to eradicate bovine tuberculosis (bTB), bovine TB continues to be detected in livestock herds. Recently, the etiology and directionality of bTB have been in question due to the detection of foreign or novel TB-DNA strains, in addition to the increasing percentage of foreign-born workers on US dairies. The following 3-part study investigated TB prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors among dairy workers in the Texas Panhandle. The first study sampled a total of 140 dairy workers for TB using the T. SPOT.TB assay. Positive latent TB infection (LTBI) was found among 14/140 of the dairy workers tested. All LTBI cases were determined to be from Hispanic workers with 71.4% indicating having received the BCG vaccine in their country of birth and none indicated previously known exposure to TB. A second study obtained survey responses (n = 225) examining knowledge and awareness of TB among dairy workers. A 17-item TB knowledge quiz administered in English and Spanish measured: TB characteristics, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and bovine TB on the farm. Overall TB knowledge was 41.8% and basic awareness of TB as a disease was 37.3% among surveyed dairy workers. A third study found 4 individuals identified having been diagnosed with active TB in the past. About one-third of workers reported consuming raw dairy products: 81.4% while in their home country and 18.6% while working on a US dairy farm. Almost 6.0% of workers reported to have worked with bTB infected cattle on US dairy farms, while 33.3% had heard of bTB outbreaks on other farms in their county. These studies indicate that foreign-born workers on US dairies have an insufficient level of awareness or knowledge regarding TB, and a significant number of these workers have a latent bTB infection. Findings present both a risk and an opportunity for US dairy producers: TB education/training could be included as part of a comprehensive worker-health on-boarding program, and as an at-risk population, dairy workers could be TB tested before their start date. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Extension Education |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86809 |
Watch |
1515V |
Assessment of human resources practices for English-speaking and Spanish-speaking personnel in dairy farms in Pennsylvania. |
5 |
A. A. Barragan |
dairy farms human resources practices employee language |
M. Martinez1, E. Ortiz1, E. Jimenez1, V. Villena2, K. Sexsmith3, A. A. Barragan1 |
1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2W.P. Carey Supply Chain Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 3Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology and Education, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania |
The objective of this study was to evaluate current human resources (HR) practices for English-speaking (ES) and Spanish-speaking (SS) employees implemented in dairy farms in Pennsylvania. A total of 136 employees from 10 dairy farms located were surveyed. The farm sizes ranged from 250 to 1,200 milking cows. A survey was developed to collect employee demographic data and information regarding farm human resources practices. The survey was offered to participants voluntarily and in their preferred language (i.e., English, Spanish). The survey consisted of yes/no, multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. Regardless of farm, ES employees reported to have worked in the farm for longer compared with SS employees (ES = 6.84 ± 1.24 yrs.; SS = 1.51 ± 1.15 yrs.). Furthermore, ES employees were on average older than SS employees (ES = 37.11 ± 1.05 yrs.; SS = 27.51 ± 1.03 yrs.). There was no difference in gender or bilingual statutes between ES and SS employees. A larger proportion of SS employees reported to have received training compared with ES employees (ES = 63.42 ± 7.61 %; SS = 89.37 ± 3.19 %). Regardless of employee language, a larger proportion of female employees reported that training was not sufficient compared with male employees (Female = 51.38 ± 14.51 %; Male = 25.33 ± 4.57 %). A larger proportion of SS employees reported that the employer provided the following HR practices: orientation for new employees, regular meetings, and annual employee performance evaluation; while a larger proportion of ES employees reported that the employer provided the following HR practices: health insurance, life insurance and retirement program. When participants were asked about the main farm improvement, interestingly, a greater proportion of ES employees reported to be better communication (ES = 55 ± 7.95 %; SS = 20.68 ± 4.37 %). These results suggest that farm HR practices may differ based on employee language, and that communication may be the greatest area of improvement with regard to employee management regardless of employee language. |
| Virtual: Production, Management & the Environment/Growth & Development/Extension Education 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Growth and Development |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86819 |
Watch |
2493V |
Paromomycin sulfate as metaphylactic treatment for Cryptosporidium spp. control in neonatal calves, comparing 2 rearing systems. |
6 |
S. Vázquez-Flores |
metaphylaxis Cryptosporidium neonatal calf |
S. Vázquez-Flores1, C. Segura2, C. Barberi2, F. Sánchez2, O. Galicia2 |
1Dairy Consultant, San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, México, 2Huvepharma de México, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México |
The objective of this study was to control cryptosporidiosis during the second week of life with a metaphylactic treatment comparing 2 rearing systems. A randomized double-blind study was carried out in 50 individually housed calves at birth, divided into 4 groups by sex and metaphylactic treatment. 40 female calves (F) lived in confined elevated crates, while 10 males (M) lived in wood hutches with sand floors. F received 4L of pasteurized colostrum during the first day of life, then fed pasteurized milk (4x) at 12%BW with 1g of a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP); M received 2L of colostrum replacer, then 10%BW of pasteurized hospital milk (2x). On d 7 of age, F&M (n = 25) were treated with 50 mg/BW of paromomycin sulfate as metaphylaxis (F-PT and M-PT) for 7 consecutive days compared with F&M (n = 25) with no metaphylactic treatment (F-C&M-C). Fecals were collected at the start and end of the treatment for in situ immunodiagnostics, detecting E. coli K99, E. coli C531A, coronavirus, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium. A daily scoring system for diarrhea and attitude was performed for 35 d. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of JMP16.2. Fixed effects included treatment, housing, pathogen interactions, and the random effect of calf within a treatment. Statistical significance was considered at P$\#8804#$0.05. At first analysis, all animals showed similar cases of Cryptosporidium, where prevalence was 30% in F and 80% in M. Post-treatment, the PT-F group was significantly different for cryptosporidiosis from 12-d olds and beyond for no diarrhea, no oocyst shedding, and appetite (P = 0.4). 60% of PT-M and 5% of PT-F were nonresponsive to the treatment. Rotavirus was present in 7-d old calves (52% in F; 30% in M); by 14 d of age 10% in F-C, 5% in M-C, with no cases for PT-F and PT-M. Female calves were followed until 90 d of life, where the weight for PT-F was 13.6 Kg on average higher than PT-C and 3.5 cm higher respectively (P = 0.4). The pathogen combination, passive immunity, amount of milk-fed, SCFP, housing, and floor, along with paromomycin sulfate impacts cryptosporidiosis control. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
s10000 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t85986 |
Watch |
1540V |
Effects of choline on gene expression in dairy cow hepatocytes treated with nonesterified fatty acids. |
1 |
Y. Cao |
transcriptome NEFA choline |
Z. Liu1, H. Wang1, L. Wang1,2, X. Chen2, J. Wang1, J. Yao1, Y. Cao1,2 |
1Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA |
The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolism of hepatocytes in dairy cows with negative energy balance, and to further clarify the mechanism of choline action on lipid metabolism in dairy cow hepatocytes. In this study, 1.2 mM of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) was added to the primary hepatocytes of dairy cows to simulate the hepatocytes state of body fat mobilization under negative energy balance, and 75 μmol/L choline was added on this basis. RNA sequencing was performed on the hepatocytes of dairy cows using Illumina transcriptomic sequencing technology to screen the differentially expressed genes. All statistical analysis was done using the R software. P-value was calculated by Student’s t-test and statistical tests were corrected for multiple testing with the Benjamini–Hochberg FDR of adjusted P-value, and the threshold is set as adjusted P-value <0.05 and | log2 (Fold Change) | ≥ 1. DAVID software was used for GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed gene with relative higher fold changes. The results showed that a total of 657 differentially expressed genes were screened (P < 0.05), among which 377 genes were upregulated and 280 genes were downregulated. A total of 236 items (P < 0.05) were annotated in GO functional classification, including biological process, cell component and molecular function, which were mainly related to ribosome composition and endoplasmic reticulum, and 20 items were enriched in KEGG pathway (P < 0.05). It involves nitrogen metabolism, cell senescence, phenylalanine metabolism, Rap1 signaling pathway, hepatitis B, MAPK signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway and other disease-related pathways. In this study, the effects of choline on gene expression in bovine hepatocytes under NEFA were analyzed to lay a theoretical foundation for obtaining appropriate regulatory targets. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86065 |
Watch |
1541V |
Fibrous coproducts of corn and citrus as forage and concentrate sources for dairy cows. |
2 |
W. R. Silva |
fiber coproducts chewing behavior effective fiber |
W. R. Silva1, F. R. Carvalho1, R. B. Silva2, R. A. N. Pereira3, T. J. DeVries4, M. N. Pereira1 |
1Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, 2Better Nature Research Center, Lavras, Brazil, 3Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Lavras, Brazil, 4University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada |
This study evaluated the effect of fibrous coproducts from corn and citrus (Cargill, Brazil) on milking performance, digestibility, chewing behavior, and economics of dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 20; 143 DIM) were fed in 5, 4 × 4 Latin squares with 21-d periods, a combination of factors in a 2x2 factorial arrangement: 1) Concentrates (C): the partial replacement of wet corn gluten feed (GF) by an iso-N blend of pelleted citrus pulp plus corn distillers dried grains (CD), 2) Forages (F): the partial replacement of whole-plant corn silage (CS) with corn ear fibrous coproduct (CO). The goal was to have diets with 20 and 5% of DM of both GF and CO, and to have a 50% replacement of CS by CO. The statistical model had the effects of cow, period, C, F, and C × F interaction. The CS-CD diet had the highest (P ≤ 0.05) yields of 4% FCM (28.5 kg/d) and ECM (30.0 kg/d) relative to the other diets (27.0 and 28.4 kg/d, respectively). Milk fat content was lower (3.24 vs 3.67 %) and DMI was higher (21.2 vs 20.2 kg/d) on CO than CS (P ≤ 0.03). CO reduced (P ≤ 0.04) the intake of peNDF > 8 (kg/d) and the intake as % BW of peNDF > 8, forage NDF, and total NDF. CO diets had greater meal frequency and lower daily meal time, meal duration, meal size, and rumination and eating behaviors than CS (P ≤ 0.04). The total-tract starch digestibility was lower (P < 0.01) on CO than CS, but the intake of digestible starch was higher (P < 0.01) on CO than CS. The GF reduced (P < 0.01) milk yield (29.6 vs 30.8 kg/d), tended (P = 0.06) to reduce DMI (20.4 vs 21.0 kg/d), and reduced (P < 0.01) the intake of digestible organic matter relative to CD. Concentrate source did not affect (P = 0.52) the intake of peNDF > 8. The GF increased (P ≤ 0.02) meal frequency and rumination (min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg peNDF > 8) and reduced (P = 0.04) meal size. The intake of digestible starch tended (P = 0.10) to be increased by GF. Rumen microbial yield was not affected (P ≥ 0.13) by any treatment. Income over feed cost (IOFC) was higher (P < 0.01) on CS than CO and concentrate source had no effect (P ≥ 0.61) on IOFC. All strategies evaluated were nutritionally viable. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86569 |
Watch |
1542V |
Increasing amount of a palmitic acid in the diet increases milk fat yield, milk energy output, and butter oil texture in dairy cows. |
3 |
A. Relling |
butter-gate butter oil palmitic acid |
A. Relling1, M. Chrusciel2, N. Porter1, J. DeSouza3, R. Jimenez-Flores2 |
1The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Purdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect dietary increased level of inclusion of a source of palmitic acid-enriched supplement (PAES) on production responses and butter oil texture (hardness and cohesiveness) on lactating dairy cows. Twelve mid-lactating cows were fed a control ration (DM basis 21.3% alfalfa haylage, 29% corn silage, 9.6% cotton seed, 3.8% rye silage, and 36.3% concentrate) were used in a replicated 6x3 incomplete truncated Latin square with 3-wk periods. Treatments were increasing levels of a PAES (0, 0.5, 1 or 2% of diet DM; Spectrum Fusion, Purdue AgriBusiness LLC, Salisbury, MD). Milk yield and composition and butter oil texture were evaluated in the last 4 d of each period. For butter oil texture, anhydrous butter oil was obtained by centrifugation of the milk cream with Tween 80; and the texture was determined by constant-speed penetrometry. Data were analyzed as polynomial contrast (linear, L; Quadratic, Q, and cubic, C) using a mixed model considering the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of cow and period. Increasing PAES affected (Table 1) dry matter intake (DMI, P Q <0.01; P C = 0.02), milk yield (MY, P Q = 0.02), protein and lactose yield (P Q <0.01), and linearly increased (P < 0.01) fat yield, milk energy output (MEO) and butter oil hardness. However, increase in PAES did not affect (P ≥ 0.23) butter oil cohesiveness. In conclusion milk yield and composition and butter oil hardness can be affected by the amount of PAES in lactating dairy cows. Table 1. Effect of increasing amount of a palmitic acid enriched supplement on DMI, MY and composition, MEO, and butter oil hardness and cohesiveness
| Item |
PAES, % |
SEM |
P-value |
| 0 |
0.5 |
1 |
2 |
L |
Q |
C |
| DMI, kg/d |
26.2 |
27.9 |
27.5 |
26.8 |
0.78 |
0.74 |
<0.01 |
0.02 |
| MY, kg/d |
33.5 |
35.1 |
35.9 |
34.7 |
2.05 |
0.18 |
0.02 |
0.88 |
| Fat, kg/d |
1.40 |
1.44 |
1.55 |
1.56 |
0.099 |
<0.01 |
0.34 |
0.21 |
| Protein, kg/d |
1.08 |
1.13 |
1.18 |
1.12 |
0.055 |
0.12 |
<0.01 |
0.49 |
| Lactose, kg/d |
1.55 |
1.64 |
1.69 |
1.61 |
0.105 |
0.16 |
<0.01 |
0.79 |
| MEO, Mcal/d |
24.6 |
25.6 |
27.1 |
26.5 |
1.50 |
<0.01 |
0.04 |
0.27 |
| Hardness, g |
25,906 |
27,505 |
28,098 |
28,078 |
2,148.9 |
<0.01 |
0.11 |
0.75 |
| Cohesiveness, g |
−13,091 |
−12,877 |
−13,285 |
−13,614 |
615.33 |
0.23 |
0.74 |
0.58 |
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86589 |
Watch |
1543V |
Effect of lipid source supplementation on production responses and butter oil texture in dairy cows. |
4 |
A. Relling |
butter-gate butter oil fatty acids |
A. Relling1, M. Chrusciel2, J. de Souza3, R. Jimenez-Flores2 |
1The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 2The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 3Purdue AgriBusiness, Salisbury, MD |
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding different lipid sources varying in the fatty acid (FA) profile on production responses and butter oil texture (hardness and cohesiveness) on lactating dairy cows. Twelve mid-lactating cows were fed a basal ration (DM basis 54.1% roughage and 45.9% concentrate) were used in a replicated 6x3 incomplete truncated Latin square with 3-wk periods. Treatments were a control diet (CON) that did not receive supplementary FA, or the inclusion of 1% (DM basis) of FA supplementation of a saturated FA (SFA; C16:0+C18:0; Energy Booster 100; Milk Specialties Global), a Ca salts of a palm FA distillate (PFAD; C16:0+C18:1; Perdue Ca Salts, Purdue AgriBusiness LLC) or a palmitic acid-enriched source (PA; C16:0; Spectrum Fusion, Purdue AgriBusiness LLC). Milk yield and composition and butter oil texture were evaluated in the last 4 d of each period. For butter oil texture, anhydrous butter oil was obtained by centrifugation of the milk cream with Tween 80; and determined by constant-speed penetrometry. Data were analyzed as a T-protected test using a mixed model, considering the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of cow and period. Addition of PA increased (P < 0.05; Table 1) dry matter intake (DMI), fat and protein yields, milk energy output (MEO), and butter oil hardness compared with CON. Cows supplemented with SFA had similar DMI than PA, CON, and PFAD; and greater protein yield than CON. Supplementation with PFAD decreases butter oil hardness. There was no effect of FA supplementation on butter oil cohesiveness (P = 0.41). In conclusion, the FA profile of supplemental fat impacted production responses and butter oil properties. Table 1. Effect of lipid source supplementation on DMI, MY and composition, MEO, and butter oil texture
| Item |
CON |
SFA |
PFAD |
PA |
SEM |
P-value |
| DMI, kg/d |
26.23a |
27.08ab |
26.70a |
27.43b |
0.78 |
<0.01 |
| MY, kg/d |
33.50 |
34.68 |
34.19 |
35.93 |
2.047 |
0.12 |
| Fat, kg/d |
1.40a |
1.48ab |
1.49ab |
1.55b |
0.101 |
0.01 |
| Protein, kg/d |
1.08a |
1.14bc |
1.10ab |
1.18c |
0.056 |
<0.01 |
| MEO, Mcal/d |
24.6a |
26.0ab |
25.7a |
27.1b |
1.53 |
0.01 |
| Hardness, g |
25,906a |
26,561ac |
24,126b |
28,098c |
2,127 |
<0.01 |
| Cohesiveness, g |
−16,67.4 |
−1,672.9 |
−1,745.6 |
−1,537.8 |
167.2 |
0.41 |
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86781 |
Watch |
2514V |
Effect of grinding size and incubation time on in vitro starch digestibility. |
5 |
C. Heinzen Jr. |
starch starch digestibility in vitro |
C. Heinzen Jr.1, L. F. Ferraretto1 |
1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI |
Starch is one of the primary energy sources for high-producing dairy cows. Thus, an accurate prediction of starch digestibility is important to determine energy value of feeds and diets. The ruminal in vitro starch digestibility (ivSD) at 7 h is the most common assay used to rank feedstuffs. Recently, shorter incubation time points and (or) finer grinding sizes have been proposed to either improve or be used together with this assay. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incubation time and grinding size on in vitro starch digestibility of various starch sources. Triplicate samples of 4 starch sources (whole-plant corn forage and silage, high-moisture corn, and dry ground corn) were used. Samples were dried and ground to pass either a 1- or a 4-mm sieve. Three ivSD runs were conducted with samples incubated for 4 and 7 h simultaneously. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with the Random effect of run and Fixed effects of grinding size, incubation time and their interaction. Coefficients of variation and standard deviations of ivSD across all starch sources and runs were 18.9% and 5.42 (4 h, 1 mm), 39.2% and 16.9 (4 h, 4 mm), 4.5% and 3.09 (7 h, 1 mm), and 12.5% and 5.07 (7 h, 4 mm). A grinding size x incubation time interaction effect was observed (P < 0.01). Even though samples ground at 1mm had greater ivSD for both incubation time points, the magnitude of the difference was greater at 7 h (68.4 vs. 43.2% of starch, respectively) than 4 h (30.3 vs. 16.5% of starch, respectively). As expected, reducing grinding size increased ivSD and this effect was more pronounced when samples were incubated for 7 h. Grinding samples to pass a 1-mm sieve or incubating samples for a longer period reduced variation across all starch sources. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 5 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Carbohydrates and Lipids |
6/24/2022 13:00 |
t86615 |
Watch |
2515V |
Effects of saturated fatty acids with lysophospholipids on production in lactating dairy cows. |
6 |
N. Porter |
milk fat palmitic acid stearic acid |
N. Porter1, K. Clark1, L. Rebelo1, J. Copelin1, C. Lee1 |
1The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH |
Palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids have been widely used as fatty acid (FA) supplements for lactating dairy cows. Previous studies showed evidence that 16:0 FA is superior to 18:0 FA on increasing milk and fat yields, which occurs, at least in part, due to greater FA digestibility with 16:0 FA versus 18:0 FA. Lysophospholipids (LPL) are emulsifiers that may have a benefit on FA digestibility and thus increase the production benefit of these FA. We examined the effects of saturated fat sources (mainly 16:0 or 18:0) with or without LPL supplementation on DMI, milk yield, and milk components. Forty mid-lactation cows were used in a randomized block design and assigned to 1 of 4 diets: C16, FA (80% 16:0, 5% 18:0, 10% 18:1) at 1.5% of dietary DM; C18, FA (50% 18:0; 28% 16:0, 8% 18:1) at 1.5% of dietary DM; C16L, C16 with 0.05% LPL (dietary DM; hydrolyzed soy lecithin); C18L, C18 with 0.05% LPL (dietary DM). The experiment consisted of 10-d covariate followed by 6-wk data collection. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (block and phase, random effects; FA, LPL, week, and their interactions, fixed effects). Dry matter intake, milk yield, and BW change did not differ among treatments. Milk fat content (4.30% vs. 3.88%; P = 0.02) and milk fat yield (1.61 vs. 1.39 kg/d; P < 0.01) were greater for C16 compared with C18, leading to greater ECM (42.5 vs. 39.6 kg/d; P < 0.01) and ECM per DMI (1.58 vs. 1.46 kg/kg; P < 0.01) for C16 versus C18. Milk NEL yield was also greater (29.3 vs. 27.3 Mcal/d; P < 0.01) for C16 versus C18. Milk protein content and yield were not affected by treatments. Milk lactose concentration was greater for C18 versus C16, but lactose yield did not differ. We did not observe effects of LPL or interaction of FA by LPL on any production variables. In conclusion, feeding C16 increased milk fat, leading to increased ECM compared with C18. No effect of LPL or interaction of FA by LPL on production in the current study was not in line with results from studies in the literature, suggesting that more studies are needed to evaluate LPL with various dietary and nutritional composition in addition to its dosage level. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
s10012 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86115 |
Watch |
1496V |
Functional annotation of regulatory elements in cattle genome during rumen development. |
1 |
G. Liu |
cattle genome annotation rumen development cell interaction |
G. Liu1 |
1Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD |
Mapping epigenomic marks and chromatin accessibility have developed as a robust process to annotate genomes, identify putative regulatory elements, and study their changing activity across different cell types, developmental stages, and complex phenotypes. Two Holstein bull calves were chosen: one calf (before weaning) was fed with milk replacer only for 2 weeks; while the other (after weaning) was fed with milk replacer only for 6 weeks, followed by a combination of milk replacer and grain-based diet for 4 weeks. We then performed the ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq of H3K27ac, H3K27m3, H3K4m1, H3K4m3, and CTCF using their rumen tissues after euthanasia. We profiled landscapes of bovine regulatory elements and explored dynamic changes of chromatin states in rumen development during weaning. The regulatory elements (15 chromatin states) and their coordinated activities in cattle were defined through genome-wide profiling of 4 histone modifications, CTCF-binding, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation, and transcriptome in rumen epithelial tissues. Each chromatin state presented specific enrichment for sequence ontology, methylation, trait-associated variants, transcription, gene expression-associated variants, selection signatures, and evolutionarily conserved elements. During weaning, weak enhancers and flanking active transcriptional start sites (TSS) were the most dynamic chromatin states and occurred in tandem with significant variations in gene expression and DNA methylation, significantly associated with stature, production, and reproduction economic traits. By comparing with in vitro cultured epithelial cells and in vivo rumen tissues, we showed the commonness and uniqueness of these results, especially the roles of cell interactions and mitochondrial activities in tissue development. Overall, our data indicated that epigenomic landscapes and chromatin states in both rumen tissues and primary rumen epithelial cells could change dynamically induced by butyrate or weaning, resulting in specific gene expression changes and influencing rumen development. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86015 |
Watch |
1497V |
Innovative consortium building allowing the creation of common models for milk mid-infrared spectra-based predictions. |
2 |
N. Gengler |
CH4 predictions open consortium sustainability |
N. Gengler1, F. Dehareng2, H. Soyeurt1, C. Grelet2, A. Vanlierde2 |
1ULiège-GxABT, Gembloux, Belgium, 2Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium |
Currently many researchers develop novel traits addressing sustainability, environmental efficiency, and animal health. The use of predictors based on milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra is a promising approach. The calibration process needs to cover the largest possible and, during the later application of the equation, expected variability and this for both, the reference phenotypes but also the MIR data. Therefore, for model building purposes, assembling reference values across different data sets is needed. However, this data across different contexts generates many other challenges that are not always properly addressed. This talk describes the different steps, taking MIR based prediction of CH4 as an example. First, standardized spectral data will be needed to allow the combination of spectra across brands and apparatuses, both during the model building but also the application of the developed prediction equation. A procedure was developed and will be illustrated which consists in 2 steps based on the use of the same reference milk across the whole standardization network. First, spectra taken in different ranges of wavelength are transformed to a common range. Then bias and slope corrections, based on spectra obtained using the same reference milk, are applied for each wavelength. This second step is crucial, even in the context of genetic evaluations when mean shifts may be compensated by common measurement group based fixed effects. The reason is that variable slopes according to apparatuses, when not corrected, will lead to the generation of heteroscedasticity issues that are not easy to address in genetic evaluation using directly or indirectly the MIR data. The use of the standardization procedure also facilitates the calibration process as developped equations are not linked to a specific brand or even type of apparatuses but can be deployed across a whole network of partners, even if they have very diverse material. For this reason, this open innovative consortium building strategy was a success, and is in the process to allow the development of continuously improved MIR based predictions. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86423 |
Watch |
1498V |
Flexible testing and use of milk-only records. |
3 |
P. M. VanRaden |
milk recording component testing genetic evaluation |
P. M. VanRaden1, G. C. Fok1, L. R. Bacheller2, G. B. Jansen2, J. A. Carrillo2 |
1USDA Animal Genmics and Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD, 2Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD |
National genetic evaluation software assumed that fat yield was always recorded and excluded milk-only records. Milking systems often can accurately measure and record milk volume, but inline estimation of milk components is more difficult. Edit programs were revised to begin using milk-only records in April 2022 in the multi-trait evaluation of yield traits. Other trait groups such as cow fertility and health also will have more usable records because edits for those traits require having usable yield records. Herd variance ratios had been estimated from 1 trait (milk yield since 1992 and then fat yield since 2007) and applied to adjust all 3 traits (milk, fat, and protein). Since 1998 when data collection ratings (DCR) were introduced, milk and fat received the same weight calculated as an average of the DCR values for milk and components instead of separate weights because of software limitations. Programs were revised to use trait-specific variance adjustments and weights, to include milk-only records, and to remove much obsolete code. Most milk-only records are unsupervised and therefore get the same reduced weights and extra edits for percent milk shipped and percentage of valid ID as other owner-sampler herds. Lactation weights for milk, fat, and protein now use 3 separate DCR based on the testing patterns and correlations among test-days within lactations. New and official genetic evaluations were compared from December 2020 data. Numbers of usable lactation records were 98,269,605 for milk, 97,393,419 for fat, and 78,044,073 for protein, indicating that 876,186 milk-only records were added. Correlations of new with previous PTA were >0.9995 across all bulls for all 3 traits and were >0.997 for bulls born since 2007 with >50% reliability. The SD of PTA increased slightly by 2.4% for milk, 0.1% for fat, and 0.4% for protein but reliability also increased a little from the extra records. Further research could help adapt to more flexible testing options and automated data collection that continue to increase in popularity. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86644 |
Watch |
1499V |
Phenotypic and genotypic impact of milk components and bodyweight composite on dry matter intake. |
4 |
S. Toghiani |
feed intake maintenance body weight |
S. Toghiani1, P. M. VanRaden1, K. L. Gaddis3, M. J. VandeHaar2, R. J. Tempelman2 |
1Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD |
Large data sets enable accurate estimation of feed requirements for individual milk components or cow maintenance. Phenotypic regressions are useful for nutrition management whereas genetic regressions are typically more useful for breeding programs. Dry matter intake (DMI) records from 6,338 lactations of 5,094 Holstein cows were predicted from phenotypes or genomic evaluations for milk components and body size traits. Statistical models included days in milk, age-parity subclass, trial date, management group, and bodyweight change during 28- and 42 d feeding trials in mid-lactation. Phenotypic regression estimates of DMI on milk (0.007 ± 0.008), fat (2.82 ± 0.13), and protein (5.32 ± 0.31) were much smaller than corresponding genomic regression (0.076 ± 0.029, 10.82 ± 0.60, and 7.88 ± 1.34) or sire genomic regression estimates multiplied by 2 (0.043 ± 0.054, 6.43 ± 1.14, and 6.66 ± 2.35). For milk standardized to 3.5% fat and 3.0% protein, estimated marginal feed costs totaled 18% of milk revenue by phenotypic regression, 46% by genomic regression, and 31% by sire genomic regression multiplied by 2. The energy-corrected milk formula assumes that 69% more DMI is required for fat than protein production with regressions of 0.122 for milk, 4.82 for fat, and 2.85 for protein whereas the new net merit formula (NM$ 2021) assumes that 20% more DMI is needed for protein than fat production with regressions of 0.12 for milk, 5.0 for fat, and 6.0 for protein, and a marginal feed cost of 32% of the milk price ($36.38/100 kg). Estimates of annual maintenance in kg DMI/ kg bodyweight/lactation were similar from phenotypic regression (5.8 ± 0.2), genomic regression (6.0 ± 0.4), and sire genomic regression multiplied by 2 (5.7 ± 0.7) and were revised upward to 4.5 in NM$ 2021. Multiple regressions on genomic evaluations for the traits in bodyweight composite (BWC) showed that strength was most associated with both bodyweight and DMI, agreeing with the current BWC formula, whereas other traits were less significant predictors, especially for DMI. Breeding programs should select smaller cows with negative RFI and produce more milk, fat, and protein to improve profit. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86408 |
Watch |
1500V |
Variance parameter estimation for age at puberty phenotypes under 2 levels of phenotype censorship. |
5 |
M. Stephen |
puberty fertility heritability |
M. Stephen1,4, S. Meier1, M. Price1, J. E. Pryce2,3, C. Burke1, C. Phyn1, D. Garrick4 |
1DairyNZ, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand, 2Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 3School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 4AL Rae Centre for Genetics and Breeding - Massey University, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand |
Age at puberty (AGEP) is a moderately heritable trait in cattle that may be beneficial as an early-in-life predictor of an animal’s genetic merit for lifetime reproductive success. Unfortunately, AGEP is difficult to measure precisely as animals must be observed frequently over several months. However, it is possible that genetic selection for AGEP could be successful using censored phenotypes. That is, when observations are less frequent and/or occur over a shorter time period. Our objectives for this study were 2-fold. First, to produce variance components for AGEP. Second, to investigate the implications of a simplified phenotyping strategy on the genetic evaluation of AGEP, where censoring of the phenotype was increased. We measured AGEP in a closely monitored population of approximately 500 Holstein-Friesian heifers, born in 2015 and managed under a seasonal, pasture-based dairy system. Animals were blood tested weekly from approximately 240 to 440 d of age and were deemed to have reached puberty when blood plasma progesterone (BP4) elevation (>1 ng/mL) was detected in 2 of 3 consecutive blood tests (AGEP_Weekly). To simulate a simplified phenotyping strategy based upon monthly herd visits (AGEP_Monthly), we selectively disregarded data from all but 3 blood tests, when animals were approximately 300, 330 and 360 d of age (SD = 14.5 d). The posterior mean of estimated heritabilities for AGEP_Weekly was 0.54, with a 90% credibility interval (CI) of 0.41 to 0.66, whereas it was 0.44 (90% CI 0.32 to 0.57) for AGEP_Monthly. The correlation between EBV for AGEP_Weekly and AGEP_Monthly was 0.87 (90% CI, 0.84 to 0.89). We conclude that, in this population, AGEP is a moderately heritable trait. Further, increasing phenotype censorship from weekly to monthly observations over a shorter period did not alter the main conclusions of this analysis. Our results support the use of censoring to reduce costs and logistical challenges associated with collection of puberty phenotypes. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86715 |
Watch |
1501V |
The increasing popularity of embryo transfer has implications for US dairy cattle fertility evaluations. |
6 |
A. M. Miles |
embryo transfer conception rate fertility |
A. M. Miles1, J. L. Hutchison1, P. M. VanRaden1 |
1Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD |
Embryo transfer (ET) use has grown exponentially, accounting for 11% of US dairy calves born in 2021. However, the trend in ET breeding event reporting does not parallel the ET calving rate and this lack of congruence can interfere with both national evaluations and on-farm fertility management. Completely censoring ET-associated records is not necessarily the desired approach, as these represent the most elite animals and herds, and unreported ET could also bias fertility trait evaluations in the population. New edits to account for incorrect ET reporting were developed and applied to data extracted from the National Cooperator Database, maintained by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, in December 2021 representing the most current information available on ET usage. Impact on sire conception rate (SCR) is shown as an example. Reported mating types were matched with recorded birth types to assess ET reporting error rates. Only 1% of ET calves correspond to ET breeding events, 2% are incorrectly reported as artificial insemination, and 97% have no associated breeding event. Herdyears that reported > 10% of calves born by ET but less than half of the expected ET breeding events given the number of ET calves born were removed, maximizing data preservation while minimizing confounding bias. SCR was recalculated for this new data set and subsequent analysis showed that censoring herdyears with inconsistent ET reporting has a negligible effect on SCR overall, except in the case of elite young bulls popular for ET use. Similar edits for unreported ET had larger effects on heifer conception rate than cow conception rate or SCR and might be needed for other fertility-related traits. Censoring herdyears with inconsistent ET reporting will affect elite new bulls popular for ET use and having a huge influence on breeding programs, but differences for most other bulls were negligible. The rapid increase of ET is likely to continue as advanced reproductive technologies become more affordable. Improved ET reporting is also needed to facilitate the delivery of accurate fertility evaluations. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
s10001 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86070 |
Watch |
1546V |
Effect of rumen neutralizers on lactation performance, digestibility, chewing, and rumen pH of dairy cows in late lactation. |
1 |
L. C. Resende |
digestibility magnesium oxide rumen pH |
L. C. Resende1, C. D. S. Oliveira1, L. N. Oliveira1, E. R. M. Ortega1, C. C. Oliveira1, R. B. Silva2, R. A. N. Pereira3, C. E. Oltramari4, T. J. DeVries5, M. N. Pereira1 |
1Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, 2Better Nature Research Center, Lavras, Brazil, 3Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Lavras, Brazil, 4Timac Agro, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 5University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada |
A calcinated Mg source was developed to have persistent and high neutralizing action on rumen pH (pHix-Up. Timab, France). Our objective was to compare the lactation performance, intake, diet digestibility, rumen pH, and chewing behavior of cows fed either pHix-Up (PHP) or sodium bicarbonate (BIC). Fifteen Holstein cows (29.5 kg/d, 620 kg, 193 DIM) were individually fed a sequence of PHP (0.5% of DM), BIC (1% of DM), or control (CTL) in 5, 3 × 3 Latin squares, with 21-d periods. A mean value per cow during d 14 to 17 of each period was obtained and treatment means were compared by pairwise t-tests. The model had the effects of cow, period, and treatment. Diets had 22.6% starch, 36.2% NDF, and 4.2% ether extract (EE) in DM. PHP tended to increase milk fat concentration (3.81%) relative to CTL (3.63%, P = 0.06) and BIC (3.65%, P = 0.10). No differences were detected in milk yield (27.5 kg/d, P ≥ 0.12) and DMI (22.6 kg/d, P ≥ 0.21). PHP increased (P ≤ 0.05) the secretions (g/d) of unsaturated and oleic fatty acids in milk relative to BIC. The total-tract digestibility of EE tended (P = 0.10) to be higher on PHP than CTL (92.8 vs 91.5% of intake). The daily minimum reticular pH tended (P = 0.07) to be higher on PHP (5.90) than CTL (5.82). pH mean (6.29), maximum, range, and daily time spent ≤ 6.2 (524 min) and ≤ 5.8 (43 min) did not differ (P ≥ 0.17). Urine excretion was higher (P < 0.01) on BIC (20.9 L/d) than CTL (15.5 L/d) and PHP (16.9 L/d), and tended (P = 0.06) to be higher on PHP than CTL. Relative to CTL, cows on PHP tended (P = 0.06) to spend less time ruminating per day (460 vs 489 min) and per unit of rumen pH (73 vs 78 min) and had lower (P = 0.01) total chewing time per day (818 vs 864 min). The excretion of allantoin in urine was highest on BIC (P < 0.01). BIC increased rumen microbial yield, but had no effect on diet digestibility, rumen pH, and lactation performance of late lactation dairy cows. Overall, PHP tended to increase milk fat concentration, total-tract EE digestibility, the secretion of preformed unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat, and minimum rumen pH. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86072 |
Watch |
1547V |
Response of dairy cows to rumen neutralizers during an induction of ruminal acidosis. |
2 |
L. C. Resende |
magnesium oxide rumen acidosis rumen pH |
L. C. Resende1, C. D. S. Oliveira1, L. N. Oliveira1, E. R. M. Ortega1, C. C. Oliveira1, R. B. Silva2, R. A. N. Pereira3, C. E. Oltramari4, T. J. DeVries5, M. N. Pereira1 |
1Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, 2Better Nature Research Center, Lavras, Brazil, 3Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Lavras, Brazil, 4Timac Agro, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 5University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada |
A calcinated Mg source was developed to be a persistent rumen neutralizer (pHix-Up. Timab, France). We evaluated the propensity to ruminal acidosis of cows fed: 1) pHix-Up (PHP. 0.5% of DM), 2) sodium bicarbonate (BIC. 1% of DM), or 3) control (CTL). Fifteen Holstein cows (29.5 kg/d, 620 kg, 193 DIM) were individually fed a sequence of these 3 treatments in 5, 3 × 3 Latin squares, with 21-d periods. On d 17 of each period, feed was removed at 2100h and diet starch content was abruptly increased, on d 18 to 21, from 22.6 to 31.6% of DM by replacing citrus pulp with HMC. Data obtained over time was analyzed as repeated measures. Treatment means were compared by pairwise t-tests. Reticular pH mean (6.22 vs 6.28) and minimum (5.65 vs 5.81) were lower (P < 0.01, SEM = 0.05) and daily duration ≤ 6.2 (703 vs 573 min) was higher (P < 0.01, SEM = 78) on d 18 than d 19 to 21. The acetate to propionate ratio was 3.8 on d 17 and 2.7 on d 21 (P < 0.01, SEM = 0.1). Fecal pH was reduced during acidosis (P < 0.01) and was highest on PHP both before and during acidosis (P < 0.01). PHP tended (P ≤ 0.08) to increase mean pH (6.29 vs 6.24) and to reduce the duration of daily pH ≤ 6.2 (555 vs 653 min) and increased (P = 0.03) minimum pH (5.84 vs 5.72) relative to BIC. PHP also tended (P = 0.09) to increase minimum pH relative to CTL (5.75). Jugular blood pH, HCO3, and base excess were lower during than before acidosis (P ≤ 0.05) and CTL tended (P ≤ 0.09) to have lower blood HCO3 than BIC and PHP. Blood Mg concentration was highest on PHP (P < 0.01) and BIC tended (P = 0.08) to have higher Na concentration than PHP. Plasma D-lactate concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.27). The DMI on d 18 to 21 was 23.7 kg/d on BIC and 22.1 kg/d on CTL (P = 0.02, SEM = 0.8). The increase in DMI induced by BIC was fast-acting and on d 21 both BIC and PHP had higher DMI than CTL (P ≤ 0.03). Milk yield and components and BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.15). Milk/DMI was lower (P = 0.04) on BIC than CTL. Treatments had no effect on daily milk fatty acid secretion and profile (P ≥ 0.13). Rumen neutralizers with Mg and Na improved blood buffering capacity and DMI during acidosis and PHP resulted in higher rumen pH than BIC. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86914 |
Watch |
1548V |
Effect of different cottonseed types on rumen fermentation and microbial community composition. |
3 |
F. Hentz |
bacteria gossypol protozoa |
N. Bagheri1, F. Hentz2, F. Batistel2 |
1Utah State University, Logan, UT, 2University of Florida, Gainesville, FL |
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding different types of cottonseed on rumen fermentation and microbial community composition. The study was conducted as a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square using continuous culture fermenters (n = 8). Treatments were: 1) a control diet without cottonseed, 2) the control diet with 10% of glandless cottonseed, 3) the control diet with 10% of Upland cottonseed, and 4) the control diet with 10% of Pima cottonseed. The total gossypol concentration was 0.006, 0.033, and 0.049 g and (-) gossypol isomer concentration was 0.002, 0.016, and 0.026 g for glandless, Upland, and Pima, respectively. The basal diet (40 g DM/day) was a 50:50 orchardgrass hay:concentrate and diets were fed twice daily. The cottonseeds were slightly cracked to mimic mastication. The bacterial community was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and protozoa were counted. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effect of treatment and the random effects of period and fermenter. Pima cottonseed decreased acetate and propionate concentrations compared with Control, Brownfield glandless, and Upland (P = 0.04). Protozoa count was affected by treatments (P = 0.05); Pima and Upland cottonseed decreased protozoa count compared with Control and Brownfield glandless. Analysis of the phyla abundance showed that 4 phyla were affected by treatments. The most abundant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, were affected by treatments (P = 0.05); Pima decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes compared with Control, Brownfield glandless, and Upland. Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae were the most abundant bacteria families in all the samples. No treatment effect was observed for Lachnospiraceae, while Prevotellaceae abundance decreased with Pima and Upland compared with Control and Brownfield glandless (P = 0.03). Our preliminary results indicate that the type of cottonseed differently impacted the concentration of volatile fatty acids and microbial composition. Cottonseed with higher levels of gossypol negatively affects rumen fermentation and rumen microbes. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t85921 |
Watch |
2521V |
Feeding amylolytic and proteolytic exogenous enzymes: Effects on ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. |
4 |
F. P. Rennó |
amylase feed additive protease |
M. Bugoni1, C. S. Takiya1, P. C. Vittorazzi Junior1, N. T. S. Grigoletto1, G. Gomes da Silva1, R. G. Chesini1, L. V. B. de Alcantara1, T. Durman2, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 2Alltech Brazil, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil |
Adding exogenous enzymes (ENZ) to diets may increase rumen degradability and energy available for milk yield. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of amylolytic (Amaize, Alltech, USA) and proteolytic (Allzyme Vegpro, Alltech) ENZ on nutrient intake, milk yield and composition, and ruminal fermentation. Four Holstein cows with ruminal cannulas (185 ± 63.8 DIM and 35.8 ± 9.89 kg/d milk yield) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with four 21-d periods. Treatments included: Control (CON), without ENZ; Amylolytic ENZ (A5), 0.5 g/kg diet DM; A5 + proteolytic ENZ 1X (A5P2), 0.2 g/kg; and A5 + proteolytic ENZ 2X (A5P4), 0.4 g/kg. Cows were milked twice daily and samples were collected for 3 consecutive days of each period. Ruminal digesta samples were collected on the last day of each period before feeding and every 2 h until 16 h after feeding and analyzed for pH, VFA, ammonia. Ruminal fermentation data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of treatment, period, time, and their interactions besides the random effect of animal. Differences between treatments were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts: CON vs ENZ; A5 vs A5P2+A5P4; and A5P2 vs. A5P4. No differences were detected for DMI or milk yield and composition. Cows fed ENZ had greater (P = 0.012) feed efficiency (FCM ÷ DMI) than CON cows (1.31, 1.40, 1.37, and 1.34 for CON, A5, A5P2, and A5P4, respectively). A trend for greater (P = 0.053) feed efficiency was observed for cows in A5 group than those in A5P2 and A5P4. No differences were detected for ruminal pH or NH3-N concentration. Ruminal propionate molar percentage tended to be greater (P = 0.083) in cows fed ENZ than CON (18.3, 19.2, 18.2, and 18.8% for CON, A5, A5P2, and A5P4, respectively). Propionate molar percentage was greater (P = 0.039) in cows fed A5 than those in A5P2 and A5P4. Cows fed A5P4 tended to have greater (P = 0.098) propionate molar percentage than cows in A5P2. No other significant contrast effects were detected for VFA. Exogenous amylolytic and proteolytic ENZ resulted in greater feed efficiency and modulated ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t85921 |
Watch |
2522V |
Feeding amylolytic and proteolytic exogenous enzymes: Effects on nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition of dairy cows. |
5 |
F. P. Rennó |
amylase protease starch |
M. Bugoni1, C. S. Takiya1, P. C. Vittorazzi Junior1, N. T. S. Grigoletto1, G. Gomes da Silva1, R. G. Chesini1, F. M. dos Santos1, L. F. Costa e Silva2, F. P. Rennó1 |
1University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 2Alltech Brazil, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil |
Exogenous enzymes (ENZ) are added to diets to increase total enzymatic activity within the rumen and to improve nutrient utilization. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of amylolytic (Amaize; Alltech, Nicholasville, KY) and proteolytic (Allzyme Vegpro; Alltech) ENZ on intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows. Twenty-eight Holstein cows (161 ± 87.7 DIM and 35.2 ± 5.19 kg/d milk yield) were blocked according to milk yield and DIM and used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with four 21-d periods. Treatments included: Control (CON), with no ENZ; Amylolytic ENZ (A5), 0.5 g/kg diet DM; A5 + proteolytic ENZ 1X (A5P2), 0.2 g/kg; and A5 + proteolytic ENZ 2X (A5P4), 0.4 g/kg. Enzymes were provided mixed into the concentrate. Feed offered and orts were recorded daily. Cows were milked twice daily, and samples were collected for 3 consecutive days of each period and analyzed for total solids using mid-infrared method. Fecal samples were collected for 3 consecutive days of each period on 9-h intervals. Fecal excretion was calculated based on indigestible NDF content in feeds, orts, and feces. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS modeling the fixed effects of treatment, period, Latin square, and interaction between treatment and Latin square. Animal within square was considered a random effect. Differences between treatments were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts: CON vs ENZ; A5 vs A5P2+A5P4; and A5P2 vs. A5P4. No differences were detected in DMI or digestibility of DM, CP, or EE. Digestibility of NDF was greater (P = 0.021) in cows fed A5P4 than those fed A5P2 (58.1 and 55.3%, respectively). The 3.5% Fat-corrected milk was greater (P ≤ 0.032) in cows fed ENZ than CON (33.3, 34.2, 34.5, and 34.6 kg/d for CON, A5, A5P2, and A5P4, respectively). Feeding ENZ resulted in greater (P = 0.008) milk yield and tendencies for higher protein yield and feed efficiency. Cows fed with amylolytic and proteolytic ENZ were more productive, with minor impacts on apparent nutrient digestibilities. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 6 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Gut physiology, fermentation, and digestion |
6/24/2022 13:30 |
t86982 |
Watch |
2524V |
Palmitic acid supply and rumen unsaturated fatty acid load on rumen fermentation in a continuous culture system. |
6 |
F. Hentz |
palmitic acid soybean oil |
F. Hentz1, L. Padilla2, F. Batistel1 |
1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2Utah State University, Logan, UT |
Oversupply of rumen unsaturated fatty acids (RUFAL) can disrupt the cell membrane function and permeability of rumen microorganisms. Nonrumen bacteria incorporate palmitic acid as a mechanism to reduce membrane permeability. We hypothesized that rumen bacteria use a similar mechanism, thereafter, providing saturated fatty acids in the diet could support bacterial metabolism under RUFAL. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary palmitic acid associated with RUFAL level on rumen fermentation. The study was conducted as a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square using continuous culture fermenters (n = 8). Treatments were a) a control diet without supplemental fatty acids (FA), b) the control diet plus 1.5% palmitic acid, c) the control diet with palmitic acid plus Low RUFAL (2.0% of diet DM), d) the control diet with palmitic acid plus High RUFAL (4.0% of diet DM). Soybean oil and soyhulls were used to create variation in RUFAL levels. The control diet (40 g DM/day) was a 50:50 orchardgrass hay:concentrate mixture. Daily fermenter effluent was collected over 24-h post-feeding and a 30% subsample was pooled by fermenter within period. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the fixed effect of FA, RUFAL, and its interaction, and the random effects of period and fermenter. The differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies at P ≤ 0.10. No interaction between FA and RUFAL was observed. Treatments with High RUFAL decreased fiber digestibility (, total VFA concentration, and acetate concentration (P ≤ 0.04). Palmitic acid increased fiber digestibility and total VFA concentration (P ≤ 0.03). Butyrate concentration was not affected by treatment. Our preliminary results indicate that RUFAL negatively impacts rumen fermentation and palmitic acid is not able to overcome its negative effect. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
s10013 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86661 |
|
1502V |
Signatures of selection in Cholistani and Sahiwal cattle breeds of Pakistan. |
1 |
H. Mustafa |
adaptation signature structure |
H. Mustafa1, H. Kaul1, G. Bilal2, K. Farooq3, I. Mohsin1, K. Jong-Joo4, T. Sonstegard5 |
1University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 2PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 3Research Center for Conservation of Indigenous Breeds (RCCIB), Jhang, Pakistan, 4Yeungnam University Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea, 5Recombinetics, Minnesota |
Cholistani and Sahiwal are 2 important indigenous milk-type cattle breeds found in Pakistan. This study aimed to understand their genome structure. Genotypes of 127 individuals of 4 different breeds including Holstein (60), Angus (40), Sahiwal (13), and Cholistani (13) were used in this study using Illumina Bovine HD genotyping BeadChip. PCA and neighbor-joining (NJ)-tree revealed a separation of Pakistani indicine from European taurine. Signature of selection analysis (Fst) identified some genomic regions under positive selection and harbored some important candidate genes which are involved with coat color (PDGFRA, KIT, and KDR), eye area pigmentation (LEF1), milk fat percentage (MAP3K1, ELOVL6, FABP4, PMP2, PLIN1, MFGE8, LDLRAD3, HADH, CYP2U1, SGMS2), fat composition (DGAT1, FASN, PPARGC1A, OLR1, PRL, and STAT5A), milk yield (UFL1, GHR, CACNB2, HMGCS1, ADAMTS8, and LAMA4), lactation persistency (NNT, CCL28, HMGCS1, and NIM1K), reproduction (DENND1A), heat tolerance (HSF1, HSPB8, HSP90AB1), temperament (DRD3, ZBTB20, EPHA6, and SNRPF), Innate Immune (TLR2) and bovine tuberculosis susceptibility (FKBP5, RNF144B, and PAPSS1). The identification of these candidate regions provides a foundation to improve future dairy production in subtropical areas of Pakistan through genome-assisted breeding strategies of indigenous breeds. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t85988 |
|
2466V |
Comparison of 2 methods of genomic epistasis relationship matrices using daughter pregnancy rate in US Holstein cattle. |
2 |
Z. Liang |
epistasis heritability prediction accuracy |
Z. Liang1, D. Prakapenka1, Y. Da1 |
1Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN |
This study compared 2 methods of genomic epistasis relationship matrices (GERM) for heritability estimation, accuracy of predicting the phenotypic residuals of daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) after removing fixed nongenetic effects, and computing time. The 2 GERM methods are the genomic version of Henderson’s Hadamard products between additive and dominance relationships, to be referred to as approximate GERM (AGERM); and the exact GERM (EGERM) that removes the intra-locus epistasis effects contained in AGERM. A total of 60,671 SNPs and 22,022 first-lactation Holstein cows were used. The full prediction model included additive (A) dominance (D), A × A, A × D, D × D, A × A × A, A × A × D, A × D × D and D × D × D effects; and the reduced model included A and A × A effects. The accuracy of predicting the DPR phenotypic residuals was the correlation between the predicted total genetic values and the phenotypic residuals in each validation population and then averaged across 10 validation populations. The data analysis used the EPIHAP computing package that implements both AGERM and EGERM. The results showed that AGERM and EGERM had the same heritability estimates and prediction accuracy, but EGERM required 21 times as much computing time as required by AGERM, which required 1.32 times as much time for the genomic additive relationship matrix. The same prediction accuracy of the 2 methods should favor AGERM for its mathematical simplicity and computing efficiency. The full model had 5 effect types with heritability estimates of 0.008–0.199 but had the same prediction accuracy as the reduced model, indicating that A × D, A × A × A and A × A × D with heritability estimates 0.008–0.02, as well as D, D × D, A × D × D and D × D × D with zero heritability, had no contribution to the prediction accuracy. The full or reduced model increased the prediction accuracy over the additive model by 13.3%. The AGERM and EGERM methods also had the same estimates of intra- and inter-chromosome heritabilities, 0.031 intra-chromosome A × A heritability, and 0.178 inter-chromosome A × A heritability. These results were consistent with previous GWAS results that inter-chromosome A × A effects were the main genetic effects of DPR. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86249 |
Watch |
2469V |
ATAC-Seq analysis to assess chromatin accessibility in lactating and non-lactating goats. |
3 |
A. Noce |
ATAC-Seq mammary gland goats |
A. Noce1, M. G. Luigi-Sierra1, A. Martínez2, M. Wang1, J. V. Delgado2, J. Fernández-Álvarez2, A. A. K. Salama3, X. Such3, J. Jordana3, M. Amills1,3 |
1Centre de Recerca Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,Bellaterra 08193, Spain, 2Departamento de Genética,Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain, 3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain |
In this work, we have investigated chromatin accessibility in mammary samples from lactating (n = 2) and nonlactating (n = 2) Murciano-Granadina goats. To this end, a Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) assay was used. Tissues were homogenized to obtain nuclei suspensions and the mutant hyperactive Tn5 transposase was used to cleave and insert sequencing adapters in nucleosome-free regions. Subsequently, DNA was purified, amplified and paired-end libraries were sequenced with the NextSeq 500 platform from Illumina. Pre and post-alignment quality controls were performed with the FASTQC and ATACseqQC software, respectively. Alignment of reads to the ARS1 goat reference genome was achieved with the bwa-mem tool. To identify reads enriched in specific genomic locations (peaks), we performed the peak calling analysis with MACS2. For each sample, the total number of reads that passed the filtering step, aligned to ARS1 with no more than 2 mismatches, and mapped to a unique location were about 90 million, with the only exception of one nonlactating sample with about 68 million reads. We applied a standard normalization to the lowest level of transposition/tagging (tags) events found within the samples of the 2 groups. After peak filtering, we detected around 42,768 and 46,802 peaks in mammary samples from 2 lactating goats, and 49,740 and 29,489 peaks in the 2 nonlactating samples. Moreover, the fraction of reads in peaks (FRIP) were 19.81%; 23.56%; 17.09%, and 9.31%. More refined analysis of the data is currently underway by using different sets of parameters. To mitigate the negative effect of limited sample size on the sensitivity to detect differential accessibility regions between lactating and nonlactating goats, we plan to use the edgeR package which has been demonstrated to be highly sensitive in cases of low replicate numbers. These results might help to characterize the functional elements that regulate lactation in goats. |
| Virtual: Breeding & Genetics 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Breeding and Genetics |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86251 |
Watch |
2470V |
Variable levels of African introgression in Murciano-Granadina goats. |
4 |
E. Petretto |
Murciano-Granadina admixture high-density SNP arrays |
E. Petretto1,2, M. G. Luigi-Sierra1, G. M. Vacca2, A. Martínez3, J. V. Delgado3, J. F. Álvarez3, A. Castelló1,4, M. Pazzola2, J. Jordana4, M. L. Dettori2, M. Amills1,4 |
1Centre de Recerca Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, 3Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain, 4Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain |
There is evidence that several goat breeds, mainly from Southern Europe, has been introgressed by African goat populations. Here, we have genotyped with the GoatSNP50 BeadChip 50 Murciano-Granadina (MG) goats, which are mainly distributed in Andalusia (Southern Spain). Moreover, we have retrieved SNP data generated in the AdaptMap project from 2 Spanish breeds (Bermeya and Blanca de Rasquera, n = 40) as well as from 20 Northeast African (Egypt: Barki, Oasis, Saidi) and 20 Northwest African (Morocco: Barcha, Draa, Ghazalia, Noire de Atlas, Nord, Moroccan) goats. African introgression in the MG breed was assessed with the ADMIXTURE v1.3.0 software with a supervised analysis considering Spanish and African breeds as reference populations. On the other hand, we used the ADMIXTOOOLS package to carry out f3 tests of admixture. The ADMIXTURE analysis indicated a heterogeneity in the degree of African introgression of MG goats, which went from 13% to 19% with an average of 15% ± 2.3%. The f3 test of admixture yielded significant results in only 4 MG goats. Further evaluations will be extended to a larger number of MG goats (~500) to assess African introgression at the population level with more thoroughness, as the genomic footprint of such events may differ strongly between individuals. One potential source of such introgression could be the invasion of Spain in the 8th century by Berber (North Africa) and Arab (Middle East) troops, although more ancient or recent scenarios of admixture cannot be ruled out. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
s10002 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86118 |
Watch |
1549V |
Supplementation of low dosages of condensed tannins to dairy cows. |
1 |
M. N. Pereira |
nitrogen balance rumen microbial yield tannin |
L. N. Oliveira1, M. A. N. Pereira2, C. D. S. Oliveira1, C. C. Oliveira1, R. B. Silva2, R. A. N. Pereira3, M. A. C. Danés1, T. J. DeVries4, M. N. Pereira1 |
1Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, 2Better Nature Research Center, Lavras, Brazil, 3Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Lavras, Brazil, 4University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada |
This study evaluated the effect of low dosages (0, 0.14, 0.29, or 0.43 % of DM) of condensed tannins (TA) from Acacia mearnsii (Tanac, Brazil) on milking performance, DMI, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and N balance of dairy cows. Twenty Holstein cows (590 kg, 78 DIM) were individually fed each of 4 treatments in 5, 4 × 4 Latin squares, with 21-d periods, and 15-d adaptations. TA replaced citrus pulp in the TMR and other feed ingredients were kept constant. Diets had 17.1% CP, mostly from soybean meal and alfalfa haylage. The model had the effects of cow, period, and treatment. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts of TA level were evaluated. TA had no effect (P ≥ 0.14) on DMI (21.8 kg/d), milk yield (33.1 kg/d), and components. The proportion of Mixed origin milk fatty acids (FA) was linearly increased, De Novo FA was reduced (P < 0.01), and the secretion of unsaturated FA was increased (P = 0.02) by TA. Ruminal butyrate was linearly increased (P = 0.02) and propionate was reduced (P = 0.03) by TA, while acetate did not differ (P ≥ 0.23). The A/P ratio tended (P = 0.09) to be linearly increased by TA (2.44 to 2.63). The total-tract digestibility of OM, NDF, starch, and CP did not differ (P ≥ 0.25). TA linearly reduced (P ≤ 0.03) rumen microbial yield, estimated by the concentrations of allantoin and creatinine in urine. There was no major effect of TA on eating behavior, except for a linear increase (P = 0.04) in length of the first daily meal (58.5 to 65.5 min) and on 0.45% TA cows refused feed particles > 19mm in the morning (P < 0.01 for cubic). There were trends (P ≤ 0.10) for linear decreases in MUN (16.1 to 17.3 mg/dL), urine-N (150 to 166 g/d and 29.8 to 32.9% of N intake), and PUN at 6, 18, and 21 h post-feeding and PUN 12h post-feeding was reduced (P = 0.01) by TA. The proportion of N intake in milk (27.1%) and feces (25.2%) did not differ (P ≥ 0.23). Reductions in urine-N, MUN, and PUN suggest that TA reduced ruminal AA deamination, but the decrease in rumen microbial yield may have offset the gain in dietary MP supply, and lactation performance did not differ. Overall, TA up to 0.43% of DM did not affect DMI and lactation and tended to reduce urinary N excretion. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86245 |
Watch |
1550V |
Dietary protein supply and nitrogen use efficiency of dairy herds located in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area. |
2 |
M. Simoni |
nitrogen and casein nitrogen use efficiency hay-based total mixed ration Holstein dairy herds |
M. Simoni1, R. Pitino1, G. Esposito1, T. Danese1, M. Renzi1, F. Righi1 |
1University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science, Parma, Italy |
Crude protein overfeeding of livestock leads to an increase in N excretion, especially through urine, which represents an economic cost and causes environmental pollution. The objective of the study was to evaluate milk nitrogen and casein nitrogen use efficiency (MNE and CNE) of lactating cows fed hay-based total mixed ration (TMR). An observational field study was conducted on 20 Italian Holstein dairy herds (average size: 138 ± 82 cows; 178 ± 19 DIM) for a total of 28 dietary groups in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area (Padana plain, Northern Italy). For each group, feed intake was calculated by the difference between the amount of diet offered and refused during 2 consecutive days. At the same time, TMR delivered and orts, as well as bulk milk, were sampled twice. Crude protein (CP) content of diet and ort samples was analyzed to estimate CP intake. To estimate MNE and CNE, milk N yield (N milk) and milk casein nitrogen yield (CNY) were calculated (as N milk/N intake and CNY/N intake) using data on total milk yield (MY) and milk composition, including CP and casein concentration, obtained from dietary group bulk milk. The diet fed to the herds contained on average 15.0 % CP, 38.1 % NDF and 21.8 % starch (DM basis), and animals produced an average MY of 34.12 ± 4.65 kg/cow/day. The amount of CP supplied per cow daily ranged from 2944 to 5341 g. Data on MNE and CNE resulted normally distributed and ranged from 0.22 to 0.50 wt/wt and from 0.18 to 0.40 wt/wt respectively. The relation between MY and CP intake was tested through Pearson correlation while MNE and CNE were regressed over CP intake using the SPSS software (version 28). The MY (kg/cow/day) showed a significant correlation with CP intake (P = 0.871). A decrease in both MNE (r2 = 0.654) and CNE (r2 = 0.681) was found with increased CP intake (from 2944 to 4000 g/cow/day), suggesting the need for further investigations focusing in this specific ranges of CP intake for the fine-tuning of hay-based TMR to optimize MNE and CNE without compromising milk production. This project has been funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, under grant agreement No 777974. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86595 |
Watch |
1551V |
Amino acid profiles of hay-based diets in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area and the relationship with nitrogen use efficiency. |
3 |
F. Righi |
amino acids nitrogen efficiency precision feeding |
F. Righi1, M. Simoni1, S. Cutroneo2, B. Prandi2, T. Tedeschi2, R. Pitino1, T. DANESE1, S. Sforza2, M. van Amburgh3 |
1University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science, Parma, Italy, 2University of Parma, Food and Drug Department, Parma, Italy, 3Cornell University, Department of Animal Science, Ithaca, NY |
In the Parmigiano-Reggiano (P-R) area, no fermented forages can be used in diets for cows making milk (M) and few by-products are allowed, thus the nutrient profile and quality forages is important for meeting requirements for M and cheese production. A total of 44 hay-based TMR samples were collected, in 2 consecutive d, from 20 dairy farms (138 ± 82 cows; 178 ± 19 DIM) located in the P-R area to evaluate the amino acid (AA) profile of the diets supplied to the respective dietary groups. At the same time dry matter intake and M yield were measured and morning and evening M samples were collected for analysis. Each feed sample was obtained by pooling 10 subsamples collected along the feed bunk of each group. The diets were on average 15.1 ± 0.7% CP, 38.1 ± 3.3% NDF and 21.8 ± 2.2% starch (DM basis) and included alfalfa hay and soybean, sunflower, or linseed meal as CP sources. The dietary AA content (dAAc) were determined after acid hydrolysis, except for sulfur AA which were pre-oxidized with performic acid. Barium hydroxide was used for Trp. The procedure was optimized for sample homogenization and substrate to solvent ratio. Samples were analyzed by RP-UPLC/ESI-MS in the SIR scan mode. The AA content was estimated using the internal standard method (Trp), and an external calibration curve (all other AA). Casein yield (CY) was determined by Milkoscan while M N efficiency (MNE) was calculated as MN/N intake. An ANOVA was conducted on dAAc, and correlations were determined with CY and MNE using SPSS v.26. The dAAc ranged from 10.73 to 14.38 % DM, accounting for 78.32 ± 6.40 % of the dietary CP while the average content of AA were Gly (0.70 ± 0.14), Ala (0.66 ± 0.04), Ser (0.64 ± 0.06), Pro (0.84 ± 0.07), Val (0.65 ± 0.09), Thr (0.56 ± 0.05), Ile (0.54 ± 0.05), Leu (1.04 ± 0.10), Asp (1.34 ± 0.14), Lys (0.56 ± 0.10), Glu (1.90 ± 0.27), His (0.28 ± 0.12), Phe (0.69 ± 0.12), Arg (0.70 ± 0.10), Tyr (0.33 ± 0.07), Met (0.25 ± 0.03), Trp (0.10 ± 0.03) % DM. The Lys/Met ratio ranged from 1.68 to 3.05. Correlations were found between dietary Arg and Met content and CY (g/d; r = 0.55, P = 0.01; r = 0.50, P = 0.02), MNE (r = 0.43, P < 0.05; r = 0.43, P = 0.048) and M CP (g/d; r = 0.57, P = 0.01; r = 0.48, P = 0.02) as well as between the supply of Glu and M CP (g/d; r = 0.43, P < 0.05). This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, under grant agreement No 777974. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86330 |
Watch |
2525V |
Effect of lysine and methionine on mRNA expression of transcription factors by primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. |
4 |
B. Li |
essential amino acid transcription factors primary cell |
B. Li1, C. Reyes1, J. Kim1, A. Edick2, M. Fox1, S. Ahmady1, J. Doelman3, S. Burgos2, J. Cant1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Cananda, 3Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, the Netherlands |
Lys and Met are often considered limiting to milk protein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Essential amino acids (EAA) affect the activity of mRNA translation factors to regulate protein synthesis within cells, but the transcriptional response has not been investigated. Transcription factors (TF) that have been identified as mediators of transcriptional responses to extracellular EAA in animal cells are encoded by ATF4, ATF6, FOS, JUN, EGR1, MYC, SREBF1, and HIF1. To explore which of these TFs are affected in mammary epithelial cells by Lys and Met, their mRNA expression in vitro was evaluated over the first 48 h after changing extracellular Lys and Met concentrations. Epithelial cells were harvested from one rear mammary gland of 3 dairy cows and cultured in DMEM/F12 and Medium 170. Cells were passaged 3 times and, when plates reached confluence, they were differentiated by the inclusion of prolactin in the medium for 5 d. Treatments were designed to provide Lys or Met at concentrations below and above normal physiological concentrations in plasma of lactating dairy cows while maintaining all other EAA at normal levels. Treatments were: 1) 20 μM Lys (LY), 2) 320 μM Lys (HY), 3) 5 μM Met (LM), 4) 80 μM Met (HM) and were cultured in duplicate. Cells were harvested for RNA isolation and qRT-PCR analysis at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 h after initiation of EAA treatment. Linear contrasts were estimated by ANOVA assuming fixed effects of treatment and time. Expression of ATF4 was 3 times higher on LY compared with HY (P < 0.01) between 24 and 48 h of incubation. There were no significant effects of Lys on the expression of the other 7 TF. Expression of ATF4 was also elevated on LM compared with HM (P < 0.01) between 24 h and 48 h but JUN and MYC were both 2 times higher on HM compared with LM (P < 0.01) at 48 h. Findings indicate that ATF4 was upregulated by deficiencies of either Lys or Met, JUN and FOS were upregulated by Met only, while other canonical AA response TFs were affected little during the first 48 h after changing extracellular Lys or Met concentration. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86530 |
Watch |
2526V |
Effects of leucine on rumen microbial community structure during in vitro ruminal fermentation. |
5 |
D. Bu |
leucine microbial community structure rumen fermentation |
L. Sun1, T. Brenna2, L. Ma1, Z. Wu1, J. Xu3, D. Bu1,4 |
1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts of Nutrition and of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 3Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China, 4CAASICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Beijing, China, 5Hunan CoInnovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan, China |
Our objective was to investigate the effects of addition of leucine on rumen microbial community structure during in vitro ruminal fermentation. The in vitro ruminal batch culture technology was used to exam the effects of 0 (CON) and 4 mM leucine (LEU4) on rumen microbial community structure with 24 h of incubation. Each experimental treatment had 5 replicates and experiments were repeated in triplicate. The liquid phase were collected from each fermentation bottle at 24 h and used for analysis of microbial community structure. Total DNA was extracted using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and DNA concentration and purity were determined with NanoDrop 2000 UV-vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, USA). The hypervariable region V3-V4 of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were amplified by an ABI GeneAmp 9700 PCR thermocycler (ABI, CA, USA) and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform/NovaSeq PE250 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Using the Wilcox rank-sum test to test the differences of α diversity index and bacterial abundance between CON and LEU4 groups. The addition of leucine did not change α-diversity index significantly (P > 0.05). At the phylum level, compared with the CON group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the LEU4 treatment group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria in the LEU4 treatment group were lower than those in the CON treatment group, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 was significantly increased in the LEU4 treatment group (P < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 was significantly decreased in the LEU4 treatment group compared with the CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of leucine change the microbial community structure during in vitro ruminal fermentation. |
| Virtual: Ruminant Nutrition 7 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Ruminant Nutrition - Protein/Amino Acids |
6/24/2022 14:00 |
t86932 |
Watch |
2527V |
Protected soybean meal and somatotropin supplementation to warm-season grazing dairy cows in mid-lactation. |
6 |
M. França |
growth hormone grazing cows protected soybean meal |
M. França1, I. P. Telles1, N. C. Gonçalves1, B. P. B. Mendes1, L. Perazzoli1, A. Hauser1, A. L. Scheid1, R. de Almeida2, A. Vanderlinde3, A. M. Pedroso3, I. P. O. Gomes1, A. T. Neto1 |
1Dep. Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 3Dairy Specialist - Cargill Animal Nutrition, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil |
This trial aimed to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) or protected soybean meal (pSBM, Soypass BR, Cargill) and or somatotropin (ST, Lactotropin, União Química) supplementation to mid-lactation cows grazing tropical grass. A total of 36 Jersey cows, 28 multiparous and 8 primiparous (21.1 ± 3.9 kg/d of milk; 172.0 ± 71.0 DIM) from a commercial herd were blocked by lactation number, milk yield, and DIM and enrolled in a 6-wk, 2x2 factorial complete randomized block design. Cows grazed warm-season perennial grass (Cynodon sp., Axonopus sp.), and received a concentrate compound (6 kg/day) with SBM or pSBM (33% as fed). Half of the cows received a subcutaneous 500 mg somatotropin supplementation (ST) every 12-d interval. The last 3 d before treatment allocation were used as a covariate, and the 2 weeks after as adaptation period. Concentrates were fed twice a day, after milkings. Milk production was recorded daily, components, and body condition score (BCS) weekly. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with the MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures over time. Milk production was greater for cows receiving pSBM compared with SBM (21.4 vs. 18.9kg, P < 0.001), and for cows receiving ST (21.5 vs. 18.8kg P < 0.001). Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield also was greater for cows receiving pSBM (24.7 vs. 22.3kg, P < 0.001) and for cows receiving ST (25.0 vs. 22.0kg P < 0.001). No interactions were observed between SBM type and ST for milk or ECM. Fat% was not affected by SBM type (P = 0.30) or ST (P = 0.49), protein % was lower to pSBM cows (3.62 vs. 3.73, P = 0.01). Fat yield was greater for pSBM (0.92 vs. 0.84kg, P = 0.06) and for ST (0.94 vs. 0.82kg, P < 0.001). Protein yield was greater for pSBM (0.77 vs. 0.70kg, P < 0.001) and for ST (0.78 vs. 0.69kg, P < 0.001). Milk urea nitrogen was similar between SBM and pSBM (21.9 vs. 22.2mg/dL, P = 0.53) and ST supplemented or not (22.1 vs. 22.0mg/dL, P = 0.95). BCS did not differ by SBM type (P = 0.76) or ST supplementation (P = 0.41). We concluded that grazing cows supplemented with pSBM have greater milk, ECM, fat, and protein yields with or without somatotropin supplementation. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
s10003 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
t86117 |
Watch |
1516V |
Effect of cutting height, microbial inoculation, and storage length on fermentation profile and nutrient composition of whole-plant corn silage. |
1 |
E. C. Diepersloot |
Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus diolivorans propionic acid |
E. C. Diepersloot1, C. Heinzen Jr.1, B. A. Saylor1, L. F. Ferraretto1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cutting height, microbial inoculation, and storage length on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of whole-plant corn silage. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a 2 (cutting height) × 3 (microbial inoculation) × 5 (storage length) factorial arrangement. Corn forage was harvested at a cutting height of 25 cm (REG) or 65 cm (HI). Then, forage was inoculated with either: 1) 300,000 cfu/g fresh forage of Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 16243, Lactobacillus buchneri DSM 12856, and L. diolivorans DSM 32074 (LBLD), 2) 500,000 cfu/g fresh forage of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 12837 and L. buchneri DSM 16774 (LBLP), or 3) distilled water (CON). Lastly, ensiled forage was randomly assigned to 5, 7, 14, 28, or 56 d of storage in vacuum-sealed bags. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments using Proc Glimmix of SAS and significance was declared at P < 0.05. Silage pH was affected by a 3-way interaction (P = 0.01), where CON treatments decreased continually over time while LPLB and LBLD began to increase at later storage lengths. Acetic acid concentration was greater (P = 0.001) in LPLB and LBLD than CON silage after 56 d of storage. Silage also had greater (P = 0.001) 1-propanol concentration in LBLD treatments after 56 d of storage. The concentration of total acids was greater (P = 0.01) and that of acetic acid was lower (P = 0.001) for REG silage compared with HI. Additionally, HI silage had greater (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) concentrations of dry matter and starch, while neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) and lignin concentrations were lower (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) in HI silage compared with REG silage. Lastly, HI silage had a greater (P = 0.001) NDF digestibility than REG silage. Cutting height improved the nutritive value of whole-plant corn silage. Additionally, inoculating silage with heterofermentative inoculants modulated silage fermentation toward greater acetic acid production. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
t86669 |
Watch |
1517V |
Effects of lower-lignin alfalfa on intake, digestibility, and productivity of lactating Holstein cows. |
2 |
M. Ibraheem |
alfalfa fiber forage |
M. Ibraheem1, K. A. Cassida1, P. J. Kononoff2, D. Min3, K. Jagadish3, B. J. Bradford1 |
1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 3Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS |
Both natural breeding and genetic engineering approaches have been used to develop lower-lignin (LL) alfalfa varieties. Our objective was to assess impacts of LL alfalfa on digestibility and productivity in lactating dairy cows. Adjacent fields (Mead, NE) were planted with a control variety (CON; Hybriforce 3400), an engineered LL alfalfa (HarvXtra 54HVX42) and a breeding-derived LL variety (HiGest 460); 2nd - 4th cutting alfalfa hay was harvested and LL varieties were blended (50:50) for the study. A randomized complete block design with 2 cohorts of 30 cows each (119 ± 19 DIM, parity 1–4) was conducted in tie stalls. A common diet was fed during a 2-wk covariate period, followed by 6-wk treatments. Diets were identical except for alfalfa hay (32% of diet DM): 1) CON; 2) a 50:50 blend of CON and LL hay (BLD); or 3) LL. DMI and milk yield were recorded daily, and milk composition was determined 1 d/wk. Digestibility was determined on the last 3 d of treatment using 240-h undigested NDF as an internal marker. Mixed models with repeated measures were used to assess fixed effects of covariate, cohort, treatment, week, parity (1 vs. 2+) and interactions; block was the random effect. Alfalfa hay aNDF, lignin, and 30-h ivNDFD values were 45.0 ± 1.8, 7.9 ± 0.8, and 46.8 ± 4.5% for CON and 43.3 ± 2.9, 7.1 ± 0.8, and 48.8 ± 3.4% for LL. LL increased DMI by 0.80 ± 0.31 kg/d compared with CON (P = 0.01) with BLD intermediate. Alfalfa source interacted with covariate DMI (P = 0.03); LL had an increasing impact on DMI as covariate DMI increased. A similar interaction occurred with covariate ECM yield (P = 0.02); in this case, BLD decreased ECM yield of low-producing cows and increased that of high-producing cows. Treatment had no impact on milk yield or protein content, but LL linearly decreased milk fat concentration (3.57, 3.49, and 3.40 ± 0.04% for CON, BLD, and LL, P < 0.01). Total-tract NDF digestibility was also linearly decreased by LL (59.0, 56.3, 53.3 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001), with no impact on total-tract CP or starch digestibility. LL alfalfa increased DMI in high-intake cows, but we hypothesize that reduced physical effectiveness of fiber may have contributed to reduced milk fat and NDF digestibility. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
t86058 |
Watch |
1518V |
Red clover addition to improve the energy to protein balance of alfalfa-based forage mixtures. |
3 |
F. Hassanat |
alfalfa red clover nutritive value |
F. Hassanat1, G. Tremblay1, P. Sequin2, M. Theriault1, X. Godin2, S. Bittman3, D. Hunt3, J. Hakl4, G. Belanger1, M. N. Thivierge1, A. Bertrand1, A. Claessens1 |
1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada, 2McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada, 4Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic |
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has a low energy to protein balance leading to an inefficient use of forage N by ruminants. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) has a greater concentration of soluble sugars and a lower protein degradability than alfalfa; its addition in alfalfa-based forage mixtures could then improve the soluble sugar to crude protein ratio. Four proportions of alfalfa:red clover (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75) were sown in mixtures with either timothy (Phleum pratense L.), tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinceus Schreb. Dumort.), or Festulolium (Festulolium pabulare)], or without grass, at 4 locations (3 in Canada and one in Czech Republic). During the first post-seeding year, nutritive attributes of all forage samples were predicted by visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, the soluble sugar to crude protein ratio was calculated, and the nutritive attributes were then weighted for yield observed at each of the 3 or 4 harvests as a proportion of the seasonal yield. Regression analyses were performed (overall and by site) for each nutritive attribute (response variables) with the observed proportion of red clover as independent variable using the REG procedure of SAS. Regressions are considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and coefficients of determination (R2) are presented. Soluble sugar concentration increased with the red clover proportion (0.69 < R2 < 0.76) in all forage mixtures at all sites. Significant decreases in proportion of non-protein nitrogen (0.24 < R2 < 0.63) and rapidly degraded protein (0.15 < R2 < 0.77) fractions, along with an increase in the slowly degraded protein fraction (0.36 < R2 < 0.76) were also observed with the increasing proportion of red clover in forage mixtures at all sites. Forage crude protein concentration was not affected by increasing proportion of red clover at 2 of the 4 sites, but decreased at the other 2 sites (R2 = 0.15 and 0.65). Consequently, the ratio of soluble sugars to crude proteins increased with increasing proportion of red clover (0.58 < R2 < 0.75) in the forage mixtures at all sites. The inclusion of red clover improved the energy to protein balance in alfalfa-based forage mixtures. with or without grass harvested at 4 sites. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
t86216 |
Watch |
1519V |
Impact of silage quality and fermentation profile on dairy herd performance. |
4 |
M. Leduc |
fermentation profile grass silage dairy herd production |
H. M. Bong1, M. Leduc2, R. Lacroix3, D. E. Santschi3, K. M. Wade1 |
1McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2Mon Système Fourrager, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada |
The objective of this research was to underscore the relationship between silage quality and milk production through in-depth machine learning analysis of forage impact variables such as digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and nutritional constituents. Data, containing 34,237 silage commercial farm silage samples (grass and legume) and covering 2014 to 2020, were analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy at the Lactanet Forage Laboratory. A principal component analysis was performed on the samples’ nutritional values and fermentation profiles using Python’s varimax rotation library (sklearn.decomposition), which yielded 5 factors with eigenvalues of greater than 0.4: PC1) NDF Digestibility and Heat Damage; PC2) Protein Ruminal Degradability; PC3) Legume Proportion; PC4) Homolactic Fermentation; and PC5) Soil Contamination and Poor Fermentation Pattern. Principal components were subsequently computed on forage analysis data in Québec’s DHI database, covering the period 2016 to 2020, and restricted to farms with monthly records of herd rations and average milk and composition yield (kg/d). The proportional sum of the principal components (SPC) of each silage sample was computed, and milk yield and composition were analyzed using mixed models (JMP statistical software) with monthly SPCs, average DIM, % corn silage in rations (%CS), % concentrate in rations (%CON), test month, year, and region treated as fixed effects, and herd as a random effect. A P-value of 0.05 was chosen for all analyses. Results (P < 0.05) indicated that monthly average milk yield per cow (kg/cow/day) was affected positively by %CS (1.5), %CON (2.99), SF1 (0.09), SF2 (0.13) and negatively by the average DIM (−0.05). Average monthly fat yield (kg/cow/day) was affected positively by %CS (0.05), %CON (0.11), SF1 (0.004), SF2 (0.006) and negatively by the average DIM (−0.001). Average monthly somatic cell score was only affected positively by DIM (0.001) and %CS (0.41). This research shows the potential of using historical data from dairy farms to explore the effects of silage analysis on dairy herd performance, thus promoting the important influence of forage quality and storage on subsequent dairy cow performance. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
t86286 |
Watch |
2485V |
Effect of microbial inoculation and storage length on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of high-moisture corn ensiled at 2 different dry matter concentrations. |
5 |
E. C. Diepersloot |
corn microbial inoculation fermentation |
B. A. Saylor1, E. C. Diepersloot1, C. Heinzen Jr.1, L. F. Ferraretto1 |
1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI |
This study aimed to evaluate dry matter (DM), microbial inoculation, and storage length effects on fermentation profile and nutrient composition of high-moisture corn (HMC). The HMC was harvested at 65% DM, left undried (HMC65) or dried at 40°C to 70% DM (HMC70), and then ensiled in quadruplicate after treatment with: distilled water (CON), 6.36 × 105 cfu/g of L. buchneri DSM12856, L. plantarum DSM12836, and Pediococcus acidilactici DSM16243 (LBLP); or 3.0 × 105 cfu/g of L. buchneri DSM12856, L. diolivorans DSM32074, and P. acidilactici DSM16243 (LBLD). Silos were stored for 7, 14, 28, or 56 d. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments using Proc Glimmix of SAS with fixed effects of DM, microbial inoculation, storage length, and all their interactions with significance at P ≤ 0.05. Total acids concentrations were greatest (P = 0.001) in HMC65 (2.0 vs 1.5% DM) and in HMC treated with LBLP and LBLD (1.8% vs 1.7% DM). A 3-way interaction was observed (P = 0.001) for acetic acid. At 14 d, acetic acid concentration was greater in HMC65 treated with LBLD (0.4% vs 0.2% DM, on average). After 56 d, acetic acid concentration was greatest in HMC65 treated with LBLD (1.1% DM), followed by HMC70 treated with LBLD (0.6% DM). A 3-way interaction was observed (P = 0.05) for 7 h starch disappearance (starchD), which increased with storage length. At 7 d, starchD was greater in HMC65 treated with LBLP (72.5% starch) compared with HMC70 treated with LBLD (68.2% starch). At d 14, starchD was greater in HMC65 (76.1% starch) compared with HMC70 (71.1% starch). At d 28, starchD was greatest for HMC65 (78.4% starch) and lowest for HMC70 treated with LBLP and CON (74.8% starch, on average). By d 56, starchD was greatest in HMC65 treated with LBLD and LBLP (86.1% starch, on average), and lowest in HMC70 treated with LBLP and CON (80.1% starch, on average). Microbial inoculation can improve fermentation of HMC, but DM concentration at ensiling remains a primary determinant of HMC fermentability. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 14:30 |
t86626 |
Watch |
2488V |
The effects of increased sorghum berry size on berry processing score and starch digestibility. |
6 |
J. M. Piñeiro |
sorghum starch digestibility |
J. M. Piñeiro1, J. Bell1, L. F. Ferraretto2, D. Druetto3, J. Goeser4, E. Coons4, A. Hart1 |
1Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Amarillo, TX, 2Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 3Richardson Seeds Ltd., TX, Vega, TX, 4Rock River Laboratory, Inc, Watertown, WI |
The starch digestibility of forage sorghum was evaluated on a commercial West Texas dairy under center pivot irrigation. The objective was to assess the effect of forage sorghum berry size on berry processing score and in situ starch digestibility. Two hybrids were evaluated: 1) F24, larger berry size and 2) F10, smaller berry size. Plots were blocked by irrigation section, replicated 5 times, and harvested at soft dough stage and 30% DM. Whole-plant and chopped samples were obtained the day before and at harvest, respectively. Whole and processed grain samples were screened to determine particle size distribution. Data were analyzed using mixed linear regression models. Before harvest, F24 had less intact berries passing the 3.35 mm sieve compared with F10 (Table 1), validating the larger berry size on F24. After harvest, starch from processed berries passing the 1.7 mm screen did not differ between hybrids, suggesting better processing in F24 (initially larger) vs. F10. However, in situ starch digestibility did not vary between hybrids. Our results suggest that increasing sorghum berry size might not increase in situ starch digestibility. Table 1. Particle size distribution of whole and processed berries, in situ starch digestibility, nutrient composition, and in vitro NDF digestibility
| Item |
F10 |
F24 |
SEM |
P-value |
| Whole berry particle size distribution |
|
|
|
|
| >4mm, % |
0 |
41 |
2.7 |
<0.01 |
| 3.35 - 4 mm % |
42 |
49 |
3.9 |
0.24 |
| <3.35 mm, % |
58 |
10 |
4.5 |
0.02 |
| Processed berry particle size distribution |
|
|
|
|
| Starch above 2.36 mm, % |
68 |
75 |
1.64 |
<0.001 |
| Starch passing 2.36 mm, % |
32 |
25 |
1.64 |
<0.001 |
| Starch above 1.7 mm, % |
84 |
83 |
0.90 |
0.34 |
| Starch passing 1.7 mm, % |
16 |
17 |
0.90 |
0.34 |
| In situ starch digestibility (7h), % starch |
60 |
59 |
4.9 |
0.97 |
| CP, % DM |
9.9 |
8.9 |
0.12 |
<0.0001 |
| ADF, % DM |
29.8 |
29.2 |
0.50 |
0.22 |
| aNDF, % DM |
42 |
44 |
0.80 |
0.77 |
| Lignin, % DM |
4.4 |
4.1 |
0.07 |
<0.001 |
| Starch, % DM |
23.9 |
23.6 |
0.94 |
0.01 |
| NDFD30, % NDF |
45 |
46 |
0.51 |
0.17 |
|
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 15:00 |
s10004 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 15:00 |
t86078 |
Watch |
2486V |
Seasonal variations of the microbiota of corn and alfalfa-grass silage on commercial dairy farms. |
1 |
J. Huffman |
inoculation silage season |
J. Huffman1, P. Drouin2, G. LaPointe1 |
1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2Lallemand Inc, Montreal, QC, Canada |
Although mini-silos offer the advantages of small-scale silage fermentations to closely regulate the conditions in a research setting, it is important to understand the effects of inoculation on a commercial scale, where conditions are not as easily regulated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial microbiota of corn and alfalfa-grass silage (AGS) of 7 North American commercial dairy farms to determine the range of variation in the abundance of bacterial families according to silo type and season, in the presence or absence of an inoculant. Corn and AGS were collected every 2 mo over a 2-year period from 7 dairy farms classified by use of inoculant (n = 4) or not (n = 3) and bunker (n = 4) or tower silo (n = 3) fermentation. The silage inoculant Buchneri 500 (Lallemand Inc.), containing Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus NCIMB 12455 was used as inoculant on 4 farms. Multifactor Analysis (MFA) using relative abundance (RA) by V3-V4 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of 15 key silage bacterial families showed a correlation between seasonal period sampling and microbial variation. MFA also showed reduced variation in both corn and alfalfa-grass silage with the use of the inoculant in bunker silos. AGS stored in bunker silos showed higher RA of several key families such as Ruminococcaceae (P = 0.001), Peptostreptococcaceae (P < 0.01), and Acetobacteraceae (P < 0.002) than in tower silos. In corn, Leuconostocaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were lower in bunkers than in tower silos. Bacillaceae were higher in noninoculated samples of bunkers but higher in inoculated samples of tower silos. Lactobacillaceae in both AGS and corn varied significantly between farms and certain seasons. Corn showed a higher RA of Lactobacillaceae in bunkers with the use of an inoculant. Although there are added factors introduced in commercial farm silage that do affect the microbial community, some trends are shared between both commercial farms and mini-silos, such as reduced variation from the inoculant in corn, and high overall variability in AGS. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 15:00 |
t86140 |
Watch |
2489V |
Innovative microbial inoculants as silage additives in difficult to ensile forage. |
2 |
C. Moran |
silage inoculants lactic acid bacteria forage preservation |
H. Gonda1, I. Nikodinoska2, C. Moran3 |
1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2Alltech European Headquarters, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland, 3Alltech SARL, Vire, France |
This study assessed the efficacy of 12 silage inoculants composed of LAB strains [Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP; IMI 507026), Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP; IMI 507025), and/or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LR; IMI 507023)], applied at a rate of 1x106 cfu/g fresh forage, with or without 25mg/kg manganese sulfate (Mn = MnSO4) addition. A grass-clover dominated ley at Lövsta Farm (Sweden) was harvested in July (2ndcut) providing a forage substrate, that based on the dry matter (DM = 19.5 ± 1.51%), water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC = 1.5 ± 1.21% on a fresh matter basis), and buffer capacity was difficult to ensile (fermentation coefficient < 35%). Low WSC content was achieved by combining the effects of shade and cutting time. Five replicates per condition were prepared in 1.75L silos at a density of 106 kg DM/m3. Collected data after 90 d of ensiling at 20°C were analyzed according to Mixed-Effect Model (Minitab v21) (fixed effects = treatment and MnSO4; random = replicates), considering fixed factor impact, and mean differences according to Dunnett’s test (P < 0.05). All inoculants reduced (P < 0.05) the pH except T12; butyric acid (BA) was lower (P < 0.05) in all inoculated silages; ethanol (EtOH) was lower (P < 0.05) in silages treated with T2 to T11. The MnSO4 addition increased the aerobic stability (ASTA) (P = 0.012). These observations confirm the inoculants’ efficacy for silage quality improvement and MnSO4 impact to increase ASTA. Table 1. Mean values ± standard error (SEM) and significant differences (*) (P<0.05) between treatments and control
| Item |
pH |
BA (%DM) |
EtOH (%DM) |
Lactic acid (%DM) |
NH3-N, % Total N (%DM) |
ASTA (h) |
| Control (no inoculant) |
4.02 |
0.38 |
0.67 |
8.94 |
6.96 |
224 |
| T1.LP |
3.95* |
0.04* |
0.56* |
9.47 |
6.62 |
235 |
| T2.PP |
3.93* |
0.04* |
0.51* |
9.09 |
6.05* |
183 |
| T3.LR |
3.92* |
0.04* |
0.70 |
10.05* |
7.36 |
262 |
| T4.LP-PP (50:50) |
3.93* |
0.04* |
0.56* |
9.74 |
7.00 |
226 |
| T5.LP-PP (75:25) |
3.94* |
0.04* |
0.52* |
9.74 |
6.97 |
218 |
| T6.LP-LR (50:50) |
3.94* |
0.04* |
0.60 |
9.72 |
7.16 |
217 |
| T7.LP Mn |
3.94* |
0.04* |
0.57 |
9.46 |
6.59 |
245 |
| T8.PP Mn |
3.93* |
0.04* |
0.49* |
8.75 |
5.45 |
204 |
| T9.LR Mn |
3.95* |
0.04* |
0.69 |
9.76 |
7.47 |
263 |
| T10.LP-PP (50:50)Mn |
3.92* |
0.04* |
0.55* |
9.56 |
6.82 |
235 |
| T11.LP-PP (75:25)Mn |
3.95* |
0.04* |
0.52* |
9.46 |
6.78 |
258 |
| T12.LP-LR (50:50)Mn |
3.96 |
0.04* |
0.59 |
9.12 |
7.00 |
258 |
| SEM |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.19 |
0.14 |
7.87 |
Mn = manganese sulfate. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 15:00 |
t86265 |
Watch |
2490V |
Efficacy of innovative inoculants on the silage aerobic stability: A short screening study. |
3 |
C. Moran |
silage inoculants aerobic stability |
E. Wambacq1, I. Nikodinoska2, G. Haesaert1, C. Moran3 |
1Research Centre AgroFoodNature, School of Bioscience and Industrial Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, 2Alltech European Headquarters, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland, 3Alltech SARL, Vire, Normandie, France |
A short-term study explored the efficacy on the aerobic stability (ASTA) of 12 microbial combinations of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) (IMI 507026, IMI 507027 or IMI 507028), Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP) (IMI 507024 or IMI 507025), and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LR) IMI 507023, applied at a rate of 1x106 cfu/g forage in 2 different ratios (50:50 and 75:25) and with 25mg/kg manganese sulfate (MnSO4) addition. First cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was mown and pre-wilted to 31% dry matter and chopped. Four replicates per treatment were ensiled in 2.75L microsilos. After 7 d, the silage was placed into 1L aerated recipients and allowed to deteriorate aerobically at 20 ± 2°C recording the temperature every 20 min for 7 d. A temperature increase of 3°C was considered aerobic instability. Data collected for different parameters at the end of ASTA were analyzed according to GLM procedure (Minitab v.21) and treatment means were compared by Dunnett’s test (P < 0.05). Treatments T4, T10-T12 showed 33–37h higher ASTA; T8, T10-T12 from 0.5 to 0.8 g/day lower DM loss; T1-T4 and T11-T12 from 7.2 to 12.8 lower NH3-N/%TN concentration and all treatments showed from 0.9 to 2.1 units lower pH. These observations confirm the efficacy of treatments for ASTA improvement. Table 1. Mean values and significant differences among treatments and control
| Treatment |
ASTA (h) |
pH |
DM loss |
NH3-N/ %TN |
| Control |
108 |
6.6 |
2.4 |
19.3 |
| LP IMI 507026: PP IMI 507024 (50:50)Mn |
137 |
4.5* |
2.1 |
6.5* |
| LP IMI 507026: PP IMI 507024 (75:25)Mn |
133 |
5.5* |
2.1 |
8.6* |
| LP IMI 507026: PP IMI 507025 (50:50)Mn |
125 |
5.2* |
1.9 |
8.7* |
| LP IMI 507026: PP IMI 507025 (75:25)Mn |
141* |
5.6* |
2.1 |
8.6* |
| LP IMI 507027: PP IMI 507024 (75:25)Mn |
135 |
5.5* |
2.0 |
15.1 |
| LP IMI 507027: PP IMI 507025 (50:50)Mn |
131 |
5.2* |
2.2 |
12.9 |
| LP IMI 507027: PP IMI 507025 (75:25)Mn |
133 |
5.4* |
1.8* |
15.8 |
| LP IMI 507028: PP IMI 507024 (50:50)Mn |
129 |
5.5* |
2.1 |
16.2 |
| LP IMI 507028: PP IMI 507024 (75:25)Mn |
141* |
4.9* |
1.8* |
14.9 |
| LP IMI 507028: PP IMI 507025 (50:50)Mn |
144* |
4.7* |
1.8* |
12.1* |
| LP IMI 507028: PP IMI 507025 (75:25)Mn |
145* |
4.7* |
1.5* |
11.9* |
Mn = MnSO4. *Significantly different than the control (P < 0.05). |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 15:00 |
t86753 |
Watch |
2491V |
Effect of lactic acid bacteria on silage quality prepared with 2 different forage crops. |
4 |
C. Moran |
lactic acid bacteria forage preservation silage |
J. Apajalahti1, O. Siikanen1, I. Nikodinoska2, C. Moran3 |
1Alimetrics Group Ltd, Espoo, Finland, 2Alltech European Headquarters, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland, 3Alltech SARL, Vire, Normandie, France |
Here we report the efficacy of 6 silage additives to prevent altered fermentation. Two crop mixtures were considered: Crop 1 was composed of timothy (30%), meadow fescue (40%), tall fescue (20%) and perennial ryegrass (10%); Crop 2 was composed of timothy (85%) and clover (15%). Both crops were wilted, obtaining 28.5–29.1% dry matter (DM) concentration. The crop was chopped into 2–4 cm and treated with a single microbial inoculant at 5x105 cfu/g concentration [Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (IMI 507026, IMI 507027 or IMI 507028), Pediococcus pentosaceus (IMI 507024 or IMI 507025) or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IMI 507023] or water (Control). 35g forage was packed in glass mini silos and 6 replicates for each treatment (7 treatments x 6 replicates = 46 silos) and incubated for 30 d at ± 20°C. The Fresh Weight Loss (FWL) was determined from the weight difference at the start and end of ensiling, Lactic Acid (LA) and Ethanol (EtOH) via gas chromatography and DM after drying at 105°C, at the end of ensiling. Data collected were analyzed according to ANOVA (Minitab v.21) and Kruskal-Wallis test (R Software v.4.1.2) and treatments compared against the control via Dunnett’s or Dunn’s test (P < 0.05). The use of a bacterial inoculant improved silage quality, L. plantarum IMI 507026 gave the best fermentation characteristics in both crop mixtures. Table 1. Mean values ± standard error for significantly different (P<0.05) parameters
| Treatment |
pH |
LA, g/kg DM |
EtOH, g/kg DM |
DM, g/kg FM |
FWL, g/kg FM |
| Crop 1 |
|
|
18.3±0.3 |
258.8±1.0 |
10.8±0.4 |
| Control |
4.5±0.0 |
60.9±4.7 |
11.9±0.3 |
ns1 |
6.2±0.4 |
| IMI 507026 |
4.0±0.0 |
95.0±4.7 |
12.4±0.5 |
ns |
6.6±0.4 |
| IMI 507027 |
4.0±0.0 |
99.9±5.4 |
15.6±0.4 |
ns |
ns |
| IMI 507023 |
4.0±0.0 |
89.9±3.7 |
15.5±0.2 |
253.8±0.9 |
ns |
| IMI 507028 |
4.0±0.0 |
99.9±3.5 |
14.2±0.5 |
253.2±0.9 |
6.0±0.4 |
| IMI 507024 |
ns |
77.7±4.7 |
12.9±0.5 |
250.8±1.5 |
ns |
| IMI 507025 |
ns |
ns |
18.3±0.3 |
258.8±1.0 |
10.8±0.4 |
| Crop 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Control |
5.6±0.0 |
53.8±2.9 |
24.3±0.5 |
244.6±1.0 |
15.1±0.1 |
| IMI 507026 |
4.1±0.0 |
119.1±4.7 |
13.7±0.2 |
252.6±1.2 |
7.0±0.2 |
| IMI 507027 |
4.2±0.0 |
119.0±4.1 |
13.8±0.2 |
252.3±1.8 |
ns |
| IMI 507023 |
ns |
107.4±2.4 |
ns |
255.6±1.0 |
ns |
| IMI 507028 |
4.1±0.0 |
112.4±3.3 |
13.9±0.6 |
253.6±1.2 |
ns |
| IMI 507024 |
4.2±0.0 |
113.8±3.8 |
ns |
256.9±1.2 |
6.6±0.0 |
| IMI 507025 |
4.3±0.0 |
ns |
12.2±0.1 |
254.2±1.4 |
6.5±0.1 |
ns = not significant. |
| Virtual: Forages & Pastures 2 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Forages and Pastures |
6/24/2022 15:00 |
t86365 |
Watch |
2492V |
Effectiveness of 6 lactic acid bacteria as silage inoculants for aerobic stability improvement. |
5 |
C. Moran |
microbial silage inoculants silage aerobic stability macro experimental silos |
F. Ferrero1, I. Nikodinoska2, C. Moran3, E. Tabacco1, G. Borreani1 |
1Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy, 2Alltech European Headquarters, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland, 3Alltech SARL, Vire, Normandie, France |
Aerobic stability (ASTA) is an important aspect of silage management. Here we report the efficacy of 6 silage additives to improve aerobic stability. The trial was conducted at farm located in Carignano (Italy), with a forage consisting of Graminaceae (40% Dry Matter (DM)), Legumes (23% DM), and others (37% DM). The crop was chopped into 10mm and treated with a single microbial inoculant at 1x106 cfu/g concentration [Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (IMI 507026, IMI 507027 or IMI 5070280), Pediococcus pentosaceus (IMI 507024 or IMI 507025) or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IMI 507023] or water (Control). The DM at harvest was 26.5% and water-soluble carbohydrates were 2.2% on a fresh basis. Approximately 12kg of fresh forage were packed in 20L plastic silos equipped with a lid that enabled gas release, and conserved at 20 ± 1°C, for 100 d. Four replicates per condition were considered. The final packing density was 594 ± 22kg FM/m3. After opening, the aerobic stability was determined at 20 ± 1°C in 17L polystyrene boxes. ASTA was defined as the number of hours for silage to remain stable before rising more than 2°C and 3°C. The pH and microbial counts (yeast and molds) were analyzed after 7 d of aerobic exposure. Data were analyzed via ANOVA (SPSS v.25) and treatment means compared by the REGWF test (P < 0.05). The aerobic stability was higher (P < 0.05) from 37 to 49h and 21–50h in treated silages compared with control, when considered an increase of 2°C and 3°C, respectively. The additives inclusion had a strong impact on maintaining the pH and mold counts low (P < 0.05). Table 1. Mean values for tested parameters
| Item |
Control |
IMI 507023 |
IMI 507024 |
IMI 507025 |
IMI 507026 |
IMI 507027 |
IMI 507028 |
SEM* |
| ASTA 2°C |
54c |
88b |
103a |
91b |
76c |
100a |
93b |
4.09 |
| ASTA 3°C |
57c |
99ab |
107a |
95a |
78b |
102a |
99ab |
4.45 |
| pH |
6.44a |
4.17c |
4.41bc |
4.35bc |
5.30b |
4.58b |
5.35b |
0.206 |
| Mold (log cfu/g) |
3.87a |
2.36b |
2.22b |
1.42c |
4.03a |
<1.00c |
5.61 |
0.031 |
| Yeast (log cfu/g) |
9.36a |
9.24a |
9.59a |
9.16a |
9.50a |
9.40a |
8.91a |
0.109 |
|
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
s10005 |
Watch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
t85979 |
Watch |
1520V |
Knockout of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 decreased milk fat and unsaturated fatty acid contents of the goat model generated by CRISPR/Cas9. |
1 |
H. Tian |
stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 goat milk lipid synthesis |
H. Tian1, J. Luo1 |
1College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are important lipid components in goat milk and have a high nutritive value. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a fatty acid desaturase that catalyzes the formation of MUFAs and plays an essential role in milk fat synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the function of SCD1 in the milk lipid synthesis in vivo through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in goat. sgRNAs were designed from the goat SCD1 exon II sequence. The goat zygotes were injected with sgRNA and Cas9 mRNA mixtures and used for embryo transfer. Goat milk compositions were analyzed using a MilkoScan FT-120 analyzer, and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Milk lipidomics was performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Data comparisons between the wild type and knockout animals were analyzed by Student’s t-test using SPSS. Three female and 4 male goats were identified as SCD1 knockout goats. Compared with wild type, the content of milk fat were reduced in SCD1 knockout goats (P < 0.05), but other milk compositions, including milk protein and lactose, were not changed (P > 0.05). Unsaturated fatty acids, including C16:1, C18:1n9c and C18:2n6t, were downregulated significantly in the milk of knockout goats (P < 0.05). In milk lipidomics analysis, the abundance of 25 triacylglycerols (TAGs) and 8 diacylglycerols (DAGs) were decreased in knockout goat milk (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and TAG synthesis in milk fat globules were reduced dramatically in the knockout goats (P < 0.05). In summary, our study established the SCD1 knockout goat model to study the milk lipid metabolism in vivo for the first time. Our observations indicated that knockout of SCD1 reduces the synthesis of milk fat and unsaturated fatty acids in goat milk, which suggests that SCD1 is a key role in milk fat synthesis. |
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
t86225 |
Watch |
1521V |
Metabolomics profiling of blood and milk from dairy cow with different residual feed intake. |
2 |
Y. Y. Xie |
metabolomics residual feed intake lactating cows |
Y. Y. Xie1,2, H. Z. Sun2, D. M. Wang2, J. X. Liu2 |
1New Hope Dairy Farming Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 2Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China |
Residual feed intake (RFI) has been a popular indicator of feed efficiency. However, underlying mechanisms contributing to RFI are not fully elucidated. This study was conducted to investigate potential metabolic differences in mammary gland of dairy cows with divergent phenotypes of RFI. Fifty-three multiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected for RFI measurements over a 50-d experimental period. The 26 cows with the most extreme RFI values were classified into 2 groups: high RFI (low efficiency, n = 13) and low RFI (high efficiency, n = 13). On d 50, milk samples and blood samples from coccygeal artery and the subcutaneous abdominal vein were collected before the morning feeding for gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry analyses. Multivariate analysis with orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis was used, with the variable importance for the projection (VIP) and P-value to define the differential metabolites. Fourteen differential metabolites were identified in artery (VIP >1 and P < 0.05), of which the relative concentration of 4 substances was higher in cows with low RFI than with high RFI. A total of 19 differential metabolites were identified in the mammary vein (VIP >1 and P < 0.05). Thirteen of 19 metabolites were higher in low RFI cows. Furthermore, 16 differential metabolites were identified in milk (VIP >1 and P < 0.05), with higher relative concentration of 14 substances in high RFI cows. Pathway of glycine, serine and threonine metabolism was the only pathway demonstrated in both artery and vein. The cows with high RFI had higher concentrations of AA related metabolites in arteries and veins, with higher concentrations of urea in milk, suggesting the lower AA utilization in mammary gland of low efficiency cows. In summary, our results revealed that metabolic discrepancies exist in dairy cows with different RFI, and are related to amino acid metabolism in mammary gland. The comprehensive assessment of metabolic changes in the arterial, venous and milk metabolome from dairy cow with different RFI provide new insight into the mammary metabolism involved in feed efficiency. |
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
t86211 |
Watch |
1522V |
Genome-wide profiling of histone H3K9 acetylation in docosahexaenoic acid treated goat mammary epithelium cells. |
3 |
J. Luo |
DHA Histone H3K9 acetylation ChIP-Seq |
J. Wu1, J. Luo1 |
1College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a beneficial nutrient factor in goat milk and an important component of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), plays important roles in chronic diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and others. Many studies showed that epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are one of the possible mechanisms by which nutrient factors regulate gene expression. However, effects of DHA on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by epigenetic mechanisms in goat mammary gland are unknown. To study the mechanism, CCK-8 and flow cytometry experiments were first used to determine suitable concentrations of DHA in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). Then, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), RNA-Seq and GC-MS assays were used to analyze genome-wide cis-regulatory profile, transcriptome and fatty acid profiles in DHA-treated GMECs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RNA-Seq were screed by |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 2 and P < 0.05, and significantly gained/lost peaks in H3K9ac ChIP-seq signals were defined by |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1.5 and P < 0.05. Results showed that 100 μM of DHA was the most appropriate supplementation concentration to treat GMECs in terms of promoting cell proliferation. DHA supplementation significantly increased the content of PUFAs in GMECs, but significantly decreased MUFAs content (P < 0.05). Among 4,000 cis-regulatory regions, 364 and 3,636 elements showed increase and decrease in ChIP-Seq signals, respectively, and significantly associated with global changes in gene expression in DHA-treated cells (P < 0.05). KEGG enrichment analysis found that cGMP-PKG, AMPK, insulin, PI3K-Akt, mTOR and other lipid metabolic signaling pathways were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, integration of ChIP-seq and RNA-Seq data revealed that H3K9ac peaks were significantly enriched in the promoter region of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) which is associated with fatty acid oxidation DHA-treated cells, but significantly decreased in the promoter region of fatty acid synthase (FASN) which is a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid de novo synthesis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, overexpression of PDK4 significantly decreased triglyceride content, and decreased the expression involved in lipid metabolism (FASN and SCD1) (P < 0.05). These results suggest DHA restrains lipid synthesis via epigenetic regulation by H3K9 acetylation in goat mammary gland. |
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
t86494 |
Watch |
1523V |
Reactive oxygen species is associated with the cell apoptosis in the involution of the mammary gland in dairy goats. |
4 |
C. Wu |
mammary involution oxidative stress cell apoptosis |
C. Wu1, J. Liu1, H. Shi1 |
1Institute of Dairy Science College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered as an important signaling molecule involved in the cell renewal. However, whether ROS plays a role in the involution of the mammary gland in dairy livestock remains unclear. In the current study, blood and mammary tissues of dairy goats (n = 7) were collected at wk −8 (time to start dry period), −4, −1, and 1 relative to lambing to detect the levels of ROS and factors related to oxidative stress. The mammary tissues were biopsied and fixed by paraformaldehyde for HE, Ki67 and TUNEL staining. Cell nucleus were stained by DAPI. The Ki67 and TUNEL positive cells were counted using the Image J software. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparisons among the different periods by SPSS. The HE staining showed an increase of stromal tissue at the expense of luminal area during the involution of the mammary gland. The acinar became shrank and collapsed at wk −4 relative to lambing, suggesting a reduced population of epithelial cells. No significant changes for the Ki67 positive cells were observed across the periods. However, a highest level of TUNEL positive cells was observed at wk −4 (P < 0.05), as well as an increasing concentration of ROS in blood (P < 0.05) and the mammary tissues (P < 0.05). The total antioxidation capacity (P > 0.05), activity of catalase (P > 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (P > 0.05) had no changes across the periods in both blood or mammary tissues. The current data shows an association between ROS concentration and cell apoptosis in the dry period in goat mammary gland and underscores a potential role of ROS in mammary involution. |
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
t85859 |
|
2494V |
TMT-based quantitative proteomic characterization of the effects of artemisinin on bovine mammary epithelial cells. |
5 |
J. Tong |
artemisinin bovine mammary epithelial cells cell proliferation |
J. Tong1, C. Pan1, L. Jiang1 |
1Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China |
The sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin, one of the main components of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L., has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. However, the potential effects of artemisinin on the mammary gland of dairy cows and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been reported. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which artemisinin regulates milk biosynthesis and the proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were treated with different doses of artemisinin (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μM) for different durations (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h) to determine the optimal dose and time. The results revealed that cell viability was highest under treatment with 60 μM artemisinin for 12 h. Differentially significant expressed proteins (DSEPs) with a fold change >1.2 or < 0.83 and P < 0.05 were considered in the analysis, and annotated proteins were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Proteomics analysis identified 122 upregulated and 96 downregulated DSEPs. The DSEPs had multiple biological functions associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and migration. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that most the DSEPs were associated with metabolic processes, catalytic activity and binding. GO enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DSEPs may promote cell proliferation and regulate apoptosis, whereas the downregulated DSEPs may play a role in immune and antioxidant activities in BMECs. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that several biological pathways, such as those involved in antigen processing and presentation, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and ribosomes, played significant roles in the effects of artemisinin on BMECs. The results of this study contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which artemisinin affects dairy mammary epithelial cells to improve mammary gland turnover and show that artemisinin induces cell proliferation and mammary gland development. |
| Virtual: Lactation Biology 1 |
Live Virtual Discussions |
Lactation Biology |
6/24/2022 15:30 |
t85861 |
|
2495V |
Matrine-chitosan hydrogels for treating subclinical bovine mastitis by intramammary infusion—Effect on milk microbiome and metabolites. |
6 |
H. Zhang |
matrine-chitosan hydrogels microbiota metabolomic |
H. Zhang1, J. Tong1, L. Jiang1 |
1Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China |
The metabolic processes of cows undergo significant changes during subclinical mastitis, but their molecular mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. This study investigated the changes in milk metabolites after intramammary infusion of matrine, a plant alkaloid with anticancer properties, in the form of a chitosan hydrogel into bovine mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Infusions were continued for 7 d, and milk samples were collected on d 1 and d 7 for analysis of the microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA . Matrine-chitosan hydrogels (MCHs) significantly decreased the somatic cell count on d 7 (P < 0.05) and the Simpson index indicated that microbial diversity was significantly lower on d 7 than on d 1 (P < 0.05). On d 7, the numbers of Aerococcus, Corynebacterium_1 and Staphylococcus were significantly lower (P < 0.05), while the abundance of Firmicutes was very significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The numbers of Probacteria increased (P < 0.05), however. In milk samples, we identified 74 differentially expressed metabolites and the MCHs infusion group had the most significantly upregulated metabolites including sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, flavonoids and fatty acyls. Principal component analysis and the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant test confirmed good separation of the milk metabolites. The identification of active milk metabolic pathways after MCH treatment supported the known antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of matrine that are associated with glycerophospholipid metabolism and the sphingolipid metabolic signaling pathways. These insights into the mechanisms and the corresponding biological responses to matrine demonstrate its potential immunoregulatory activity and emphasize the need for continued investigation. |